Volume: Issue: 11

Article: Analysis and Optimization of The Gripping Behavior of Drilling Rig Manipulator

Abdulkhaleq Abdullah Mohammed Dhaif Allah Qasabah , Sun Li , Ameen Ahmed Abdullah Awdah Laqsam
Vol 8, Issue 11; November 2025
North American Academic Research, 8(11), 202-210. doi:https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.176 44939

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Abstract: It is necessary to conduct in-depth analysis and optimization of the gripping mechanism of the drilling rig manipulator, as its gripping behavior has a direct impact on work efficiency and production quality. This article conducts a systematic and comprehensive study on the static characteristics, dynamic behavior, and modal harmonic response of a robotic arm by constructing a threedimensional model with a certain degree of accuracy and combining it with finite element analysis, a more complex and effective method. By optimizing the tension of the traction rope and adjusting the stiffness of the spring group, precise control of the gripping posture of the robotic arm can be achieved, thereby improving its stability and accuracy during the gripping process. The vibration characteristics exhibited by the robotic arm under external excitation revealed through modal harmonic response analysis provide a theoretical basis for avoiding resonance phenomena.

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Volume: Issue: 11

Article: Disability in Patients with Major Depressive Disorder Attending Janaki Medical College and Teaching Hospital, Nepal: A Cross-Sectional Study

Shirish Aryal, Sharad Yadav , Kabita Dhakal
Vol 8, Issue 11; November 2025
North American Academic Research, 8(11), 32-41. doi: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.17625758

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Abstract: Background: Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) is one of the leading causes of disability worldwide and contributes significantly to functional impairment across physical, social, and occupational domains. Despite its substantial burden, disability associated with MDD has been understudied in Nepal, particularly in the Madhesh Province where sociocultural and healthcare barriers may influence disease outcomes. Objectives: To assess the level of disability among patients with MDD attending the Psychiatry Outpatient Department of Janaki Medical College and Teaching Hospital (JMCTH), Nepal, between October 2023 and April 2024, and to identify demographic and clinical correlates associated with disability. Methods: A hospital-based cross-sectional study was conducted among 460 patients diagnosed with MDD using DSM-5 criteria. Disability was assessed using the World Health Organization Disability Assessment Schedule 2.0 (WHODAS 2.0) 36-item scale. Sociodemographic variables, duration of illness, severity of depression (Hamilton Depression Rating Scale), comorbidities, and treatment history were collected. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, independent t-tests, ANOVA, and multiple linear regression. Results: The mean age of participants was 34.6 ± 10.8 years, with 58.9% females. The mean WHODAS 2.0 score was 42.3 ± 11.5, indicating moderate disability. The highest impairment was observed in the domains of participation in society (52.7 ± 14.3) and cognition (47.2 ± 12.9). Disability scores significantly correlated with depression severity (p < 0.001), duration of illness (p = 0.002), unemployment status (p < 0.001), and presence of medical comorbidity (p = 0.013). Multiple regression showed that depression severity, unemployment, and female gender were significant predictors of disability. Conclusion: Patients with MDD attending JMCTH experience moderate to severe disability, particularly in cognitive and social participation domains. Early detection, improved access to mental health services, and targeted psychosocial interventions are essential to reduce disability and improve functional outcomes.

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Volume: Issue: 11

Article: Caregiver Burden in Schizophrenia: A Cross-Sectional Study at the Department of Psychiatry, Janaki Medical College Teaching Hospital, Janakpur

Shirish Aryal , Sharad Yadav
Vol 8, Issue 11; November 2025
North American Academic Research, 8(11), 101-112. doi: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.17625819

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Abstract: Background: Schizophrenia is a chronic, disabling psychiatric disorder that profoundly affects both patients and their caregivers. In low-resource contexts such as Nepal, the responsibility for long-term care falls largely on family members, who face substantial psychological, emotional, social, and financial strain. This study aimed to quantify caregiver burden among family caregivers of individuals with schizophrenia attending Janaki Medical College Teaching Hospital (JMCTH) in Janakpur and to examine sociodemographic and clinical correlates. Methods: A hospital-based cross-sectional study was conducted between June and December 2022. A total of 196 primary caregivers of patients diagnosed with schizophrenia (DSM-5 criteria) were recruited using consecutive sampling. Instruments included a sociodemographic proforma, the Zarit Burden Interview-22 (ZBI-22), the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS), the World Health Organization Disability Assessment Schedule (WHODAS 2.0), and the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9). Descriptive statistics, Pearson’s correlations, and multiple linear regression analyses identified predictors of caregiver burden. Results: The mean caregiver age was 44.6 years (SD = 12.3); 60.7% were female. The mean duration of caregiving was 6.8 years (SD = 4.9). The mean ZBI score was 41.2 (SD = 15.9), signifying moderate-to-severe burden in 56% of participants. Burden correlated significantly with patient symptom severity (PANSS total r = 0.52, p < 0.001), patient disability (WHODAS r = 0.48, p < 0.001), and caregiver depressive symptoms (PHQ-9 r = 0.46, p < 0.001). Regression analysis identified PANSS total (β = 0.35, p < 0.001), WHODAS (β = 0.28, p < 0.001), and PHQ-9 (β = 0.22, p = 0.002) as independent predictors (Adjusted R² = 0.45). Conclusions: Caregivers of persons with schizophrenia in Janakpur experience substantial multidimensional burden closely linked to patient illness severity, functional impairment, and caregiver mental health. Comprehensive familycentered interventions are needed to mitigate burden and enhance overall wellbeing.

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Volume: Issue: 11

Article: Research on Concrete Damage Segmentation Based on Deep Learning

Zainul Abdin , Qin Yuan
Vol 8, Issue 11; November 2025
North American Academic Research, 8(11), 1-7. doi: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.175 71938

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Abstract: This study investigates the application of an enhanced semantic segmentation model—Faster-DeepLabV3+—for the precise and efficient segmentation of reinforced concrete damage in marine environments. Reinforced concrete infrastructure in coastal and offshore settings is highly vulnerable to degradation caused by high humidity, salinity, and microbial corrosion, leading to structural instability and safety risks. To validate the model, we constructed a dedicated dataset of reinforced concrete damage images captured from marine engineering structures, including piers, cross-sea bridges, and offshore platforms. Comprehensive ablation studies and comparative experiments were conducted. Results demonstrate that the proposed achieves a mean Intersection over Union (mIoU) of 83.00%, mean Pixel Accuracy (mPA) of 88.47%, Pixel Accuracy (PA) of 97.28%, and 73.24 Frames Per Second (FPS) on the test set. In comparison to the baseline DeepLabV3+ model (mIoU: 79.56%; FPS: 28.13), our model improves mIoU by 3.44 percentage points, mPA by 2.57 percentage points, and inference speed by 45.11 FPS, while maintaining high pixel-level fidelity. Ablation experiments confirm that each component—ECA-enhanced MobileNetV2, SPASPP, and the Dice+Focal loss—contributes incrementally to performance gains. Qualitative analysis further reveals superior robustness in challenging scenarios involving blurred imaging, biological adhesion, and partial occlusions.

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Volume: Issue: 11

Article: Role of Procalcitonin in the Diagnosis of Neonatal Sepsis: A Prospective Observational Study

Shree Narayan Yadav, Sudhir Adhikari, Abhay Mandal, Roshan Jha, Biraj Parajuli, Aarju Rawat, Prakash Chand Yadav
Vol 8, Issue 11; November 2025
North American Academic Research, 8(11), 8- 15. doi: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.17572445

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Abstract: Background: Neonatal sepsis remains a major cause of morbidity and mortality in developing countries, including Nepal. Early diagnosis is difficult because clinical signs are nonspecific and conventional culture methods are slow. Procalcitonin (PCT) has emerged as a promising biomarker for early and accurate identification of bacterial sepsis in neonates. Objectives: To evaluate the diagnostic accuracy of serum procalcitonin in suspected neonatal sepsis and to compare it with other biomarkers such as Creactive protein (CRP) and total leukocyte count (TLC). Methods: This prospective observational study was conducted at the Department of Pediatrics, Chitwan Medical College, Nepal, from April 2021 to March 2022. A total of 335 neonates (≤28 days old) admitted with suspected sepsis were enrolled. Serum procalcitonin, CRP, and TLC were measured at admission, and blood culture was sent as the gold standard. Statistical analyses included sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values, and receiveroperating-characteristic (ROC) curves. Results: Among 335 neonates, 162 (48.4 %) were culture-positive. The mean serum PCT level was significantly higher in the sepsis group (8.72 ± 5.46 ng/mL) compared with the non-sepsis group (0.82 ± 0.56 ng/mL, p < 0.001). Using a cutoff of ≥ 2 ng/mL, PCT showed sensitivity = 90.7 %, specificity = 88.2 %, PPV = 86.9 %, and NPV = 91.7 %, outperforming CRP (78.3 %, 79.1 %, 76.5 %, 80.6 %) and TLC (68.5 %, 70.3 %). The area under the ROC curve for PCT was 0.94, indicating excellent diagnostic accuracy. Conclusion: Procalcitonin is a highly sensitive and specific biomarker for early diagnosis of neonatal sepsis and can guide timely antibiotic initiation and reduce unnecessary therapy.

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Volume: Issue: 10

Article: Adaptive DDoS Detection Using RF–CNN–BiLSTM Hybrid Pipeline

Ridoy Kumar Roy, Mst Habiba Farhana, Sourav Roy, Sharmistha Mitro
Vol 8, Issue 10; October 2025
North American Academic Research, 8(10), 30- 41. doi: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.17506730

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Abstract: The rapid expansion of the Internet and IoT ecosystems has increased Distributed Denial-of-Service (DDoS) activity and highlighted the limitations of signature-based intrusion detection. To balance interpretability, speed, and recall, we developed a compact hybrid pipeline that combines logistic regression feature ranking with three complementing learners—random forest (RF), a 1D convolutional neural network (CNN), and a bidirectional LSTM (BiLSTM). Using the CIC-DDoS2019 benchmark, we reduce features to a restricted subset and train models with validation-driven threshold optimization to solve class imbalance. RF has the steadiest performance (≈99.8% accuracy; ROC-AUC = 0.9999), providing an interpretable and lowlatency baseline. The CNN converges quickly and detects local burst patterns, but it has a higher false-positive rate (about 95% accuracy; ROC-AUC = 0.96). The BiLSTM has separability similar to RF (ROC-AUC ≈ 0.9962) and a recall of 0.99 for attack traffic with ≈99% accuracy, making it ideal for recall-critical applications. Overall, combining a transparent feature filter with spatiotemporal learning enhances the robustness and operational flexibility of modern network defense in corporate, edge, and cloud domains. We have released an implementation that standardizes preprocessing, reporting (accuracy, Precision/Recall/F1, ROC-AUC, PR-AUC), and threshold calibration to facilitate reproducible evaluation and practical use.

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Volume: Issue: 10

Article: Association of Diabetic Retinopathy and Chronic Kidney Disease in patients with Diabetes Mellitus in a Tertiary care hospital of western Nepal

Priyanka Singh, Krishna Kant Gupta, Raj Deb Mahato, Sarita Tuladhar
Volume 8, Issue 10, October 2025
American Academic Research, 8(10), 151-159. doi: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.17460522

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Abstract: Background: Diabetic Retinopathy (DR) is a progressive dysfunction of the retinal vasculature caused by Diabetes Mellitus (DM), leading to structural damage to the neural retina. Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) is a progressive and irreversible condition characterized by a reduction in nephron number, ultimately resulting in end-stage renal disease, where patients become dependent on renal replacement therapy for survival. Retinal microvascular abnormalities are common in CKD due to shared pathophysiological mechanisms and can contribute to worsening vision through the progression of retinopathy. Methods: A hospital-based cross-sectional observational study was conducted in the Department of Ophthalmology at Gandaki Medical College Teaching Hospital (GMCTH), Pokhara, Nepal, from September 1, 2021, to August 31, 2022, after obtaining ethical approval from the Institutional Review Committee of GMCTH (Reference Number: 174/079/080). A total of 84 patients with a known history of diabetes and chronic kidney disease, who were referred for retinal evaluation, were enrolled in the study. The collected data were entered into Microsoft Excel and analyzed using the SPSS, version 22. Data were presented as frequencies, percentages, means, standard deviations, and a p-value of less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: DR was seen in 90.5% patients with DM and different stages of CKD. The mean age of patients was 61.5 ± 11.11 years. 73.8% were male and 26.2% were female, 45.2% had DM for less than 10 years and 39.2% in between 10-20 years. There was clinically significant association between DR and CKD (P<0.001) and between DR and duration of DM(p<0.002). Conclusion: This study found a high prevalence of diabetic retinopathy (DR) among patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) secondary to diabetes mellitus (DM)

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Volume: Issue: 10

Article: Unlocking Zambia's Power Potential: Exploring the Economic Drivers of Electricity Exportation

Moyo Nosia
Volume 8, Issue 10, October 2025
North American Academic Research, 8(10), 101-112. doi: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.17334458

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Abstract: This study explores the economic drivers of electricity exportation in Zambia, focusing on both short-run and long-run dynamics. Using an Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) model, we analyse the relationships between electricity export and exchange rate, electricity generation, installed capacity, and electricity consumption per capita between 1990 and 2020. In the short run, findings reveal that electricity export, electricity generation, and installed capacity significantly impact export levels. Specifically, decreases in electricity exports are associated with reduced export levels while an increases in electricity generation and installed capacity lead to higher exportation. However, the exchange rate and electricity consumption per capita do not exhibit significant short-run effects on exportation. In the long run, our analysis demonstrates the enduring importance of several factors in driving electricity exportation. A depreciating exchange rate, increased electricity generation, and greater installed capacity positively influence export levels. Conversely, higher electricity consumption per capita is associated with decreased exportation over extended periods. Our study contributes to the understanding of the complex dynamics shaping Zambia's electricity export sector, providing insights valuable for policymakers, industry stakeholders, and investors.

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Volume: Issue: 10

Article: Study on Critical Speed Behavior of Rotating Machinery

Md Bayjid Maharaj, Guangfu Bin
Vol 8, Issue 10; October 2025
North American Academic Research, 8(10), 29-43. doi: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.17295467

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Abstract: The vibration issues of turbo machinery rotors such as centrifugalcompressors, centrifugal pumps, steam turbines, and aviationenginesaredirectly related to the safety of the equipment. As turbomachinerycontinuously seeks higher efficiency, the inevitable trend inrotor structuredevelopment is high-speed operation and multi-stage impellers. Duetofactors like material in homogeneity of the rotor, machining andassemblydeviations, and changes in environmental parameters duringoperation,rotors with blades will inevitably develop mass imbalances. Underhigh-speed and high-parameter operating conditions, this can leadtoincreasedrotor vibration, seriously affecting the safe and stable operationofthemachinery and becoming a technical problem that urgently needsanalysisand resolution. The key points and basic methods of dynamic balancingtechnology were analyzed, and a rotor dynamic balancingexperimentalplan was designed. Using the influence coefficient method, asetofcorrection masses that are not orthogonal to the first Nmodal shapescanbeobtained in one attempt. Experiments were conducted tovalidatetheimbalance vibration characteristics of the rotor and to researchdynamicbalancing techniques. The experimental results showed that after dynamicbalancing, the vibration of the rotor was significantly reduced, withavibration reduction of up to 83.2% on Balancing Plane 1 andupto75.4%onBalancing Plane 2.

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Volume: Issue: 8

Article: Application of Single Factor and L9 Taguchi Experimental Design Analysis Based on Organic Cotton Fabric Dyeing Process with Reactive Dye and Explore the Optimized Parameters

Sadli Bin Jadid , Warisa Khan , Sharmin Akter Sumi , Abdur Rahman Robin , Pappu Chowdhury , Ridoy Bonik , Rayan Ahmed Arik
Volume 8, Issue 8, August 2025
North American Academic Research, 8(8), 203-215. doi: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.17378934

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Abstract: In this research the dyeing behavior of organic cotton knit fabric samples dyed by Exhaust dyeing technique with reactive dyes were investigated. Fabric samples were dyed with reactive dyes; NOVAKOR YELLOW (0.5%, 1% & 2% o.w.f) using exhausts dyeing method. The samples were Exhaust dyed at varied temperature 55 ᵒC, 60 ᵒC and 65 ᵒC and time 25 min, 30 min & 35 min. Furthermore, for optimizing the dyeing behavior, the samples were causticized by pad batch method and then dyed with reactive dyes at varied temperature (55 ᵒC, 60 ᵒC and 65 ᵒC) and time (25 min, 30 min & 35 min). It has been revealed that organic cotton fabric dyed using exhaust method at Shade% 2% ,Temp 65 ᵒC for 35 min & Soda 2g/l gives highest colour strength value, excellent wash fastness, deeper dye diffusion, and less surface deterioration. Moreover, causticized and then dyed sample gives excellent dyeing behavior even at 60ᵒC for 30 min; almost half the dyeing time. Hence dyeing of organic cotton fabric samples using exhaust method saves energy, time and cost.

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Volume: Issue: 8

Article: China's Direct Investment in Pakistan: A Risk Management Framework

Salma Neelofar, Wang Sonjiang, Tamoor Azam, Memoona Nilofar, Sadia Nelofar
Vol 8, Issue 8; August 2025
North American Academic Research, 8(8), 118-128. doi: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.17177448

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Abstract: This paper investigates the influencing factors of China's Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) in Pakistan and proposes a Risk Management Framework (RMF) to attract China's FDI. With the help of a thorough study of literature, major influencing factors were identified. Regression analysis was used to figure out how the selected factors influence China's FDI in Pakistan. The results show that the impact and significance of each variable on China's FDI in Pakistan are different. Based on the results, the variables of GDP and Per Capita Income are significant at the 0.1 level in relation to China's total FDI inflow to Pakistan. While bilateral trade volume, exchange rate, infrastructure development, and demand for FDI in Pakistan are significant at the 0.05 level, they are not significant at the 0.01 level, unlike China's total FDI inflow to Pakistan. The labor force in the FDI sector in Pakistan is significant at the 0.01 level. However, the impact of the Free Trade Agreement (FTA) on China's total FDI inflow to Pakistan is not significant. Based on the results, the paper suggests a Risk Management Framework (RMF) for the policy makers. The framework involves identifying, assessing, and mitigating risks associated with the significant factors influencing FDI.

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Volume: Issue: 10

Article: Next-Generation AI-Empowered Real-Time Optimization for Intelligent Engine Management Systems

Md Alom Badsha, Md Nafis Sadik Labib, Ismam Uddin Refat
Vol 8, Issue 10; October 2025
North American Academic Research, 8(10), 14-28. doi: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.17288328

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Abstract: Fuel efficiency, emission control, operating durability and predictive maintenance requirements continue to grow on today's engine management systems. Traditional real-time optimization approaches are often limited with decision rules being static and one-dimensional objectives, and limited usage of predictive intelligence, resulting in suboptimal performances under dynamic operational conditions. In order to overcome such limitations, a next-generation artificial intelligence (AI)-based real-time optimization framework for intelligent engine management systems is proposed in this paper. The proposed architecture includes multi-sensor data-driven machine learning models like Random Forest, Gradient Boosting, XGBoost, LightGBM and deep neural models with Monte Carlo Dropout for uncertainty quantification. Multi-objective optimization is carried out by NSGA-II, this algorithm represents a trade-off between fuel consumption, emissions, efficiency and component life. A digital twin simulation layer is used for lifecycle-aware predictive insights while an autoencoder-based anomaly detection layer is used to proactively detect if the engine behavior is abnormal. SHAP Explainable AI gives understandable interpretations on the function of features and the reasoning behind the choice. Physics-based feature engineering improves the robustness of models, as well as guarantees the compliance with the constraints of operations. The experimental validation of the synthetic and augmented engine datasets using experimentation evidences the correct remaining life prediction, multi-objective trade-offs, as well as high reliability in anomaly detection. The framework provides practical recommendations on predictive maintenance, performance control and realtime control of operations, which fills the gap between intelligent AI and practical engine control. The holistic framework provides a scalable platform to the next-generation intelligent engines and helps create the sustainable, efficient, and robust industrial and transportation systems.

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Volume: Issue: 10

Article: Revolutionary Cryogenic Energy Storage for Ultra-Efficient Power and Smart Grids

Md Shayokh Mondol, Mohiuddin Hassan Badhon, Md. Zakir Hossen, M Abidur Rahman Sakib, Negla Sadia Jahan
Vol 8, Issue 10; October 2024
North American Academic Research, 8(10), 1- 13. doi: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.17288103

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Abstract: As the world switches to the use of renewable energy sources, the efficient and scalable energy storage solutions that would yield a stable and sustainable grid are in high demand. Traditional energy storage components, e.g., hydrogen storage, lithium-ion battery are experiencing cost, scaling, efficiency disadvantages. This essay suggests a solution of Cryogenic Energy storage (CES), which holds a lot of potential in an attempt to resolve these problems through the use of the cryogenic fluids in very low temperatures to store and release energy effectively. The CES system uses sophisticated thermodynamic model, dynamic phase transition model and optimization computation to achieve high grid implementation performance. Multi-objective optimization and Monte Carlo simulations are used to minimize the cost of storage and maximize energy efficiency, and Model Predictive Control (MPC) and Reinforcement Learning (RL) are used to perform optimal energy dispatch. The results demonstrate that CES is superior to such conventional storage technologies as Li-ion and H2 in the cost, efficiency, and scalability. CES is more NPV and IRR, less sensitive to CAPEX variation, and provides more stable energy dispatch profile, which explains its high suitability in energy storage in large-scale energy storage in the intelligent grids. In addition, MPC control measures/strategies also enhance the system performance by optimum real time dispatch of energy. This paper has noted that CES has a great potential in transforming grid storage solutions, and in favour of a more sustainable and resilient energy infrastructure. The findings lead to more investigation into how to increase the scalability of the systems, the materials used, and the integration of the hybrid storage systems to obtain superior grid performance.

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Volume: Issue: 9

Article: Prevalence and Patterns of Foreign Body Ingestion in the Upper Aerodigestive Tract: A Cross-Section Study Creators

Mahesh Mahaseth, Baidhyanath Thakur, Abhay Mandal, Jamun Singh, Amiya Kumar Sah, Sanjeet Kumar Jha, Manish Pandey
Vol 8, Issue 9; September 2025
North American Academic Research, 8(9), 82-87. doi: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.17201839

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Abstract: Background: Foreign body ingestion is a common pediatric emergency, especially among children aged 1 to 10 years. Prompt diagnosis and management are crucial to prevent complications. This study aimed to assess the prevalence and patterns of foreign body ingestion in the upper aerodigestive tract in pediatric patients presenting to the Department of Gastroenterology, Madhesh Institute of Health Sciences (MIHS), Janakpurdham, Nepal. Methods: A hospital-based cross-sectional study was conducted in the Department of Gastroenterology, MIHS, Janakpurdham, over a period of 3 years (January 2021 to December 2023). A total of 50 pediatric patients, aged 1 to 10 years, who presented with a history or suspicion of foreign body ingestion were included. Data on demographics, type and location of foreign body, symptoms, radiological findings, endoscopic procedures, and outcomes were collected. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS version 25. P-value < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: The mean age of the patients was 4.7 ± 2.3 years, with a male-to-female ratio of 1.27:1. The most common age group affected was 2-5 years (56%). Coins were the most commonly ingested foreign bodies (40%), followed by toy parts (20%), batteries (14%), fish bones (10%), and others (16%). The esophagus was the most frequent site of foreign body lodgment (52%), followed by the oropharynx (24%) and stomach (18%). Endoscopic removal was successful in 92% of cases. Complications such as mucosal erosion were observed in 8% of cases. There was a statistically significant association between the type of foreign body and site of lodgment (P = 0.023). Conclusion: Foreign body ingestion in the upper aerodigestive tract is most prevalent among children aged 2 to 5 years, with coins being the most commonly ingested objects. Early diagnosis and endoscopic management are effective in preventing serious complications. Public awareness and parental supervision are vital in reducing the incidence.

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Volume: Issue: 9

Article: Research on the impact of FDI on economic growth of Burundi

Arthur Musafiri , Wu Guosong
Volume 8, Issue 9, September 2025
North American Academic Research, 8(9), 78- 80. doi: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.17177195

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Abstract: Background: Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) is a critical driver of economic development for developing nations, yet its effectiveness is contingent on host country conditions. Burundi, a landlocked East African nation, has struggled to attract and leverage FDI effectively due to political instability, infrastructural deficits, and low human capital. This study investigates the impact of FDI on Burundi's economic growth from 1987 to 2023, emphasizing the mediating roles of human capital and trade openness. Methods: This empirical study employs time-series econometric techniques using annual data from 1987 to 2023. The Johansen Co-integration Test and Vector Error Correction Model (VECM) are used to analyze both long-run and short-run relationships between GDP growth, FDI inflows, human capital (proxied by school enrollment rates), and trade openness. Results: The analysis reveals a positive and statistically significant long-run relationship between FDI and economic growth, with a coefficient of 0.25. Human capital significantly enhances FDI's productivity (coefficient: 0.15), though low enrollment rates limit this effect. Trade openness also positively correlates with growth (coefficient: 0.20), but logistical barriers hinder its potential. Short-run dynamics show a slow adjustment speed to equilibrium (Error Correction Term: -0.35), indicating structural rigidities. Conclusions: FDI is a key driver of growth in Burundi, but its potential is constrained by structural obstacles. To maximize benefits, policymakers must prioritize education reforms, particularly vocational training, invest in infrastructure to reduce transaction costs, implement trade facilitation measures, and strengthen governance to create a stable investment climate. These steps are crucial for Burundi to harness FDI for sustainable economic development.

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Volume: Issue: 9

Article: The Impact Of Corporate Governance On Environmental And Social Scores Of Public Firms, Based On The Data From East African Community (Eac)

Godwin Eliakim
Vol 8, Issue 9; September 2025
North American Academic Research, 8(9), 78- 95 doi: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.17235895

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Abstract: This paper is research based on the impact of corporate governanceontheenvironmental and social (E&S) scores of publicly listed companiesintheEast African Community (EAC). The study runs the fixed-effectsandsystem GMM estimations using a panel data set of firms inKenya,Tanzania, Uganda, and Rwanda, 2015-2024 to investigate the effect of boardcomposition, ownership structure, and leadership structureontheenvironmental and social score provided by ESG rating providers. Thefindings show that independence of boards, gender board diversity, andthepresence of sustainability committees are positively andsignificantlycorrelated with better E&S scores whereas CEO duality andconcentratedownership are negatively correlated. Sub sample results indicatethat thereare stronger governance impacts in Kenya and Rwanda, where regulatoryreforms have implemented mandatory ESG rules and in environmentallysensitive sectors such as energy and utilities, where the visibilityofstakeholders is greater. Event-studies support the claimthat theimplementation of ESG disclosure rules in Kenya (2021) andRwanda(2024)induced identifiable shifts in sustainability performance, especiallyinthecase of well-managed companies. The consistency of the results ischeckedby robustness checks on several ESG data providers. The findings addtothebody of corporate governance and sustainability literature byillustratingthat governance structures are key levers to pursue environmental andsocial responsibility in frontier markets. The policy recommendationsarethat the regulators of EAC need to intensify the codes of governance, toalign ESG reporting frameworks and to protect minority investorsinorderto make corporate operations in the region more sustainable.

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Volume: Issue: 8

Article: Anomaly Detection for HIDS Using Machine and Deep Learning at Ethiopia's Ministry of Finance

Anbessea Nardos Gebru
Vol 8, Issue 8; August 2025
North American Academic Research, 8(8), 129-144. doi: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.17177610

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Abstract: In today’s digital landscape, safeguarding sensitive data, especially in critical sectors like finance, is vital. This study aims to enhance Host Intrusion Detection Systems (HIDS) at Ethiopia’s Ministry of Finance using machine learning and deep learning techniques. It compares different methods of supervised and unsupervised learning to identify the most effective method for detecting threats with the Ministry’s datasets. Various algorithms, including Random Forest and XGBoost for feature selection, and techniques like SMOTE for imbalanced classes, were employed. In supervised learning, methods like Random Forest, Decision Tree, KNN, XGBoost, Nave Bayes, Logistic Regression and SVM were evaluated. In unsupervised learning, techniques like Isolated Forest, LOF, One-class and SVM were explored. The analysis revealed notable performance, with supervised models achieving perfect accuracy 100%, particularly SVM. The Isolated Forest algorithm stood out in unsupervised learning with a 99% accuracy. Deep learning, especially the denoising autoencoder, showed promising results, achieving a lower Reconstruction error of 0.17.

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Volume: Issue: 9

Article: The Impact of Firm Digital Transformation on Financing Constraints: Evidence from China

Mehreteab Yonas Kiflom
Vol 8, Issue 9; September 2025
North American Academic Research, 8(9), 1-15. doi: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.17144345

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Abstract: This study examines the impact of digital transformation (DT) on financing constraints (FC) in Chinese A-share listed companies on the Shanghai and Shenzhen Stock Exchanges from 2010 to 2023. It uses the SA index as a proxy for FC and the frequency of keyword indicators in annual reports, across five core technologies: artificial intelligence, blockchain, cloud computing, big data, and digital applications. Using fixed-effects regression with Driscoll- Kraay standard errors, the results show that DT has a strong negative relationship with FC, with a coefficient significant at the 1% level. Additionally, being a state-owned enterprise (SOE) and owning shares in other financial institutions each has a significant negative impact at the 1% level. CEO duality and profit volatility (PV) have positive impacts, significant at 5% and 1%, respectively. A clean audit opinion negatively affects FC at the 10% level. Inflation rate positively influences FC, while GDP growth rate negatively influences FC, each at the 1% significance level. Furthermore, the findings indicate that DT moderates the link between PV and FC. The findings are robust to the use of the Whited-Wu index as an alternative measure of FC and apply a one-period lag to check for the causality effect. Further analysis reveals that artificial intelligence, cloud computing, big data, and digital applications significantly reduce FC, whereas blockchain’s effect is insignificant. The study concludes that strategic investment in digital technology is an effective approach for enhancing access to external capital and mitigating the positive influence of PV on FC. Future studies could examine the different impacts across industries and explore the long-term impact of DT on financial stability and sustainable growth.

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Volume: Issue: 5

Article: Unraveling Commodity Price Forecasting: Insights from Chinese Stock Market Movements and Exchange Rate Fluctuations

Soukzana Ladtakoun, Somchith Sompaseuth,Baoming Li, Kheuakham Bounvilay, Niddavone Vongsanga, Khanpathip Thephavongsa, Venepheth Sayavong
Vol 8, Issue 5; May 2025
North American Academic Research, 8(5), 312- 331. doi: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.17135573

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Abstract: The research focuses on the spillover effects of the Chinese stock market (CSM), freign exchange (FEX) and commodities (Gold, Natural Gas, Oil). With the cross-quantilogram (CQ) method, daily returns are analyzed with a focus on market spillovers within varying conditions. It is established that spillover effects are specific to certain quantiles. In the case of strong market returns, Gold is quite positively affected by the CSM and mostly during most tumultuous periods, while negative spillovers on Gold were caused by a stronger dollar making the metal relatively expensive for foreign buyers. High quantiles of net returns on natural gas, where positive spillovers from CSM are also present. Additionally, a favorable USDCNY exchange rate increases local energy consumption. China is one of the most significant oil consumers and therefore oil displays high positive correlation to the CSM. The study cautions on both market diversification and currency movements to avoid the risks. Emphasize FEX stability and the correlation between stock and commodity prices to strengthen economies. The research assesses that further work is necessary on spillovers and on shock transmission in the context of deepening integration of emerging markets focusing on the still little examined futures and spot markets.

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Volume: Issue: 8

Article: Comparison of functional outcome following Dynamic Hip Screw versus Proximal Femoral Nail stabilization of stable intertrochanteric fractures

Ram Binay Chaudhary, Brajesh Kumar Thakur, Pratik Silwal, Kumar Shambhaw
Vol 8, Issue 8; August 2025
North American Academic Research, 8(8), 113- 117. doi: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.17132679

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Abstract: Background: Stable intertrochanteric fractures are commonly treated with either Dynamic Hip Screw (DHS) or Proximal Femoral Nail (PFN). The optimal implant for early functional recovery, complications and reoperation rates remains a matter of debate. This study compared functional outcomes and complication profiles of DHS versus PFN in a 2- year single-center cohort. Methods: 284 consecutive patients with stable intertrochanteric fractures (AO/OTA 31-A1 and selected A2 without extreme comminution) treated at MIHS Janakpur between 01/2023 and 12/2024 were enrolled. Choice of implant (DHS vs PFN) was according to treating orthopedic surgeon preference and fracture configuration; baseline characteristics were recorded. Primary outcome was Harris Hip Score (HHS) at 12 months. Secondary outcomes included operative time, estimated blood loss, time to radiographic union, complications (cut-out, nonunion, infection), and reoperation. Statistical tests: Student’s t-test for continuous variables, chisquare or Fisher’s exact test for categorical variables; p<0.05 considered significant. Results: 148 patients received DHS and 136 received PFN (total n=284). Mean age was 67.2±9.5 years (DHS) vs 66.1±9.0 years (PFN) (p=0.317). Mean operative time was significantly longer for DHS (65±12 min) than PFN (55±10 min), p<0.001. Estimated blood loss was greater for DHS (250±80 ml) vs PFN (120±50 ml), p<0.001. Mean HHS at 12 months was 78.5±10 (DHS) vs 82.3±9.2 (PFN), p=0.001. Overall complication rate was 13.5% (20/148) in DHS vs 8.8% (12/136) in PFN (p=0.289). Reoperation rate was 5.4% (8/148) DHS vs 2.9% (4/136) PFN (p=0.461). Time to radiographic union was similar (14.5±3.0 weeks DHS vs 13.8±2.8 weeks PFN, p=0.06). Conclusions: In this 2-year cohort from MIHS Janakpur, PFN was associated with shorter operative time, less intraoperative blood loss and modestly better functional outcome (HHS at 12 months) compared with DHS for stable intertrochanteric fractures. Rates of complications and reoperations were numerically lower with PFN but did not reach statistical significance. Both implants provide acceptable outcomes; implant choice should consider patient factors and orthopedic surgeon experience.

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Volume: Issue: 9

Article: Research on Corrosion Grade Detection of Metal Surface

Zainul Abdin , Qin Yuan
Volume 8, Issue 9, September 2025
North American Academic Research, 8(9), 71-77. doi: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.17142454

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Abstract: Traditional image processing techniques for corrosion detection are often inadequate, struggling with complex backgrounds, occlusions, and high sensitivity to variable lighting and environmental conditions. Deep learning offers a robust alternative, demonstrating superior adaptability for object detection in such challenging, real-world scenarios. To address the critical need for automated inspection of coastal public infrastructure, this study proposes the CBG-YOLOv5s model for the detection and grading of metal surface corrosion. The model automatically identifies, localizes, and classifies corrosion into three severity levels: mild (LC), moderate (MC), and severe (HC). Our key innovations are threefold: (1) We integrate the Convolutional Block Attention Module (CBAM) into the C3 module to create C3CBAM, enhancing the model's ability to focus on salient corrosion features. (2) We augment the feature fusion neck with a BiFPN-CBAM structure and an additional small-object detection layer to improve multi-scale feature integration, particularly for early-stage, small corrosion spots. (3) We design a lightweight C3Ghost module to replace standard convolutions, significantly reducing computational complexity without sacrificing performance. The model was trained and evaluated on a custom dataset of 6,000 annotated images of coastal metal corrosion. Experimental results demonstrate that CBG-YOLOv5s achieves an 86.0% mAP@0.5 and a 92.8% precision, outperforming the baseline YOLOv5s by 2.7 percentage points in mAP and 3.2 percentage points in precision, while simultaneously reducing its parameter count by 20.5% (from 6.728M to 5.354M). This makes it highly suitable for real-time deployment on edge devices for preventative maintenance.

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Volume: Issue: 8

Article: Impact of Digital Transformation on Strategic Management in Enterprises: A Review

Mammedov Suleyman , Mammedova Ayjahan
Volume 8, Issue 8, August 2025
North American Academic Research, 8(8), 103-112. doi: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.17074898

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Abstract: Digital transformation has emerged as a pivotal driver of organizational change, altering the foundations of strategic management in enterprises. This review synthesizes recent literature on how emerging technologies—such as Artificial Intelligence (AI), Big Data analytics, automation, cloud computing, and the Internet of Things (IoT) - are reshaping strategic planning, decision-making, and competitive advantage. It highlights how these technologies enable data-driven strategies, foster innovation, and create sustainable value, while also introducing challenges such as cybersecurity risks, cultural resistance, and ethical dilemmas. The paper concludes by outlining future research directions and managerial implications, emphasizing that digital transformation is not merely a technological upgrade but a strategic imperative for long-term competitiveness.

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Volume: Issue: 5

Article: Unraveling Commodity Price Forecasting: Insights from Chinese Stock Market Movements and Exchange Rate Fluctuations

Soukzana Ladtakoun, Somchith Sompaseuth , Baoming Li , Kheuakham Bounvilay , Niddavone Vongsanga , Khanpathip Thephavongsa , Venepheth Sayavong
Volume 8, Issue 5, May 2025
North American Academic Research, 8(5), 201- 221. doi: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.16902220

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Abstract: The research focuses on the spillover effects of the Chinese stock market (CSM), freign exchange (FEX) and commodities (Gold, Natural Gas, Oil). With the cross-quantilogram (CQ) method, daily returns are analyzed with a focus on market spillovers within varying conditions. It is established that spillover effects are specific to certain quantiles. In the case of strong market returns, Gold is quite positively affected by the CSM and mostly during most tumultuous periods, while negative spillovers on Gold were caused by a stronger dollar making the metal relatively expensive for foreign buyers. High quantiles of net returns on natural gas, where positive spillovers from CSM are also present. Additionally, a favorable USDCNY exchange rate increases local energy consumption. China is one of the most significant oil consumers and therefore oil displays high positive correlation to the CSM. The study cautions on both market diversification and currency movements to avoid the risks. Emphasize FEX stability and the correlation between stock and commodity prices to strengthen economies. The research assesses that further work is necessary on spillovers and on shock transmission in the context of deepening integration of emerging markets focusing in particular on the still little examined futures and spot markets.

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Volume: Issue: 7

Article: Current and Future Treatments, Prevention and Diagnosis of Peptic Ulcer Disease: Mixed-Methods Study at MIHS Provincial Hospital, Janakpur, Nepal

Mahesh Mahaseth, Gaurang Mishra, Sanjeet Jha, Manish Pandey, Gyanendra Yadav, Rameshwar Mahaseth
Volume 8, Issue 7, July 2025
Nepal. North American Academic Research, 8(7), 21-26. doi: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.16727445

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Abstract: Background: Peptic ulcer disease (PUD) continues to pose a major health challenge in developing nations, particularly in resource-constrained settings like Nepal. Despite advancements in diagnosis and treatment, the burden remains due to late presentation, limited diagnostic access, and suboptimal eradication strategies. Objective: To assess current practices and future directions in the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of PUD at MIHS Provincial Hospital, Janakpurdham, Nepal. Methods: A mixed-methods study was conducted from 2022 to 2025, involving 480 patients with confirmed PUD. Quantitative data were collected through structured questionnaires, laboratory tests, and medical records. In-depth interviews with 30 healthcare providers provided qualitative insights. Results: Helicobacter pylori infection was identified in 56.4% of cases, yet only 11.8% received eradication therapy. Proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) were used in 92.1% of patients, highlighting a focus on symptomatic management. Sequential therapy showed superior eradication rates (93.4%) compared to standard triple therapy (78.7%, p=0.03). Endoscopy and rapid urease testing were underutilized despite being available, especially among rural patients. Qualitative findings revealed diagnostic delays, poor follow-up, and limited awareness as key barriers to effective care. Conclusion: The study reveals critical gaps in PUD management, including inadequate H. pylori eradication, over-reliance on PPIs, and underuse of diagnostic modalities. Adoption of more effective treatment protocols, investment in diagnostic infrastructure, and community-level awareness campaigns are essential to improving outcomes in Nepal.

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Volume: Issue: 6

Article: Modeling and Simulation of the Gasification of the Main Agricultural Wastes in Chad using Aspen Plus

Mbaiadjim Neatobeye Christian
Vol 8, Issue 6; June 2025
North American Academic Research, 8(6), 131- 143. doi: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15759729

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Abstract: This paper presents the construction of a simulation model for the gasification of primary Chadian biomasses. The model is based on restricted chemical equilibrium in which temperature approaches were used as the correction factors. A sensitivity analysis was conducted based on the minimization of Gibbs free energy to ascertain the optimal flow rates of gasification agents. It was found that for a fixed mass flowrate of biomass of 40 ton/h, flowrates of oxygen in the range of 1170–15860 kg/h of oxygen and flowrates of steam in the range of 200–10500 kg/h maximized the hydrogen content in the final syngas. Similarly, it was found that final syngas composition is dependent on several parameters like moisture content, calorific value, and temperature, being the temperature the most important for which high values favored the content of hydrogen and carbon monoxide, and low values favored the content of carbon dioxide in the final syngas.

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Volume: Issue: 6

Article: Enhancing Data Security and Reliability in Smart Cities: A Framework Integrating MEC, AI, and Blockchain

Dr. Eng. Jouma Ali Al-Mohamad
Volume 8, Issue 6, June 2025
North American Academic Research, 8(6), 150-155. doi: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15742945

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Abstract: As cities progress into smart urban environments, the security and reliability of data exchanges become critical concerns. The seamless functioning of smart cities relies on the continuous transmission of data across interconnected systems, such as transportation, energy, public safety, and healthcare. However, this vast interconnection exposes cities to heightened vulnerabilities, including cyberattacks, data breaches, and unauthorized access. This study proposes an integrated framework to enhance data security and reliability in smart cities by incorporating cutting-edge technologies such as Mobile Edge Computing (MEC), Artificial Intelligence (AI), and Blockchain. By integrating these technologies, the framework aims to mitigate security risks while enhancing the performance of urban infrastructures. Additionally, the paper explores the role of regulatory measures, legal frameworks, and collaborative governance in ensuring the safety and resilience of smart cities' data infrastructure. The findings underscore that a multifaceted approach incorporating MEC, AI, and Blockchain can provide a robust defense against security threats, fostering a secure and sustainable urban environment.

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Volume: Issue: 6

Article: Knowledge and perception of hypertension among adult in a rural community at Patiya, Chattogram

Dr. Sanjoy Kanti Nath , Dr. Bijan Chandra Talukder , Dr. Punam Dey
Volume 8, Issue 6, June 2025
North American Academic Research, 8(6), 20-74. doi: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15767542

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Abstract: Background: A descriptive of cross sectional study was conducted among the adult people at Patiya Upazilla in Chattogram District. The population size was about ten thousand. A representative sample was calculated statistically and 206 respondents were included in the study. The major objective was to explore the knowledge & perception of hypertension among adult people in a selected rural area of Chattogram. This study reveals that 73.3% respondents had knowledge about symptoms of hypertension. 71.8% respondents mentioned that hypertension is related to age but most of them had no correct idea about the age group. Method and Materials: The cross-sectional study was conducted. The study was conducted in between July, 2021 to November, 2021. The data were collected through interviewing (face to face) of the previous listed adult Peoples. Anthropometric measurement had taken during the interview using measuring tape, Blood pressure machine and weight measuring scale. Data were analyzed by using Microsoft excel and a set of statistical techniques. Results: This cross sectional study was conducted among the adult people at Bara Uthan, Baralia, Bhatikan Unions of Patiya Upazilla in Chittagong District. The population size was about ten thousand. A representative sample of 206 respondents was calculated statistically. The major objective was to explore the knowledge & perception of hypertension among adult people in a selected rural area of Chattogram. 174 (84.5%) respondents mentioned that there is relationship between high BP and lifestyle but 164 (94.3%) respondents mentioned that hypertension occur in sedentary workers. 10 (5.7%) respondents mentioned that hypertension occur in physical workers. Conclusion: Hypertension in the rural areas of Bangladesh is increasing day by day. Now it is a public health problem in the rural areas of Bangladesh also. One out of five Bangladeshi adults have hypertension and approximately 4% of the deaths in Bangladesh occur due to complications related to hypertensive disorders. For the prevention of hypertension adequate knowledge about it is necessary to the people of the rural community.

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Volume: Issue: 6

Article: Impact of Sleep Quality on Health-Related Quality of Life among Residents Living near Bwindi Impenetrable Forest, Kanungu District

Ingrid Kirungi Kyobutungi
Vol 8, Issue 6; June 2025
North American Academic Research, 8(6), 125-130. doi: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15738963

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Abstract: This study examined the impact of sleep quality on health-related quality of life (HRQoL) among residents living near Bwindi Impenetrable Forest in Kanungu District, Uganda. Using stratified random sampling, a cross-sectional design was used using a sample of 374 persons. Validated instruments, such as the WHOQOL-BREF and the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), were used to measure HRQoL, stress levels, social well-being, and sleep quality. The findings showed that 20.59% of participants had either sleep apnea or insomnia, whereas 58.56% of participants reported having no sleep disorders. Regression analysis revealed that social well-being was negatively impacted by shorter sleep duration and poor mental health, whereas social well-being was positively impacted by higher stress levels and better sleep quality. The model demonstrated the important importance of sleep and mental health in HRQoL by explaining 81.5% of the variance in social well-being. These findings underscore the need for targeted interventions to improve sleep and mental health in this population. The findings emphasized the need for communitybased interventions targeting sleep hygiene and mental health support to enhance overall well-being in this environmentally sensitive region.

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Volume: Issue: 6

Article: Advances in Fluid-Structure Interaction Modeling for Underwater and Deep-Sea Engineering

Shamima Akter Shimky, Mahmud Al Noor, Md Ratul Hassan Rahat, Hasan Kabir Shakib, Prodhan Md Safiq Raihan
Vol 8, Issue 6; June 2025
North American Academic Research, 8(6), 1- 19. doi: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15716096

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Abstract: The phenomenon of Fluid-Structure Interaction (FSI) has always been a vital issue in the research of underwater and deep-sea environment, especially in the casestructures that are exposed to dynamic loads such as underwater explosion, shock wave and implosion. Fluid force and structural displacement interaction have great influence on the security, design and performance of the submarine structures (such as pressure cabin, submersible and offshore platform). In deep sea environment like deep sea oil & gas drilling and production there is always deep pressure and large deformation, understanding FSI effect is very important to optimize structure design and minimize the risk of sudden disaster[1].This review presents a broad discussion of the theoretical aspects, numerical procedures and experimental procedures followed for modelling and studying FSI in marine and underwater applications. Beginning by an intermediate formation on the FSI continuum which includes the analyzing tools (the fluid dynamics and the structural mechanics including their interaction) [2]. This paper is a review that summarizes the theoretical, numerical and experimental techniques that have been employed in the study and modelling of FluidStructure Interaction (FSI) in marine and underwater engineering. The presentation begins with a review of the basic issues involved in boundarybased FSI followed by a background to the physics and mechanics of the coupling[3].The paper also gives a brief description of a full-scale experimental investigation, that proved numerical models along with a special concern for the spread of a shock wave, a collapse of a spherical pressure hull and the influenced underwater explosions in the underwater constructions [4]. Case studies are presented on application of FSI models for the design and safety analysis of underwa ter vehicles, pressure hull design, and offshore structures[5]. Furthermore, the FSI effects of submersible pressure hull designing inDeep-Sea, with regard to material selection, crosssectional configuration, structurestiffening onthe sea bottom are summarized[6].Finally the future of the FSI analysis is discussed in thepaper with the emphasis made on the need of better material models for real-time simulation and the use of ma-chine learning and artificial intelligence to improve the accura-cy prediction. It also demonstrates the use ofHPCS for large simulations and the reliability of FSI models [7].

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Volume: Issue: 5

Article: MetaCheckAI: Cell Testing and Health Solution

Ammad Ul Islam, Ming Yang, Fang Yi Chao, Hamza Saeed Khan, Sohail Asghar, Amna Iqbal, Anqi Xu, Sijuan Chen, Jipu Wang, Arbab Khan
Vol 8, Issue 5; May 2025
North American Academic Research, 8(5), 379-389 doi: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15663896

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Abstract: Consumer electronics have steadily advanced, and advancements in data processing, nanotechnology, and microflow techniques have resulted in the introduction of affordable, easily navigable portable devices that serve as both diagnostic instruments and devices. Present-day diagnostic procedures still rely on laboratory testing, which is preceded by the collection of biological samples. Medical diagnostics could undergo a revolution in the years to come if new and traditional digital and traditional biomarker detection techniques are combined with portable, self-sufficient, and small technologies. Since its founding in 2007, MetaCheck AI Biotechnology Group Ltd. has been actively engaged in the life sciences for 17 years. It is a top technological innovation company in the sector with a focus on creating and utilizing AI cell identification and repair technology. Focusing on the comprehensive fusion of artificial intelligence (AI) and cell biology, MetaCheck AI Biotechnology has independently created a number of highly accurate and effective AI cell identification and repair tools. These cuttingedge tools offer previously unheard-of cell-level health solutions to consumers, medical institutions, and scientific research organizations. They are widely utilized in numerous cutting-edge sectors, including precision medicine, regenerative medicine, disease prevention, and personalized health management.

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Volume: Issue: 5

Article: Why Small Brands Choose TikTok Marketing in The Digital Age? An In-Depth Analysis

Diana Alene Ikaka Nzamio Domazevich, Zou Zong Feng
Vol 8, Issue 5; May 2025
North American Academic Research, 8(5), 416-421. doi: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15627496

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Abstract: Digital transformation has directly affected how humans live. New technologies and social networks have changed the way people connect, and their habits and customs have also been affected. Consumption patterns are one aspect of this transformation process, and to be successful, brands and advertisers must understand how consumers behave in social media applications like TikTok. To know how to design their marketing strategy, they need to analyze what leads consumers to make one decision or another and what makes them choose a product. This research will examine the unique relationship between a brand's marketing success and its relationship with the social media platform TikTok.

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Volume: Issue: 5

Article: Trade and Industrial Restructuring Policies That Can Enhance Energy Efficiency in BRICS countries

Yin Feng, Vuyelwa Jeanett Moledi
Vol 8, Issue 5; May 2025
North American Academic Research, 8(5), 11-19. doi: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15577134

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Abstract: Combined, BRICS nations consume over a third of the world’s global primary energy, and this figure is expected to rise with economic growth in the coming decades. The trend necessitates efficient use of energy. This research identifies restructuring of industry from energy intensivemanufacturing to less energy-intensive manufacturing and services, along with carefully optimized trade openness, as the two vehicles for energy efficiency improvements. Using panel data of all 5 BRICS countries spanning the period from 2000 to 2023 and dividing the block into 3 clusters based on the nature of their economies, OLS regression analysis is applied to understand how trade openness and industrial restructuring has impacted energy efficiency in BRICS during this period. Results indicate that the overall influence of industrial restructuring on energy efficiency has been positive across the board. However, trade openness has benefitted the ChinaIndia and Russia clusters while negatively impacting the South Africa-Brazil Cluster. These results suggest that the heterogeneous nature of BRICS calls for a careful, contextualized, and differentiated policy framework that takes into account the specific positions and current economic needs of each nation. Suitable policy directions are suggested.

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Volume: Issue: 5

Article: Identity And the Ballot: Analyzing Ethnic-Based Voting in Nigeria’s Presidential Elections (2015 – 2023)

Lydia Alhassan
Vol 8, Issue 5; May 2025
North American Academic Research, 8(5), 401-415. doi: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15588307

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Abstract: This research investigates the correlation between ethnicity and voting in Nigeria from 2015 to 2023, employing a qualitative approach to elucidate the influence of ethnicity on voting patterns, administrative systems, and their contributions to political unrest. The research posits that ethnicbased voting reinforces exclusionary politics and exacerbates post-election disputes, while biased administrative systems undermine state legitimacy, thereby fueling civil unrest. The central research question addresses how ethnic diversity has contributed to political instability in Nigeria during the specified period and evaluates the extent to which institutional frameworks and policies have not mitigated ethnic tensions to promote political stability and nation-building. The timeframe of 2015 to 2023 is particularly significant, marking the first instance in the history of Nigeria where an incumbent president was ousted prior to securing a second term, with ethnicity playing a pivotal role in galvanizing electoral support.

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Volume: Issue: 5

Article: The Effectiveness of Ethiopia's Participation in China's Belt and Road Cooperation: Based on Labor Force Out of Poverty Measurement

Getachew Kidus Dawit
Vol 8, Issue 5; May 2025
North American Academic Research, 8(5), 341-359 doi: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15576843

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Abstract: This study examines the impact of China’s Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) investments on poverty reduction in Ethiopia, focusing on labor market dynamics as a key transmission mechanism. While infrastructure development is often linked to economic growth, its effectiveness in fostering inclusive labor market expansion and poverty alleviation remains contested. The research aims to determine whether BRI investments contribute to employment creation, assess the role of labor force participation as a mediator, and analyze the moderating effects of human capital (literacy and skills), gender disparities, and spatial inequality. A quantitative research approach was employed, utilizing regional-level economic and labor market data from official Ethiopian sources and international financial institutions. The study applied mediation and moderation regression models, supplemented by subgroup analyses for gender and rural-urban differentials, to test the relationships between BRI investment intensity, labor force participation, and poverty rates. The findings reveal that BRI investments significantly increase labor force participation, particularly in urban and peri-urban areas with higher literacy rates. However, the study confirms a partial mediation effect, indicating that employment expansion alone does not fully account for BRI’s impact on poverty reduction. Moreover, human capital strengthens the employment effects, while gender and rural location remain critical barriers, limiting equitable labor market gains. The study concludes that BRI investments have the potential to reduce poverty through employment creation, but complementary policies on education, gender inclusion, and rural industrialization are necessary to maximize their effectiveness.

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Volume: Issue: 5

Article: The Impact of Religious Conflicts on National Integration in Nigeria

Bessing Ngozi Akor
Vol 8, Issue 5; May 2025
North American Academic Research, 8(5), 11- 19. doi: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15567075

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Abstract: Religious conflicts in Nigeria have significantly undermined national integration, threatening the nation’s socio-political and economic stability. This study critically examines the impact of religious conflicts on national integration policies and programs in Nigeria from 1999 to 2022. Using the Conflict Trap Theory as a theoretical lens, the research adopts a qualitative methodology that incorporates historical and thematic analyses of primary and secondary data sources. The study identifies key causes of religious conflicts, including religious intolerance, poverty, political manipulation, and external influences. It also highlights the consequences of these conflicts, such as weakened national cohesion, economic polarization, and distrust among diverse groups. The thesis explores historical and contemporary religious conflicts, including the Boko Haram insurgency, the Sharia crisis, and the Fulani herdsmen-farmer clashes, to assess their implications for Nigeria’s political, economic, and social fabric. Furthermore, it evaluates national integration policies, such as state creation, the Federal Character Principle, and the National Youth Service Corps (NYSC), examining their effectiveness in mitigating conflicts and fostering unity. Key findings reveal that while policies like the Federal Character Principle initially addressed inequities, their implementation has been marred by inefficiencies and manipulation. Recommendations for promoting national integration include fostering interfaith dialogue, enhancing good governance, restructuring integration programs for inclusivity, and adopting global best practices in conflict resolution. This research contributes to the academic discourse on religious conflicts and national integration by offering actionable strategies to address these challenges and emphasizing the need for holistic, grassroots-level solutions.

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Volume: Issue: 4

Article: Influence of Employee Satisfaction on Business Performance A Case Study of Cameroon

Bekono Nkolo Pheggothea
Vol 8, Issue 4; April 2025
North American Academic Research, 8(4), 309-319. doi: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15548744

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Abstract: This study investigated the impact of employee satisfaction on business performance in Cameroon, offering a detailed analysis of the factors that influence employee satisfaction and their subsequent effects on business success. The study employed a questionnaire-based method for data collection. Multiple Linear Regression (MLR) and Grey Relation Analysis (GRA) were used to investigate the how business performance is related to various factors through employee satisfaction. The results show that workplace environment, job security, and career advancement opportunities exhibit strong positive correlations with business outcomes, indicating significant relationship existing between them. Based on the GRA analysis, training and development were found to have high impact on business success. In practical terms, the study suggests that institutions in Cameroon should prioritize improving key aspects of employee satisfaction that have the most substantial effect on business performance. Enhancing workplace conditions while fostering career advancement can also boost employee morale and productivity. The findings of this study offer valuable insights for businesses and policymakers in Cameroon, emphasizing the importance of a strategic and balanced approach to employee satisfaction.

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Volume: Issue: 5

Article: A Report on the C-E Translation of Foreign Trade Transaction Skills from Zero to Hero

Elham Hassaan, Liu Rong
Vol 8, Issue 5; May 2025
North American Academic Research, 8(5), 307-317. doi: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15523079

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Abstract: This study investigates the translation of the Chinese book Foreign Trade Transaction Skills: From Zero to Hero into English, guided by Newmark’s communicative translation theory. The study aims to ensure that the English translation accurately conveys the original content while maintaining its professional and practical significance. The book provides essential insights into core foreign trade principles and negotiation strategies, serving as a valuable resource for industry professionals. Using Newmark's approach, the research conducts a detailed analysis of the translation at the lexical, syntactic, and discourse levels. At the lexical level, considering foreign trade terminology and cultural differences, the translator adopted methods such as transliteration, literal translation, free translation, paraphrase, imitation, and other methods to accurately convey the original text's meaning. At the syntactic level, attention is given to sentence structures and grammatical conventions, ensuring that the translation flows naturally while retaining the original meaning, for the translation of four-character patterns, no-subject sentences, and run-on sentences, methods like addition, omission, combination, division, and structural adjustment are used. At the discourse level, analysis examines how context, tone, and style contribute to the overall impact of the text, ensuring that the translation resonates with the target audience. The coherence and cohesion of the translation are ensured through connectives, addition, deletion, and rewriting. Throughout the translation process, a series of challenges emerge, including the need for precise terminology, the adaptation of culturally specific references, and the balancing of formal and informal tones. This study emphasizes the importance of maintaining clarity and coherence, enabling readers to easily grasp complex concepts and strategies presented in the original work. By applying Newmark's communicative translation theory, this research not only aims to produce a high-quality English version of the text but also contributes to the broader field of translation studies by illustrating practical applications of theory in real-world contexts. The findings are expected to enhance understanding of foreign trade practices among English-speaking professionals and facilitate greater international collaboration. Ultimately, this translation project aspires to bridge linguistic and cultural gaps, making significant contributions to both academic research and practical applications in the field of foreign trade.

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Volume: Issue: 4

Article: Study on Seismic structural designinbuildingstructuredesign

Amdadul Haque, Sm Rafsanjami Rabu, Mohammad Abdul Kuddus
Vol 8, Issue 4; April 2025
North American Academic Research, 8(4), 304-308. doi: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15521892

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Abstract: Seismic structural design plays a crucial role in the field of architecture. Itcan not only effectively improve the seismic performance of buildings,reduce the losses caused by earthquake disasters, but also protect people'slives and property safety. The seismic structural designinbuildingstructure design needs to consider multiple factors, includingthestructuralform of the building, material selection, connection methods, etc. Whendesigning seismic resistant structures, engineers need to comprehensivelyconsider factors such as the building's purpose, geographical location, andgeological conditions to ensure that the building can operate safelyandstably during earthquakes.

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Volume: Issue: 3

Article: The Distribution and Availability of Inorganic Phosphorus Fractions along Altitudinal Gradient: A Case Study of Himalayan Kashmir, Pakistan

Gulfam Mohi Ud Din , Mohsin Zafar , Qamar Sarfaraz , Tauhid Khan , Muhammad Faisal Khan , Sehrish Naz , Saira Kiran
Volume 8, Issue 3, March 2025
North American Academic Research, 8(3), 203-219. doi: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15252220

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Abstract: In vulnerable ecological regions, understanding factors which affect distribution of soil nutrients is very critical for management of fertilizers and protection of environment. Two vital aspects which describe terrestrial environment in relation to natural and anthropogenic processes are Land Use (LU) and Land Cover (LC). The cohesive term Land Use Land Cover (LULC) includes both categories of LU and LC and analysis of changes is of prime importance to understanding many social, economic, and environmental problems. In recent years, LULC change analysis has emerged as an important research question, because LULC change has been identified as a key factor which stands responsible for environmental modification worldwide. In Azad Jammu and Kashmir (AJ&K) deforestation and landuse/land-cover (LULC) changes have increased over the past decades especially in Muzaffarabad division after the massive earthquake of 2005, consequently the increased demand for agricultural products, building materials, land for construction etc. Anyhow P is one of the most important nutrients for the growth of plants and crops. But the effect of LULC is uncertain on Availability of P. The objective of this study will be to assess the impacts of LULC change on soil inorganic and organic P fractions of different availability (modified Hedley sequential fractionation) and on P stocks in soils under different land uses along an altitudinal of at least four (04) altitude categories in District Muzaffarabad. The outcome of this study is helpful in convincing the farmers adopt agroforestry practices and maintain soil cover in large scale in this highly vulnerable area of Azad Jammu and Kashmir. Results showed that the highest P observed was 0.1 M HCl (moderately available) that is associated with apatite and Ca-P compounds that could be the evidence of presence of the moderately labile P present in calcareous soils. The overall TP was found highest (900 mg Kg-1 ) in 0 – 5 cm depth and minimum (200 mg Kg-1 ) was recorded in 15 – 30 cm. The available P (resin P) was also found highest (60 mg Kg-1 ) at depth of 5 cm while minimum (10 mg Kg-1 ) was found in L1 at depth of 30 cm. From all results of the soils analyzed for P fractions it could be observed that altitude influenced the P fractions at different depths. The variations in P fractions are associated to the land use type e.g., highest P values were always found in close canopy forests.

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Volume: Issue: 5

Article: Challenges of the International Supply Chain in Guangzhou

Kawera Ines
Vol 8, Issue 5; May 2025
North American Academic Research, 8(5), 326-338. doi: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15512067

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Abstract: This study investigates the challenges and proposes development strategies for the international supply chain in Guangzhou, China, a pivotal node in global trade. As globalization intensifies, Guangzhou’s supply chain network faces increasing obstacles related to infrastructure, regulatory policies, technological integration, labor shortages, and rising operational costs. Employing a quantitative approach, this research gathered data from 200 supply chain professionals across manufacturing, logistics, trading, and consulting sectors. Descriptive statistics and regression analyses were conducted to understand the influence of these challenges on strategic priorities, while ANOVA tests identified variations across sectors. Findings indicate that infrastructure and technology-related challenges significantly affect supply chain efficiency, with cross-border and regulatory compliance issues further complicating operations.

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Volume: Issue: 4

Article: Service Quality and its Impact on Customer Satisfaction and Loyalty: Evidence from Pharmaceutical Importers in Liberia

Diana M. Garkpeh, Lawrence G. Saye
Vol 8, Issue 4; April 2025
North American Academic Research, 8(4), 286-301. doi: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1531 3381

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Abstract: The pharmaceutical sector is one of the most important sectors in Liberia in that it is linked to the health sector. Pharmaceutical importers import health products into the country to help sick patients however, the sector is faced with some challenges. Even though this sector is of great importance to the country enough studies have not concentrated on them. This gap was sought to be filled with this current study. The main aim of this study examine the relationship between service quality and customer satisfaction and loyalty in the pharmaceutical industry. Customer satisfaction has been focused on by most commercial organizations and sectors with little emphasis on the health sectors. Customer satisfaction is seen to have a ripple effect on consumer loyalty. This study used the SERVQUAL model to assess this relationship because it provides the researcher with the flexibility to use the dimensions of service quality. This study employed a descriptive quantitative method with the use of Likert scale questionnaires to gather data. The diversity of the participants in terms of the diverse socio-demographic characteristics helped the data to be heterogeneous. The Cronbach alpha coefficient was used to assess the internal consistency of the items used which also showed the reliability of the instruments. To assess the hypothesis of this study between the above mentioned variables, the regression analysis was conducted. The result of the analysis indicated that, there is a strong positive relationship between service quality and overall customer satisfaction. Also, the study further proved that service quality positively influences consumer loyalty. Thus, the study further proves the assertion of the SERQUAL model which claims that the dimensions of service quality positively affect the customer’s satisfaction and consumer loyalty. Based on these conclusions the study recommended ways in which the pharmaceutical industry can improve on their service quality. Paying attention to customers, meeting their needs timely, and being reliable are the few ways to ensure attaining high levels of service quality.

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Volume: Issue: 5

Article: Sino-Bangladesh Collaboration in Climate-Adaptive Apparel Development: An Online Data Analysis Approach

Md Sagor Ali, Prof. Zhu Xiaoyu
Vol 8, Issue 5; May 2025
North American Academic Research, 8(5), 296-306. doi: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15499497

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Abstract: The textile business is feeling the heat of climate change, and it coming under more and more pressure to adopt sustainable solutions. This article explores the prospects for Sino-Bangladesh joint venture in climate-responsive apparel research and development (R&D) through the analysis of secondary data for the identification of major opportunities. The paper presents the potential natural fiber blends (bamboo-cotton, jute-silk) which possess better moisture management and thermal comfort properties, and are pertinent towards the development of climate-adaptive textiles. Furthermore, the study explores environmentally safe finishing technologies, including herbal antimicrobials and eco-dyestuffs, which improve the green image of textile materials. This work may have implications that sustainable clothing design can be studied with digital simulations and international collaboration rather than in a laboratory-intensive way. By focusing on the synergies between China and Bangladesh, this paper calls for the emergence of new climate- ready solutions for apparel that are in synch with environmental and social sustainability.

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Volume: Issue: 5

Article: Stock Characteristics, Portfolio Management and Multifactor Analysis

William Madondo
Vol 8, Issue 5; May 2025
North American Academic Research, 8(5), 311-324. doi: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15485824

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Abstract: Here, a multifactor process is chosen to evaluate the performanceof astockportfolio consisting of JPMorgan Chase & Co., BlackRock Inc., GoldmanSachs Group Inc., American Express Co. and Morgan Stanley. Abasicstockanalysis focuses on a few points, but a multifactor studyadditionallyconsiders finances, markets and the economy. This approachallowsaperson to analyze a company’s stock more precisely. Whencreatingthemodel, the researchers include the P/E ratio, dividend yield, stockvolatilityand several other meaningful indicators. They next help youtostudytheresults achieved by the portfolio and match those results toothersinthesame group according to risks. For most of my analysis, I use oldYahooFinance data and break the period in two to be sure the findingsremainunchanged. Most investors turn to multifactor analysis becauseit isnowpossible to use better data and math. Here, I showthat usingamultifactorapproach gives better results when constructing a portfolio. Researcherspoint out that using a multifactor approach has been veryuseful whenlooking at financial markets. With more information andimprovedtoolsnow available, many in the investment industry are nowfocusingonmultifactor analysis. This report explains howdifferent elementsofmultifactor analysis are combined to form decisions in a portfolio. Theresearch builds on the debate about analyzing portfolios andpointsouttheeffectiveness of a multifactor method in tough financial markets.

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Volume: Issue: 5

Article: Structure Design of Mobile Fire Gun Support in Complex Terrain

S M Kalimullah, Md Rakibul Islam, A K M Redwanul Islam , Fahad Al Arman
Vol 8, Issue 5; May 2025
North American Academic Research, 8(5), 235-267. doi: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15446453

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Abstract: Description A Most of the traditional fire-fighting gun supports only have simple erection function, and the working environment is limited, so they can't automatically adjust the angle and move. By fully understanding the development of fire-fighting gun supports, on this basis, The existing fire-fighting gun supports are innovated, and a mobile fire-fighting gun support with hydraulic system for angle adjustment and crawler walking mechanism under complex terrain is designed. By analyzing the hydraulic cylinder, hydraulic system and crawler traveling mechanism, the upper angle adjusting mechanism and the lower traveling mechanism are designed, which solves the problem that the traditional fire water gun bracket can't adjust the angle and move in multiple directions. In this sub-design, the angle range is adjusted by hydraulic cylinder in vertical direction, and a combination of bearing seat and locking ring is adopted in horizontal direction to realize the horizontal angle adjustment and the fixed locking function of the angle position of the rotating shaft. The lower mechanism adopts crawler walking mechanism to realize fire - fighting in complex terrain. This can not only ensure the life safety of firefighters and reduce the working pressure, but also improve the working efficiency of firefighters, which is convenient and flexible to operate. This design mainly designs the upper angle adjusting mechanism and the lower walking mechanism of the fire water gun bracket. The upper part of the mechanism mainly calculates the support reaction force of the water gun, determines the basic size of the hydraulic cylinder, designs the hydraulic system circuit, and designs and checks the horizontal rotating shaft. The lower part of the mechanism selects the motor and reducer, designs the crawler structure, calculates and determines the size of "four wheels and one belt", calculates the tensioning device, traction performance, steering driving torque, calculates and checks the driving wheel transmission shaft, checks the driving wheel, bearings, keys, frame and bolts, and selects the coupling. At last, three-dimensional modeling of related parts is carried out.

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Volume: Issue: 5

Article: TIS Company's Audio and Video System Product Strategy Research

Kulphongsathorn Sanphet
Vol 8, Issue 5; May 2025
North American Academic Research, 8(5), 1- 15. doi: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15475858

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Abstract: With the continuous development of the audio and video industry, there is an increasing amount of information that needs to be processed, and competition in the professional audio and video system market is becoming increasingly fierce. In such a competitive environment, adopting the right product strategy is crucial for products to successfully enter and occupy the market. This paper takes TIS Company's audio and video system products as the research object. Firstly, it analyzes the macro and micro environments of TIS Company's audio and video market to understand the current development trends and mainstream directions of the professional audio and video market. Combining the SWOT analysis method, it analyzes TIS's internal strengths and weaknesses, market opportunities, and threats. It also analyzes the four types of TIS's product portfolio strategy to provide a reference for developing effective product strategies for TIS's products. Under this premise, based on TIS Company's existing resource situation, it analyzes its current product strategy and finds issues such as overly tight product combinations and unreasonable pricing of new products. Therefore, optimization suggestions for the product strategy are proposed, such as reducing product length, clarifying product brand positioning, increasing brand exposure, and introducing technology to strengthen product inventory management. These suggestions aim to improve TIS Company's brand awareness in the audio and video system market, make more potential enterprises aware of TIS Company, and promote mutual benefit and win-win cooperation between TIS Company, the entire audio and video system industry, and even the entire audio and video integrated circuit industry. This study aims to provide some guidance and reference for TIS's audio and video system product strategy.

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Volume: Issue: 5

Article: Application Of Hyperspectral Imaging With Deep Learning To Identify Varieties Of Rice Seed And Leaf

Md Azizul Islam , Chu Zhang
Vol 8, Issue 5; May 2025
North American Academic Research, 8(5), 295-311. doi: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15447249

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Abstract: A Seed adulteration is a noteworthy issue that is causing concern for both planters and consumers and potentially leading to substantial losses. Consequently, the accurate identification of seed variety is crucial. This study investigated the application of hyperspectral imaging (HSI) integrated with deep learning (DL) algorithms for the identification of rice seed and leaf varieties. Hyperspectral data were collected and preprocessed from six distinct rice varieties (7,586 rice seeds and 2,160 rice leaves) using a near-infrared hyperspectral camera with 943.08–1657.47 nm spectral range. The data were corrected using white and dark reference images to reduce noise and lighting variations. Spectral information was extracted, preprocessed, and analyzed, and in each sample, a region of interest (ROI) was defined. We build various classification models (LR, RF, SVC, LSTM & CNN) to assess the classification task. Owing to its’ automatically extracting features, the CNN model was able to outperform the others, achieving test accuracy of 86.03% and 91.89% for seeds and leaves, respectively. SVC also performed quite well, especially for seeds (88.4% accuracy), while conventional ML models like LR and RF showed comparatively lesser accuracy, which points out their limitations in dealing with complex non-linear relationships, as is the case with hyperspectral data. These results first demonstrated the substantial promise that combining hyperspectral imaging (HSI) and deep learning (DL) holds for fast, non-invasive, precise variety recognition of rice. It can have major implications in seed quality evaluation, breeding programs, and precision agriculture where this method would permit good screening right from the seeds and leaves for preferred characteristics to increase yields.

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Volume: Issue: 5

Article: Role of Personal Attributes in Consumers' Green Purchase Intentions: The Moderating Effect of Price Sensitivity

Kadyrova Maysa, Lydia Qianqian Li, Sabina Kurbanova
Vol 8, Issue 5; May 2025
North American Academic Research, 8(5), 286- 298. doi: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15446551

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Abstract: This study investigates the psychological and economic factors influencing green purchase intentions (GPI) in Turkmenistan, focusing on the moderating role of price sensitivity (PS). Data from 388 respondents were collected, and Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM) was employed for analysis. The findings reveal that environmental awareness (EA), perceived self-efficacy (PSE), self-identity (SI), and subjective norms (SN) significantly influence GPI. PSE positively affects GPI, emphasizing the role of consumer confidence in making environmentally responsible choices. While SN exhibits a mixed effect, it remains a key predictor of GPI, underscoring the impact of social expectations on sustainable behavior. Additionally, price sensitivity moderates the relationship between self-identity and GPI, though no significant moderating effect is observed between EA and GPI. These insights offer valuable implications for policymakers and marketers, emphasizing the need to address affordability concerns and leverage psychological factors to promote green purchasing in emerging markets.

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Volume: Issue: 5

Article: Research on cooperative platformfor intelligent vehicles and Unmanned Aerial Vehicles

Hossain Md Jakir, Bing Li
Vol 8, Issue 5; May 2025
North American Academic Research, 8(5), 1-21. doi: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15447192

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Abstract: This research focuses on improving autonomous multi-agent collaborationin robotics, specifically for real-time decision-making, navigation, andtargetidentification. It highlights the limitations of current robotics educationandexisting cooperative frameworks for Intelligent Vehicles (IVs) andUnmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs), which lack real-worldapplicationandopen-source learning resources [1] . To address these issues, thestudyintroduces a cooperative gaming platform where an IVanda UAVworktogether to autonomously detect, classify, and engage opponents. Theplatform uses a four-wheel-drive IV with a water gun or magic ball shooterand a UAV with an onboard camera. The UAV captures imagesandtransmits them to the IV, which uses image processing algorithms inPythonto classify opponents and allies, enabling the IV to autonomouslynavigateand target the opponents [2] . The systemintegrates Wi-Fi andRFcommunication protocols for real-time, low-latency data exchangebetweenthe IV and UAV. Experimental results demonstrate thesystem'seffectiveness in real-time object detection, classification, andprecisetargeting. The collaboration between the UAV and IVenhancedsituationalawareness and decision-making capabilities [3] . The proposedplatformprovides a scalable multi-agent framework, with potential applicationsinfields like search and rescue, industrial automation, and defense[4]. Futureresearch will focus on improving scalability, communicationreliability, andincorporating AI-based decision models.

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Volume: Issue: 1

Article: Dissecting the complexities of education policy reform for results: Does size really matter? A comparative analysis of vocational education policy reform of the largest system and the smallest: A case of China and Lesotho

Lepholisa Ntsane Reginald, Yu Rong
Vol 8, Issue 1; January 2025
North American Academic Research, 8(1), 295-325. doi: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15420841

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Abstract: Often referred to as the manufacturing hub of the world, China shares significant features with other developing nations in terms of its quest to lead in labor intensive manufacturing, a policy embedded within its education system. It is against this backdrop that this comparative study is undertaken, contrasting policy development and implementation between the two systems that share similar goals of leading labor intensive manufacturing. We therefore review vocational education reform processes in both China and Lesotho, and take stock of each sector’s development paths. We draw insights from published policy documents, reports, official statements and published interviews with key stakeholders engaged in provision of TVET in both countries. We use policy narrative methods to understand and analyze policy documents and implementation responses. We then interpret legislative pronouncements that have been promulgated over time addressing changing technical and vocational education landscape in these two countries to demonstrate changes and shifts in policy implementation. In final analysis, we find significant discrepancies in policy development approaches between the two despite shared, and equally burgeoning quest for agile manpower development. China despite having to manage the largest and more complex TVET system, appear to have implemented processes that have propelled it into the largest, seemingly successful TVET system through agile policy development process. It was this very hypothesis at the onset that brought the inquest for analysis of how the two systems engage in policy development within vocational education, in-spite of their size.

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Volume: Issue: 1

Article: Design and Analysis of Parallel Antenna Mechanism

MD Faysal Refat, MD Badrul Islam Palash, Faysal Ahammed
Vol 8, Issue 1; January 2025
North American Academic Research, 8(1), 215-235 . doi: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15272476

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Abstract: The investigation of vibration characteristics in mechanical systems is essential for ensuring the stable and reliable operation of high-precision equipment. This study focuses on the dynamic modeling and vibration analysis of a six degrees of freedom (6-DOF) parallel mechanism designed to serve as the supporting structure for a largeaperture antenna system. Such mechanisms are increasingly utilized in advanced applications due to their high rigidity, accuracy, and load-carrying capabilities. To begin with, dynamic equations for both the moving platform and each branch of the parallel mechanism are derived using the Newton–Euler formulation. This closed-form dynamic model accounts for the intricate interdependencies between the mechanical components, providing a solid foundation for subsequent vibration analysis. Following this, a vibration model of the system is developed using classical vibration theory. This model enables the identification of relationships among natural frequency, displacement response, and excitation frequency, which are critical to understanding the dynamic behavior of the antenna platform under operational conditions. A case study is presented for a 1.8-meter aperture antenna, wherein the pitch and roll motions are simulated using MATLAB. Simulations are conducted under both no-load and loaded conditions to analyze the actuation forces required for stable positioning. The vibration response of the system is further examined using the vibration analysis module in Adams software. Specifically, the natural frequencies and corresponding mode shapes are computed for the system's initial position and at a roll angle of 20 degrees. This provides insight into how posture changes influence vibrational behavior. Additionally, harmonic response analysis is used to explore the relationship between the displacement response of the moving platform and resonant frequencies. This analysis is crucial for identifying critical frequencies that may lead to system resonance, which can degrade performance or lead to structural failure. A control strategy based on the developed dynamic model is also proposed, demonstrating improvements in the control precision of the parallel antenna system during dynamic operation. The findings from this research contribute to a deeper understanding of the dynamic and vibration characteristics of parallel antenna systems. By identifying key vibration modes and developing control techniques to mitigate their impact, the study lays the groundwork for enhancing antenna performance in terms of pointing accuracy and structural integrity. These insights are vital for the engineering design, optimization, and real-world application of parallel mechanisms in fields requiring high-precision antenna positioning, such as satellite communications, radar tracking, and deep-space observation systems.

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Volume: Issue: 4

Article: The importance of Trade, Energy efficiency and Industrial restructuring in BRICS economies

Vuyelwa Jeanett Moledi, Yin Feng
Vol 8, Issue 4; April 2025
North American Academic Research, 8(4), 251-260. doi: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15265476

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Abstract: Trade openness and Industrial restructuring are crucial for the development and growth of the economy. Industrial restructuring has been developing and growing with regards to more services rendered in different sectors. The fast pace of development has changed technology and has started a new era called the fourth industrial revolution. There has been an increase in the rendering of services, and this has become a vital aspect in the development of the service industry of energy. The Green Economy is a concept that arose after more countries moved towards the use of renewable energy. The Green economy is a new agenda that is important in the development of countries and an important factor for sustainable development of the BRICS bloc and other BLOCS. The growth of economies is the focus of the bloc and renewable energy can bring about the green economy which will develop through industrial restructuring. Energy efficiency correlates with renewable energy, as it creates a situation where more outputs are generated for less energy. This is also affected by industrial restructuring to bring upon more industries to utilize less energy and assist in the process of industrialization and economic modernization. The following study highlights the significance of BRICS countries in terms of the trade and industrial restructuring relationship and its effect on energy efficiency. It serves as evidence of the importance of the different aspects of energy on BRICS, which is also one of the notable factors to analyze and consider. Different literatures and studies are used to analyze and provide an indepth understanding of the relationship between the three components in BRICS countries and the significance and contribution to the development of the BRICS BLOC.

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Volume: Issue: 4

Article: Decentralized Renewable Energy Systems and Bidirectional Charging: The Role of Vehicle-to-Grid (V2G) Technology in Sustainable Energy Businesses

Sam Sebastian Weah II
Vol 8, Issue 4; April 2025
North American Academic Research, 8(4), 293-307. doi: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15358135

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Abstract: The integration of decentralized renewable energy systems with Vehicle-toGrid (V2G) technology focuses on how electric vehicles (EVs) can function as mobile energy storage units. As the adoption of renewable energy sources such as solar and wind power increases, communities and businesses seek to reduce reliance on centralized, fos-sil-fuel-based energy grids. Decentralized renewable energy systems provide opportunities for local energy gen-eration and self-sustenance. This study emphasizes the role of bidirectional charging, where EVs not only consume energy but also supply it back to the grid during peak demand, enhancing grid stability. The investigation extends to smart grid integration, analyzing how V2G technology can optimize the efficiency of decentralized systems. This convergence offers new business models for energy storage and distribution, enabling companies to monetize stored energy from EVs and support renewable energy fleets. By examining historical EV sales data and the growing adoption of EVs globally, this research demonstrates the transformative potential of V2G technology in promoting sustainable energy businesses. Key findings reveal increasing EV adoption trends across regions like Australia, signifying the expanding role of EVs in decentralized energy systems. As bidirectional charging becomes more prevalent, businesses have new avenues to innovate, ensuring a sustainable and resilient energy future.

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Volume: Issue: 4

Article: Application of the Fama-French Three-Factor Model to Guizhou Maotai in the Chinese Equity Market

LIU WANG JIE HANG
Vol 8, Issue 4; April 2025
North American Academic Research, 8(4), 205- 218. doi: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15305442

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Abstract: This study comprehensively examines the application of asset pricing models within modern financial theory, focusing on the Capital Asset Pricing Model (CAPM) proposed by William Sharpe, Stephen Ross’s Arbitrage Pricing Theory (APT), and the Fama-French three- and five-factor models. Building on prior research in the U.S. stock market, this paper investigates the efficacy of the Fama-French three-factor model in the Chinese stock market, using Guizhou Moutai as a case study with data spanning January 2008 to December 2023. Through regression analysis, the study evaluates the model’s ability to capture the relationship between risk and expected returns, benchmarking its performance against the CAPM and the broader Chinese equity market. The analysis highlights the Fama-French model’s explanatory power while identifying limitations, including potential data inaccuracies and overfitting risks, which suggest the need for more robust modeling approaches to enhance predictive accuracy. The literature review synthesizes the theoretical foundations and empirical advancements of the Fama-French three- and five-factor models, underscoring their significance in asset pricing research. This study contributes to the securities industry by offering insights into stock return dynamics in China and proposing a simplified framework for capital asset pricing tailored to the Chinese financial market. Future research directions include refining data quality and addressing overfitting to strengthen model reliability.

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Volume: Issue: 4

Article: Adaptation of the Russian Metallurgical Sector to the CBAM and EU Sanctions

Iakimova Daria
Vol 8, Issue 4; April 2025
North American Academic Research, 8(4), 287-298 doi: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15350701

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Abstract: Background: The Russian metallurgical sector faces dual pressures from the European Union’s Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism (CBAM), aimed at curbing carbon leakage, and escalating sanctions restricting trade and technological access. These intersecting policies challenge firms to reconcile decarbonization mandates with geopolitical constraints, necessitating adaptive strategies to sustain competitiveness. This study investigates how leading Russian metallurgical enterprises navigate these challenges, focusing on firm-level responses to concurrent environmental and geopolitical disruptions. Methods: Employing a comparative case analysis of PJSC RUSAL and PJSC NLMK, the research integrates institutional resilience theory and a political economy framework. Data were drawn from financial reports (2022–2024), EU regulatory documents, corporate sustainability disclosures, and trade statistics to evaluate adaptation strategies, including technological modernization, market diversification, and compliance mechanisms. Results: RUSAL reduced its aluminum carbon footprint to 5.9 t CO₂-eq/t via hydropower and inert anode technology, retaining 80% of EU exports despite sanctions. NLMK circumvented trade barriers through a joint venture in India, doubling its regional market share to 50%. However, logistical bottlenecks (e.g., rail capacity shortages) and price discounts in alternative markets eroded profitability, while sanctions impeded access to critical technologies for smaller firms like Severstal. Conclusions: The findings underscore the viability of low-carbon innovation and geopolitical diversification as resilience strategies, yet highlight systemic risks from infrastructure deficits and market saturation. Future research should explore sector-wide scalability of green technologies and policy frameworks to align domestic carbon pricing with international mechanisms. Policymakers are urged to prioritize infrastructure investments and multilateral dialogues to mitigate trade disruptions, ensuring equitable transitions in carbon-intensive industries under geopolitical strain.

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Volume: Issue: 4

Article: Remittance and Trade: The Dual-edged Sword of Bangladesh's Economic Growth in 2024

Salma Maliha
Vol 8, Issue 4; April 2025
North American Academic Research, 8(4), 184-197. doi: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15304052

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Abstract: The research evaluates Bangladesh’s economic condition through an examination of foreign remittances as well as trade alliances and macroeconomic equilibrium before and after student protest events. The study implements a mixed-methods approach for measuring remittance influences on GDP, employment and inflation by performing descriptive evaluation and econometric modeling that includes Granger causality tests. The study reveals that economic growth benefits substantially from remittances but these funds mainly support consumer spending together with real estate investments with little investment going to productive sectors. The working population depends heavily on export activities whereas importations play an important role in affecting price stability. The study points out three major economic problems which involve issues within financial governance as well as inadequate transparency in economic data and flawed policy execution according to independent evaluation methods. Changes in the economy after these protests revealed an increased public call for institutional changes mainly focused on better frameworks for remittances and trade policies. The achievement of sustainable and inclusive growth requires Bangladesh to establish thorough economic policies which will promote diversified exports and boost financial oversight and improve governance systems for long-term stability purposes.

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Volume: Issue: 4

Article: Technological Innovations and Their Impact on Employee Job Satisfaction and Performance in Tashkent's Banking Sector

Avazmetov Khumoyun
Vol 8, Issue 4; April 2025
North American Academic Research, 8(4), 280-286. doi: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15338946

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Abstract: The impact of technological innovations on employee job satisfactionandperformance: evidence from banking sector of Tashkent, UzbekistanThrough examination of employee perceptions and performancedata, thestudy highlights several technological advancements specifictojobsatisfaction and overall job performance. How does direct automation,digitalization with specific tools and more remote workingcontributeto higher-level employee engagement and performance? Theresearchalso suggests that banking institutions can enhance job satisfactionandemployee output by using these technologies.

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Volume: Issue: 4

Article: Interlinkages Between Health and Education in Achieving Sustainable Development Goals: A Complexity Theory Perspective from Uzbekistan

Ishmonov Anvar
Vol 8, Issue 4; April 2025
North American Academic Research, 8(4), 180-187 doi: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15303787

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Abstract: Adopted by the UN in 2015, the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) highlight how linked the world's problems are and advocate for integrated approaches to policymaking. Particularly important to human development and closely related to one another are SDGs 3 (Good Health and Well-Being) and 4 (Quality Education). With an emphasis on the ways that health and education interact and impact one another in the larger quest for sustainable development, this essay examines how these two objectives are being implemented in Uzbekistan, a nation undergoing change. The research looks at the dynamic, non-linear interactions between policy sectors using Complexity Theory. Using secondary data from national statistics, official publications, international databases, and pertinent literature, this study employs a qualitative and analytical methodology. With a focus on crosssectoral initiatives, governance frameworks, and regional inequities, it offers a comparative policy study of the health and education sectors. The study examines feedback loops and interdependencies between the execution of SDG 3 and SDG 4 using Complexity Theory. Results: Since gaining independence, Uzbekistan's healthcare and education institutions have seen substantial reforms, leading to quantifiable improvements in quality and accessibility. Nonetheless, fundamental issues such as financial shortages, urban-rural differences, and regional imbalances still affect both sectors. School-based health initiatives and reproductive health education are two examples of how health and education policy clearly overlap, according to the report. The use of complexity theory emphasizes how crucial it is to acknowledge non-linear impacts and policy interdependencies while implementing the SDGs. According to the study's findings, Uzbekistan needs to embrace an integrated, systems-thinking strategy that capitalizes on the connections between education and health in order to promote sustainable development. Coordinated planning, adaptive governance, and intersectoral collaboration should be given top priority in future policy formulation. It is advised that further study be done to examine data-driven models that might facilitate intricate policy integration and improve the application of SDG frameworks in developing nations.

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Volume: Issue: 10

Article: Journal Open Enhancing Mining Safety and Efficiency through Rock Bolt Support Systems: A Case Study of Gaika Gold Mine in Zimbabwe

Sibanda Tahana Charity, Shayanowako Kundai Michael, Mhere Leeroy Tinashe
Vol 7, Issue 10; October 2024
North American Academic Research, 7(10), 71- 87. doi: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14218830

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Abstract: In order to tackle the growing changes in Zimbabwe’s mining sector, the usage of rock mechanics has become increasingly crucial as demand for minerals and metals continues to rise, necessitating deeper and more complicated mining operations. Thus, knowledge of the behaviour of rock material under various physical and environmental conditions is very important in terms of the safe and efficient exploitation of minerals. Through the combination of theoretical analysis and empirical findings, this paper investigates Gaika Gold Mine`s rock bolt-based rock support and reinforcement techniques. Assessment of the performance of rock bolts under various geological settings was conducted using field measurements and geological evaluations. Rock bolts are installed to reinforce the surrounding rock. According to the results, strategic use of rock bolts reduces the likelihood for rock falls thereby increasing overall mine safety. The use of numerical simulation in this paper helps validate the findings from theoretical and empirical analysis conducted. The numerical simulation of the support system in the excavation roadway used the following input parameters bolt preload, bolt diameter, bolt length, bolt spacing among other parameters. The simulation's primary goals are to identify a suitable bolt preload and appropriate bolt support parameters. The surrounding rock's preload was set to 10 kN in order to calculate the appropriate bolt preload without taking the rock's self-weight stress into account. The results highlight how crucial customized rock support systems are to maximizing mining productivity and reducing hazards in the difficult geological setting of Gaika Gold Mine. This paper also covered the relationship between bolt spacing and roadway deformation. The deformation law of the roadway surface is as follows: as bolt spacing increases, the surrounding rock surface's displacement varies. When bolt spacing increases from 700 mm to 800 mm, the roof sinking only increases by 1.5 mm, the narrow coal column gang shift increases by 1.6 mm, the solid coal gang shift increases by 2.5 mm, and the bottom drum volume essentially stays the same. When bolt pitch increases from 800 mm to 900 mm, the bottom drum volume essentially stays the same. Through a combination of engineering techniques, including rock bolting, shotcrete application, and ground support systems, Gaika Gold Mine navigates the dynamic geological landscape of Zimbabwe to safeguard miners and sustain productivity.

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Volume: Issue: 3

Article: TVET for Socio-Economic Development in Malawi: Gaining Insights from China’s Vocational Education System

Steria Mpinganjira
Vol 8, Issue 3; March 2025
North American Academic Research, 8(3), 203-215 doi: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15262314

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Abstract: Numerous studies have demonstrated the significant influence that Technical and Vocational Education and Training (TVET) has on a nation's economic growth, as evidenced by the success story of countries like China. This study examined the current state of the Malawi TVET system, its challenges, and its potential to contribute to socioeconomic growth, employing qualitative methods and document analysis. The documents analysed were journal articles focusing on Malawi’s and Chinese TVET systems, government reports, TVET policies, and documents from UNESCO, OECD, the International Labour Organisation and the World Bank. Results revealed crucial challenges, including inadequate infrastructure, a lack of financial resources, the absence of research centres and a mismatch between industry’s needs and the training delivered at vocational institutions. Insights from China’s successful TVET experience, which led to higher enrolment and employment rates through consistent funding, focused policies, private sector involvement, and offering incentives to entice students towards TVET, were analysed. The study concludes by drawing lessons that Malawi can adopt from the Chinese TVET system, such as developing a consistent funding system, improving collaboration between different government ministries and departments, adopting Confucianism education philosophy, establishing research centres specifically focused on TVET, enhancing TVET institutionenterprise collaboration, and developing a comprehensive TVET teacher training programme.

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Volume: Issue: 3

Article: Noise-Induced Hearing Loss (NIHL) Among Miners: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis

Edward Antwi Anim, Tahana Charity Sibanda, Nkansah Benjamin Oduro, Augustus Chibamba
Vol 8, Issue 3; March 2025
North American Academic Research, 8(3), 220-235. doi: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15265538

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Abstract: The mining industry plays a major role in the world’s economy, however; it is considered one of the most dangerous sectors. The sector is also known as a hub for many occupational health and safety (OHS) diseases, notable among these diseases is noise-induced hearing loss (NIHL). The study's main objective is to unveil the major causes of NIHL among miners and how to curb this problem by drawing inferences from secondary data. In this systematic review and meta-analysis, data was gathered from PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Google Scholar with the following keywords: noise-induced hearing loss, hearing impairment, occupational noise, and mining industry. PRISMA and STROBE were used for screening, eligibility, and inclusion of the studies. This review combined narrative synthesis and quantitative analysis using the comprehensive meta-analysis (CMA) software. The review included 19 studies with 47,734 miners; the highest hearing impairment prevalence was 75.2% (95% CI 72.5-77.7). Due to this high prevalence, the main causes of NIHL were identified as age, gender, exposure duration, and the type of occupation. Miners working around the processing plant were seen to be at higher risk than others in other working areas. Additionally, lack of education and training, late detection of illness, mining environment, and unwillingness to use hearing protection devices (HPDs) were also seen as additional causes. This requires proper structures that will encourage workers to wear hearing protection devices (HPDs) and systems that will aid early detection of NIHL among miners.

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Volume: Issue: 3

Article: Management and Strategies of Type A Aortic Dissection

Mazhar Muhammad, Feng Yao Guang,Yuan Peng, Saba Parvez
Vol 8, Issue 3; March 2025
North American Academic Research, 8(3), 267-281. doi: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15272498

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Abstract: Type A Aortic dissection is a life-threatening emergency. It has varied clinical presentation from acute severe chest pain radiating to the back, collapse due to aortic rupture or pericardial tamponade or features of myocardial infarction, end organ or limb ischemia. The outcome is determined by the extent of the dissection, timing of presentation, comorbid factors, prompt diagnosis, adequate cerebral pro- tection strategies, and skilled post-operative intensive care. Good immediate and mid-term results have been obtained with standard surgical techniques of aortic root, ascending aorta +/− hemi arch replacement. Endovascular techniques can be used as a hybrid procedure to provide more durable long-term results.

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Volume: Issue: 4

Article: Success-addicted people as leisure consumers: self-esteem moderated suppression of participating in leisure consumption

Anna Malysheva
Vol 8, Issue 4; April 2025
North American Academic Research, 8(4), 171-179. doi: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15262480

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Abstract: World-wide spread overwork culture bred success-addicted people and changed the status and desirability of leisure consumption. To address this phenomenon, this study investigates how the work-life balance of successaddicted people conceptualised as a balance between busyness and a leisurely lifestyle impacts their leisure consumption. This study employs the self-esteem variable as a moderating factor between status inferences’ impact on leisure consumption. The findings are expected to contribute to the understanding of highly successful people’s psyche and their voluntary refrain from beneficial for health and mentality leisure consumption.

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Volume: Issue: 4

Article: Selenium-Enriched Lactic Acid Bacteria: Functional Characteristics and Application Potential Research Progress

Zhang Yang, Liu Zhaorong, Zheng Xin, Xiang Yun, Liu Hong, Chen Xiaohua
Vol 8, Issue 4; April 2025
North American Academic Research, 8(4), 180-186. doi: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15262905

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Abstract: Selenium (Se) is an essential trace element for the human body, and its physiological functions, such as antioxidant activity, immune regulation, and anticancer properties, have been widely recognized. Microbial-mediated Se biotransformation can convert highly toxic inorganic Se into low-toxicity, highly bioavailable organic Se forms. Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) have emerged as particularly effective in Se enrichment and transformation, due to their high Se tolerance, unique Se metabolic pathways, and probiotic properties. This paper provides a comprehensive review of the current research on the Se tolerance and enrichment capacity of LAB, their mechanisms of Se-enrichment, nutritional value, and bioactivity. It also explores their potential applications in fermented foods and the pharmaceutical industry

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Volume: Issue: 4

Article: Optimization of path planning for automatic atomized spraying equipment for high-speed railway based on vision

Zeyang He, Jianguo Li， Mingjian Lu ，Zijian He，Xiaoyu Wang
Vol 8, Issue 4; April 2025
North American Academic Research, 8(4), 171-181. doi: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15252345

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Abstract: A To enhance the spraying efficiency and effectiveness of robots, the effects of trajectory planning using polynomial interpolation functions with 3, 5, and 7 segments in the joint space were analyzed for the robotic arm. By comparing the trajectory curves under different indicators, the construction of a "5-7-5" segmented polynomial function was proposed. The final simulation curves of the robotic arm's joint position, velocity, and acceleration showed continuous smoothness without abrupt changes and had good convexity. Furthermore, an improved particle swarm optimization algorithm was used to optimize the optimal trajectory at time t, adjusting dynamic inertia weight coefficients and adaptive learning factors to improve the optimization performance and rapid convergence of the particle swarm. The results showed that the total planning time before improvement was T=9.4746s, while after improvement, it was T=6.3758s, reducing the total time optimized by 3.0988s, with an overall improvement of 49% in time optimization, demonstrating a significant enhancement in optimization effectiveness.

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Volume: Issue: 3

Article: Evaluating Customer Experience and Satisfaction with Robotics and AI in Hotel Services in China Using SERVQUAL

Nongnapat Tachopast
Vol 8, Issue 3; March 2025
North American Academic Research, 8(3), 203-219 doi: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15178359

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Abstract: The tourism industry is a significant contributor to economic growth, impacting national revenue, employment, and income distribution. The global revival of tourism following the COVID-19 pandemic has promoted innovation in the hospitality sector, particularly using artificial intelligence (AI) and robotics. In China, AI-powered hotels, such as FlyZoo Hotel in Hangzhou, have implemented automated services, facial recognition check-ins, and robotic assistance to improve customer experiences. This technological shift prompts inquiries regarding customer satisfaction and acceptance of such innovations. This study evaluates the influence of AIdriven hotel services on customer experience and satisfaction using the SERVQUAL framework. By examining key service quality dimensions, including reliability, responsiveness, and assurance, the study aims to determine whether AI-powered hospitality meets or exceeds customer expectations. The findings will contribute to understanding the changing role of AI in the hotel industry and its effects on service quality and competitiveness in the post-pandemic era.

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Volume: Issue: 4

Article: Developing Comprehensive Marketing Strategies to Strengthen the Export Potential of Thai Longan in the Expanding ASEAN Agricultural Market

He Shuquan, Matukorn Bu-iad, Manvika Bu-iud
Vol 8, Issue 4; April 2025
North American Academic Research, 8(2), 242-250. doi: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15212372

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Abstract: This study investigates the strategic development necessary to enhance the export performance of Thai longan within the ASEAN market. With a focus on the increasing demand for agricultural products in the region, the research aims to identify and analyze effective marketing strategies that can elevate Thailand's competitive edge in longan exports. By examining market trends and consumer preferences, the study proposes a multifaceted approach that includes differentiation strategies, targeted marketing for specific consumer groups, innovative product development, and enhancing supply chain efficiency. The findings aim to provide actionable insights for Thai exporters, equipping them with the tools to improve their market positioning and optimize their export potential in the dynamic ASEAN market.8

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Volume: Issue: 11

Article: Implementation of AMR Awareness Modules in Education and Training Programs in Bangladesh: A Comparative Analysis with High-Income Country Approaches

Md Ramim Tanver Rahman
Vol 7, Issue 11; November 2024
North American Academic Research, 7(11), 245-253. doi: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15250009

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Abstract: Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a growing global health threat, particularly in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), where educational infrastructures often lack standardized AMR training. This review explores the current status of AMR awareness modules within education and training programs in Bangladesh, spanning medical, pharmacy, nursing, veterinary, agriculture, and public health sectors. A comparative analysis was conducted against established AMR educational frameworks and curricula in high-income countries, including Canada, the United Kingdom, and Australia. Data were synthesized from curriculum documents, WHO guidance, and expert consulta-tions. The results reveal significant disparities in competency integration, interprofessional education, and learner engagement. While high-income countries increasingly implement integrated, case-based, and One Health–aligned AMR training approaches, programs in Bangladesh remain fragmented and inconsistently applied. These findings underscore the urgent need for curriculum reform, policy alignment, and cross-sectoral collaboration to embed AMR education in all pre-service training. The insights generated through this study provide a foundation for the develop-ment of AMR curriculum assessment tools and support WHO-led global capacity-building initiatives.

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Volume: Issue: 4

Article: The Environmental Impact of Foreign Direct Investment in Morocco: Policies, Trends, and Sustainability Outcomes

Hind El Atmani , Zhao Zhongxiu , Abdulhadi M. Tahir
Volume 8, Issue 4, April 2025
North American Academic Research, 8(4), 163-170. doi:https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15244054

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Abstract: This study analyzes the environmental impact of Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) in Morocco (2000-2024), examining sectoral differences, policy efficiency, and technology transfer using econometrics and case studies. Findings reveal a positive correlation between FDI in traditional sectors (manufacturing, mining) and CO₂ emissions (r = 0.62, p<0.01), while green FDI (renewable energy) is associated with reduced emissions (r = -0.34, p<0.01). Environmental policy effectiveness is a crucial mediator, with renewable energy policies (Law 13-09, score 8.5/10) more effective than mining regulations (score 4.8/10). EU FDI shows higher technology transfer rates (40% greater). The study recommends tiered FDI screening, local content quotas, and IoT-based monitoring to align investments with SDGs 7, 9, and 13, offering a nuanced perspective on the pollution haven hypothesis.

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Volume: Issue: 4

Article: Digital Transformation in Logistics: Key Drivers, Challenges, and Sustainable Solutions for the Modern Supply Chain

Annamuhamedov Perman, Saparmyradov Dovletgeldi, Aganyyazov Begench, Gulov Bayramgeldi, Azatov Tahyr
Volume 8, Issue 4, April 2025
North American Academic Research, 8(4), 152-160. doi: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15241435

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Abstract: In recent years, digital transformation has emerged as a critical catalyst for enhancing operational efficiency and sustainability in logistics and supply chain management. This review paper aims to analyze the key drivers, challenges, and sustainable solutions associated with the adoption of digital technologies in the logistics sector. Notably, advancements in artificial intelligence, the Internet of Things (IoT), and blockchain technologies serve as significant enablers of logistics digitalization, promising to optimize processes while improving customer experiences. Despite the potential benefits, organizations face numerous challenges, including the resistance to change, legacy systems, and data security concerns that inhibit successful implementation. As businesses strive to adapt to the digital economy, fostering collaboration with stakeholders and leveraging emerging technologies becomes essential for overcoming these barriers. Furthermore, integrating sustainability practices into digital strategies not only enhances operational efficiency but also addresses growing environmental concerns in the logistics sector. The paper provides a comprehensive overview of successful case studies to illustrate the tangible benefits of digital transformation while highlighting future trends that will shape the logistics landscape. As the industry evolves, this review underscores the importance of strategic planning, investment in technology, and commitment to continuous improvement as critical factors for success in the digitalized logistics environment.

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Volume: Issue: 3

Article: Crop Production Predictive Model Decision Support System

Radjabov Sukhrob Radjbovich, Hawzheen Mohammed Ali Baqal, Kirubel Wondaferew Yimamu
Vol 8, Issue 3; March 2025
North American Academic Research, 8(3), 162-202. doi: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15185463

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Abstract: Agriculture is the backbone of the Ethiopian economy and contributes the highest percentage to the country's GDP. Among the agricultural sectors, crop production generates the highest income for most smallholder farmers across all regions of Ethiopia. The objective of this research is to build a model that predicts crop productivity and implement a decision support system. To achieve this, a hybrid Knowledge Discovery Process model was adopted. The datasets for this research were obtained from the Central Statistical Agency of Ethiopia, and a total of 25,000 instances were used for training and model development. For building the model and implementing the decision support system for predicting crop productivity, the WEKA data mining tool and Java NetBeans IDE were used, respectively. To meet the objectives of this research, various experiments were conducted using J48, HoeffdingTree decision trees, and PART rule-based classifiers. Additionally, the predictive performances of the classifiers were evaluated and compared using accuracy rate, confusion matrix, and ROC curve. Based on these evaluations, the PART rule-based classifier outperformed the others, achieving an accuracy rate of 95.44% and an ROC score of 0.992. Consequently, the PART rule-based classifier was selected to implement the model for predicting crop productivity. The experimental results of this research show that the main determinants of crop productivity include the main season (season type), use of extension programs, fertilizer usage, and fertilizer type. Therefore, the findings of this research are crucial for data-driven decision-making by policymakers and agricultural experts. They can use these insights to address factors that affect crop productivity and take corrective actions when necessary.

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Volume: Issue: 2

Article: AI-Powered Job Market Insights: How AI Adoption Influences Salary and Job Growth Projections

Lucinda Blessette Solo, Sazib Hossain, Sam Sebastian Weah II
Vol 8, Issue 2; February 2025
North American Academic Research, 8(2), 224-241. doi: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15212191

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Abstract: : With the rapidly growing artificial intelligence in industries, it is imperative to know about how it affects the job market. The research uses a diverse dataset across industries, company sizes and geographic locations, and demonstrates how the level of AI adoption varies, and is associated with different levels of automation risks, remote work trends and skills required for different roles. The findings find that industries that adopt AI more highly, such as technology and cybersecurity sectors, also pay competitive salaries and create stronger job growth potential. On the other hand, such roles with lower AI integration have higher automation risks and are less resilient to decline. This analysis offers important implications for employers, job holders, and policymakers struggling to navigate the changing job landscape due to AI developments. The study emphasizes that strategically implemented AI can support sustainable job growth and agility of the workforce in response to technological changes.

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Volume: Issue: 3

Article: National Evaluation Is a Training Center for All Teachers in All Levels of Education

Sarmiento Acosta Carlos Roberto, Lamia Loudahi
Vol 8, Issue 3; March 2025
North American Academic Research, 8(3), 177-191. doi: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15176209

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Abstract: The diversity in teacher evaluation structures across nations is evident in various approaches. Australia employs a structured framework categorizing teaching knowledge across career stages, while Austria conducts occasional evaluations without formative focus. In contrast, Chile mandates evaluations for aspiring teachers without qualifying exams, and Egypt emphasizes comprehensive system-wide assessments. Finland prioritizes localized school-level evaluations emphasizing individualized assessments, and France employs a complex evaluation system differing by class level. Greece adopts a highly-centralized system, whereas Ireland primarily inspects primary teachers during probation. Mexico struggles with universal teaching evaluation implementation, while New Zealand aligns school-based evaluations with national standards. Palestine employs both formative and summative evaluations, publicly posted for review, and Washington, D.C., USA, utilizes the IMPACT model for teacher assessments. The purposes of teacher evaluations focus on improving teachers through developmental programs and informing decisions on tenure, advancement, or termination. Various countries employ different evaluation methodologies, sources, and instruments, aiming at student proficiency, administrative promotions, addressing complaints, ensuring teacher quality, and fostering personalized development. While countries differ in their utilization of evaluation findings, future plans for reform or development of teacher evaluation systems also vary across nations. Alongside this, the English government has initiated a comprehensive program aimed at providing high-quality teacher training nationwide, focusing on accessible National Professional Qualifications (NPQs) and the establishment of the National Institute of Teaching. This initiative seeks to address educational challenges and promote equal opportunities, acknowledging the ongoing need for improvements in education quality and equity on a global scale, prompting proposals for sustainable education development through synthesized international and Chinese research.

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Volume: Issue: 3

Article: Comparative Analysis of Online and Traditional Classroom Learning

Sarmiento Acosta Carlos Roberto, Wang Zhanjun
Vol 8, Issue 3; March 2025
North American Academic Research, 8(3), 164-176 doi:https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15168657

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Abstract: The landscape of education has witnessed a profound transformation with the emergence of online learning platforms, sparking debates regarding their effectiveness and student engagement compared to traditional classroom settings. This review paper presents a comprehensive analysis of existing literature on the comparative effectiveness of online and traditional classroom learning, focusing on academic performance, student satisfaction, and engagement levels. Drawing upon a range of studies, including meta-analyses, systematic reviews, and empirical research, the review highlights nuanced differences between the two modalities. While some studies suggest no significant differences in academic outcomes, others indicate superior performance in traditional classrooms, particularly in specific subjects. Student satisfaction varies depending on individual preferences and course characteristics, with factors such as course content quality and instructor responsiveness playing crucial roles. Similarly, student engagement levels differ between online and traditional settings, with each modality offering unique opportunities for learning and interaction. Implications for educational practice include the adoption of flexible instructional approaches and prioritization of instructor training and support. Future research should continue to explore the comparative effectiveness of online and traditional classroom learning, considering advancements in educational technology and pedagogical innovations. By elucidating the strengths and limitations of each modality, this review informs evidence-based decision-making and pedagogical practices in contemporary education.

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Volume: Issue: 3

Article: A Study on the Impact of Perceived Cultural Distance on Employee Performance: A Case Study of a Chinese Multinational Corporation in Russia

Angelina Mikhailina
Vol 8, Issue 3; March 2025
North American Academic Research, 8(3), 24-46. doi: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15127667

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Abstract: This study examines how perceived cultural distance affects employee performance in a Chinese multinational corporation's Russian branch. Using Hofstede's cultural dimensions theory and data from 309 employees, it finds that greater cultural distance negatively impacts job performance, explaining 9.5% of task performance variance and 7.4% of contextual performance variance. Employee engagement partially mediates this relationship, while cultural intelligence and high-performance work systems (HPWS) moderate it. High cultural intelligence and HPWS implementation can mitigate the negative effects of cultural distance on engagement and performance. The study recommends cross-cultural training, inclusive organizational cultures, language support, and HPWS to enhance employee engagement and performance. These findings offer practical guidance for managing multicultural teams and suggest future research on other cultural factors influencing employee performance.

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Volume: Issue: 2

Article: Brics And The New World Order

Martínez Yabrudy Marcos Antonio
Vol 8, Issue 2; February 2025
North American Academic Research, 8(2), 210-223. doi: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15127554

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Abstract: The establishment of the BRICS group as a response to Western hegemony, which has been in place since World War II, represents an undeniable reality. This article presents an analysis aimed at highlighting and explaining the importance and possibilities of this BRICS bloc as a real alternative to foster the necessary changes in the correlation of economic forces operating in the global context. Various and updated sources were consulted to address aspects related to the origin and growth of BRICS, its achievements, advances, perspectives, difficulties, and challenges. A final reflection is made, affirming the continuity and future expansion of BRICS while also warning of the need to broaden its perspectives, recognize its difficulties, and take on the challenges that will enable it to operate effectively in the face of the economic and political hegemony of the Global North.

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Volume: Issue: 2

Article: Unpacking Black Tourists' Intentions to Visit Palmyra: A Fresh Take on the Theory of Planned Behavior

Ehaa Alnajjar , Yue Xuefeng , Wenhao Sun
Vol 8, Issue 2; February 2025
North American Academic Research, 8(2), 153-164. doi: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15126460

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Abstract: This study applies the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) to investigate Syrian tourists’ intentions to visit Palmyra, a post-conflict dark tourism destination. By examining the core TPB constructs—attitudes, subjective norms, and perceived behavioral control—within the context of dark tourism, the research explores how psychological factors interact with contextual variables such as safety perceptions, destination image, and electronic word-of-mouth (eWOM) to shape decision-making. Data were collected from 436 Syrian participants and analyzed using structural equation modeling (SEM). The results confirm the TPB’s robust predictive power in this context, with attitudes emerging as the strongest direct predictor of visit intentions (β = 0.41, p < 0.001), followed by subjective norms (β = 0.29, p < 0.01) and perceived behavioral control (β = 0.18, p < 0.05). While safety concerns and eWOM indirectly influenced intentions through their effects on attitudes, the TPB framework effectively captured the interplay between cultural curiosity, emotional resonance, and practical constraints. This study validates the TPB’s applicability to dark tourism research, demonstrating its utility in decoding complex visitor motivations in post-conflict settings. The findings offer practical insights for destination managers seeking to leverage psychological drivers in promoting ethical tourism and cultural preservation at heritage sites like Palmyra.

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Volume: Issue: 3

Article: Examining the Effects OF One Belt One Road Initiative On The Tourism Industry of Pakistan

Muhammad Ahsan Kareem
Vol 8, Issue 3; March 2025
North American Academic Research, 8(3), 108-161. doi: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15160985

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Abstract: This comprehensive thesis explores the complex relationship that exists between the One Belt One Road (OBOR) initiative's flagship project, the China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC), and Pakistan's expanding tourism sector. This study employs a robust mixed-methods approach, integrating qualitative and quantitative methodologies to provide a complete assessment of the multiple factors of the China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC) on that effect several aspects of Pakistan's tourism industry. In the qualitative section, desk research and telephone interviews are used to supplement a thorough content analysis of literature written about OBOR and CPEC. The qualitative analysis is conducted through content analysis and exploratory analysis to explore stakeholders' perceptions in the tourism industry. These research approaches are well supported in the field of research. According to preliminary results, most respondents had a good opinion of the CPEC, indicating that they all thought it will have a transformative effect on Pakistan's tourism industry. A random sample of 260 hotels is chosen for in-depth telephone interviews, with a concentration on roughly 660 hotels that are well-positioned in well-known tourist locations. The qualitative findings highlight the expected benefits of CPEC on a number of tourism-related fronts, and they are consistent with global patterns seen in nations that are actively involved in the OBOR project. In addition to the qualitative investigation, the research used quantitative techniques such as ordered logistic regression and one-sample t-tests. The outcome of the quantitative analysis meticulously describes perceived benefits that are anticipated by stakeholders. It emphasized the potential of CPEC to serve as a catalyst for economic development, job creation, and the improvement of tourism infrastructures. The objective is to strategically integrate these recommendations with the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) of the United Nations in order to avoid any potential negative effects that may arise from increased tourism.

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Volume: Issue: 1

Article: The Impact of Foreign Direct Investment on Economic Growth in Tanzania

Rizkat Yasin Ramadhan Kiumbe, Kingsley Enyinnia Aloysius
Volume 8, Issue 1, January 2025
North American Academic Research, 8(1), 203-214. doi: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15120915

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Abstract: This study examines the impact of foreign direct investment (FDI) on economic growth and employment in Tanzania. Using time series analysis and Theil-Sen robust regression, the research explores the dynamic relationships between FDI, GDP growth rate, and employment rate. The time series analysis revealed that the FDI data for Tanzania required second-order differencing to achieve stationarity, indicating a complex trend structure. An ARIMA (1, 2, 1) model was then fitted to the data, showing statistically significant autoregressive and moving average components. The Theil-Sen regression analysis uncovered two key findings. First, there was a strong positive relationship between FDI and GDP growth rate, with a slope coefficient of 4.04. This suggests that increased foreign investment is associated with higher economic expansion in Tanzania. Second, the analysis unexpectedly revealed a negative relationship between FDI and employment rate, with a slope coefficient of -1.69. This implies that the nature of FDI in Tanzania may be more capital-intensive than labor-intensive, or that FDI is displacing local businesses and employment. The statistical significance of these relationships, as indicated by Kendall's Tau correlation coefficients and p-values, emphasizes the importance of these findings. The study recommends that Tanzania continues to promote FDI to drive economic growth, while also investigating the employment impact and implementing policies to balance the benefits and drawbacks of foreign investment. Regularly updating the analysis can help inform evidence-based policymaking and monitor the evolving dynamics between FDI and Tanzania's economic development.

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Volume: Issue: 3

Article: Research on Stock Prediction Based on BiLSTM with Dual Attention Mechanism

Gao Zeyu, Wang Jun
Vol 8, Issue 3; March 2025
North American Academic Research, 8(3),11- 19.doi:https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15127842

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Abstract: Stock price prediction is essential for financial decision-making, yet its complexity poses significant challenges. Traditional statistical models like ARIMA and GARCH rely on strict assumptions and struggle with the high volatility, non-linearity, and noise inherent in stock markets. In contrast, deep learning models, particularly recurrent neural networks (RNNs), have shown superior performance in time series forecasting. However, standard RNNs face limitations in capturing long-range dependencies. To address these challenges, this study proposes a stock prediction model integrating bidirectional long shortterm memory (BiLSTM) with a dual attention mechanism. BiLSTM enables the extraction of both past and future dependencies, while the dual attention mechanism separately emphasizes temporal and feature importance, enhancing interpretability. The model is trained and evaluated on real-world stock data, comparing its performance against traditional statistical models and deep learning baselines. Experimental results indicate that the proposed model achieves higher predictive accuracy and better feature selection than conventional approaches. The dual attention mechanism effectively enhances temporal representation and identifies key factors influencing price movements. These findings highlight the advantages of combining sequential modeling with attention mechanisms in financial forecasting. Future work may extend this approach by integrating reinforcement learning for trading optimization and exploring its applicability to multi-asset markets.

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Volume: Issue: 3

Article: Time series revenue forecasting method basedon diffusion model

Yanyi He, Jihui Shi
Vol 8, Issue 3; March 2025
North American Academic Research, 8(3), 13- 21. doi: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15041381

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Abstract: Financial time series forecasting faces significant challenges due to high non-linearity and noise. This study introduces FTS-DDPM, a model based on the Denoising Diffusion Probabilistic Model (DDPM) framework, designed for financial time series prediction. The model extracts temporal features using Temporal Convolutional Networks (TCN) and attention mechanisms, embedding them into a latent space to capture long-term dependencies and local patterns. Historical time series data serves as conditional information, guiding the diffusion process to generate realistic future data. Iterative application of the diffusion process enables multi-step forecasting, with prediction uncertainty used for risk assessment. Experiments show FTS-DDPM outperforms existing models on multiple financial time series datasets(S&P 500 Index). The model excels in handling high volatility and non-stationary data. Predictions are interpretable, providing reliable support for financial decision-making. Ablation studies confirm the importance of the time series embedding and conditional information modules. This research offers a new generative model solution for financial time series forecasting, with wide application potential.

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Volume: Issue: 3

Article: Study on Determinants Influencing Driving Through EEG Technology

Al-Amri Omar Abdulkareem Saleh Ali , Sun Li
Volume 8, Issue 3, March 2025
North American Academic Research, 8(3), 102-108. doi: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15099043

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Abstract: Driving safety is an important factor in avoiding traffic accidents, and a driver's physiological and psychological states play an important role while driving. This article, which uses electroencephalography (EEG) technology, examines the EEG signal characteristics under various driving conditions and the relationship between driving performance and influencing factors such as drunk driving, mental fatigue, physical fatigue, and emotional fluctua-tions. This study identifies key EEG indicators, to quantify the driver's state and reveal their relationship with driving performance, providing a scientific basis for realtime driver state monitoring. The findings validate the rationality of current traffic regulations on drunk driving while highlighting the potential risks of physical fatigue and emotional fluctuations, addressing gaps in existing regulations. Overall, this article uses EEG technology to investigate the neural mechanisms underlying dangerous driving states, as well as to provide new quantitative methods and theoretical support for driver state monitoring. Future research will concentrate on improving EEG monitoring devices, integrating multimodal data, and developing real-time driving safety monitoring systems to improve overall road traffic safety.

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Volume: Issue: 3

Article: Phytochemical Screening and Antimicrobial Activities of Stem Bark of Italian Cypress (Cupressus Sempervirens) Against Known pathogens

Tauhid Khan, Muhammad Faisal Khan, Gulfam Mohi Ud Din, Sher Wali, Muhammad Toseef Adnan, Basit Ali Khan, Sania Latif , Saira Kiran, Afshan Kiran
Volume 8, Issue 3, March 2025
North American Academic Research, 8(3), 1- 12. doi: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15041284

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Abstract: The world is trying to develop very advanced techniques to manufacture the most recent and updated drugs so that they can be used for fetal diseases. Medicinal plants are the basic source that can provide us many secondary metabolites used in the formation of different drugs. Keeping that idea in our mind the phytochemical screening of the stem bark of Cupressus sempervirens was done, also the antimicrobial activity of different fraction of the stem bark of Cupressus sempervirens was carried out. The stem bark of this plant was found quite rich in tannins, saponins, moderate in flavonoids and terpenoids; poor in glycosides, carbohydrates, phenols, and anthraquinones. The bark revealed the presence of alkaloids in ethanol extract only whereas phlobatanins were found in ethanolic extract only. A comparison of the results was made with standard Clotrimazole against Styphylococcus aureus, Erwinia carotovora, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumonia, Bacillus atropheus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Agrobacterium tumifaciens, Salmonella typhi, Bacillus subtilis, and Candida albicans. The highest antibacterial activity was shown by the fraction of ethyl acetate against E. carotovora and B. atropheus 22±1mm zone of inhibition at a concentration of 6 and 12 milligrams per milliliter. Methanol and ethanol fraction shows moderate antimicrobial activity against B. atropheus, P. aeruginosa, and A. tumifaciens 19±1, 18±1, and 17±1mm zone of inhibition at both concentrations, respectively. The lowest antibacterial activity was shown by an aqueous fraction against Klebsiella 11±2mm zone of inhibition. Petroleum ether fraction only shows activity against P. aeruginosa, A. tumifaciens, and E. coli. Chloroform fraction will remain neutral against all strains and did not shows any results. The tested medicinal plant thus proved by the current research can be used to cure many diseases.

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Volume: Issue: 12

Article: Social Media Marketing through AI: Driving up customer interaction and sales outcomes in Bangladeshi SMEs

MD Jubair Alam Akib, Hafsa Binta Hakim, MD Samiul Haque
Vol 7, Issue 12; December 2024
North American Academic Research, 7(12), 623-640. doi: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14996554

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Abstract: Social media marketing challenges of SMEs of Bangladesh in the Digital Era. As we step in the online area, though, the competition is rising on, and also the SMEs are incapable of keeping up with the larger firms with restricted resources. AI is a game-changing answer to this issue as it allows SMEs to optimize their social media marketing strategies in an effective, cost-effective, and personalized manner. The purpose of this article is to explore how AI can be a helping hand for the local Bangladeshi SMEs to improve the social media marketing process through automating processes, strategizing content and giving better insights on the behavior of the consumer. With tools powered by advanced AI, businesses are better equipped to target, personalize engagement and make data driven decisions. Note that the article covers concepts such as chatbots, predictive analytics, NLP and machine learning — and their applications in content generation, customer engagement, ad-serving and campaign analytics.

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Volume: Issue: 3

Article: Nanoparticles in Photocatalysis: Innovations Driving Sustainable Dye Degradation in Wastewater Treatment

Shumaisa Anwar, Muhammad Usman , Amin Abid , Ghulam Abbas Ashraf , Abdul Ghafoor , Muzammal Hussain , Muhammad Javid Iqbal , Hafiz Tariq Masood
Volume 8, Issue 3, March 2025
North American Academic Research, 8(3), 16-35. doi: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15048182

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Abstract: The rapid industrialization and growing reliance on synthetic dyes have caused a notable rise in water contamination, posing severe threats to aquatic habitats as well as human health. Photocatalysis, an advanced oxidation process, has emerged as a promising and eco-friendly strategy for the treatment of wastewater, particularly for degradation due to persistent dye pollutants. Recent advancements in nanotechnology have further enhanced the efficiency of photocatalytic processes, with nanoparticles playing a pivotal role because of their huge surface area, distinct physicochemical characteristics, and exceptional catalytic activity. This review comprehensively explores the innovations in photocatalysis driven by nanoparticles, with an emphasis on using nanoparticles that have been greenly produced. These nanoparticles, derived from plant extracts or other environmentally benign methods, offer a sustainable substitute for traditional synthesis methods by lowering the environmental effect and using less hazardous chemicals. The paper delves into the synthesis routes, characterization techniques, and mechanistic insights into dye degradation using green nanoparticles as photocatalysts. This review provides a useful tool for practitioners and scholars looking to develop innovative and eco-friendly strategies for dye degradation and water purification.

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Volume: Issue: 3

Article: Lightweight Concrete for High-Rise Structures – Analyze the Use of Lightweight Aggregates to Reduce Structural Load

Muhammad Usman , Firoz Ahammad Polash , Ghizlane Oubelkhir , MD Shahria Islam Rion
Volume 8, Issue 3, March 2025
North American Academic Research, 8(3), 75-88. doi: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15048146

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Abstract: Lightweight concrete (LWC) is increasingly recognized as a viable solution for high-rise construction due to its ability to reduce structural loads while maintaining strength, durability, and workability. By incorporating lightweight aggregates (LWA) such as expanded clay, pumice, and fly ash, LWC achieves a lower density compared to normal-weight concrete (NWC), leading to reduced dead loads, smaller foundation requirements, and improved seismic performance. These advantages make LWC an efficient and sustainable alternative for modern high-rise structures. This study examines the mechanical properties of LWC, including its compressive strength, tensile strength, and durability, in comparison to NWC. While LWC enhances structural efficiency, it also presents challenges such as lower modulus of elasticity and increased permeability, which require optimized mix designs and reinforcement techniques. Additionally, the economic and environmental benefits of LWC, such as reduced material consumption, lower transportation costs, and the integration of recycled aggregates, are explored. The findings indicate that LWC significantly improves construction efficiency, sustainability, and overall structural performance in high-rise applications. However, further research is needed to enhance its mechanical properties and long-term durability. Addressing these challenges will ensure that LWC continues to play a critical role in the development of cost-effective and sustainable high-rise buildings. In addition to the mechanical advantages, the utilization of LWC in high-rise construction offers notable improvements in the overall environmental impact of the building process. The reduction in material consumption directly translates into fewer natural resources being extracted, and the integration of recycled aggregates, such as crushed glass or recycled concrete, further enhances sustainability. By using lighter materials, transportation costs are reduced, as well as the associated carbon footprint due to the decrease in the weight of the concrete. These benefits align with the growing demand for ecofriendly building practices in the face of urbanization and global climate concerns. As a result, the continued development of lightweight concrete, through advancements in aggregate technology and mix design optimization, promises to address these challenges. The ongoing exploration of hybrid mix designs, which combine LWC with other high-performance materials, will further enhance its versatility and ensure its widespread use in high-rise construction for the future. Overall, LWC represents a promising direction for the construction industry, offering a balance between structural integrity, costeffectiveness, and environmental stewardship.

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Volume: Issue: 3

Article: Impact of Alkaline Solution Interaction on Bentonite Shear Strength and Its Role in Waste Repository Barrier Design

Nashiry Zubery Mwachulla
Volume 8, Issue 3, March 2025
North American Academic Research, 8(3), 7-13. doi: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15033402

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Abstract: The degradation of concrete in nuclear waste repositories generates high-alkaline pore water, significantly impacting the mechanical properties of bentonite used as buffer/backfill material.Direct shear experiments on GMZ01 bentonite flooded in NaOH and KOH solutions show that shear strength (SS) rises with solution concentration; K-linkages in KOH-treated samples show higher SS than in NaOH-treated ones. Simultaneously, Na-bentonite's shear strength in saline solutions (CaCl2, KCl, NaCl) fluctuates with ion type and concentration to exhibit strain softening action. While at lower concentrations SS follows NaCl < KCl < CaCl2, at higher concentrations the sequence changes to NaCl < CaCl2, hence emphasizing the effect of cation exchange mechanisms. By SEM and TEM, micro-structural study reveals enhanced surface roughness and cracking of smectite aggregates, hence raising internal friction angles. The modified effective stress concept (p') derived from the Mohr-Coulomb criterion clearly explains the observed SS variations under both alkaline and saline environments. These results offer crucial information for assessing the long-term durability and safety of built barriers in systems of nuclear waste disposal.

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Volume: Issue: 3

Article: Enhancement of Concrete Properties Using nanotechnology: A Comprehensive Review

Sah Santosh
Volume 8, Issue 3, March 2025
North American Academic Research, 8(3), 1-6. doi: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15033382

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Abstract: Nanotechnology has become a key focus in advancing construction materials, particularly concrete. Incorporating nanomaterials like nano-silica, carbon nanotubes (CNTs), and titanium dioxide into concrete mixtures enhances mechanical strength, durability, and environmental sustainability. This review explores how nanomaterials improve concrete properties, including reducing porosity, promoting hydration, and enhancing crack resistance. While these advancements hold great promise, significant challenges remain regarding cost, scalability, and safety. This paper reviews recent studies on the application of nanotechnology in concrete and discusses future directions in overcoming these challenges.

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Volume: Issue: 3

Article: The Impact Of Agriculture Fdi On Agriculture Economic Growth In Morocco

Oussama el mimouni
Vol 8, Issue 3; March 2025
North American Academic Research, 8(3), 23- 39. doi: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15041474

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Abstract: This study investigates the impact of FDI, primarily from France and Spain, on Morocco's agricultural economic growth. Using time series data from 2000 to 2023 and employing a Vector Autoregressive (VAR) model, it analyzes dynamic relationships between Agricultural FDI, GDP, labor, exports, and technology adoption. Key findings reveal a unidirectional relationship where Agricultural GDP influences FDI inflows but not vice versa, underscoring the need for targeted policy reforms to fully leverage FDI's potential. Given the agricultural sector's critical role in Morocco’s economy as a source of employment and livelihoods, particularly in rural areas, understanding the influence of FDI on agricultural growth is essential. The findings reveal a unidirectional relationship: Agricultural GDP growth influences FDI inflows, but FDI does not significantly drive Agricultural GDP growth. Furthermore, co-integration analysis indicates that Agricultural GDP is primarily influenced by its own lagged values, with limited evidence of significant contributions from FDI or other variables. These results highlight the relatively weak impact of FDI inflows during the study period, suggesting that current policies may not fully leverage FDI’s potential to catalyze agricultural development. This underscores the need for targeted policy reforms to enhance the attractiveness of Morocco’s agricultural sector to foreign investors. Key recommendations include diversifying FDI sources beyond traditional partners like France and Spain, streamlining regulatory frameworks, and addressing structural challenges such as climate risks, technological gaps, and limited access to finance. To foster sustainable growth, policymakers should prioritize investments in infrastructure, research, and capacity-building programs tailored to smallholder farmers. Enhancing transparency, governance, and technological adoption such as solar-powered irrigation and digital tools can further attract FDI and improve productivity. Strategic partnerships between foreign investors and local agricultural enterprises could also facilitate knowledge transfer, boost innovation, and amplify positive spillover effects. In conclusion, while FDI’s impact on Morocco’s agricultural sector remains limited, this study emphasizes the importance of revisiting policies to optimize FDI’s role as a driver of economic growth. By addressing structural barriers and fostering an enabling environment for investment, Morocco can unlock the full potential of FDI to support poverty alleviation, rural development, and sustainable agricultural transformation.

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Volume: Issue: 10

Article: Nanoparticles in Photocatalysis: Innovations Driving Sustainable Dye Degradation in Wastewater Treatment

Ndziessi Geoffry Emman Stevens, Precious Nachula, Borgea G.M. Ekoya, Haibo Liu
Vol 7, Issue 10; October 2024
North American Academic Research, 7(10), 71- 85. doi: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14503210

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Abstract: The excessive use of different pigments and dyes in various industries, especially in the textile industry, contributes to environmental pollution. This has had significant consequences. This has also resulted in increased generation of dye within the wastewater streams. This is because some traditional wastewater management and treatment methods are time-consuming and costly. The current study is meant to assess the prospect of natural montmorillonite in treating various dye wastewaters and compare efficiency levels. It will determine the extent of the adsorption of Methylene Blue (MB), Basic Red 18 (BR18) and Basic Blue 41 (BB41) dyes with montmorillonite. In the study, some factors such as the solid-liquid ratio, the pH and the concentration of the dye in the solution as a measure of the adsorption process are discussed. While other parameters, such as the nature of the interactions between montmorillonite and the dyes under study are comprehensively studied. The findings showed that montmorillonite (MMT) had a higher adsorption rate for BR18 while MB and Basic BB41 was low. Parameters studied, which affected the adsorption process, were solution pH, solid to liquid ratio, and contact time. The findings showed that natural montmorillonite is an efficient treatment method for different dye wastewaters. It can be recommended as an environmentally responsible method to address dye pollution. From the outcome of this study, it is possible to have a clear understanding of the efficiency of MMT in the removal of dyes. The data might provide valuable guidelines for enhancing water treatment efficiency.

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Volume: Issue: 2

Article: Examining barriers and Embracing future trends:Impact of digital service trade on the economic growth in Africa

Nansamba Jolly
Vol 8, Issue 2; February 2025
North American Academic Research, 8(2), 263-283. doi: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14996609

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Abstract: Digital service trade has become an increasingly significant component of global economic activities, particularly in developing continents like Africa. This paper examines the impact of digital service trade on economic growth across African nations. These include the East African Community (EAC), The economic community of West African states (ECOWAS), and Southern African Development Community (SADC). The study analyzes how digital service exports and imports, facilitated by advancements in information and communication technologies (ICT), have opened new economic opportunities, improved efficiency in service delivery, and fostered innovation. The main reason for comparing the most developing and the least developing countries was to indicate whether the impact of digital service trade on economic growth depended on the country's development levels. New technologies in Sub-Saharan Africa have played significant roles in economic activity, including accessibility of communications, impeded by poor infrastructure, accommodation of the poor majority who were initially financially excluded from mobile banking, and participation of small and medium enterprises (SMEs) in e-commerce. On the other hand, due to the effects of digitalization, least developed countries in SSA have been facing premature deindustrialization. Using a combination of cross-country econometric analysis and case studies, the research evaluates the direct and indirect effects of digital services on GDP growth. Key indicators, such as internet penetration, mobile money adoption, digital infrastructure investment, and the growth of tech hubs, are assessed to understand their correlation with economic outcomes. The paper also investigated the role of policy frameworks, including regulatory environments and regional trade agreements, in promoting or hindering digital service trade in Africa. This study employed a panel dataset consisting of 17 years from 2005 to 2022. The results showed that digitalization had a positive contribution to economic growth in all 15 countries. Using a panel data approach spanning over a decade, the study employed various econometric techniques that analyzed the impact of digital service trade on economic growth. Findings suggest that digital service trade positively influences economic growth across the sampled countries, indicating the potential of digitalization to foster economic development in Africa by improving access to global markets, enhancing productivity in traditional sectors, and reducing transaction costs. However, the uneven development of digital infrastructure across African countries and the digital divide between rural and urban areas present challenges to fully realizing these benefits. Furthermore, the study identifies that fostering a conducive regulatory environment, improving digital literacy, and investing in digital infrastructure is crucial for maximizing the economic potential of digital service trade in Africa. This paper highlights the transformative role of digital services in shaping Africa's future economic landscape and calls for strategic investments and policy reforms to harness the full potential of the digital economy for sustainable growth. Additionally, the study explores policy implications and recommendations aimed at enhancing the digital economy's contribution to sustainable economic growth and development in the region. Regarding the study's policy implications, it is suggested that SSA governments increase their investments in ICT and other infrastructures to reap the benefits of digitalization and achieve noteworthy economic growth.

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Volume: Issue: 2

Article: Improving Communication via Presentations for International Students at NUIST

Prapasri Nuchanoul
Vol 8, Issue 2; February 2025
North American Academic Research, 8(2), 285-297. doi: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14977264

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Abstract: Effective communication skills are essential for academic success, particularly in higher education. This study examines the presentation skills of international students at Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology (NUIST), focusing on verbal, non-verbal, written, and visual communication. The diverse backgrounds of these students contribute to unique challenges in delivering high-quality presentations, such as language barriers, different educational experiences. A survey of 132 international students assessed their self-perceived presentation abilities. Data analysis using means, percentages, and crosstabulation showed that students generally rate their skills from average to good. The results show as Likert’s scale. Non-verbal is in the average. Verbal, written and visual communication are in good score. Frequent practice was found to correlate with improved presentation skills. Based on these findings, the study provides practical guidelines to help international students improve their presentation skills, aiming to boost their academic performance, confidence, and classroom engagement. Additionally, the research offers insights for educators to better support the development of these crucial skills among international students.

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Volume: Issue: 2

Article: Benchmarking Log Parsing Methods: Empirical Study from Real-World Datasets

Tasnaim Ahmad Hosen
Vol 8, Issue 2; February 2025
North American Academic Research, 8(2), 263-283. doi: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14977237

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Abstract: In today’s era dominated by software applications and smart systems, our daily activities increasingly rely on various smart applications, including shopping apps, e-commerce, web, and social media applications. As these applications and systems grow, so does the challenge of monitoring and maintaining their 24/7 operation, posing a significant task for online service providers. Logs, key tools for recording system runtime information, are crucial in managing web services. However, as systems and applications become more complex, manual review of log records becomes time-consuming and impractical. The development of automated log analysis tools has recently garnered significant attention from researchers in the academic and industrial sectors. These tools are pivotal in several downstream tasks, such as anomaly detection, failure prediction, and system diagnosis. The primary step in log analysis is log parsing, which involves transforming unstructured log messages into structured data for subsequent mining tasks. To date, over 30 log parsing tools have been developed. This paper focuses on an empirical study of fifteen log parsing tools, chosen for their public availability of source code and proven high accuracy and efficiency in prior research. The study was conducted using seven real datasets collected from servers at the National Agency for Network Services (NANS) at the Ministry of Communications and Technology in Syria, including an Apache web server, Linux Mail server, WHMCS (Web Hosting Billing & Automation Platform), Microsoft web server IIS (Microsoft Internet Information Services 10.0), Plesk (Web Hosting Control Panel), and a Cisco ASA 5512 Firewall device. A comparative analysis of these tools in terms of accuracy, efficiency, and scalability was performed to assist system administrators in selecting the most suitable log-parsing tool for their analysis tasks. The study finds that Drain demonstrates the best performance in these aspects. Our contributions provide a strong link between research and industry log parsing, consolidating past research efforts and facilitating future advancements.

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Volume: Issue: 1

Article: Revolutionizing American Military Protection: Development and Implementation of Next-Generation Shielding System

Abdullah Al Hossain Newaz , Emran Hossain , Refat Jahan, Nasir Uddin
Vol 8, Issue 1; January 2025
North American Academic Research, 8(1), 144-152. doi: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14927622

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Abstract: This project aims to revolutionize the defense capabilities of the United States military by developing and implementing advanced shielding technologies. With a budget of $20 million, the initiative addresses the growing need for innovative protection against evolving threats, including asymmetric warfare and cyberattacks. The project emphasizes state-of-the-art research and development, seamless integration into existing military infrastructure, and comprehensive training programs for personnel. It employs advanced materials science, data analytics, and strategic partnerships to ensure optimal performance and sustainability. The phased approach includes research, training, deployment, and continuous improvement, fostering resilience and adaptability in defense systems. This endeavor reflects Defense Solution's commitment to innovation, national security, and technological excellence.

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Volume: Issue: 1

Article: Automation Of Part Feeding Mechanism Of Industrial Power Press Machine

Mohammad Abu Sayeed Prodhan, MD. Sanwer Hossain
Vol 8, Issue 1; January 2025
North American Academic Research, 8(1), 137-173. doi: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14927509

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Abstract: The industry sector is constantly looking for innovation to improve productivity, efficiency and safety. A key aspect of this pursuit is the automation of manufacturing processes, particularly machinery such as power presses, which are essential to the metalworking industry. This paper presents a comprehensive study on the automation of part feeding mechanisms in industrial power press machines. Research begins by analyzing existing manual feeding systems and identifying their limitations in terms of speed, accuracy, and safety. A detailed review of relevant literature and existing automation solutions is then performed to understand the state-of-the-art technologies and methods in this field. The proposed automation system integrates various components such as sensors, actuators, etc.

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Volume: Issue: 2

Article: Optimization of Transportation Infrastructure for Mining Supply Chain Efficiency

Md Mojahidul Islam, Benjamin Abankwa, Md Arafat Pranto, Sheikh Sakibul Hasan, Md Golam Rabbani, Most Alifnura Akther, Shabilanaz Shoumi
Volume 8, Issue 2, February 2025
North American Academic Research, 8(2), 231-262. doi: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14934292

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Abstract: Transportation infrastructure plays a pivotal role in the efficiency and productivity of mining supply chains. As the backbone of material handling, transportation systems directly impact operational costs, delivery times, and overall supply chain reliability. However, mining regions often face significant challenges, including inadequate infrastructure, remote locations, and environmental constraints, which impede the seamless flow of materials from extraction sites to processing facilities and markets. These issues highlight the pressing need for optimization strategies tailored to the unique requirements of mining logistics. This paper aims to explore the optimization of transportation infrastructure to enhance the efficiency of mining supply chains. The study adopts a comprehensive review methodology, analyzing case studies, industry reports, and academic literature to identify critical factors influencing infrastructure performance. It evaluates current challenges such as logistical bottlenecks, high maintenance costs, and the environmental impact of infrastructure development. The paper also examines innovative solutions, including the adoption of smart transportation technologies, multimodal systems, and sustainable practices. The findings underscore the significant benefits of optimized infrastructure, including reduced operational costs, improved supply chain resilience, and minimized environmental impact. By integrating technological advancements and sustainable policies, mining companies can achieve both economic and environmental goals. The study provides actionable insights for stakeholders, including policymakers, industry leaders, and researchers, offering a roadmap for infrastructure upgrades that align with global trends in smart and sustainable logistics. This research contributes to academia by filling gaps in knowledge regarding mining-specific transportation needs and serves as a guide for industries striving to enhance their supply chain performance in an increasingly competitive global market.

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Volume: Issue: 1

Article: Lean Six Sigma Implementation of USA Military

Abdullah Al Hossain Newaz , Emran Hossain , Refat Jahan, Nasir Uddin
Vol 8, Issue 1; January 2025
North American Academic Research, 8(1), 174-183. doi: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14927559

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Abstract: This paper explores the application of Lean Six Sigma (LSS) methodologies within the United States military, emphasizing their impact on improving operational efficiency, reducing waste, and enhancing decisionmaking processes. By integrating Lean principles to eliminate waste and Six Sigma techniques to minimize defects, the military has achieved significant advancements across logistics, maintenance, and supply chain management. Notable implementations include reducing maintenance cycle times, optimizing inventory levels, and streamlining medical and recruitment procedures, resulting in enhanced readiness and cost savings. Key tools and analyses such as Value Stream Mapping (VSM), the Lean 3D Matrix, the Threat vs. Opportunity Matrix, and TPC (Threat, Problem, Constraint) Analysis are utilized to assess current processes, identify inefficiencies, and map actionable improvements. The VSM illustrates the flow of materials and information, highlighting bottlenecks and waste in military logistics, while the 3D Matrix and Threat vs. Opportunity Matrix provide structured frameworks to evaluate risks and benefits associated with LSS implementation. Additionally, the TPC Analysis identifies organizational challenges and constraints, enabling better preparation for obstacles during implementation. Through these methodologies, the military has successfully enhanced operational readiness, reduced maintenance delays, and improved cost-effectiveness. This study underscores the ongoing potential of LSS in transforming military operations, paving the way for continued advancements in efficiency and resource utilization

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Volume: Issue: 1

Article: Evaluation of Uncrushed Quartzite Gravel from Quaternary Alluvial Deposit of Central Nepal Sub-Himalaya for Railway Ballasts

Dinesh Raj Shamra, Naresh Kazi Tamrakar
Vol 8, Issue 1; January 2025
North American Academic Research, 8(1), 108-136. doi: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14889501

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Abstract: Railway ballast is essential for track stability, drainage, and load distribution in railway infrastructure. Traditionally, crushed stone has been the preferred ballast material due to its superior mechanical properties. However, growing demand for sus-tainable and cost-effective alternatives has prompted interest in natural aggregates such as uncrushed riverbed gravels. This study evaluates the suitability of uncrushed quartzite gravels, abundant in Central Nepal's Quaternary alluvial deposits, for railway ballast applications. A comprehensive series of laboratory tests assessed the physical, mechanical, and durability properties of the gravels, including specific gravity, water absorption, Los Angeles Abrasion (LAAV), Aggregate Impact Value (AIV), Aggregate Crushing Value (ACV), Point Load Strength Index (PLSI), Slake Durability Index (SDI), and Sulfate Soundness (SSV). The findings reveal that these gravels exhibit favorable properties, including low water absorption, high resistance to weathering and abrasion, and adequate mechanical strength to withstand heavy railway loads. These character-istics align with the requirements for durable and long-lasting ballast materials. De-spite these advantages, some variability in strength and wear resistance was observed, as indicated by higher LAAV and ACV values in certain samples. This highlights the need for further investigation into the selection and processing of the gravels to ensure consistent performance. The results support the potential of uncrushed quartzite grav-els as a sustainable alternative to traditional crushed stone ballast, offering environ-mental and economic benefits. However, factors such as source variability, mineralogi-cal composition, and site-specific conditions must be considered. Optimizing the utili-zation of these gravels can contribute to the development of eco-friendly and cost-effective railway infrastructure in Nepal.

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Volume: Issue: 12

Article: Gurnah's Paradise and the Scars of Slavery

Dr. Tara Prasad Adhikari
Vol 7, Issue 12; December 2024
North American Academic Research, 7(12), 615-622. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14908332

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Abstract: : Abdulrazak Gurnah, the 2021 Nobel Prize laureate from Tanzania, is known for his explorations of extreme human emotions and suffering. His 1994 novel, Paradise, investigates the complex and enduring legacy of East African slavery and this paper intensively explores the dimensions of human sufferings and adjustments of these characters in the societies. It has been argued that Paradise reveals slavery as an indelible force that has etched deep, often invisible scars on the lives of those affected. The novel’s characters, ensnared by the brutal realities of slavery and its lingering aftermath, navigate a world in which they are perpetually trapped. This paper examines how Paradise serves as a critical lens through which the realities of East African slavery are scrutinized, illustrating the unresolved lives left in its wake. This study is significant for us as it not only sheds light on the often-overlooked history of East African slavery but also emphasizes the enduring global impact of slavery on human identities, societal structures, and collective memory.

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Volume: Issue: 1

Article: Integrated planning between procurement and production

Chethana Wijekoon, Lingli Hu
Vol 8, Issue 1; January 2025
North American Academic Research, 8(1), 11-19. doi: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14910668

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Abstract: : The research aims to narrow the existing research gap concerning the relationship between procurement and production support in SCPM, focusing on integration across organizational functions. Transferred to cooperative organizations in analyzing the dairy industry, the research focuses on which the most widespread batch-type production processes affect the sourcing policies based on approach and dealing with perishable raw materials. Several types of raw milk with similar characteristics are processed in batch method with common utilities for capacity-constrained supply distribution and processing. That is why research has aimed and sought to develop and implement this Decision Support System (DSS) for the non-dominant partners within the food chain. A case of developing an OR-based model for milk collection is illustrated in more detail for a specific type of branch in the dairy industry. This has been attributed to the sector's growth in recent years and constant efforts to meet the supply of milk to the demand. These are the continuous production at the supply level and delivery conditions at the demand level, which necessitated adopting a short to medium-term planning strategy. The above-discussed decision support system can be presented as an efficient tool for building stable plans of milk collection that serve as the basis for solving vehicle routing problems. From a more computational point of view, employing the Special Ordered Sets type 1 (SOS1) was beneficial. However, in the literature, the computational advantage of Siss is significant.

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Volume: Issue: 1

Article: AI-Enhanced Cybersecurity: A New Era of Digital Defense

Md Shahriar Rahaman
Vol 8, Issue 1; February 2025
North American Academic Research, 8(1), 623-631. doi: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14908488

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Abstract: The rapid evolution of the digital landscape has ushered in an era of unprecedented connectivity and innovation, accompanied by an escalating wave of increasingly sophisticated cyber threats. Traditional cybersecurity measures, while foundational, are struggling to keep pace with the dynamic nature of these threats, necessitating a paradigm shift towards more proactive and intelligent defense mechanisms. This research paper delves into the transformative potential of Artificial Intelligence (AI) in enhancing cybersecurity, arguing that AI-driven approaches are ushering in a new era of digital defense. The paper explores the multifaceted ways in which AI is revolutionizing cybersecurity, from bolstering threat detection and prevention to automating incident response and vulnerability management. The study begins by examining the limitations of conventional cybersecurity methodologies in the face of evolving attack vectors, including polymorphic malware, zero-day exploits, and advanced persistent threats (APTs). It then outlines the fundamental principles of AI, particularly machine learning (ML) and its subfields, such as deep learning and natural language processing (NLP), highlighting their applicability in addressing the shortcomings of traditional security systems. A core focus of this paper is the application of AI in enhancing threat detection capabilities. It investigates how machine learning algorithms, trained on massive datasets of network traffic, system logs, and malware samples, can identify anomalous patterns and behaviors indicative of malicious activity with greater accuracy and speed than rule-based systems. Specifically, the paper delves into the use of deep learning models for real-time intrusion detection, anomaly-based threat hunting, and predictive analysis of potential attack vectors. Furthermore, the research explores the role of AI in automating incident response. It examines how AI-powered systems can accelerate the triage of security alerts, automatically contain compromised systems, and orchestrate remediation efforts, significantly reducing response times and minimizing the impact of cyberattacks. The paper also discusses the emerging field of AI-driven vulnerability management, where machine learning algorithms are employed to proactively identify and prioritize vulnerabilities within software and systems, enabling organizations to patch critical weaknesses before they can be exploited. Another aspect covered is the use of AI to analyze the vast amount of threat intelligence information to identify trends. In addition to the benefits, the research acknowledges the challenges and potential risks associated with AI-enhanced cybersecurity. It addresses concerns related to the development of adversarial AI, where malicious actors may leverage AI to create more sophisticated attacks that can evade AI-based defenses. Ethical considerations, such as algorithmic bias and the potential for unintended consequences, are also discussed. The paper emphasizes the importance of ongoing research and development to ensure the responsible and effective deployment of AI in cybersecurity. In particular, it covers the importance of explainable AI and how this will help in the future for cyber security. In conclusion, this research paper posits that AI-enhanced cybersecurity is not merely an incremental improvement but a fundamental transformation in the way we protect digital assets. By leveraging the power of AI, organizations can achieve a more proactive, adaptive, and resilient security posture, effectively mitigating the risks posed by the increasingly complex threat landscape. The paper advocates for a collaborative approach, involving cybersecurity professionals, AI researchers, policymakers, and industry leaders, to fully realize the potential of AI in securing the NAAR, January 2025, Volume 8, Issue 1, 623-631 624 of 631 future of the digital world. It calls for continued investment in AI research, the development of robust ethical guidelines, and the establishment of industry best practices to ensure that AI-enhanced cybersecurity becomes a cornerstone of a safe and secure digital future. The new era of digital defense is not on the horizon; it is here, and AI is leading the charge.

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Volume: Issue: 2

Article: Predicting the Exact Distance of Failure in Underground Optical Networks Using Neural Networks

Alfred Kofi Bundi, Redeemer Kwei Amartey, Ernest Nii Laryea Amartey
Vol 8, Issue 2; February 2025
North American Academic Research, 8(2), 95-111. doi: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14908477

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Abstract: The world’s telecommunications sector has grown exponentially in the last several decades because of the installation of fiber optic connections. Maintaining this expansion will need effective post-deployment management and infrastructure deployment. Although mobile network operators (MNOs) may take pride in their highly dependable fiber optic transmission systems and passive optical infrastructures, most failures impact the level of service these essential infrastructures deliver. These service outages are mostly caused by bit-error-rate (BER), fiber plant failures, and widespread breakdowns in fiber optic networks. Estimates indicate that damage to subterranean fiber optic cables is the primary cause of failures that result in disruptions to communications services. These flaws influence revenue mobilization, the business brand, and the customer satisfaction index. In addition to having numerous useful applications, this study intends to explore the difficulties involved in placing fiber optic cables underground and determine the most efficient method for locating optical cable failures, which may be monitored with an optical time domain reflectometer (OTDR). Nevertheless, it has been observed that using the accumulated OTDR readings, it would be difficult to identify a failure in an underground optical network. This problem was resolved by precisely identifying problems in the subsurface optical networks and predicting the cost of repairing the damaged fiber cable through the use of long short-term memory (LSTM), deep learning, linear regression, K-means, and machine learning (ML) prediction models. Numerous datasets were employed in the investigation, such as chamber counts, spliced counts, OTDR measurements, and many more. Our forecast fared rather well, with a high MAE score and an accuracy of 0.00016673. Based on its high accuracy score, the prediction system appears to be able to locate subterranean optical network faults.

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Volume: Issue: 1

Article: BMW-Supply Chain Management System

Abdullah Al Hossain Newaz , Emran Hossain , Nasir Uddin
Volume 8, Issue 1, January 2025
North American Academic Research, 8(1), 115 -121. doi: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14890184

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Abstract: This paper explains the BMW's supply chain management system, exploring its evolution, current operations, and future opportunities. BMW, a leader in the premium automobile segment, has built a robust global supply chain characterized by its focus on innovation, sustainability, and efficiency. The company employs advanced technologies such as blockchain for transparency and digital tools for optimizing processes. Despite its strengths, BMW faces challenges, including high manufacturing costs, supply chain disruptions, and geopolitical risks. To address these, BMW aims to enhance agility, integrate sustainable practices, and adopt strategies for faster product development. This study provides insights into BMW’s strategic supply chain initiatives and their role in maintaining competitive advantage in the dynamic global market.

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Volume: Issue: 2

Article: Effects of Carrier Supply to the Intermediate Band by Impurity Doping on Two-Step Photocurrent Generation in GaAs:N-Based Intermediate Band Solar Cell

Md Faruk Hossain, Shuhei Yagi , Hiroyuki Yaguchi
Volume 8, Issue 2, February 2025
North American Academic Research, 8(2), 112-128. doi: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14910609

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Abstract: This study investigates the enhancement of two-step photocurrent generation in GaAs:N-based intermediate band solar cells (IBSCs) by optimizing the doping concentrations within the absorber layer. Utilizing the combination of device simulations and rate equation analysis, we examine the influence of doping levels of absorber on the key photovoltaic parameters and expected current increase due to two-step photon absorption. The results reveal that increasing the doping concentration enhances the number of electrons occupying the intermediate band (IB). Those electrons contribute to the low-energy photon absorption and the following additional current generation. However, the doping simultaneously reduced open-circuit voltage and fill factor due to the weakened electrical isolation of the IB from the contact layer. The expected efficiency gain due to the two-step photocurrent generation is unfortunately, too small to compensate for the drop in the base efficiency in the investigated structures. However, these results suggest that carrier supply to the IB states by means of impurity doping can be an effective option for structural optimization of IBSCs. These findings underscore the importance of carefully tuning the doping levels to maximize the efficiency of IBSCs and provide critical insights for the design of next-generation solar cells

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Volume: Issue: 1

Article: Functional, Clinical And Radiological Outcome Of Tibial Shaft Fracture Fixation With Surgical Implant Generation Network (Sign) Nail

Deb Narayan Sah, Ravi Shriwastav, Sandeep Sharma, Bishnu Dev Sharma, Gyanendra Bikram Shah, Roshan Yadav
Vol 8, Issue 1; January 2025
North American Academic Research, 8(1), 98-107. doi: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14889373

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Abstract: Background: Tibial shaft fractures are common orthopedic injuries, and their management poses significant challenges in resource-limited settings. The SIGN system has been widely used for fracture fixation due to its cost- effectiveness, minimal soft tissue dissection, and avoidance of advanced imaging tools. This study evaluates the clinical, radiological, and functional outcomes of tibial shaft fractures treated with SIGN nails. Methods: A retrospective observational study was conducted at Madhesh Institute of Health Sciences (MIHS) from October 2022 to January 2024. A total of 42 patients aged 18-60 years with acute tibial diaphyseal fractures (closed or Grade I/II open fractures) were treated with SIGN nails. Data were collected on patient demographics, fracture characteristics, surgical details, postoperative outcomes, and complications. Follow-up assessments were performed at 2 weeks, 6 weeks, 3 months, and 6 months. Results: The mean time to clinical union was 10.4 weeks, and radiological union occurred at an average of 14.2 weeks. Functional outcomes, assessed using the Modified Johner and Wruh’s criteria, showed 66.7% excellent and 19.0% good results. The overall union rate was 95.2%, with infection (4.8%), non-union (2.4%), and malunion (7.1%) observed in a small proportion of patients. The Kaplan-Meier analysis indicated that 75% of patients achieved union within 12 weeks. Comparison with conventional hollow nails showed slightly better outcomes with SIGN nails, including faster healing and lower infection rates. Conclusion: The SIGN nail is a safe, effective, and cost-efficient option for treating tibial shaft fractures, especially in resource-constrained settings. It facilitates early mobilization, has minimal complications, and provides excellent functional outcomes. The use of SIGN nails offers a promising solution for improving fracture care in low-resource environments, contributing to faster recovery and better patient outcomes.

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Volume: Issue: 12

Article: Institutional Pressures and Supply Chain Finance Solutions Among Smallholder Farmers: The Moderating Role of Financial and Technology Literacy

Carl Lewis Ruberwa
Vol 7, Issue 12; December 2024
North American Academic Research, 7(12), 602-614. doi: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14884755

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Abstract: Institutional pressures, encompassing normative, coercive, and mimetic influences, significantly impact smallholder farmers’ ability to access supply chain finance (SCF) solutions in Burundi. This research, grounded in institutional theory, employed a comprehensive methodology involving structured questionnaires distributed both online and in-person, achieving 230 responses. The study utilized a correlational matrix and hierarchical regression analysis to evaluate the interplay between institutional pressures, financial literacy, and technological access on SCF adoption. The findings indicate that financial literacy enhances the likelihood of SCF adoption, with technologically literate farmers and firms better equipped to leverage SCF opportunities. Moderation analysis revealed a positive interaction between access to information technology and institutional pressures, enhancing SCF utilization. Furthermore, the study highlighted the critical role of SCF in improving operational and financial performance, particularly through solutions like mobile money credit and microcredit. Key recommendations include fostering multi-stakeholder collaboration to establish supportive norms and regulations for SCF implementation. This research provides actionable insights for policymakers and practitioners, emphasizing the importance of financial education and digital literacy to bolster the agricultural sector’s resilience and efficiency. The study underscores SCF's potential to transform agricultural productivity and mitigate the financial constraints faced by Burundi’s smallholder farmers.

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Volume: Issue: 2

Article: Integration of AI-Driven Predictive Maintenance in Smart Concrete Structures to Enhance Sustainability and Lifecycle Efficiency

Md Salman Farce, Md Nahid Parvej Nishat , Nishat Bin Md. Harun , Most Nuri Jannat Dola ,Md Eaftekhirul Islam, Md Tariq Uz Zaman, Zeeshan ur Rahman
Volume 8, Issue 2, February 2025
North American Academic Research, 8(2), 77-94. doi: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14840495

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Abstract: AI-driven predictive maintenance into smart concrete buildings improves lifespan efficiency and sustainability by lowering environmental impact, increasing monitoring accuracy, and optimizing resource use. A 20% longer lifespan, 15% cheaper maintenance costs, and substantial resource savings are among the advantages. By addressing issues including high prices, talent shortages, and a lack of locally relevant models, skill development, international cooperation, and legislative changes can open the door for Bangladesh to have sustainable, cutting-edge civil engineering. Methods: Smart concrete buildings, using machine learning for degradation prediction and IoT sensors for real-time detection. Simulations and case studies in Bangladesh validate the approach, with cost-benefit analyses showcasing economic and sustainability potential. IoT sensors enable real-time anomaly detection, while simulations validate the framework under Bangladesh-specific conditions. Case studies and data from surveys, interviews, and secondary sources address local challenges. Key benefits include a 20% longer lifespan and 15% lower maintenance costs. Addressing challenges like costs and talent gaps through skill development and policy reforms can advance sustainable civil engineering. Results: Maintenance AI-driven in smart concrete buildings, using machine learning for degradation prediction and IoT sensors for real-time detection. Simulations and case studies in Bangladesh validate the approach, with cost-benefit analyses showcasing economic and sustainability potential.

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Volume: Issue: 2

Article: Software Requirement Elicitation Technique: Gamification using Decision Tree Method

Mohammad Hamim, Nishat Bin Md. Harun , Md Khiruzzaman Showhardo , MST Ashima Alom Shova , Gazi Sabbir Ahammad
Vol 8, Issue 2; February 2025
North American Academic Research, 8(2), 77-92. doi: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14884787

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Abstract: Description The requirements elicitation plays a vital role in the software development process and affects the quality, cost and success of a project and product. Stakeholder engagement is crucial for the success of any project as it directly contributes to project, product, service or business outcomes. This study offers a new method developed by integrating the gamification approach together with the Decision Tree Method. Gamification brings in gaming techniques like challenges, rewards and various activities to engage stakeholders and develop collaboration and creativity. When combined with the structured decision-making framework of the Decision Tree Method, it is an effective communication and conflict resolution tool that systematically priorities requirements. By making it an engaging and participative process for the stakeholders, this method enhances the quality of requirement elicitation eventually resulting in the development of high-quality software. A card game is proposed as a means of eliciting security requirements that will allow all employees in a company to participate. The game is designed to include an organization's specific context. This material introduces key human behavior principles manipulated by social engineers together with specific attack methods. The game helps to identify threats and document relevant security requirements. Different groups have been given feedback on this approach, including researchers, IT administrator and industrial people. This shows the approach is used and effective

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Volume: Issue: 1

Article: The Role of Artificial Intelligence in Revolutionizing Construction Project Management: Enhancing Efficiency and Sustainability

Ammar Hameed , S M Shezan Ahmed , Abu Bakkor Siddik Rasel , Mohammad Hamim , Mengear Sok , Amanuel Tesfalem
Volume 8, Issue 1, January 2025
North American Academic Research, 8(1), 56-76. doi: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14840458

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Abstract: The construction industry is currently witnessing a paradigm shift, thanks to the advancements in artificial intelligence (AI) that make it possible to improve site management, increase safety, and further increase efficient construction methods. The scope of this paper focuses on the impact of AI-based technologies in adapting the construction industry and the modification of construction processes. AI technologies such as indicative analytics, machine learning algorithms, and automated project management work to solve major issues like trying to complete a project over budget, mismanaged resources, and pollution. Through AI-powered technologies, various stakeholders can make decisions, increase productivity, and pursue environmentally friendly practices, all of which protect the environment more effectively. For example, effective predictive analytics can provide base realistic estimates and timeframes for projects to avoid costly delays and overruns. Machine learning ensures effective deployment of resources, including materials, labor, and equipment to limit waste. AI powered automation of mundane but repetitive tasks using robotics and drones takes the responsibility away from an operator, enhances safety by taking the operator out of a hazardous site, and increases the pace of construction project delivery systems. In addition, AI reinforces sustainable construction through enhancing energy efficiency, minimizing carbon footprints, and accelerating the adoption of green construction materials. Notwithstanding these breakthroughs, the research also discusses some of the underlying factors that impeded the widespread use of AI, such as high entry costs, technological barriers, and opposition from the sector. Furthermore, tackling the supply-side skill deficit among construction professionals through training and education is of great concern. It is these elements that will enable the construction industry to unleash the full advantages of AI, unleashing the unprecedented benefits of technology, indeed the phrase greatest benefits. Therefore, a focus should be placed on achieving a competitive non-obsolescent construction industry. In doing so, the industry will pave the way for the emergence of new competitive spaces: more efficient, sustainable, and firmer constructions.

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Volume: Issue: 12

Article: Impact of Wind Speed on Thermal Radiation, Smoke Propagation, and Evacuation Safety in Gas Station Fires

Usman Rafiq, Muhammad Toseef Adnan, Muhammad Azeem, Syed Aun Ali Kazmi
Vol 7, Issue 12; December 2024
North American Academic Research, 7(12), 578-602. doi: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14774090

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Abstract: Fire safety in gas stations is a critical concern due to the potential for rapidly escalating hazardous conditions. This study utilizes Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) simulations to model fire dynamics, smoke propagation, thermal radiation, and visibility conditions in a gas station during a fire. The primary objective is to assess evacuation challenges under varying wind speeds, emphasizing the impact of rapid fire spread and smoke accumulation on safety. The simulations consider a gas station scenario where a fire ignites in a high-wind environment (3 m/s). Temperature distribution, thermal radiation intensity, smoke spread, and visibility were tracked over time to evaluate the evolving risk to personnel and the effectiveness of evacuation efforts. At the initial stage (0 seconds), the environment was stable with uniform temperatures and clear visibility. However, by 100 seconds, the temperature near the fire reached 150°C, and smoke began to spread rapidly, reducing visibility and complicating evacuation efforts. After 200 seconds, temperatures exceeded 200°C in some areas, and the gas station was fully engulfed in smoke, with visibility near zero. By 300 seconds, the fire’s intensity had increased, with thermal radiation reaching lethal levels, making evacuation impossible. The study highlights that high wind speeds accelerate both the spread of thermal radiation and smoke, significantly shortening the available evacuation time. By quantifying temperature gradients, smoke density, and radiation zones over time, the findings provide valuable insights for designing safer evacuation strategies and improving emergency response protocols in gas station fire scenarios. The results underscore the need for enhanced detection systems, such as smoke and thermal sensors, to facilitate quicker evacuations in such high-risk environments.

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Volume: Issue: 1

Article: The Impact of AI-Based Educational Tools on Student Performance and Engagement

El Attari Amal, Nkomoki Tony, El Attari Douae
Vol 8, Issue 1; January 2025
North American Academic Research, 8(1), 34-46. doi: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14773960

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Abstract: Artificial intelligence (AI), which offers individualized learning experiences, is revolutionizing the way that education is delivered today. This study uses regression analysis of 256 students' survey data to investigate how AI-based instructional tools affect student performance and engagement. We found that kids who utilize AI tools do better academically and are more engaged than their non-AI counterparts. According to these findings, AI technologies show a great deal of promise to enhance educational outcomes and offer useful data to educators and decision-makers. Future studies should examine how AI may be used in different educational settings and investigate any potential ethical issues.

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Volume: Issue: 12

Article: FDI Strategies in Guinea: Evaluating Government Policies, Incentives, and Impact on Local Businesses

Esaie Guemou
Vol 7, Issue 12; December 2024
North American Academic Research, 7(12), 572-594. doi: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14681135

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Abstract: This research paper investigates the impact of policies and incentives on foreign direct investment (FDI) in Guinea, focusing on the impact on the economy and business. Given the significance of foreign direct investment (FDI) in developing nations, this study aims to determine the influence of Guinea's policies on FDI, its effects on local enterprises, and the resulting economic outcomes. This study utilizes quantitative research methods and draws upon data from reputable sources such as UNCTAD, the World Bank, the IMF, and the OECD. The variables considered include the FDI/GDP ratio, local business growth rates, and ROI. The study utilizes statistical methodologies, including descriptive statistics, the Min-Max approach, correlation analysis, and regression analysis using Microsoft Excel. The results indicate an average return on investment (ROI) of 10%. The ultimate investor attractiveness index is at 49%, indicating the substantial profitability of the company's equity holdings. Analysis reveals a minimal standard deviation of ROI (0.5895), confirming the investments' low-risk level and good reliability. A high and positive skewness value (0.3218) also suggests a greater likelihood of achieving larger returns. The results validate that FDI mostly facilitates the expansion of local businesses and contributes to the economic development of Guinea. The study's results propose avenues for further investigation, such as conducting surveys after the event and comparing Guinea's approach to foreign direct investment policies and investment climate with other countries in the region. Furthermore, such comparisons can improve investment decisions and perhaps alter Guinea's standing as an investment destination, boosting the country's economy.

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Volume: Issue: 12

Article: The impact of economic indicators on emerging market stocks and bonds

Dariimaa Byambasuren
Vol 7, Issue 12; December 2024
North American Academic Research, 7(12), 589-604. doi: hps://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14727572

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Abstract: This thesis utilized regression analysis to examine the impact of economic indicators on emerging market stocks and bonds, using macroeconomic data from 1995 to 2022 and focusing on ve factors: per capita GDP, foreign direct investment (FDI), the proportion of industrial value-added to GDP, the proportion of import trade to GDP, and the proportion of export trade to GDP, analyzing their eects on the stock and bond markets of China, India, Brazil, Russia, and Mexico, revealing key ndings such as the positive relationship between per capita GDP and market performance in China, Brazil, and Mexico, indicating that higher economic development levels aract investments; the insignicant impact of FDI on the markets of China, India, and Brazil, highlighting the role of other inuential factors like policy environment and market size; and the negative eect of a high proportion of industrial value-added on the markets of China and Brazil, reecting structural challenges such as excessive reliance on specic industries and underscoring the importance of market diversication to enhance resilience, all of which provide valuable insights for investors to rene strategies and for policymakers to promote stable and sustainable market development.

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Volume: Issue: 12

Article: Design of An Excavator Arm Based on Contradiction Matrix

Muhammad Asif Saleem, XiangLong Li, Kumail Abbas
Vol 7, Issue 12; December 2024
North American Academic Research, 7(12), 604-618. doi: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14727870

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Abstract: This research introduces an innovative design for an excavator arm capable of dual functionality, seamlessly integrating digging and hammering tasks. By employing the TRIZ study addresses key engineering contradictions, such as the trade-offs between strength, weight, and operational flexibility, through the use of a contradiction matrix. Parameters like weight, strength, adaptability, and stability were systematically analyzed to derive inventive principles that guide the design. Key solutions include modular segmentation and dynamic adaptation to enhance operational efficiency while minimizing structural compromise. The study highlights the utilization of advanced materials, such as A514 steel, to balance durability and lightweight performance, optimizing the arm for heavy-duty applications. This dual-functional excavator arm offers a transformative solution, significantly improving productivity, reducing downtime, and ensuring versatility across construction, mining, and demolition industries.

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Volume: Issue: 1

Article: Sustainable Development and Construction Project Management

Muhammad Usman , Umair Shafqat , Ammar Hameed , Zeeshan Ur Rahman , Azmat Ali
Volume 8, Issue 1, January 2025
North American Academic Research, 8(1), 16-33. doi: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14743859

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Abstract: Sustainable development is vital in up-to-date construction project management as it includes the integration of the principles of environmental, economic and social issues into the project from planning to the project execution. This research work offers sustainable development principles within the construction industry examining the best practices, challenges, benefits and future trends. The research aimed to use various research methods such as case studies, surveys, and literature reviews to determine how the environmental, social and economic factors would affect the project in each phase. The study should also bring to the fore the sustainable benefits derived from the process. These recommendations will assist project managers in enhancing the sustainability performance of their projects. On the contrary, the study may also focus on the sustainable development principles and their implementation in the construction project management during 2022. The research covers the project management role in the sustainment of green practices during the project lifecycle period. To mitigate this, while trying to bring the anticipated change, strategies like for example including sustainability in the project management frameworks, deploying innovative technologies and enhancing collaboration among stakeholders are suggested. Hypothetically, the paper envisioned a built environment that is feasible for renewable energy, green materials, application of circular economic principles, and smart technologies. Besides, the cooperation with governmental organizations, the establishment of a sustainable city policy and the use of a fully functioning solar energy plant are other alternatives that will make construction more sustainable. To cut the matter very short, the study shows that red shirts are the primary element in comparison to the others.

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Volume: Issue: 12

Article: Comparing the Average Length of Hospital Stay for Patients Who Received General Anesthesia Versus Other Forms of Anesthesia: Retrospective Cohort Study

Sanjay Yadav, Amit Kumar Karna, Raushan Kumar Sah
Vol 7, Issue 12; December 2024
North American Academic Research, 7(12), 425-430. doi: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14742106

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Abstract: Background: The type of anesthesia administered during surgery significantly influences recovery times and hospital length of stay (LOS). While general anesthesia (GA) is commonly used for major surgeries, regional anesthesia (RA) and local anesthesia (LA) may offer quicker recovery times. This study aims to compare the average LOS for patients under-going surgery with GA, RA, and LA. Methods: A retrospective cohort study was conducted at MIHS Provincial Hospital, Janakpur, Nepal, analyzing records from patients who underwent elective surgeries with either GA, RA, or LA. A total of 120 patients were included, with 40 in each anesthesia group. The primary outcome, LOS, was compared between groups. Statistical analyses were performed using ANOVA and regression analysis to account for confounders. Results: The mean LOS for GA patients was significantly longer (3.7 days) compared to RA (2.1 days) and LA (1.3 days) patients. Postoperative complications such as nausea, vomiting, and delayed mobilization contributed to the extended stay in the GA group. Multivariable regression analysis confirmed that GA was independently associated with longer LOS. Con-clusion: General anesthesia was associated with a longer hospital stay compared to regional and local anesthesia. These findings suggest that the type of anesthesia may play a significant role in postoperative recovery and hospital discharge planning.

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Volume: Issue: 1

Article: The Impact of HRM Practices on Service Quality, Customer Satisfaction, and Performance in the Bangladesh Hotel Industry

Umma Al Fateha , Md.Kamrul Hassan Sarker , Sharmin Akter , Mosa. Farzana Begum , Md Mizanur Rahman
Volume 8, Issue 1, January 2025
North American Academic Research, 8(1), 1-15. doi: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14722534

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Abstract: This study explores the influence of culturally tailored Human Resource Management (HRM) practices on service quality, customer satisfaction, and organizational performance in the hotel industry of Bangladesh. Addressing the sector’s distinctive cultural and economic context, the research highlights the critical role of HRM strategies, including employee training, recruitment, and empowerment, in enhancing employee capabilities and motivation. Through empirical analysis, the findings reveal that service quality serves as a vital mediator linking HRM practices to improved customer satisfaction and hotel performance. The study underscores the necessity of aligning HRM initiatives with local cultural dynamics while considering external factors such as market competition and economic conditions. These insights provide practical guidance for hotel managers and policymakers aiming to enhance operational efficiency and gain competitive advantage in Bangladesh’s expanding hospitality sector.

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Volume: Issue: 12

Article: Strengthening TVET Systems in Cameroon: Rec-ommendations for Bridging the Gap Between Edu-cation and Industry

Nadege Koba Fornyuy
Vol 7, Issue 12; December 2024
North American Academic Research, 7(12), 473-486. doi: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14611161

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Abstract: The quality of TVET graduates has been a significant concern for most industries in Cameroon. These industries complain about TVET graduates possessing low-level skills required for employment in the job market and a lack of confidence in carrying out their duties and responsibilities. Using a predetermined review protocol, this study conducted a systematic literature review to discuss extensively TVET institutions and industry partnerships as necessary for graduates’ skills acquisition. It outlined the TVET concept and discussed the present status of TVET in Cameroon. The causes of a skill gap between the industries and TVET institutions were further explained. The paper also highlights how to bridge the gap between the industries and TVET institutions. Conclusions were drawn, and based on this review, the study offered relevant recommendations based on the success of some TVET systems in some countries to limit the gap between TVET institutions and the job market, amongst which are that TVET institutions should be tasked with oversight responsibilities by setting structures and policies that will facilit ate industrialinstitution links. In order to exchange information about the changing trends in industry practices and how these developments can be integrated into the curriculum, local industries and TVET colleges should collaborate to host seminars and workshops. This will greatly contribute to guaranteeing that TVET graduates acquire the right skills that make them employable in the labour market.

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Volume: Issue: 12

Article: Innovative Driving Mechanism Design for Enhanced Endoscopic Instruments

Abdullah Al Hossain Newaz
Vol 7, Issue 12; December 2024
North American Academic Research, 7(12), 449-456. doi: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14646426

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Abstract: The search for more accuracy and less invasive techniques in surgery has led to the ongoing advancement of biomedical tools, with endoscopic instruments being particularly important in modern surgeries. This study showcases a new driving mechanism designed specifically for endoscopic instruments, with the goal of overcoming current limitations in terms of control, reliability, and user friendliness. By combining advanced engineering concepts with the unique needs of surgical procedures, this innovative design represents a substantial improvement in the functionality and effectiveness of endoscopic equipment. This work introduces a mechanism that aims to improve the precision of surgical procedures and reduce patient trauma through rigorous design processes such as mechanical calculations and ergonomic considerations. The paper covers the entire design process from conceptualization to detailed engineering analysis, highlighting the potential for future advancements in the field. It emphasizes the importance of engineering innovation in expanding possibilities in biomedical instrumentation to enhance surgical outcomes and patient care.

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Volume: Issue: 12

Article: The Effect Of Foreign Direct Investment On Eco-nomic Development In Developing Countries: Evidence From The Energy Market

Imran Maqbool, Wahyu Widodo
Vol 7, Issue 12; December 2024
North American Academic Research, 7(12), 512-536. Doi:Https://Doi.Org/10.5281/zenodo.14617986

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Abstract: This study aims to investigate the impact of foreign direct investment (FDI) on economic development in developing countries, with a specific focus on the energy market. The research explores the relationship between FDI inflows and economic growth in the context of developing nations, considering the role of FDI in the energy sector. By analyzing empirical evidence, the study pro analyzing into the potential effects of FDI on economic development, particularly within the energy market. The research methodology involves collecting data from developing countries, primarily utilizing the World Bank's dataset. The dependent variable, economic development, is measured using indicators such as GDP. Additionally, independent variables, including FDI inflows, technology transfer, energy depletion, and net trading, are considered to assess their influence on economic growth within the energy market. Population growth, inflation rate, and energy imports are also examined as control variables. Descriptive statistics and statistical analysis techniques are employed to analyze the collected data. The results reveal the trends and patterns between FDI inflows and economic development in developing countries' energy markets. The findings contribute to the existing literature by providing empirical evidence on the specific impact of FDI within the energy sector. The research findings have implications for policymakers, investors, and other stakeholders interested in promoting economic development in developing countries. Understanding the relationship between FDI and economic development in the energy market can guide decision-making processes and facilitate the formulation of effective policies to attract and manage foreign investments. Overall, this study sheds light on the influence of FDI on economic development in developing countries, particularly within the energy sector. The findings contribute to understanding the complex dynamics between FDI inflows and economic growth, providing insights that can inform policy decisions and foster sustainable development in the energy markets of developing nations

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Volume: Issue: 12

Article: Design of a 0.50 mm Al-Zn Sheet Metal Product and Development of Progressive Stamping Tool Design

Faysal Ahammed, Md Alauddin, Rifath Bin Hossain
Vol 7, Issue 12; December 2024
North American Academic Research, 7(12), 415-440. doi: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14606465

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Abstract: The design of progressive stamping dies for sheet metal products is essential for achieving high-quality manufacturing with minimal waste. This paper provides a comprehensive analysis of the critical aspects involved in progressive die design, including material selection, die component optimization, strip layout, and efficient progression through multiple stations. By employing design-for-manufacturing (DFM) principles, the paper emphasizes the importance of streamlining processes to reduce part count, optimize material usage, and enhance product quality. Key elements such as pilot hole guidance, part ejection, and scrap removal systems are explored in depth to ensure reliability and cost-effectiveness. Advanced computational techniques, including computer-aided design (CAD), are utilized to simulate and optimize the stamping process, reducing production time and potential errors. The study further provides detailed calculations of blanking, punching, and bending forces, along with considerations for die plate deflection, stress, and strain. This analysis demonstrates the potential of progressive stamping dies to enhance manufacturing efficiency and product consistency, positioning the methodology as a crucial factor in modern sheet metal fabrication. The findings contribute to the growing body of knowledge on die design, offering practical insights for reducing downtime and improving operational precision.

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Volume: Issue: 12

Article: Comparing Voltage Waveforms Simulation vs. Microcontroller-Based Single-Phase

Kamal Mohamed Saied , Rafia Khalleefah Hamad Mohammed, Ahmed nassar, Salah H.E.Salah, Waled yahya
Vol 7, Issue 12; December 2024
North American Academic Research, 7(12), 413-419 . doi: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14606411

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Abstract: Significant advancements in electromechanical systems have led to the widespread adoption of induction motors in various electronic devices due to their simplicity, effective torque control, direct connection to AC sources, low maintenance costs, robustness, and durability. This study aims to compare the motor waveform voltages between simulation and experimental results using Matlab/Simulink software and hardware. An AT89C52 microcontroller-based variable frequency power inverter is used to control the speed of a single-phase induction motor. In order to maintain the necessary PWM frequency with the fewest possible harmonics at the inverter output, the microcontroller produces variable frequency pulse width modulation (PWM) signals that regulate the applied voltage on the gate drive. Isolated gate bipolar transistors (IGBTs) are used to create a fully controlled bridge voltage source that uses the PWM technique to provide the motor with AC voltage. Matlab/Simulink is used to simulate the single-phase variable frequency inverter, and experimental data revealed a strong correlation between the simulation and hardware outcomes for the microcontroller-based inverter.

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Volume: Issue: 12

Article: Clinical Profile of Neonates with Respiratory Distress in a Tertiary Care Hospital of Central Nepal

Shree Narayan Yadav, Prakash Chand Yadav, Sudhir Adhikari, Pramod Kumar Kafle, Abinash Baniya, Biraj Parajuli
Vol 7, Issue 12; December 2024
North American Academic Research, 7(12), 441-448. doi: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14607218

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Abstract: Introduction: Respiratory distress is the most common symptom complex and a major reason for neonatal intensive care unit admission for newborns. Lots of effort is yet to be applied in developing countries to reduce mortality. This present study is undertaken to study the clinical profile of neonates with respiratory distress admitted to the neonatal intensive care unit of a tertiary care hospital in central Nepal. Methodology: A descriptive cross-sectional study was carried out in a tertiary care hospital in the central region of Nepal from 1st May 2022 to 12th December 2022 after approval from the Institutional Review Committee. A convenience sampling method was used. Data were collected from the study population after obtaining informed consent and entered into a predesigned proforma. Results: Among 368 neonates admitted to the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, the prevalence of respiratory distress was 151 (41.03%). Most of the neonates were male 83 (54.96%), term 97 (64.23%), of normal birth weight 88 (58.27%), and delivered via cesarean delivery 107 (70.86%). Tachypnea was the most common presentation 144 (95%) and most of the neonates received indigenous continuous positive airway pressure on treatment 108 (71.52%). Conclusion: Respiratory distress in newborns is still a significant cause of admission to the neonatal intensive care unit and a predisposing factor for neonatal mortality and morbidity. Preventative and anticipatory measures should be further explored to decrease the burden of this condition.

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Volume: Issue: 12

Article: Political Turbulence and Its Impact on Foreign In-vestor Confidence in Bangladesh's Garments Sector: An Analysis of Withdrawn Investments in 2023-2024

Mohammad Mahdi Rahmani, Md Azim Uddin, Tareq Rageb Ahsan Bin, Md Sufol Miah, Md Israfil Hossain
Vol 7, Issue 12; December 2024
North American Academic Research, 7(12), 435-448. doi: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14606637

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Abstract: Bangladesh has relied on the garments sector for many years and is a major destination for FDI due to low wages and demand globally. This trend was disrupted in early 2023-2024 by renewed political turbulence, causing a significant number of key foreign investors to withdraw or freeze their investments. In this paper, we explore the effect of political instability on Foreign Investors' confidence in garments sector in Bangladesh against this backdrop of recent upheaval. This study identifies the top political and economic factors behind China's slowdown in inward direct investment, based on an analysis of withdrawn investments, case studies of impacted firms, and the analysis of investor feedback. It also analyzes the impact of declined FDI on output, employment and export performance in the garments industry. Lastly, it offers policy recommendations to curb the risks of political instability and to regain confidence on investors. This study seeks to encourage discussions on the sustainable investment approaches of developing economies (like Bangladesh) by focusing on the relationship between governance and economic resilience.

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Volume: Issue: 12

Article: The Influence Of Social Media Marketing And E-Service Quality On Brand Loyalty Through Customer Satisfaction As A Mediating Variable (A Study On Level Up Consumers By Pt Telkom Indonesia)

Miftahul Daffa Hasani, Sari Listyorini
Vol 7, Issue 12; December 2024
North American Academic Research, 7(12), 450-463. doi: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14606670

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Abstract: The development of information and communication technology has transformed the scope of business and marketing, especially through social media as a primary marketing tool. Social media marketing allows companies to reach consumers effectively at a lower cost compared to traditional methods. Along with that, e-service quality, which includes ease, reliability, efficiency, and service security, becomes an important aspect in creating a positive customer experience. However, Level Up by PT Telkom Indonesia, as a company operating in the digital sector, is experiencing a decrease in the number of consumers, indicated by the engagement rate on social media and a decline in customer service as seen from the decrease in website visitors. Both factors play a significant role in enhancing customer satisfaction, which drives brand loyalty. This research aims to determine the influence between social media marketing (X1) and e-service quality (X2) on brand loyalty (Y) through customer satisfaction (Z) as the mediating variable. The type of this research is explanatory research, with a non-probability sampling technique applied to 94 sample respondents who are consumers of Level Up by PT Telkom Indonesia using the purposive sampling method. The data analysis technique uses SEM-PLS and the data analysis tool SmartPLS 4.0. The results of the coefficient testing from the SEM analysis show that: (H1) accepted; (H2) accepted; (H3) rejected; (H4) rejected; (H5) accepted; (H6) rejected; (H7) accepted. Through this research, it is expected to provide strategic recommendations for Level Up by PT Telkom Indonesia in enhancing customer satisfaction and loyalty, while simultaneously strengthening competitiveness in the digital market.

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Volume: Issue: 12

Article: Finite Element Analysis of Stress Distribution in Drive-Roll and Bushing Assemblies of Industrial Belt Sanders

Abdullah Al Hossain Newaz
Vol 7, Issue 12; December 2024
North American Academic Research, 7(12), 450-456. doi: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14607187

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Abstract: This study investigates the stress distribution in the drive-roll and bushing assembly of industrial belt sanders using Finite Element Analysis (FEA). Materials analyzed include 2014-T4 Aluminum for the drive-roll and Tin Bearing Bronze for the bushing. The interference fit between the components was modeled using curvature-based meshing with fine mesh properties and the activation of a soft spring for stability. The FEA revealed a maximum radial stress of 282.4 psi (compressive) at the inner surface of the drive-roll and a tangential stress of 5833 psi at the same location. These results closely align with manual calculations, showing a negligible percentage difference of 1.7% for radial stress and 2.7% for tangential stress. This study highlights the accuracy of FEA in predicting stress distributions in interference fits and validates its use for mechanical design and optimization in industrial applications. Future work could explore dynamic loading scenarios to evaluate the assembly's performance under operational conditions.

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Volume: Issue: 12

Article: The Significance of Digital Marketing and Its Impact on the Pharmaceutical Market: Review

Jargalmaa Idertsogt
Vol 7, Issue 12; December 2024
North American Academic Research, 7(12), 420-424. doi: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14606578

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Abstract: The pharmaceutical industry is undergoing significant changes in digital marketing, utilizing tools likesocial media, email campaigns, and e-commerce to engage customers more effectively and reach wider audiences. Thisstudyexamines how digital marketing influences people's decisions, which strategies are most effective for increasingproductvisibility and sales, and the ethical and legal issues that arise with digital campaigns. The results indicate that digital marketing enables informed choices, builds trust, and boosts sales through methods such as optimizing websites for searchengines, collaborating with influencers, and delivering personalized messages. However, challenges remain duetovaryingglobal regulations and issues such as misinformation and a lack of transparency. The study underscores the importanceofleveraging advanced technology, adhering to regulations, and ensuring marketing efforts align with consumer needs. Futureresearch should address these challenges so that digital marketing can be fully realized in the pharmaceutical industry.

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Volume: Issue: 12

Article: Accelerated Carbonation Of Concrete For Carbon Cap-ture, Utilization, And Storage (Ccus): A Critical Analysis Of Techniques And Their Impact On Performance

Kabiraj Khadka, Muhammad Usman, Md Aktarul Islam Mojahidul, Md Abdur Rahim
Vol 7, Issue 12; December 2024
North American Academic Research, 7(12), 395- 413. doi: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14606029

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Abstract: The construction industry faces a significant challenge in reducing its carbon footprint. Accelerated carbonation, a process that converts calcium hydroxide (Ca (OH)₂) into calcium carbonate (CaCO₃) within concrete through controlled CO₂ exposure, offers a promising avenue for carbon capture, utilization, and storage (CCUS). This paper critically analyzes various accelerated carbonation techniques, their impact on the mechanical properties and durability of concrete, and their potential role in sustainable construction practices.

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Volume: Issue: 12

Article: Chemical engineering role in the use of renewable energy and alternative carbon sources in chemical production

Md Rakibul Islam, Mohammad Mamun Siddique
Vol 7, Issue 12; December 2024
North American Academic Research, 7(12), 374-394. doi: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14574512

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Abstract: There is a demand for innovative chemical reaction technologies and related engineering considerations due to the ongoing transition in energy and chemistry away from fossil fuel reliance. This assessment emphasizes two primary aspects: i) the advancement of alternate carbon sources and ii) the incorporation of renewable energy in chemical synthesis. Addressing these concerns necessitates the development of a) novel instruments for chemical engineering evaluation and b) unique approaches for the creation of materials, reactors, and processes. This assessment highlights the necessity to expedite research in these areas, serving as a vital component to facilitate the shift towards a more sustainable utilization of energy and chemistry. It is noted, however, the necessity to transcend conventional methodologies, with several examples provided. The existence of major transformations in manufacturing methods necessitates new principles and applied engineering strategies.

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Volume: Issue: 12

Article: The Role of Cross-Border Digital Marketing Strategies and Technology Adoption in Promoting the Growth of SMEs in Nepal: The Moderating Effects of Digital Literacy, Regulatory Environment, and Financial Capacity

Saurav Devkota, Prof Lu Yao (路瑶)
Vol 7, Issue 12; December 2024
North American Academic Research, 7(12), 259-305. doi: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14553705

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Abstract: This research investigates how cross-border digital marketing strategies affect Nepal's small andmedium-sized business (SME) development and promotion. Although SMEs are vital to the Nepali economy, theirability to expand is sometimes hindered by their restricted access to global markets. This study explores thewaysinwhich SMEs are promoted via adoption of technology, e-commerce platforms, partnerships and collaborations, andcross-border digital marketing. The research additionally examines at how these correlations are moderatedbytheregulatory framework, digital literacy, and the financial capabilities of SMEs. To find out howthey experiencedandperceived these elements, 300 SME owners and managers participated in surveys. The findings providelight onhow well digital marketing techniques work for Nepali SMEs in terms of broadening their consumer base, reachinga wider audience, and enhancing revenue growth. This study adds to the expanding corpus of researchondigitalmarketing and provides actionable suggestions for company executives and legislators to boost SMEdevelopmentby using digital tools and platforms strategically.

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Volume: Issue: 11

Article: The Review of Islam & Democracy South Asia: The Case of Bangladesh

Asaduzzaman
Vol 7, Issue 11; November 2024
North American Academic Research, 7(11), 272-257. doi: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14569258

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Abstract: This article reviews Md Nazrul Islam and Md Saidul Islam's Islam and Democracy in South Asia: The Case of Bangladesh (Palgrave Macmillan, 2020), a timely study that challenges the prevalent notion of an inherent incompatibility between Islam and democracy. Focusing on Bangladesh, the authors trace the historical evolution of Islamism in the region, arguing that Islam has been a driving force in the country's socio-political landscape. The book contends that "democratic Islamism" can coexist with and even strengthen liberal democracy, and its suppression may lead to the rise of religious conservatism and militancy. This review highlights the authors' nuanced analysis of key concepts like secularism, political Islam, and the role of Islamist parties, particularly Jamaat-e-Islami. It further examines their critique of dominant narratives surrounding the 1971 Liberation War and the subsequent state-sponsored secularization and Islamization processes. While acknowledging the book's significant contribution to the study of Islam and democracy in South Asia, this review also points to the need for further discussion on the challenges faced by Islamism in the post-9/11 world and the role of regional powers in shaping Bangladesh's political trajectory. Ultimately, the review concludes that Islam and Islam’s groundbreaking study offers a valuable contribution to the field of political science, Islamic studies, and South Asian studies by unpacking the complexities of the interplay between Islam and liberal democracy. Islam and Democracy are compatible.

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Volume: Issue: 12

Article: Advancing Sustainability Through Circular Economy Integration in Closed-Loop Supply Chain Management: A Comprehensive Analysis

Md Mizanur Rahman, Umma Al Fateha, Surupa Chakma, Tahmina Begum, Sirajul Islam Siju
Vol 7, Issue 12; December 2024
North American Academic Research, 7(12), 306-317. doi: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14574151

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Abstract: This study explores the integration of Circular Economy (CE) principles into Closed-Loop Supply Chains (CLSC) across three South Asian countries: Bangladesh, India, and Pakistan. With increasing concerns over environmental sustainability, this research examines how businesses in these regions are adopting CE practices, including reverse logistics, remanufacturing, and circular design. Using a quantitative research design, a cross-sectional survey was conducted with 300 respondents from various industries. The survey aimed to assess the current state of CE adoption, identify key barriers and drivers, and explore the perceived benefits and challenges of CE integration within supply chain operations. The results reveal that India leads in sustainability practices, demonstrating a strong commitment to CE principles, particularly in awareness and implementation. Bangladesh exhibits moderate progress but faces challenges related to policy support and infrastructure, which hinder full CE adoption. Pakistan, however, struggles significantly with the practical implementation of CE principles and exhibits lower perceived benefits of circular practices. The findings also show that countries with higher implementation challenges tend to be less optimistic about the long-term benefits of CE, while India shows resilience in overcoming these hurdles. This research highlights the varying levels of CE adoption across the region and underscores the need for targeted policies and governmental support to facilitate the transition towards a circular economy. The study offers valuable insights for policymakers and industry leaders aiming to improve sustainability practices in South Asia and provides a roadmap for enhancing CE integration within supply chains.

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Volume: Issue: 11

Article: Design of a Lift-up AGV

Md Alauddin Himel, Md Rakibul Islam, Mubin Musavvir Sun
Vol 7, Issue 11; November 2024
North American Academic Research, 7(11), 101-142. doi: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14553670

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Abstract: Lift-up AGV is a one kind of AGV which can use lifting mechanism to pull up the heavy instruments. So, this research focuses on the details of the lift-up AGV. To maximize load handling, navigation, and operating efficiency, this research focuses on the design and execution of an AGV with certain technological specifications. Using differential drive for improved mobility and magnetic navigation for accurate movement, the AGV is built with a 400 kg load capacity. A minimal turning radius of 650mm and a positioning and navigation precision of ±10mm are important technological features that provide accurate control in small areas. A strong jacking structure that can elevate weights to a height with a placement precision of ±10mm is integrated into the AGV, and this structure is essential to its operation. A Limetech push rod motor, model LAP25, powers the jacking mechanism. It was chosen for its small size, high torque output, and dependability. The lifting mechanism uses four linear bearing bases. This arrangement ensures stability and smooth operation. To endure operational loads and offer a sturdy basis for its subsystems, the AGV's chassis is built from high-strength steel (Q345). With its overall measurements’ of 1500 mm in length, the AGV offers a small footprint with ample room for the load and internal components. With two big wheels and four tiny caster wheels, the driving system provides a balance of mobility and stability. Reduction motors power the big wheels, while caster wheels provide seamless direction changes. In terms of control and safety, the AGV is equipped with a crystal oscillator circuit for precise timing and synchronization of the onboard systems. The navigation system is supported by a suite of sensors, including obstacle detection and position tracking, ensuring reliable and accurate guidance. An emergency stop switch is incorporated to immediately halt the AGV in case of emergencies, enhancing operational safety. Two batteries are part of the electrical system of the AGV, which allows for longer operation times. To maximize energy efficiency and minimize space utilization, each battery is small and made to fit inside the AGV's chassis. Additionally, the design has features that make maintenance and battery replacement simple. Several technical requirements are outlined to guarantee that the AGV satisfies operational demands. These include of a large load capacity, accurate positioning and navigation, sturdy lifting and jacking mechanisms, dependable driving and control systems, and an abundance of safety measures. The materials chosen, which include corrosion-resistant coatings and high-strength steel, provide life and durability in a range of working conditions.

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Volume: Issue: 12

Article: Research on Digital Finance and Enterprise Investment Efficiency in Middel Eastern Companies

Eslam Abdelmoniem Ahmed Mohamed, Zhang Yonghong, Firas Trabelsi
Vol 7, Issue 12; December 2024
North American Academic Research, 7(12), 299-305. doi: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14566239

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Abstract: Investment plays a vital role in stimulating the GDP growth of Middel East countries (MEC) and is essential for promoting the country's economy towards high-quality development and the overall building of a socialist modernized nation. This article aims to analyze A-share listed firms from 2013 to 2022. The Richardson model use the absolute residual value derived from regression analysis to measure the degree of wasteful investment in firms. This number functions as a reverse indication of investment efficiency. This study expands upon the current empirical research on the economic results and factors that influence investment effectiveness in the realm of digital finance. This study provides actual proof that businesses may efficiently utilize the informational and resource benefits provided by digital finance to tackle investment efficiency problems.

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Volume: Issue: 11

Article: Advancements in Microbial-Based Self-Healing Concrete: Mechanisms, Innovations, and Applications in Sustainable Infrastructure

Subedi Purushottam
Vol 7, Issue 11; November 2024
North American Academic Research, 7(11), 264-271. doi: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14545381

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Abstract: Cracks in concrete-mechanical, thermal, and environmentally induced are very common and serious integrity challenges. The microbial-based self-healing concretes will offer an attractive sustainable solution; that is, concrete can repair itself autonomously. This paper summarizes the mechanism of Microbial-Induced Calcium Carbonate Precipitation (MICP), whereby the respective bacteria produce calcium carbonate to seal concrete cracks. Recent advances in the selection of bacterial strains, encapsulation techniques for sustained activity of bacteria, and strategies related to microbial healing integrated into other self-healing technologies are reviewed. These innovations have been successful in improving the durability of concrete, reducing maintenance costs, and extending service life in infrastructural projects like bridges and tunnels. Other discussed challenges are scaling up the production of bacteria, long-term viability, and environmental resistance. Finally, some future research directions are pointed out, such as the genetic engineering of bacterial strains, which could be further combined with smart monitoring systems for real-time assessment of the self-healing process.

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Volume: Issue: 12

Article: Enhancing Riverside Park Landscape Design: A County-Level Perspective in China

Li Youpeng , Dr. Dhaneshwar Shah, Dr. Sunanda Rani, Dr. Siyanda Xaba
Vol 7, Issue 12; December 2024
North American Academic Research, 7(12), 11-19. doi: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14515646

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Abstract: As China's rapid urbanization intensifies, the nation's focus on green development has become increasingly pressing. Riverside parks, as critical green spaces and landscape nodes, play a vital role in maintaining ecological balance, preserving cultural heritage, and fostering social cohesion in urban areas. However, county-level cities in China often struggle with outdated design concepts and ecological degradation in their riverside parks. This research addresses this knowledge gap by conducting an in-depth examination of the landscape design of riverside parks in county-level areas of China. Through a comprehensive literature review and case studies, this study identifies key challenges and proposes innovative strategies to enhance the landscape design of these parks. The findings of this research provide valuable insights and practical guidance for policymakers, urban planners, and landscape architects seeking to revitalize China's riverside parks and promote sustainable urban development.

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Volume: Issue: 12

Article: Hybrid CNN-RNN and SVM Techniques for Improved Webshell Detection

Mst Habiba Farhana, Ridoy Kumar Roy
Vol 7, Issue 12; December 2024
North American Academic Research, 7(12), 71-90. doi: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14515947

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Abstract: The rapid growth of the internet has significantly changed lives and business processes, enabling unprecedented connectivity and creativity. However, this digital progress has raised the risks of cybercrime, needing strong security measures for web servers. Among the different cyber threats webshell attacks pose a significant risk by exploiting system vulnerabilities and undermine system integrity. While traditional detection techniques, such as rule-based heuristics and signature-based approaches, were once effective, they now struggle to keep up with attackers advanced attacks strategies. These static approaches, which rely on predetermined patterns or signatures, are ineffective at detecting obscured, polymorphic, or innovative attack variants, leaving systems vulnerable to undiscovered breaches. This study presents a unique machine learning-based technique to webshell identification that combines Support Vector Machines (SVM) with Convolutional Neural Networks and Recurrent Neural Networks (CNN-RNN). By studying the diversity of webshells and resolving the constraints of existing detection approaches, the proposed ensemble method significantly improves detection accuracy. Additionally, a user-friendly Graphical User Interface (GUI) was developed to facilitate model selection, data entry, and performance monitoring, providing system administrators and cyber security professionals with an accessible and effective tool for enhancing web server security.

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Volume: Issue: 12

Article: Advancing Weather Prediction through Machine Learning: A Comparative Study of Predictive Algorithms

Azlaf Souad, Benfettah mohammed Ali
Vol 7, Issue 12; December 2024
North American Academic Research, 7(12), 92-98. doi: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14516214

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Abstract: This research article examines the feasibility of employing previous weather data to improve predictive modeling for forthcoming weather conditions. The study seeks to identify noteworthy patterns and interactions among numerous meteorological indicators, including temperature, precipitation, and wind speed, through the analysis of a complete dataset. The research employs a range of data preprocessing techniques to ensure data quality, including handling missing values and normalizing features. Through exploratory data analysis, we discern significant associations that guide our predictive methodology. The results underscore the efficacy of sophisticated analytical techniques in enhancing the precision of weather.This research advances the application of data-driven approaches to tackle issues in climate forecasting and environmental management predictions, offering significant insights for meteorologists and climate scientists.

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Volume: Issue: 9

Article: Application of single-factor experimental design analysis based on variable parameters of bleach wash on Denim fabrics

Ashraful Islam, Niloy Bhattacharjee , Md. Iusuf Khan , Ullas Chowdhury Mitu , Sharmila Dutta , Mohammad Mobinul Islam , Tony Haldar
Vol 7, Issue 9; September 2024
North American Academic Research, 7(9), 215-227. doi: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14545337

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Abstract: This paper aims to use the bleach wash effect on denim fabrics. Denim garments are the most preferred of today’s youth. From special wear to regular wear, woven denim has barged into the acceptance of kids, women, and men. However, fashion trends favor faded woven denim, which can only be achieved through apparel washing. This project work aimed to study the effect of bleach wash using bleaching powder on 100% cotton indigo-dyed woven denim apparel (jeans). Denim was washed using three parameters for instance KCI bleach concentration 5 g/l, temperature 60°c, and time for 30 minutes. It was achieved that the bleach wash method is very effective for woven denim apparel to achieve the required color depth. It was also revealed that there are massive distinguish in wash properties between bleach-washed and raw Denim. There were several tests have done in this experiment such as Dimensional Stability, Tensile strength, End/inch, Picks/inch, Yarn Count (Ne), GSM, and Hue’s depth analogy.

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Volume: Issue: 12

Article: Design and Research on The Simulation of Motion for Industrial Robotic Arm

Ameen Ahmed Abdullah Awadh Laqsam , Yang Dapeng , Abdulkhaleq Ab-dul-lah Mohammed Dhaif Allah Qasabah , Md Rajib Sheikh , Karim Baig
Vol 7, Issue 12; December 2024
North American Academic Research, 7(12), 251-258. doi: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1454371

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Abstract: Presently, the global landscape is being transformed by the rapid adoption of cutting edge technologies like 5G communication, big data, AI, and virtual reality. This digital revolution has led to the flourishing of new technologies and industries worldwide. This article performs forward and inverse kinematics analysis and joint space trajectory planning for industrial robotic arms. The planned results are then imported into the Unity3D platform to simulate the motion of the robotic arm in a virtual system. The robotic arm's physical structure allows it to accurately replicate the movement of the actual robotic arm during operation. It can also anticipate potential hazards along its path, ensuring safety and providing a basis for future research on obstacle avoidance planning for robotic arms.

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Volume: Issue: 12

Article: Analysis of Trade Characteristics and Potential between China and North African Countries Based on Gravity Model

Rana A. Alomari, Li Weijun, Sarah A. Alsadi
Vol 7, Issue 12; December 2024
North American Academic Research, 7(12), 138-145. doi: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14535931

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Abstract: The term "NAF" is used to denote a group of North African countries that are considered emerging economies. These countries include Algeria, Tunisia, Morocco, West Sahara, Mauritania, Libya, Sudan, South Sudan, and Egypt. The gross domestic product (GDP) of the country surpasses that of established European nations. Simultaneously, these nine nations possess a substantial population, rendering them the contemporary and preeminent entity in the intricate and perpetually evolving global landscape. This study utilizes comprehensive data on China's import and export trade spanning the years 2004 to 2022 to elucidate the correlation between China's import and export trade and the member countries of North Africa. The analysis encompasses multiple dimensions, including an overview of trade development, trade balance, and the structure of traded commodities. This study also conducts a qualitative analysis of the potential of China's import and export trade with the member countries of North Africa, utilizing data on the trade volume and GDP of the selected countries.

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Volume: Issue: 12

Article: Software Engineering in Bangladesh: Bridging Local Practices with Global Standard

Md Apon Islam, Md Siam Shahariar Khan, Abdullah Al Mahi, Hasinur Rashid Ishfar, Mohammed Habibul Bashar, Md Faysal Bakhtiar, Abul kalam
Vol 7, Issue 12; December 2024
North American Academic Research, 7(12), 85-97. doi: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14504080

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Abstract: Background This study examines software engineering practices in Bangladesh, comparing them with global standards to identify gaps and opportunities for improvement. Key challenges include limited adoption of modern methodologies, insufficient integration of emerging technologies, and gaps in education-industry alignment. Through surveys, case studies, and expert interviews, the paper provides actionable recommendations to align local practices with global benchmarks, thereby enhancing Bangladesh’s competitiveness in the global software market. Methods: A mixed-method approach is used to analyses Bangladeshi software engineering processes using quantitative and qualitative methods. The quantitative part incorporates surveys of 200 software professionals in Bangladesh to measure the adoption of Agile, DevOps, and new technologies. The Likert scale will assess attitudes, perceptions, and practice adoption in these surveys. A qualitative component includes in-depth interviews with 20 software industry executives, including instructors and senior workers. These interviews will examine education-industry alignment and global standard adoption. Results: Bangladesh's software industry is poised for significant advancement through the adoption of global best practices such as Agile and DevOps, which will enhance competitiveness in the global market, particularly in high-demand sectors like fintech and AI. The implementation of these methodologies is expected to lead to improved project outcomes and responsiveness, ultimately resulting in higher client satisfaction as firms become more adaptable to client needs. Additionally, a strong emphasis on skill development in emerging technologies such as AI and cloud computing will prepare the workforce to meet the industry's evolving demands, fostering a more competent and agile labor pool. Together, these initiatives can position Bangladesh as a formidable player in the global software arena.

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Volume: Issue: 12

Article: Design of a Four-Wheeled Inner Pipeline Inspection Robot

Mubin Musavvir Sun, Md Rakibul Islam, Md Alauddin Himel
Vol 7, Issue 12; December 2024
North American Academic Research, 7(12), 95-137. doi:https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.145153

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Abstract: The field of autonomous robotics is growing rapidly. Nowadays, robots are found everywhere, ranging from homes, hospitals to industries and military operations. In this thesis, we present a six-wheel inner pipeline inspection robot designed for safety, security, efficient and accurate data collection various inner pipe environments. The robot incorporates a differential drive system which consists of two independent driving wheels, the transmission device is a two-stage conical gear reducer unpowered by a DC motor, the third wheel is a caster wheel ensuring the balanced of the robot. The control system of the robot comprises an Arduino microcontroller that is connected to a Raspberry Pi, serving as the central processing unit. The Raspberry Pi is equipped with the Robot Operating System (ROS), a powerful framework that facilitates seamless integration of sensor data and motor control. The ROS enables the robot to communicate with and coordinate the actions of various hardware components, ensuring efficient and reliable operation. The robot is equipped with a LiDAR (Light Detection and Ranging) sensor, which utilizes laser technology to accurately measure distances and create detailed maps of the environment. This allows the robot to navigate autonomously while avoiding obstacles and efficiently planning inspection routes. Additionally, a camera is integrated into the system, providing visual input for object recognition, environmental awareness, and capturing images or video data for further analysis. This information is then processed by the Raspberry Pi running ROS, enabling the robot to make informed decisions and autonomously navigate through complex environments. The inspection robot is capable of collecting real-time data during its autonomous missions, enabling efficient and data-driven decision-making for applications such as surveillance, monitoring, and inspection tasks. The system's flexibility and adaptability make it suitable for a wide range of inspection scenarios, contributing to improved efficiency and productivity in various industries and applications.

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Volume: Issue: 12

Article: Implementation of Inclusive Education for Learners with Intellectual Impairment in Primary Schools: A Case of Moshi District

Mapalilo Frank George, Ibrahim Mariam Rajabu, Mwankemwa Silvia Michael, Martha Mgalla
Vol 7, Issue 12; December 2024
North American Academic Research, 7(12), 70-82. doi: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14504029

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Abstract: The study explores the implementation of inclusive education for children with intellectual impairment by focusing on four specific objectives, namely, to examine the availability of teaching and learning materials for students with intellectual impairment, to identify classroom teaching strategies promoting children with intellectual impairment in academic performance and to investigate the availability of qualified teachers in implementing inclusive education for children with intellectual impairment in primary schools. This study employed a qualitative method in research where by a total of 30 respondents were asked different questions (7 parents, 15 learner and 8 teachers) participated in this study. The data were collected by using interview, observation and documentary reviews. Qualitative data were analysed by using the content analysis. The findings indicated the highly and inadequate teaching and learning materials for pupils with intellectual impairment, lecturing teaching approach, lack of qualified teacher and issues surrounded the environment of children with intellectual impairment low performance, less consideration, language assessment procedures lead to the failure of implementation of inclusive to pupils with intellectual impairment. This study calls for preparation of good environments to primary schools, employing adequate and qualified special needs teachers, using interactive strategies and teaching and learning materials to improve implementation of inclusive education to pupils with intellectual impairment in schools.

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Volume: Issue: 12

Article: IMPACT OF SOCIAL MEDIA MARKETING ON BRAND LOYALTY IN FASHION INDUSTRY: EVIDENCE FROM UK

Riya Bhagat
Vol 7, Issue 12; December 2024
North American Academic Research, 7(12), 60-70. doi: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14503996

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Abstract: This research examines the role of “social media marketing (SMM)” in influencing brand loyalty (BL) in the context of UK fashion firms. Employing secondary qualitative data, the study explores the deployment of SM, consumer interactions and effective strategies that affect consumer purchasing behaviour and BL. Primary insights highlight that extended influencer marketing and active engagements are productive in strengthening consumer loyalty. Significantly, consistent appreciation from influencers makes the product more likely to be bought while a high level of engagement enhances the bond between the consumers. Suggestions consist of focusing on constant and large-scale collaborations with influencers, increasing the level of interactivity of the content, targeting individual consumers, and increasing the level of trust. It emphasises on the importance of employing targeted strategies on social media (SM) sites for improving customer loyalty and is a good source of information for fashion-based organizations seeking to enhance the loyalty level of their customers. The limitations of the study are the use of secondary data and the sample is restricted to the UK only, it is recommended that future research should focus on newly developing platforms, differences across the regions, and the primary data for more general findings.

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Volume: Issue: 12

Article: Morgenthau's Balance of Power: A Study of Sino-US Assistance in Myanmar

Sandar Win, Zhu lijun
Vol 7, Issue 12; December 2024
North American Academic Research, 7(10), 83-92. doi: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14218963

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Abstract: This study analyzes Sino-US competitiveness in Myanmar using Hans Morgenthau's balance of power theory. Myanmar is strategically located in the Indo-Pacific region and is a focus area for US-China. Each power has used strategic assistance to influence Myanmar, with the US emphasizing democratic governance, human rights, and sanctions and China focusing on infrastructure development, economic investments, and political alliances, particularly through its Belt and Road Initiative. This study examines how both countries use these techniques to counteract each other's growth and avoid regional hegemony. This research contends that Morgenthau's balance of power theory, wherein nations are motivated by the desire to survive and avoid domination by a single power, is still relevant to international politics. The US and China use economic, political, and military assistance methods to defend their interests in Myanmar without each other winning. Nevertheless, Myanmar has adopted and practiced an independent and non-aligned foreign policy, attempting to avoid being drawn too closely into the sphere of influence of either China or the US. This analysis found that Myanmar's location between South and East Asia and access to major commercial routes and resources made it a significant theater for Sino-U.S. competition. The research shows how smaller governments like Myanmar might profit from strong power rivalry while preserving autonomy. Further study indicates that Myanmar's internal political dynamics and foreign effects are complicated and that the region's power balance affects regional stability and global politics.

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Volume: Issue: 12

Article: Case Optimization of Recycled Concrete using Deep Learning

Md Abu Jaied Suruji, Abu Zar Gifari, Opu Chandra Shil
Vol 7, Issue 12; December 2024
North American Academic Research, 7(12), 53-59. doi: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14497029

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Abstract: Engaging in the study and advocacy of regenerated concrete aligns with the fundamental national policy of resource conservation and environmental protection. Assisting the transformation and upgrading of our country's construction industry to achieve green, high-quality development is highly significant. Due to the rapid advancement of engineering construction technology, there is an increasing demand for concrete materials. The data were extracted and standardized based on key variables such as the source of test data, material information, test environment in- formation, and quantitative index of material properties. Multicollinearity diagnosis was used to determine the main influencing factors of material prop-erties.

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Volume: Issue: 12

Article: Role of Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors in TripleNegative Breast Cancer: Progress and Challenges with Comparative analysis of biopsy procedures

Muhammad Bilal , Zhang Mei
Vol 7, Issue 12; December 2024
North American Academic Research, 7(12), 37-52. doi: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14462183

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Abstract: Objective: To review the current status and future directions of immune checkpoint inhibitor therapy in TNBC, discussing its mechanisms, efficacy, challenges, and emerging strategies. To compare the diagnostic utility of FNA and CNB in the context of TNBC, emphasizing their roles in tumor characterization and suitability for guiding immune-based interventions. To identify gaps in current approaches and propose strategies to enhance the integration of immunotherapy with accurate diagnostic methods for TNBC patients by therapeutic of drugs, miRNA,siRNA. Methods: A comprehensive literature search was performed using databases including PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Cochrane Library. The search included studies published up to [insert date here] and utilized the following keywords: "triple-negative breast cancer," "immune checkpoint inhibitors," "PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors," "CTLA-4 inhibitors," "fine needle aspiration," "core needle biopsy," "diagnostic accuracy," "biopsy procedures," and "immunotherapy in breast cancer." The search was limited to peer-reviewed articles in English and supplemented by manual searches of reference lists from relevant reviews and key articles. Results: Our study comprised of five studies including 1077, patients assessing the sensitivity and specificity rates of tumor subgroup in TNBC (Triple Negative Breast Cancer). The review reveals that immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs), particularly those targeting the PD1/PD-L1 axis, have demonstrated variable efficacy in treating triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC). Clinical trials indicate improved progression-free survival and overall survival, primarily in PD-L1-positive tumors; however, response rates remain modest, with resistance mechanisms limiting widespread efficacy. Conclusions: Accurate and comprehensive diagnostic assessments through core needle biopsy (CNB) enhance patient stratification by enabling precise immune profiling and biomarker evaluation by FNA and CNB crucial tools, thus improving the efficacy of ICI therapy. The integration of robust biopsy techniques with therapeutic of drugs, miRNA, siRNA immunotherapy holds the potential to advance personalized treatment strategies and improve outcomes in TNBC.

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Volume: Issue: 12

Article: Study on self-healing concrete and testing and evaluation of its mechanical properties

Md Abu Jaied Suruji, Amadul Haque , Md Abdullah Shaikh
Vol 7, Issue 12; December 2024
North American Academic Research, 7(12), 30-36. doi: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14461517

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Abstract: Concrete, as the most widely used artificial building material in the world, has many advantages such as high strength, good durability, and low cost. However, due to its low tensile strength, concrete is prone to varying degrees of microcracks, which reduces its durability. The application of microbial induced calcium carbonate precipitation (MICP) technology can effectively fill cracks and prevent further expansion. Exploring the influence of bacterial concentration and air entraining agent dosage on the mechanical properties and crack repair effect of self-healing concrete. The three-point bending experiment showed a significant improvement in the bending strength of concrete after curing and repair; The healing rate of concrete cracks increases with the increase of bacterial concentration and air entraining agent dosage; Taking into account both repair efficiency and strength recovery, it is recommended that the optimal bacterial concentration be 2 × 106 cells/mL, with an air entraining agent dosage of 0.01% of the cementitious material mass; Finally, phase analysis was conducted to verify that the crack filling mate-rial is calcium carbonate; The bonding repair between fibers and matrix improves the flexural strength after recovery, and summarizes the repair mechanism of fiber-reinforced concrete

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Volume: Issue: 12

Article: Theoretical Overview on the Use of Sustainable Building Materials in Modern Era

Md Nazrul Islam , Fahad Uddin , Md Masum Mia
Vol 7, Issue 12; December 2024
North American Academic Research, 7(12), 23-29. December 2024. doi: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14293847

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Abstract: By analyzing the environmental, energy-saving, and durability performance of sustainable building materials, it is found that they have advantages in carbon emissions, resource conservation, insulation, light utilization, service life, and adaptability. Studied the advantages and application of sustainable building materials, analyzed the reasons for their application in modern architectural design, and proposed measures and strategies to promote their use. Analyzing bamboo and wood, ecological roofs, and solar photovoltaic panels as typical application cases, proposing strategies to promote the application of sustainable building materials: policy support, technological innovation, and educational promotion are important measures, including formulating environmental protection policies, providing financial support, promoting research and development, and conducting education and training; Strengthen policy guidance, improve material performance and quality, enhance education and publicity, and improve public awareness and understanding. By implementing these effective measures, the use of sustainable building materials will be pushed to new heights.

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Volume: Issue: 12

Article: Discussion on the Planning of Infrastructure from the Perspective of Smart City

Md Sourav Hossain , Zobayer Hossain , Md Ashik Al Helal
Vol 7, Issue 12; December 2024
North American Academic Research, 7(12), 17-22. December 2024. doi: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14293809

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Abstract: : Smart cities are the use of modern information technology and innovative technology to view a city as an organic entity, effectively integrating and linking various functional areas of traditional cities. By optimizing urban management and services, it improves the operational efficiency of the city and enhances the quality of life for its citizens. Therefore, starting from practice, we will analyze the planning and construction of communication infrastructure from the perspective of smart city development, explore its construction principles and planning directions, and provide some thoughts for the construction of smart cities.

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Volume: Issue: 12

Article: Alleviating Urban Heat Island Effect: based on the “Green Roof” Project Policy

Md Joynal Abedin Roky , Md Taruk Aziz , Md Sajibur Rahman Sajib
Vol 7, Issue 12; December 2024
North American Academic Research, 7(12), 11-16. December 2024. doi: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14293762

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Abstract: The urban heat island effect is one of the biggest climate problems faced by cities around the world in them development process. Establishing a 'green roof' can lower local temperatures, save energy costs, and reduce urban stormwater runoff, which has many benefits for mitigating the urban heat island effect. The author found through analyzing the incentive or mandatory measures taken by four typical cities in the United States to carry out green roof projects that: on the one hand, various measures have played a strong role in promoting the development of green roof projects: On the other hand, in the process of policy implementation, there have also been issues such as insufficient assessment of local ecology and a one-sided emphasis on “distributive justice” while neglecting “environmental justice”.

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Volume: Issue: 11

Article: Hiding Information in Images Using Steganography Techniques: A Study Using LSB Manipulation and PHP

Mohammad Moinuddin Boni, Saif Uddin Mahamud
Vol 7, Issue 11; November 2024
North American Academic Research, 7(10), 93-99. doi: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14219015

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Abstract: Steganography, the practice of embedding secret information within a seemingly innocuous medium, has seen significant advancements over the years. With the growth of digital communications, steganography has become a useful tool for secure communication. In this paper, we explore the application of image-based steganography to conceal a text file within an image using two methods: a basic encryption technique and the PHPbased least significant bit (LSB) manipulation method. The effects of each method are analyzed in terms of file size, visual alteration, and hex data comparisons. We discuss how LSB steganography provides a more secure but resource-intensive method. Our analysis highlights the advantages and limitations of each approach and suggests potential future directions for more efficient steganographic methods.

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Volume: Issue: 11

Article: Current Development Status of the Automotive Industry in Russia

Alina Sarkisova, Nie Yongyou
Vol 7, Issue 11; November 2024
NorthAmerican Academic Research, 7(11), 43-51. doi: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14219104

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Abstract: This article examines the current development status of the automotive industry in Russia, highlightingthe challenges and opportunities within a complex economic landscape. Despite a large domestic market andincreasing car penetration, sales have declined due to economic slowdowns and reduced consumer purchasingpower, with a notable 4.9% drop in new car sales in the first half of 2023. In response, the industry is shiftingfocustowards exports, particularly in cooperation with CIS countries and emerging markets in Africa and the MiddleEast. Government initiatives, such as the "Automotive Industry Development Plan for 2025," aimto enhancecompetitiveness through technological innovation and support for electric vehicles. The analysis includes areviewof production trends, emphasizing the volatility of output and the impact of global supply chain issues. WhileRussian automotive exports have shown growth, challenges remain in product quality and global competitiveness. The article also highlights the significant role of Chinese automotive companies in the Russian market, as theycapture market share and drive innovation. The paper concludes with recommendations for both government andindustry to bolster international competitiveness and address existing gaps in technology and brand influence, setting a pathway for sustainable growth in the sector.

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Volume: Issue: 12

Article: A Comprehensive Study on Gearbox Condition Monitoring Using Vibration Analysis

Md Tariqul Islam, Akash Joarder, Md Khurrom Hossain
Vol 7, Issue 12; December 2024
North American Academic Research, 7(12), 1-11. December 2024. doi: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14271397

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Abstract: Gearbox condition monitoring is critical to industrial machinery maintenance, ensuring optimal performance and preventing unexpected failures. This study presents a detailed methodology and experimental results for vibration-based condition monitoring of gearboxes. The framework integrates time-domain and frequency-domain analysis, leveraging statistical parameters such as Root Mean Square (RMS), Crest Factor, and kurtosis, along with advanced frequency analysis using Time Synchronous Averaging (TSA) and Envelope Spectrum techniques. The investigation highlights the utility of raw, residual, and difference signals in identifying gear faults, supported by real-time data acquisition via wireless and wired vibration sensors. A robust test bench setup, governed by a PLC controlled braking and drive system, simulates real-world load conditions for a gearbox. Data collected under various operational scenarios undergoes rigorous statistical and spectral analysis to isolate fault characteristics and assess gearbox health. Experimental results demonstrate distinct patterns in vibration signals for healthy and faulty gears, with noticeable trends in RMS values and frequency components near gear mesh frequencies. The study also emphasizes the critical role of the Crest Factor in detecting early-stage faults. Envelope spectrum analysis further enhances the ability to distinguish between healthy and damaged components by identifying fault-related harmonics. This research contributes to developing reliable, scalable, and efficient monitoring systems for industrial gearboxes, ensuring reduced downtime and improved machine longevity. The findings underscore the importance of combining time-domain and frequency-domain methodologies for comprehensive fault diagnosis and condition assessment.

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Volume: Issue: 11

Article: Research on mechanical properties and pinning pa-rameter optimization of Z-pinning PLA specimen based on FFF 3D-printing

Sunny Md Abu Saleh, Zhiyong Ma
Vol 7, Issue 11; November 2024
North American Academic Research, 7(11), 11-19. doi: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14261333

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Abstract: 3D printing technology made it possible to create intricately shaped, highly customizeditems, anditfundamentally altered the industrial sector. The mechanical anisotropy of 3D-printed parts, particularlythereduced strength in the construction direction (Z) direction, remains a persistent challenge. Layer-by-layer printingsignificantly reduces the strength along the Z-axis compared to the X and Y axes. Bending strengthandcompressive strength decline by around 25-35% and 20-30%, respectively, along the Z-axis, while tensilestrengthmight fall as low as 25-50% of that in the horizontal orientations. Because of these restrictions, 3D-printedpartsareless suitable for load-bearing applications, which highlights the urgent need for increased Z-axis strength. Inorderto address the problem of poor inter-layer bonding in 3D-printed PLA (poly-lactic acid) composites, auniquemethod called Z-pinning is applied in this study. Z-pinning technology involves creating circular voidsinthelayers and filling them with material to form pins, reinforcing inter-layer bonding. A range of models withvaryingpin diameters, lengths, and spacing were designed and tested to evaluate the impact of Z-pinning onmechanicalperformance. Using a consistent 0.4 mm nozzle and 0.15 mm layer height, we printed pinned parts alongsidesolid(unpinned) models. These were then subjected to tensile, bending, and compressive strength tests. Comparisonofthe Z-pinned and unpinned specimens revealed a tensile strength increase of approximately 46.39%inpinnedmodels and an 18.3% improvement in bending strength. Although compressive strength showed a moremodestincrease of 8.02%, the overall gains in tensile and bending strength underscore the effectiveness of the Z-pinningtechnique. Keywords: 3D-printing, Z-pinning technique.

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Volume: Issue: 11

Article: China's Belt and Road Initiative (BRI): The impact towards innovation development in Asian Countries

Daniel Bani Bayu Aji, Oktafiana Lestari
Vol 7, Issue 11; November 2024
North American Academic Research, 7(11), 57-70. doi: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14262575

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Abstract: This study investigates the impact of China's Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) on national innovation systems, utilizing the Global Innovation Index (GII) as an analytical measure. Implementing a Staggered Difference-in-Differences (SDID) design, the research isolates BRI's effects on innovation performance, highlighting significant enhancements in GII rankings for partner countries, especially in Asia. The analysis underscores the role of targeted international investments in fostering innovation and economic growth, with pronounced benefits for lower and middle-income nations. The findings provide strategic insights for policymakers in forming global partnerships, emphasizing the BRI's influence on enhancing national innovation capabilities.

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Volume: Issue: 11

Article: Analyzing the Impact of Macroeconomic Indicators on International Trade Volume: A Case Study of Trade Relations Between Iran and China

Seyed Hooman Kazemi
Vol 7, Issue 11; November 2024
North American Academic Research, 7(11), 58-73. doi: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14269130

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Abstract: This study explores the influence of key macroeconomic indicators on the trade volume between Iran and China, analyzing how factors like Gross Domestic Product (GDP), Exchange Rate, Foreign Direct Investment (FDI), and Political Stability Index (PSI) shape bilateral trade relations. Given the economic significance of Iran and China in their respective regions, understanding these dynamics is essential for policymakers and trade strategists. Using panel data from 2004 to 2022, this research applies the Fixed Effects model within a Generalized Least Squares (GLS) framework to control for time-invariant characteristics and address issues like heteroscedasticity and serial correlation. The study finds that GDP, Exchange Rate, and PSI positively influence trade volume, while FDI exhibits a negative impact, likely due to shifts in domestic production capabilities. The findings highlight the complex interplay between economic and political stability in fostering sustainable trade relations, offering valuable insights for policymakers aiming to optimize trade strategies in volatile global markets.

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Volume: Issue: 11

Article: Design of the Belt Conveyor Idler Replacement Robot

Md Oliwor Rahman, Md Rakibul Islam
Vol 7, Issue 11; November 2024
North AmericAcademic Research, 7(11), 92-148. doi: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14276933

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Abstract: : In Coal mining industries, rollers or idlers are used to move the conveyor along with minerals, stones, or other natural resources. During the operation, the idlers consistently slide and roll relative to the conveyor above them, resulting in the operators inspecting and planning for regular maintenance to keep the performance at optimal condition. However, this replacement procedure for the idlers poses a challenge. Due to the insufficiency of the auxiliary tools required for the procedure, workers working in coal mines first must lift the belt, then disassemble the old rollers, and assemble the new ones while carrying those rollers on their shoulders to and from the point of defects. Additionally, in some confined areas or hard-to-reach spaces, where workers can’t manually do the lifting operations, they use chain block tools to elevate the conveyor to make a suitable space for the replacement operation, which generally requires 3 to 4 people working together. Not only does this whole process involve manual labor which is inefficient and time-consuming, but also it engenders extreme safety concerns and operational hazards. To encounter the challenges imposed by the current situation, this project outlines a possible solution by designing an automated, non-stopping idler replacement robot, which primarily solves the operational challenges and shortcomings while eliminating the big safety concerns, making the work environment more secure and labor friendly. SolidWorks CAD software was mainly used for the designing of the mechanical structure of the whole robot, including the walking mechanism, the lifting mechanism, and the manipulator that can assemble and dissemble the rollers. In addition, the control and electrical part of the design is included in the later part of the paper including the wiring diagram of the control circuit using AutoCAD 2D software, selection of motors, sensors, servo drive selection, and controller which essentially controls to the movement of the overall mechanical and electrical structure of the robot. We used and designed the control system based on PLC control and modeled a control diagram to control the walking mechanism, the thrusters to lift the lifting mechanism, and the manipulator to do the tasks. Accordingly, the various parts and their collaborative functions were designed using a PLC control system to provide a functional production of the roller replacement robot. To summarize, to bring the idea of a Roller Replacement Robot to life, we designed the 3D model of a proposed robot, including the relevant parts and assemblies, starting from the walking mechanism and finishing with the six-degree-of-freedom manipulator on top. In addition, we provided necessary mathematical equations and analysis to offer reasonings for choosing materials and components depending on various parameters and design requirements. Although most of the components were independently designed, for obvious reasons, we selected some of the components from the market to make the overall design more viable for real-life implementation. Finally, a control system was designed to achieve a cumulative function between the mechanical and electrical components of the robot

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Volume: Issue: 11

Article: Utilizing Precision Agriculture: The Influence of Drone Technology on Rice Market Segmentation According to Quality Attributes in Bangladesh

Furkan Ali, Sayeed Al Parvej, Bempong Gifty Adwoa, Tareq Rageb Ahsan Bin, MD Jubair Alam Akib
Vol 7, Issue 11; November 2024
h. North AmeriAcademic Research, 7(11), 126-137. doi: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14271421

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Abstract: Drone technology is revolutionizing farming with precision agriculture, making farming much more efficient and increasing the quality of crops around the world. Rice is the staple food of Bangladesh and key to the food security and economy of the nation, but the demands for rice quality attributes like texture, aroma, and nutrition has changed over time while the productivity of rice does not seem to meet this demand. The research analysis explores how agricultural drones — with a focus on high-end TZX series — caters to the said demands, along with the potential impacts on market segmentation. It builds on recent studies carried out in Bangladesh, complemented by data from BRRI, IRRI, FAO and others, to highlight the interaction between the demand-side and the supply-side of technological change. Results show that drone-assisted agriculture dramatically improves the quality of rice due to its specificity in spraying pesticides and fertilizers, leading to consistency and contamination-free rice. In addition, consumer segmentation analysis indicates increasing premium rice demand, as well as marketing opportunities and approaches. The last part of the study provides policy recommendations on the need to have a public-private partnership to initiate the drone adoption process which will help enhance the image of Bangladeshi farmers in the global market.

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Volume: Issue: 11

Article: Revitalizing the Land: Ecosystem Restoration in Post-Mining Areas

Md Mojahidul Islam, Md Arafat Pranto, Md Rashid Shabab, Md Rajauall Islam Rone, Md Abdullah Al Miraj, Md Mahbub Hossen, Shabilanaz Shoumi
Vol 7, Issue 11; November 2024
North American Academic Research, 7(11), 11-19. doi: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14261457

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Abstract: This review article, “Revitalizing the Land: Ecosystem Restoration in Post-Mining Areas,” addresses the critical need for sustainable strategies to rehabilitate ecosystems degraded by mining activities. Mining is linked to extensive environmental impacts, including soil degradation, water contamination, deforestation, and biodiversity loss, all of which significantly alter ecological balance and adversely affect local communities. This article examines the full scope of ecological damage associated with mining and presents a comprehensive overview of restoration methodologies such as soil remediation, reforestation, and water purification demonstrating their application and efficacy across diverse ecological settings. Through an analysis of case studies and recent scientific advancements, the article identifies best practices in ecological restoration and emphasizes the socio-economic benefits linked to these initiatives, including employment opportunities, community resilience, and local economic development. Additionally, the article underscores the importance of policy and regulatory frameworks, discussing the roles of governmental and non-governmental organizations in promoting sustainable restoration efforts. Monitoring and evaluation methodologies are critically assessed as essential components to ensure adaptive management and the long-term sustainability of restoration projects. The review also addresses ongoing challenges, including funding limitations, climate adaptation needs, and invasive species control, while examining emerging trends, such as the integration of advanced technologies, community-driven initiatives, and nature-based solutions. By synthesizing current knowledge and identifying key directions for future research, “Revitalizing the Land” provides a valuable contribution to the field of restoration ecology, advocating for a balanced approach that reconciles industrial development with ecological preservation to achieve sustainable recovery in post-mining landscapes.

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Volume: Issue: 11

Article: Cooperative Path Planning for Autonomous Robots: A Software Application

Benfettah Mohammed Ali, Azlaf Souad
Vol 7, Issue 11; November 2024
North American Academic Research, 7(11), 27-30. doi: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14262623

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Abstract: Cooperative path planning for autonomous robots is a vital study domain that aims to facilitate the coordinated navigation of several robots through intricate environments, ensuring collision avoidance and job optimization. This study examines the present status of cooperative path planning, emphasizing essential algorithms, communication methodologies, and applications. We offer a framework that amalgamates decentralized communication with real-time path optimization to augment efficiency and safety in multi-robot systems. We also present a simulation demonstrating the proposed methods. We explore a variety of path planning algorithms, including graph search methodologies and techniques like A* and Dijkstra’s algorithm, in addition to sampling-based techniques such as Rapidly-exploring Random Trees (RRT). These algorithms are evaluated based on their efficacy in facilitating collision avoidance and enhancing task completion among several robots. To clearly illustrate the proposed methodologies, we provide a simulation demonstrating how three autonomous robots navigate a grid environment filled with obstacles while avoiding collisions with each other. This simulation showcases the implementation of the A* algorithm for path-finding. Our findings indicate that integrating advanced algorithms with effective communication techniques significantly improves the performance of cooperative path planning systems. This research contributes to the ongoing development of autonomous robotics by providing a framework that combines decentralized communication with real-time path optimization. The insights gained from this study can inform future research and applications in various fields where autonomous robots are deployed.

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Volume: Issue: 11

Article: The Disparate Impact of Microcredit on Bangladeshi and Chinese Women's Empowerment

Mahmud Shakh Monit, Ma Jiaqi
Vol 7, Issue 11; November 2024
North American Academic Research, 7(11), 112-124. doi: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14262656

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Abstract: Microcredit initiatives have been crucial in empowering women in Bangladesh and China; however, the results vary because of the different socioeconomic environments in the two countries. Microcredit programs in Bangladesh, such as those run by BRAC and Grameen Bank, have aimed to give modest, no-collateral loans to low-income, rural women. Through these initiatives, Bangladeshi women have been able to launch their own companies, become financially independent, and take on more leadership roles in the home. The effects on women's empowerment are especially noticeable when it comes to increased economic autonomy and social status, even while issues like heavy loan obligations and a lack of business education still exist. Microcredit initiatives have also helped Chinese women start their businesses, especially in rural and semi-urban areas. However, how microcredit influences women's empowerment differs in China due to the country's swift economic growth and comparatively higher level of financial inclusion. Although microcredit has increased women's economic status and labor market involvement, its effects are less noticeable than in Bangladesh since Chinese women already have more access to financial services and economic possibilities. Furthermore, by providing more organized support, the government's significant role in encouraging women to become entrepreneurs complements microcredit initiatives. Microcredit has aided in women's empowerment in both nations, though to varying degrees. Microcredit plays a crucial role in Bangladesh in dismantling financial and gender barriers, while in China, given the greater accessibility of financial resources and support systems, its role is more auxiliary. These variations demonstrate how crucial context is in determining how successful microcredit initiatives are in empowering women.

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Volume: Issue: 11

Article: Influence of Social Media Marketing on Performance of Small And Medium-Sized Enterprises in an economy: Literature Review

Mwankemwa Silvia Michael, Mapalilo Frank George
Vol 7, Issue 11; November 2024
North American Academic Research, 7(11), 92-107. doi: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14262861

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Abstract: The main aim of the research was to investigate how Social Media Marketing impacts the performance of Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises. This research utilized a literature review search by consulting academic databases; Google scholars, Research Gate, Scopus, among others to gather pertinent information regarding the subject. The research indicated that using Facebook marketing had increased recognition of the business' services and products, facilitated customer association with the brand, and often allowed businesses to understand societal needs. The rise of close customer relationships with businesses has been supported by Facebook as it has become the primary platform for businesses to interact with both current and potential customers. The research showed that Instagram allowed for creative engagement with customers through entertaining and informative posts, leading to adjustments in marketing strategies to reach a wider audience. WhatsApp marketing was found to be user-friendly, promoting interaction between customers and businesses at a lower cost, and customers could easily navigate the business catalog. Utilizing WhatsApp Business marketing allowed businesses to easily adjust their brand based on customer feedback and also facilitated direct communication with customers. The research findings show that Facebook made it easy for businesses to reach their target market, attracting more customers and helping them gain new clients.

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Volume: Issue: 11

Article: Influence of Consumer Awareness and Buying Behavior on Sustainable Supply Chain Management (SSCM). A Study of Nestle

Touhidul Islam Nur, Furkan Ali, Md Abdullah Al Razib, Md Israfil Hossain, Moshammad Anjuman Nila
Vol 7, Issue 11; November 2024
North American Academic Research, 7(11), 58-70. doi: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14262771

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Abstract: Sustainable supply chain management (SSCM) is increasingly becoming a strategic imperative for organizations aiming at reconciling profit maximization and environmental as well social responsibilities. The current study aims to understand the purchase intention of the customers and then affects such awareness through practices regarding sustainable supply chain management by Nestle, a reputed company in FMCG (Food & Beverages). Consumer awareness campaigning related to environmental and ethical issues are already making the likes of Nestle require adhering to sustainable sourcing, production and distribution processes (Ahi & Searcy, 2013). The research takes a case study strategy that incorporates qualitative and quantitative records from patron surveys, interviews with Nestle executives, and agency reports to examine how customer expectancies tell you about forwards Chain necessities of Nestle. The sustainable consumer trend has led for Nestle to rely more on responsible supply chain management, including in raw materials sourcing, packaging and waste reduction efforts (Nestle 2023). In the face of growing demand for transparency and ethical sourcing from consumers, Nestle has stepped up sustainability efforts such as zero-waste factories in key markets around the world; industry-redefining supplying chain safeguards to protect cocoa drinkers from child labor via partnerships like its supply partnership with Swiss forensic laboratory Merieux NutriSciences which strengthens engagement along standards set out by Free The Children's Cocoa Action program; or how they will manage precious fresh water resources responsibly addressing concerns that come towards them demanding it be done differently due policies all because everyone embraces these positives trends under this broader umbrella opportunity situation we see today. Consumer buying behavior additionally has been further leaning toward products that pleasing them like mindful purchasing and this too become a strong driver for Nestle to include sustainability in their supply chain operations (Vermeir & Verbeke, 2006). The research reinforces the fact that consumer awareness and buying behavior are key drivers (Conclude). It stresses on why companies need to react quickly because of social as well environmental issues. The case of Nestle exemplifies a way to move beyond consumer expectations and employ sustainability as the support for global competencies in business practice (Bocken et al. 2014). New research is needed to delve into the downstream financial and operational effects of these evolving consumer appetites on corporate sustainability strategies over time.

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Volume: Issue: 11

Article: A Deep Learning-Based Driver Monitoring System for Fatigue, Distraction, and Emotion Detection

Md Tariqul Islam, Md Ashraful Islam, Md Khurrom Hossain
Vol 7, Issue 11; November 2024
North American Academic Research, 7(11), 79-93. doi: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14271246

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Abstract: This study proposes an advanced Driver Monitoring System (DMS) designed to improve road safety by continuously monitoring and analyzing driver behavior and emotional states using deep learning techniques. The system integrates key functionalities including gaze detection, emotion analysis, and phone usage detection. Specifically, gaze detection uses facial landmark tracking to identify drowsiness and distraction by analyzing blink patterns and eye-closure durations. Emotion analysis is performed to assess the driver's emotional state, while phone usage detection helps determine potential distractions. This approach leverages state-of-the-art computer vision and deep learning methods to address critical road safety issues such as fatigue and inattention.

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Volume: Issue: 5

Article: Enhancing Fused Magnesia Smelting Process Demand Forecasting Through the Integration of System Identification and Advanced Deep Learning Techniques

Abdullah Al Mahamud, Shenwei, Shekh Minhaz Uddin, Tunazzina Tafannum
Vol 7, Issue 5; May 2024
North American Academic Research, 7(5) , 112-126. May 2024. doi: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11525206

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Abstract: Accurate demand forecasting is essential for industrial production optimization, particularly in the fused magnesia smelting process. Current forecasting models can be complex, requiring rigorous system identification and lack the flexibility to adapt to various scenarios. This paper proposes a novel approach to demand forecasting using Bidirectional Long Short-Term Memory (BiLSTM) networks, a type of deep learning model, which simplifies the modeling process while retaining robust predictive capabilities. We constructed and trained a BiLSTM model using time series data from the fused magnesia smelting process. We implemented an efficient data preprocessing approach to convert time series data into a supervised learning format. The model was trained on multiple features over 20 epochs, with a configuration that balanced training speed and gradient estimate noise. Our results demonstrate the effectiveness of our approach. With an R-Squared value of 0.930745, our model could explain approximately 93% of the variance in our dependent variable, reflecting high predictive accuracy. Compared to existing research, which employs a combination of system identification and deep learning, our model simplifies the forecasting process and maintains comparable performance levels. However, the model assumes a stable market environment and might not capture non-linear relationships within different datasets effectively. Future research could explore the integration of our BiLSTM model with other forecasting methodologies or deep learning architectures, and investigate ways to enhance the model's robustness to abrupt market fluctuations. This research opens up new possibilities for flexible, accurate, and efficient demand forecasting in the fused magnesia smelting process.

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Volume: Issue: 11

Article: Dynamic analysis of global titanium trade

Marina Dinaeva
Vol 7, Issue 11; November 2024
North American Academic Research, 7(11), 52-72. doi: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14230764

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Abstract: The markets of metals and chemical products are the most important areas of the world economy and production. In this work, titanium and titanium products were chosen as the object of research. In the course of the analysis, the economic indicators of the production and sale of titanium and products from it were determined and analysed, taken in dynamics. The research provides an overview of current trends in the global titanium trade during the post-pandemic recovery. The assessment of the development of the global titanium market is given. It is concluded that the particularly rapid growth of economic activity in titanium consumer industries was due to the desire of many countries to develop industrial enterprises. Clusters of the world's main trades of titanium-containing concentrates and titanium sponge have been identified. The range of factors potentially influencing the dynamics of the price of titanium sponge is investigated, the independence of this dynamics is shown from fluctuations in supply and demand, the price of raw materials. It is given a quantitative assessment of the degree of influence of titanium on the level of world trade. Moreover, it is concluded that stimulating economic programs of governments around the world play an extremely important role in the development of the titanium trade market.

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Volume: Issue: 11

Article: ICT Education and Employment Disparities: A Comparative Study of Developed and Developing Countries

Md Shahriar Kabir Sajib, Golam Mahadi, Ireash Roy, Md Muzahidul Islam
Vol 7, Issue 11; November 2024
North American Academic Research, 7(11), 11-19. doi: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14246913

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Abstract: The present paper investigates the gap in ICT– integrated market levels between developed and developing economies of the world expounding internet broadband penetration, GDP, and R&D efforts. Developed countries generally have high systems, extensive internet coverage and a lot of resources directed towards research activities while developing countries tend to have low levels of digital literacy, research funding and even the training of the ICT practitioners. The paper uses the ICT employment data for 10 countries from the year 2007 to 2020. The authors reveal that, contrary to R&D-investments, which promote ICT employment significantly, GDP by itself is not a sufficient driver of such developments across various countries. In developed nations, the robust telecommunication networks encourage high growth and higher levels of employability in the ICT sector. In contrast, developing countries encounter horizontal barriers that inhibit advances in ICT employment. The suggested measures are as follows: developed countries are encouraged to continue investing in ICT infrastructure and innovation, while developing countries should improve the physical access, increase R&D spending and build a stronger education system with ICT elements. These concerns have been raised in view of the need to positively influence growth in equity in ICT employment, as envisioned in the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) of the United Nations. These measures are designed to provide access to good education and stimulation of economic activities alongside social integration to attain a digital economy that accommodates everyone across the globe.

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Volume: Issue: 11

Article: Exploring Effective Social Media Marketing Strategies

Mokgabo Katlego Loeto
Vol 7, Issue 11; November 2024
North American Academic Research, 7(11), 78-91. doi: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14230953

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Abstract: In an era where digital connectivity reigns supreme, the significance of social media marketing strategies cannot be overstated. People use social media to find, learn about, follow, and shop from companies, so if a business is not on social media sites, they are missing out. This research offers a comprehensive examination of effective social media marketing strategies While many businesses have recognized the potential of these strategies, they grapple with persistent challenges in their implementation. This research aims to bridge this gap, contributing to a deeper understanding of effective social media marketing and offering practical solutions. The paper unfolds with a comprehensive exploration of the background and significance of social media marketing, emphasizing its pivotal role in contemporary business landscapes. Key objectives include identifying the most effective social media marketing strategies, investigating the implementation processes and their impact on business growth, and exploring challenges faced by businesses in this domain.

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Volume: Issue: 11

Article: Tracing the Origins and Development of Chinese Language Education in Vietnam: A Historical Anal-ysis from the Qin to Han Dynasties

Ho Thi Huong Lan, Ma Zaoming
Vol 7, Issue 11; November 2024
North American Academic Research, 7(11), 73-77. doi: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14230874

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Abstract: This paper investigates the origins and development of Chinese language education in Vietnam, a subject of sub-stantial academic interest due to the complex cultural interactions between Vietnam and China. The timing of this introduction has been debated, with diverse views on when Chinese educational practices first took root. By ana-lyzing three key historical periods—the establishment of Xiang County during the Qin Dynasty (214 BCE), the foundation of the Nanyue Kingdom (179 BCE), and the Han Dynasty's organization of Jiaozhi, Jiuzhen, and Rinan commanderies (111BCE)—this study examines how these periods contributed to the spread and institutionalization of Chinese language education in Vietnam. Using historical records, scholarly interpretations, and archaeological artifacts as evidence, this paper demonstrates that the Qin Dynasty initiated Chinese cultural influence in Vietnam, which was later reinforced under the Nanyue Kingdom and formalized as an administrative and educational standard during the Han Dynasty. These findings underscore the gradual integration of Chinese language and culture within Vietnamese society, establishing a framework for understanding early Sino-Vietnamese cultural exchanges.

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Volume: Issue: 9

Article: Comparison Of Intrathecal Morphine Versus Fenta- nyl Added to Hyperbaric Bupivacaine for Lower Limb Surgeries

Sandeep Sharma, Shanta Sapkota, Anuj Jung Karki
Vol 7, Issue 9; September 2024
North American Academic Research, 7(10), 126-136. doi: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14109461

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Abstract: Background: Spinal anesthesia with bupivacaine is administered routinely for lower abdominal and lower limb surgeries. Intrathecal opioids are synergistic with local anesthetics and intensify the sensory block without in- creasing the sympathetic block. They also increase postoperative analgesia of bupivacaine in SAB. This study com- pared the efficacy in terms of onset of sensory and motor block and time to first rescue analgesia of intrathecal fenta- nyl with intrathecal morphine added to hyperbaric bupivacaine in lower limb surgeries. Methodology: A prospec- tive, single blinded, randomized controlled trial was performed. Fifty-eight patients undergoing lower limb surgeries under spinal anesthesia received 20 mcg (0.4 ml) of fentanyl with 3 ml of 0.5% hyperbaric bupivacaine (n = 29) in group F versus 200 mcg (0.2 ml) of morphine with 3 ml of 0.5% hyperbaric bupivacaine (n = 29) in group M, total volume of 3.4 ml in both the groups. Hemodynamic variables: heart rate, mean arterial pressure and SPO2 were recorded immediately after injection of the drug and every 5 min for first 15 min, then every 15 min throughout the duration of surgery. Time of onset of maximum sensory level and complete motor block were noted. Time to first rescue analgesia was recorded and analyzed using appropriate statistical tests. Results: The time to reach maximum sensory level was shorter in group F (9.86±0.78) min compared to group M (11.48±1.12) min (P <0.05) which was statistically significant. Time of onset of complete motor block was shorter in group F (6.03±0.90) minutes compared to group M (6.82±0.75) minutes (P <0.05) which was statistically significant. Time to first rescue analgesia was longer in group M (534.90±50.49) minutes compared to group F (343.03±38.53) minutes (P<0.05). Conclusions: The time to reach maximum sensory level and time of onset of complete motor block were shorter with intrathecal fentanyl than with intrathecal morphine. Duration of post-operative pain relief with intrathecal morphine added to hyperbaric bupivacaine is longer than with intrathecal fentanyl added to hyperbaric bupivacaine in lower limb surgeries.

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Volume: Issue: 11

Article: Predictive Analytics: Leveraging AI for Strategic Decision-Making in Nepalese Startups

Nisita Nepal, Saurav Devkota, Mukti Nepal
Vol 7, Issue 11; November 2024
North American Academic Research, 7(11), 8-42. doi: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14166471

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Abstract: In the context of Nepal's burgeoning startup ecosystem, the integration of AI-powered predictive analytics has emerged as a key driver of strategic decision-making. This study investigates how startups in Nepal are utilizing predictive analytics to enhance decision accuracy, timeliness, and overall business performance. Through a survey of 267 startups, the research employs correlation and regression models to analyze the relationship between the use of predictive analytics and strategic decision-making outcomes. The study further examines how various factors, such as data quality, technological infrastructure, organizational culture, and the regulatory environment, influence the effectiveness of predictive analytics in decision-making processes. The findings are expected to provide valuable insights for startup leaders, helping them to better leverage AI technologies to achieve strategic goals, and contribute to the broader understanding of the role of predictive analytics in fostering entrepreneurial success in Nepal.

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Volume: Issue: 11

Article: Prevalence and risk factors for OTITIS MEDIA with Effusion in Preschool Children in Janakpur, Nepal

Santosh Kumar Sah, Sharad Yadav, Baidhyanath Thakur, Sanjay Kumar Paswan
Vol 7 Issue 11; November 2024
North American Academic Research, 7(11) 245-252, November 2024, doi: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14181466

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Abstract: : Janakpur is a city thickly populated and is situated in the Southern Part of Nepal. It lies in the Terai adjacent to India (Bihar)-Nepal- India boarder. OTITIS MEDIA with Effusion (OME) is a condition in which there is fluid in the middle ear but no signs of acute infection. As fluid builds up in the middle ear and Eustachian tube, it places pressure on the tympanic membrane. OTITIS MEDIA with effusion (OME) is a collection of non-infected fluid in the middle ear space. It is also called serous or Secretory OTITIS MEDIA (SOM). This fluid may accumulate in the middle ear as a result of a cold, sore throat or upper respiratory infection. Mainly it is present in the area where there is malnutrition in children and they are not properly cared. Its prevalence is seen in preschool age children and frequently noticed in Janakpur, Nepal. Home remedies include applying a warm compress and inhaling steam, but over-the-counter medicines may also work to open the ear canals and drain the fluid. If these methods don't help, though, the patients should seek medical attention to have the fluid drained. If delayed in treatment, more risk factors may come into notice. The author has tried to find the causes of Effusion and its control in the prevalent area and suggest the concerned authorities for controlling these issues. The preschools of Janakpur were taken as population. The sample size of 150 was taken for the investigation purpose and suitable statistical tools were used for sample analysis to make the findings more reliable.

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Volume: Issue: 10

Article: Correlation of Antipsychotic Drugs with Periodontal Diseases in Schizophrenic Patient

Atiyah Hasin, Anwar Parvez Bhuiyan, Ayesha Hossain Ayumi, Mohammad Mahmudul Hasan Khan, Farjana Bashar, Sakib Ibn Mujib, Mohammad Fida Hasan Talukder, Hasan Ali, Mozammal Hossain
Vol 7, Issue 10; October 2024
North American Academic Research, 7(10), 60-70. doi: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14041190

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Abstract: The purpose of the present study was to find out if there is any correlation of antipsychotic drugs with periodontal disease in patients with Schizophrenia. The study population consisted of 24 patients who were newly diagnosed Schizophrenia and prescribed antipsychotic medications by a registered Psychiatrist. Participants were grouped as follows: Group A (n=12) includes Schizophrenic patients getting first generation antipsychotic medications and Group B (n=12) includes Schizophrenic patients getting second generation antipsychotic medications The oral health status of the participants were determined by Plaque index and Community Periodontal Index (CPI). This study reveals that the mean plaque score was 0.74±0.1, 1.32±0.21, 1.87±0.4, 2.24±0.32, 2.64±0.17 in group A and 0.5±0.13, 0.73±0.18, 0.96±0.22, 1.29±0.24, 1.68±0.23 in group B, at 0,3,6,9,12 months respectively. Community Periodontal Index (CPI) shows that in group A, (50.0%) patients had gingival bleeding and calculus at 3 months, (91.7%) patients had gingival bleeding and (83.3%) calculus at 6 months, (100.0%) patients had gingival bleeding and calculus at 9 and 12 months respectively. In group B, (16.7%) patients had gingival bleeding and (8.32%) calculus at 3 months, (50.0%) patients had gingival bleeding and calculus at 6 months, (100.0%) patients had gingival bleeding and (66.7%) calculus at 9 months, (100.0%) patients had gingival bleeding and (75.0%) calculus at 12 months. In group A, periodontal pocket (42.0%) 1mm, (50.0%) 2mm, (58.0%) 3mm and (75.0%) 4mm at 0,3,6,9 and12 months respectively. In group B,(100.0%) 1mm, (66.7%) 2mm, (50.0%) 3mm and (33.3%) 4mm at 0,3,6,9 and 12 months respectively. The clinical findings of this study demonstrate that there is difference in dental and periodontal conditions among the Schizophrenic patients getting first generation antipsychotics in Group A than those are getting second generation antipsychotics in Group B. More specifically, Group B Schizophrenic patients received second generation medications showed comparatively better dental and periodontal health conditions than Group A.

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Volume: Issue: 11

Article: Conceptual Framework of a Multi-Nozzle Extruder Bioprinter for Advanced Tissue Engineering

Md Rakibul Islam, Mubin Musavvir Sun, Md Golam Rabbani
Vol 7, Issue 11; November 2024
North American Academic Research, 7(11), 1-7. doi: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14166170

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Abstract: This paper focuses on a particular programmable bioprinter which has been developed by using a dualnozzle extruder and is intended to expand the capabilities of traditional single-nozzle systems in constructing complex biological structures. In contrast to single-nozzle designs, which limit the number of biomaterials that can be utilized, the dual-nozzle approach makes it possible to quickly deposit various biomaterials, thereby improving the construction of multi-material and multi-cellular structures significantly. This functionality can be said to be of importance to areas such as tissue engineering and regenerative medicine as well as in pharmaceutical applications which require multi-material construction to create structures that closely resemble natural tissue environments. The introduction of an engineered dual-nozzle configuration on the bioprinter significantly advanced the efficiency of fabricating structures with design features that are like tissues while allowing for more freedom with regards to the deposition process. This paper comprehensively assesses the bioprinter design, its parameters, and its operation, giving a range of medical applications for the technology. It also mentions the current limitations in the bioprinting processes for example, creating constant flow of materials and ensuring the absence of cross-contact of materials used

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Volume: Issue: 11

Article: Case Education Funding and Student Achievement in Bangladesh: Assessing Policies, Disparities, and Future Directions

Shabilanaz Shoumi, Sakif Mahmud, Sm Nashir Uddin Pavel, Md Mojahidul lslam
Vol 7, Issue 11; November 2024
North American Academic Research, 7(10), 81-98. doi: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14166262

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Abstract: This paper examines the impact of education funding on student achievement in Bangladesh, analyzing the interconnected factors that influence educational outcomes, including funding disparities, teacher quality, resource availability, and socioeconomic conditions. Through a review of current policies and data from various educational institutions, this study identifies critical challenges in achieving equitable funding distribution, particularly in rural and low-income areas where resource constraints significantly hinder academic success. The analysis reveals that inadequate and inconsistently allocated funding limits the potential for quality improvements in school infrastructure, teacher retention, and access to learning materials, which are essential for supporting student engagement and achievement. Comparative insights from international education systems further highlight areas where Bangladesh could benefit from implementing needs-based funding mechanisms, enhanced accountability, and targeted teacher development programs. The findings underscore the importance of an integrated approach to policy reform, prioritizing equitable resource allocation, community engagement, and robust monitoring systems to create an inclusive and effective educational ecosystem. This study contributes valuable insights for policymakers, educators, and stakeholders in their efforts to reduce educational inequities and foster improved academic outcomes across all socioeconomic groups in Bangladesh.

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Volume: Issue: 9

Article: Structural design of high-speed laser cladding equipment for pipeline inner wall

Md Rakibul Islam, Md Golam Rabbani
Vol 7, Issue 9; September 2024
North American Academic Research, 7(9) 93-125. doi: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14036955

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Abstract: The creation of a high-speed laser cladding system especially for pipeline interior surfaces is the major goal of this thesis, which tackles the urgent demand for novel pipeline maintenance methods. Given the critical role pipelines play in the world's infrastructure—transporting gas, oil, water, and other necessities—maintenance of these systems is key to guaranteeing their lifespan, efficiency, and safety. Conventional pipeline repair techniques frequently fall short in terms of accessibility, quality, and downtime. In order to address these issues, this study suggests a structural layout for laser cladding equipment that provides a quicker, more dependable, and more readily deployed method of pipeline maintenance. The study begins with a detailed analysis of the existing laser cladding technologies and their drawbacks, especially when it comes to internal pipeline surfaces. It highlights the requirement for a system that can function quickly inside the restricted area of a pipeline in order to save downtime and repair delays. Three main parts make up the proposed equipment design: a high-precision motion control system to maneuver the intricate internal pipeline geometry, an integrated cooling system to regulate the heat-affected zone and protect the integrity of the pipeline material, and an advanced laser delivery system for accurate cladding. The creation of an intricate simulation model that forecasts the behavior of the laser-material interaction during the cladding process is the basis of the thesis. With the aid of this model, the equipment's operating parameters for various pipeline materials may be optimized, resulting in high-quality cladding outcomes. The building of a prototype based on this concept and its testing in real pipeline situations and in laboratory settings are described in detail in the following sections. The prototype outperforms conventional repair techniques in terms of efficiency, speed, and quality, as demonstrated by the experimental findings.

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Volume: Issue: 10

Article: EV-YOLO: A Next-Generation Object Detection Framework for Autonomous Electric Vehicles in Complex 2D Environments

Tajrian Abm Shafayet
Vol 7, Issue 10; October 2024
North American Academic Research, 7(10), 11-19. doi: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14036887

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Abstract: This paper presents the development of an object detection algorithm tailored for electric vehicles (EVs) in complex 2D environments. The proposed EV-YOLO model enhances vehicle safety and supports advanced driver assistance systems (ADAS) through accurate and real-time detection of objects from images captured by EV cameras. By integrating novel architectural components such as Latent Context Feature Modeling (LCFM) and a Region Pro- posal Network with Contextual Spatial Enhancements (REPNCSPELAN-iRMB), the model achieves robust perfor- mance under diverse environmental conditions, including variations in lighting and weather. The dataset used for training consists of 1046 images, with a 70/20/10 split for training, validation, and testing. Experimental results show that EV-YOLO achieves a mean Average Precision (mAP) of 92.2%, outperforming other baseline methods in detect- ing objects in EV scenes. Despite the significant progress made, further research is needed to address challenges like model complexity and data generalization to new contexts. These advancements promise to improve the reliability and autonomy of electric vehicles, particularly in enhancing their integration with smart city infrastructures.

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Volume: Issue: 10

Article: The Development of an Intelligent System for Treating Brain Hyperthermia

Jibon Miah, Md Khalid Saifullah, Saikat Gharami, Md Mofezur Rahaman Milon
Vol 7, Issue 10; October 2024
North American Academic Research, 7(10), 48-59. doi: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13989144

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Abstract: The apparatus is engineered for treating brain hyperthermia through convective heat transfer, facilitating swift intervention for patients suffering from this condition. The primary goal of the project is to offer emergency relief to prevent severe outcomes, including permanent disability or death, due to the patient's inability to regulate body temperature effectively. The system employs a non-contact forced convection method, uniformly distributing cooling air across the patient’s body. Adapted from previous work, the apparatus includes a heat exchanger and mechanical components with four independent sections of compressed air pipes. These pipes feature orifice openings positioned around a specially designed mannequin that simulates the human body. This mannequin is constructed from a polyester core wrapped with tightly coiled soft PVC pipe, and covered with polyethylene sheets to mimic the skin’s dermis and epidermis layers. The mannequin is equipped with four thermal patches (head, upper abdomen, lower abdomen, and leg) and can achieve a temperature of 44°C when hot water circulates through it at a flow rate of 7 liters per minute. Cooling air is managed by a control valve that adjusts based on deviations from the normal body temperature of 37°C. The air is directed to specific regions of the mannequin, with a thermocouple providing data to a fuzzy controller, which in turn regulates the airflow to maintain the desired temperature.

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Volume: Issue: 10

Article: HOACNN: An Advanced Approach for 2D Object Detection in Electric Vehicles

Ranzee Mohammad Anwer Sadat, Tajrian Abm Shafayet, Yanshu Fu, Uthsa Sakhawat Alamgir
Vol 7, Issue 10; October 2024
North American Academic Research, 7(10), 35-48. doi: https://doi.org/ 10.5281/zenodo.13987993

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Abstract: The advancement of electric vehicles (EVs) demands improved safety, efficiency, and autonomy in object detection systems. This paper presents HOACNN, a Hybrid Orientation-Aware Convolutional Neural Network, designed for robust 2D object detection from EV images. Traditional object detection models often face limitations in real-time performance, orientation handling, and adaptability to diverse environmental conditions. HOACNN addresses these challenges by incorporating orientation awareness directly into the CNN architecture, enabling it to detect objects regardless of their position or orientation. Our model also utilizes attention mechanisms and transfer learning to boost generalization across various EV image datasets. The dataset used in this study contains 1,176 images, with 70% used for training and 30% for testing. Extensive experiments demonstrate that HOACNN achieves a mean Average Precision (mAP) of 0.975 and an Area Under the Curve (AUC) of 0.82, outperforming other state-of- the-art models in terms of accuracy and computational efficiency. The results confirm HOACNN's potential to significantly enhance object recognition in electric vehicle environments, contributing to safer and more autonomous driving experiences. Despite the model's strong performance, future work will focus on improving the model's complexity and scalability, along with expanding the dataset to further validate its robustness in various driving scenarios. This study marks a significant step toward more efficient and reliable 2D object detection for EVs.

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Volume: Issue: 9

Article: IMPACT OF MACROECONOMIC VARIABLES ON STOCK PRICES IN TANZANIA

Arafat Abdallah Abusaba, Hui Cao2
Vol 7, Issue 9; September 2024
North American Academic Research, 7(9), 84-92. doi: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13961867

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Abstract: This study investigates the impact of macroeconomic variables on stock prices in the Dar es Salaam Stock Exchange (DSE) using a Vector Error Correction Model (VECM). This paper uses quarter data spanning from the first quarter of 2005 to the fourth quarter of 2020 of Gross Domestic Product (GDP), inflation, interest rate, and DSE stock prices. The main aim of this study is to investigate the correlation between GDP, real interest rates, inflation rates, and their impact on stock prices. Theories that guides this research work are the Efficient Market Hypothesis (EMH) and Arbitrage Pricing Theory (APT). The study further employs a nonlinear VECM and rolling cointegration to capture potential non-linear relationships and assess the stability of the cointegrating relationship over time. These analyses provide insights into the dynamic nature of the relationship between macroeconomic variables and stock prices in the DSE. The empirical findings of this research reveal a significant positive relationship between GDP and stock prices, suggesting that economic growth is a primary driver of stock market performance in Tanzania. While inflation did not have a strong direct impact, higher real interest rates were observed to be associated with lower stock prices. The VECM analysis also confirms a long-run equilibrium relationship between the variables, indicating that changes in macroeconomic factors will have lasting effects on stock prices with an adjustment term of 0.011 or 1.1%.

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Volume: Issue: 10

Article: Heart Disease Prediction with an Amharic Chatbot

Abay Wondweson Desta, Anbessea Nardos Gebru, Abatneh Rahel Alemeneh
Vol 7, Issue 10; October 2024
North American Academic Research 7(10), 36-47. doi: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13988135

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Abstract: Predicting the onset of heart or cardiac diseases is a critical challenge in modern medicine, with approximately One Hundred Seventy person death per minute attributed to heart disease. The vast amount of healthcare data underscores the importance of data science in extracting meaningful insights. Multiple data model strategies are explored to evaluate the likelihood of patients developing heart disease and categorize risk levels using chosen classifiers. Data from Menelik Hospitals in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, is utilized, and multiple performance metrics such as sensitivity, accuracy, AUC, specificity, ROC curve, and F1-score are employed for evaluation. The outcome is a Heart Disease Prediction integrated with an Amharic Chatbot. Additionally, the Random Forest algorithm emerges as the top performer, achieving an impressive 99% accuracy for predicting heart disease. Simultaneously, the Amharic Chatbot, using the Feed Forward Neural Network Model, achieves commendable performance with 92.88% accuracy, facilitating user-friendly communication in Amharic and promoting cultural diversity.

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Volume: Issue: 10

Article: Navigating the Nexus: Unveiling the Crucial Role of Health Policies in Shaping Our Well-being

Shabilanaz Shoumi, Md Habibullah, Md Sohel Rana, Aishwarya Das, Md Mojahidul Islam
Vol 7, Issue 10; October 2024
North American Academic Research, 7(10), 11-35. doi: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13987750

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Abstract: This review critically examines the evolution and impact of health policies on healthcare systems and public well-being. Employing a systematic literature review, the analysis traces the development of health policies from ancient practices to contemporary frameworks, emphasizing transformative milestones such as the Alma-Ata Declaration and the incorporation of digital health technologies. Through detailed case studies from Scandinavia, Singapore, and Cuba, the study evaluates the effectiveness of universal healthcare implementation, preventive health measures, and technological integration within diverse healthcare contexts. Additionally, the review explores pressing global health challenges, including the COVID-19 pandemic, the obesity crisis in the United States, and mental health stigma in South Asia. The findings indicate that effective health policies prioritize accessibility, affordability, quality of care, and prevention, while highlighting the critical role of stakeholder collaboration, technological integration, and equity. New insights suggest that significant gaps remain in addressing global health crises, underscoring the need for adaptive, inclusive health policies capable of responding to emerging challenges in an increasingly interconnected world.

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Volume: Issue: 9

Article: Factors influencing the purchase intention of NEVs in emerging global markets

Athulathmudali Hirantha Sandun
Vol 7, Issue 9; September 2024
North American Academic Research, 7(9), 54-68. doi: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13946843

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Abstract: Sustainable development and the promotion of sustainable energy have become crucial in the global community, with a focus on new energy vehicles (NEVs) as a key solution. This study aims to investigate the factors influencing the purchase intention of NEVs in emerging global markets. Drawing on the Theory of Planned Behavior and the Technology Acceptance Model, the study will explore factors such as environmental knowledge, NEV knowledge, external/social influence, attitude, policy support, and infrastructure maturity. Additionally, perceived value factors including financial value, environmental value, and social influence will be considered. The study seeks to understand how these factors interact to shape consumers' purchase intentions towards NEVs. By providing insights into consumer attitudes and intentions towards NEVs, this study aims to inform policymakers and industry stakeholders on effective strategies to promote sustainable transportation. The findings can contribute to the development of policies and incentives that support the adoption of NEVs in emerging global markets, ultimately advancing sustainable development goals.

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Volume: Issue: 10

Article: Enhancing Customer Churn Prediction in Telecom: A Hybrid Strategy with Quartile Calculation and Random Forest Creators

Rahimullah Rabih, Weifeng Sun, Majid Ayoubi
Vol 7, Issue 10; October 2024
North American Academic Research, 7(10), 1-19. doi: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13968143

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Abstract: Predicting customer Churn is critical in all businesses to ensure the use of company's products by customers, and it has a significant impact on financial health and sustainability. However, predicting customer Churn in the tele-communication industry with high accuracy and interpretability is demanding. We propose an efficient Churn prediction model called Quartile Calculation - Random Forest (QC-RF) for telecom industry. First, the outliers are identified by QC algorithm and RF is applied for customer Churn prediction in our method. The proposed method has achieved at least 2% higher accuracy with a corresponding minimum of 3% higher F1-score compared with state-of-the-art algorithms on standard Telco-Customer-Churn dataset after balancing, SMOTE preprocessing, iter-atively balanced. This work creates opportunities for both the development of better explainable models and a deeper understanding of Churn predictions in a more effective way and offers to improve the financial health and business sustainability of telecom companies.

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Volume: Issue: 9

Article: Improving Plant Disease Detection Accuracy with EfficientNetB3 and MobileNetV3: A Deep Learning Approach

Rahman Md Mostafizur, Sadman Sarim Waqvee, Umama Tasnim
Vol 7, Issue 9; September 2024
North American Academic Research, 7(9), 69-83. doi: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13946505

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Abstract: Plant diseases cause significant global crop losses (20-40% annually, FAO), threatening food security. Early and accurate disease detection is crucial for effective management. This research investigates the potential of deep learning models EfficientNetB3 and MobileNetV3 for robust plant disease identification. Using the PlantVillage dataset with 54,305 images, 38 diseases, 14 plant species, we achieved test accuracies of 99.86% from EfficientNetB3 and 99.63% from MobileNetV3, significantly surpassing previous plant disease sytems develop by other researchers. To further improve model performance, we employed ADASYN to address class imbalance and CycleGAN to generate synthetic images data augmentation techniques. These augmentations enhanced the models accuracy in identifying a wide range of plant diseases. Our findings demonstrate the effectiveness of these deep learning models, coupled with data augmentation, for accurate and efficient plant disease detection, promising advancements in automated disease surveillance and contributing to sustainable agriculture and global food security.

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Volume: Issue: 9

Article: Public health Responses to Emerging Nutrition and Dietary Trends

Md Shamidul Kabir Mitas , Sirajum Munira ,Tahsin Hossain Lisun
Vol 7, Issue 9; September 2024
North American Academic Research, 7(9), 20-35 doi:https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13824647

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Abstract: This research examines emerging nutrition and dietary interventions in the public health sector, including plant-based diets, keto and low-carb diets, intermittent fasting, and personalized nutrition. A questionnaire distributed among 223 participants, including PHSPs, nutritionists/dietitians, and HC practitioners, covering knowledge on these dietary approaches yields poor knowledge. Pecuniarily, although the general awareness of plant-based diets is fair, with 46 percent of respondents being aware of the diet, the corresponding percentage of the respondents who are concerned with the diet, at 25 percent, shows that people are less unhappy about the diet. 8% of respondents reported being "not very familiar," indicating a relatively low overall awareness of keto diets and intermittent fasting, at 47%. Only a third of the respondents (self-employed) signified a higher level of familiarity, while 3% and 45% signified a limited level of familiarity. Only a few of the respondents understood personalized nutrition, despite their recognition as one of the promising fields of application. This article shows that some sectors seem to be more abreast of the contemporary demands in diets than others, while NGO and academic professionals had a relatively better grasp than their counterparts in government agencies and private practice. The results have implications for specific professional development interventions, interprofessional connections, and enhanced public health policies in response to these trends. Recommended solutions are courses and seminars, namely workshops, webinars, and public health campaigns that aim to enhance the participants’ awareness of the new diets and their practical implications. Further, future interventional approaches should involve academia, NGOs, and governments to periodically review and update dietary guidelines, aligning them with the latest research evidence suitable in various public health sectors. Therefore, increasing knowledge about education among the state of public health and professional employees plays a crucial role in improving the general development of public health measures that address diet changes. Reducing knowledge deficits and behavior problems and initiating wider interdisciplinary collaboration can enhance health interventions, ensuring the diet content caters to diverse groups' needs and minimizes potential health risks.

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Volume: Issue: 9

Article: Digital Health Technologies for Disease Surveillance and Monitoring

Md Shamidul Kabir Mitas , Sirajum Munira , Tahsin Hossain Lisun
Vol 7, Issue 9; September 2024
North American Academic Research, 7(9), 1-19. doi: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13824247

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Abstract: : Digital health technologies have become a go-to solution in disease surveillance and monitoring as they provide unlimited possibilities that are invaluable in tracking, predicting, and controlling public health threats. This paper aims to describe the application of mobile applications, artificial intelligence, wearable technology, and electronic health record systems in delivering public health care in various parts of the world. According to this study, common challenges like data privacy, ethical issues, and digital disparities about these technologies are also assessed concerning their capability to improve disease detection. The study shows that for digital health technologies to be effective and necessary for disease surveillance and control, they require fundamental and adequate infrastructure and people and governance trust. This paper also discusses the need to strive for the advancement of digital health technologies and the cooperation of persons in technology, politics, and public health to ensure the efficiency of digital technologies in protecting world health. Therefore, the study highlights the need to balance the application of the technologies and use them appropriately across various populations and areas of the globe that may be considered disadvantaged.

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Volume: Issue: 8

Article: Challenges in Developing Disruptive Innovation in Start-ups in Nigeria

Aisha Endale Njeba, Honggui Li
Vol 7, Issue 8; August 2024
North American Academic Research, 7(8), -78. doi: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13840456

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Abstract: This study addresses the underexplored realm of disruptive innovation within the rising economies of Africa, with a specific focus on Nigeria. While disruptive innovation is extensively studied in advanced economies, this research sheds light on the challenges faced by Nigerian start-ups aspiring to achieve disruptive innovation. The analysis highlights the entrepreneurial environment, emphasizing the hurdles such as energy supply shortages, limited investment opportunities, and inadequate government policies. Leveraging primary and secondary data, the study identifies opportunities for disruptive innovation in Nigeria across various industries. Strategies for overcoming challenges are discussed, including the use of mobile technology, support from governmental and educational entities, and targeting underserved markets. The research concludes that disruptive innovation is vital for the survival and competitiveness of Nigerian start-ups. The findings are valuable for stakeholders such as business owners, decision-makers, and investors, offering practical insights into navigating the complex landscape of disruptive innovation in a developing economy like Nigeria. Despite challenges, the study asserts that with the right resources and innovation, Nigerian start-ups can drive transformative solutions, fostering industry growth and development

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Volume: Issue: 9

Article: Assessment of river sand and crushed-rock sand for mortar from eastern Nepal Sub-Himalaya

Naresh Kazi Tamrakar Ritesh Sapkota Dinesh Raj Sharma
Vol 7, Issue 9; September 2024
North American Academic Research, 7(9), 36-53. doi: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13825528

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Abstract: Construction activities are rapidly conducted in all parts of the country. Most important material in those activities is construction material. Mostly sands from the river are used in construction works, which with excessive mining can create various negative effects in the environment. It is essential to search for the alternative of the river sand, which in this case can be crushed rock sand from medium-to coarse-grained sandstones. Therefore, sands from both river and bedrocks were tested for grain size, shape, composition and physical properties. Comparison of particle size analysis with suitable standard gives suitability of both types of sands for general purpose mortar, floor screeding, plastering and rendering. Crushed rock sands are suitable for general purpose mortar and the river sand are more suitable for floor screeding, plastering and rendering purposes. Crushed-rock sands have slightly less spe- cific gravity, more water absorption value and more organic content than those of the river sands. Unconfined com- pressive strength (UCS) of mortar cube made from crushed-rock sand have slightly less strength in 7 days of curing but have slightly greater strength in 28 days of curing than UCS river sands. This makes crushed-rock sands useable in structures requiring strength in long term and can also be an alternative for river sands

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Volume: Issue: 8

Article: A theoretical analysis of the influence of time of day and weather conditions on the metro passenger arrival volume utilizing a multiple linear regression model

Lawan Bello Muhammad, Zhang Shuyang, Abubakar Jabir
Vol 7, Issue 8; August 2024
North American Academic Research, 7(8), 48-61. doi: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13387956

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Abstract: The metropolitan transit system is a critical component of urban transportation, offering a fast, reliable, and environmentally friendly mode of travel in densely populated cities. This research delves into the factors influencing metro passengers' arrival volumes at Yujiatou Station on Wuhan Metro Line 5 in China, focusing on the influence of time of day and weather conditions. The study addresses a significant research gap in understanding metro passengers' dynamics by utilizing questionnaires, direct field observation, and statistical techniques, including multiple linear regression for data analysis. The results revealed meaningful relationships, such as a strong correlation between rainy evening weather and arrival volumes and a mode volume positive correlation between time of day and arrival volumes. The model demonstrated a reasonable fit for capturing these relationships. The study also highlights the individual impacts of weather and time of day on predicting metro passenger arrival volumes. The research suggests that adjusting service schedules based on weather conditions and peak times could help manage passenger flow, which has practical implications for transportation planners, metro operators, and passengers, informing strategies for optimizing service schedules and enhancing the overall user experience. These findings can contribute to sustainable transportation initiatives and urban development goals by improving urban transportation systems

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Volume: Issue: 8

Article: A qualitative study examining the resilience of rural migrated mothers' experiences of detachment from their children upon migrating to Jinhua City

Shikchhya Yonzon, Prof. Dr. Zhangjun Wang, Misbah Shafait Abbasi
Vol 7, Issue 8; August 2024
North American Academic Research, 7(8), 74-96. doi: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13759312

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Abstract: In recent years, developing countries like the People’s Republic of China have seen significant socio- economic and political growth(Ma, 2020). This economic revolution has led to tremendous progress for Chinese citizens, offering new opportunities and insights (Murphy, 2021). The growth primarily stems from the establishment of various manufacturing companies, factories, industries, and real estate developments in urban areas, which generate numerous job opportunities. To meet global demands, urban cities in China require substantial human resources, often drawing from a rural population(Ye Jingzhong, 2011) Many rural residents migrate to urban areas in search of better job prospects and living standards. This migration trend includes a substantial number of women, comprising one-third of all rural migrant workers(Yinni Peng, 2017). This paper specifically explores the resilience of migrant mothers in China, focusing on those who have left children behind in their rural homes. The study adopts a qualitative approach, utilizing semi-structured interviews and observations as primary research instruments. Ethical considerations were meticulously observed throughout the data collection process, adhering to both research norms and Chinese migration policies. The research highlights a gap in understanding the challenges faced by migrant mothers, particularly those who balance their roles as mothers with the demands of employment, often when their husbands travel for work, leaving children behind. The study conducted two rounds of qualitative interviews with 12 migrant mothers employed in Jinhua City. Given the limited existing research on the resilience of migrant mothers (Agadjanian, 2018), this research aims to underscore the importance of resilience in overcoming daily challenges. The qualitative study described in this paper aims to achieve two primary objectives: (i) Explore the perspectives and experiences of migrant mothers in China, and (ii) Propose interventions that could enhance resilience among migrant mothers. By shedding light on these women's stories, this research seeks to contribute to a better understanding of their experiences and inform policies and interventions that support their resilience amidst adversity

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Volume: Issue: 8

Article: Explicative Molecular Dynamics Simulation Emphasizing Energy Transitions and Adsorption Thermodynamics: CH4 and Anthracite Sorbates

Andrew Koko Wejlah, Ernest Nii Layea Amartey, Edward Antwi Anim, Yvonnet Korkor Aklotsoe
Vol 7, Issue 8; August 2024
North American Academic Research, 7(8), 31-47. doi: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13376450

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Abstract: There are many sources of CH4 gas, both artificial and natural. Coal seams are a primary natural source, and mining activities contribute immensely to greenhouse gas emissions. Adsorption, a fundamental component in the storage and transport of CH4 in coal seams, provides sufficient insights for research and application involving CH4 and/or coal while outlining temperature effects that expose differentia. Molecular dynamics simulation, a tow- ering computational technique that has been utilized in many fields of science and engineering in recent decades to study the behavior and properties of materials from a molecular and atomistic perspective, provides an intrinsic insight into materials as they undergo varying conditions, giving understanding of basic and complex phenomena in many scientific disciplines is used to highlight temperature influence at 273.15K, 333.15K and 393.15K during CH4 adsorption on anthracite surface under isothermal condition. This study details the molecular simulation (Grand Canonical Monte Carlo simulation) methodology and analyzes potential and kinetic energy transitions coupling tem- perature dynamics and their effect on adsorption. Two forcefields were considered, COMPASS III and universal forcefields, to which COMPASS III edged. The energy transitions between potential and kinetic energy show that kinetic energy initiates the adsorption process, i.e., sorbates in isolation, while potential energy dominates adsorption phenomenon (sorbates in adsorbed state). The interaction of CH4 and anthracite, underscored by the first law of thermodynamics, determines adsorption with CH4 releasing energy, dominating the adsorption process and promot- ing sorbates interaction while van der Waals force, a distance-dependent parameter, dominates the adsorption phenomenon.

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Volume: Issue: 8

Article: An Overview of China's OFDI, Export Trade, and Formal Institutions in Africa and Asia

Zakariae Elattar
Vol 7, Issue 8; August 2024
North American Academic Research, 7(8), 62-73. doi: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13620581

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Abstract: In this article, I will describe the analysis of China's Outward Foreign Direct Investment and export trade with Africa and Asia. I will start with the industrial structure of China's OFDI in both regions, outlining the industry's core to its investment. In the following section, those particular countries that come out to be the biggest receivers of Chinese investments will be discussed, and an attempt will be made to elaborate on the strategic and economic rea- sons behind such choices. This will lead to an analysis of the current trade volume and composition of exports be- tween China and its African and Asian partners, enabling us to gain insight into the nature and dynamics of these trade relationships. We will look, finally, into the institutional factors in Africa and Asia influencing Chinese OFDI and trade. In this paper, a comprehensive overview will be given, taking into consideration the complexity and stra- tegic relevance of China's economic engagements with Africa and Asia.

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Volume: Issue: 7

Article: Analysis and research on consumer purchasing behavior of electronic products in e-commerce platform

Ulugbek Yusupov
Vol 7, Issue 7; July 2024
North American Academic Research, 7(7), 11-19. doi: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13376336

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Abstract: The rapid development of internet technology has led to significant changes in consumer behavior, particularly in the realm of electronic commerce (e-commerce). This study aims to understand the factors that influence consumer purchasing decisions for electronic products in the e-commerce environment. Utilizing a multiple linear regression model, the research analyzes a large dataset of consumer purchasing behavior to identify the key drivers of these decisions. The study focuses on variables such as user age, historical purchase frequency, page views, and average visit duration. These variables are analyzed to determine their impact on consumer purchasing intentions, which is quantified using actual purchase amounts or frequencies. The analysis reveals strong positive correlations between the target variable and user age, historical purchase frequency, and average visit duration, while the correlation with page views is weaker. Using SPSS25 software, the research conducts a stepwise multiple linear regression analysis, resulting in a model that includes average visit duration and historical purchase frequency as significant predictors. The final regression equation demonstrates that these two factors have a substantial impact on consumer purchasing behavior, with a high coefficient of determination (R²) indicating a good fit of the model. The findings of this study provide valuable insights for e-commerce platforms looking to optimize their sales strategies and improve customer satisfaction. By understanding the key factors that drive consumer purchasing decisions, platforms can tailor their offerings, marketing strategies, and user

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Volume: Issue: 8

Article: Supply Chain Management Process of Readymade Garments Industry of Bangladesh: A Study on Standard Group

Hazara Binta Shuruj Chaity, Liu Xueyuan
Vol 7, Issue 8; August 2024
North American Academic Research, 7(8), 10-30. doi: https://doi.org/ 10.5281/zenodo.13376106

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Abstract: This thesis investigates the supply chain management (SCM) processes of Bangladesh's Readymade Gar- ments (RMG) industry, specifically focusing on the Standard Group. The study explores how SCM is integrated into the RMG value chain, highlighting the complexities and risks involved, especially in manufacturing. By adopting a holistic view, the research examines the interactions between manufacturers, suppliers, and other stakeholders, em- phasizing the importance of coordination and sustainability. The study uses primary and secondary data, with 50 respondents including merchandisers, suppliers, and quality controllers. A descriptive analysis was conducted using Likert's Summative Rating scale to evaluate key performance indicators in production, inventory management, fore- casting, communication, order placement, and distribution. Findings reveal that while the Standard Group demon- strates strong performance in production and distribution, there are areas for improvement in forecasting accuracy and supplier communication. The results underscore the significance of efficient SCM in enhancing overall perfor- mance and responsiveness in the RMG industry

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Volume: Issue: 7

Article: Design and Structural Analysis of a Semi-Trailer Chassis

Djifarine Dang Sei Fai Laurette
Vol 7, Issue 7; July 2024
North American Academic Research, 7(7), 201-207, doi: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13368303

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Abstract: The Chantier Naval Industriel du Cameroun (CINC), an autonomous entity within the Office National des Ports du Cameroun (ONPC), is aligned with the Cameroonian Government's long-term development initiative, "Cameroon Vision 2035," aiming for national emergence by 2035. This paper presents the design and sizing of a robust chassis for semi-trailers intended to transport goods weighing up to 27 tons, with the following specifications: payload capacity of 27,000 kg, overall length of 12,350 mm, and overall width of 2,500 mm. Our dimensioning adheres to internationally recognized standards and regulatory codes, including ABS (Construction and Classification Rules for Metal Construction Barges), EUROCODE 3 (Calculation of Steel Structures), and BS EN ISO 12944 (Protection of Metal Surfaces). These standards provide the foundation for the structural characteristics necessary for steel construction. To achieve our objectives, we employed various analytical tools, including the QQOQCCP method, the OCTOPUS diagram, and the horned beast digraph. Numerical analyses were performed using SOLIDWORKS software to validate the design. The estimated cost of the project is 4,813,798.18 CFA francs. Our analysis using Ansys software revealed that the structure would fail under the 27-ton load due to specific structural weaknesses. However, the analysis performed with SOLIDWORKS software concluded that our structure fully meets the service suitability conditions and can be safely deployed once installed on-site. Detailed results of these analyses are discussed in the subsequent sections of this paper.

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Volume: Issue: 7

Article: Entomological assessment and seroprevalence of zika virus in garoua, cameroon : implications for vector control and public health

Layiroi Ningue Gervais, Bouba Gake, Nukenine Elias Nchiwan
Vol 7, Issue 7; July 2024
Nortth American Academic Research, 7(7), 147-168. doi: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13306984

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Abstract: The Zika virus is concerning due to its harmful effects on the body. In Garoua, Cameroon, a previous study revealed a seroprevalence of 4.8%. The transmission of the Zika virus is possible through Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus mosquitoes, although only Aedes aegypti was found in Garoua. To determine the prevalence of Zika and assess potential vectors, 100 blood samples were analyzed using a Zika NS1 combo IgG/IgM cassette kit. Mosquito larvae from potential vector species were collected in three zones of Garoua: Yelwa, Jamboutou, and Roumde. All positive containers were recorded using GPS. Larval stages were collected by inspecting several categories of containers (domestic, peri-domestic, and natural), and the positive breeding sites were geo-referenced. Infestation indices (house index, Breteau index, container index, and larval index) were calculated. No cases of Zika were detected, with a prevalence of 0% in Garoua. However, both potential vectors were found in the city. Breteau indices were 39.60% in Yelwa, 51.42% in Jamboutou, and 31.81% in Roumde, indicating a high risk of Zika transmission in Roumde. The absence of positive cases could be due to the small sample size, highlighting the need for large-scale studies with a larger sample size. It is also essential to conduct research during wet and dry periods to better understand vector behavior and the circulation of the Zika virus in Garoua.

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Volume: Issue: 7

Article: Advanced Modular Machine Tools: A Comprehensive Approach to High-Performance Boring Machine Design

Jibon Miah, Md Mofezur Rahaman Milon, Mohammad Abu Sayeed Prodhan, Maskawat Al Sium
Vol 7, Issue 7; July 2024
North American Academic Research, 7(7), 109-139. doi: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13250598

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Abstract: The design and development of modular machine tools necessitate a precise approach to ensure efficiency, accuracy, and adaptability in modern manufacturing environments. This paper outlines a comprehensive methodology for designing a boring machine, focusing on the modular machine tool's main components and transmission systems. The study begins by highlighting the characteristics and proposal stages of modular machine tools, emphasizing the importance of standardization and adaptability. The technical design phase involves detailed finite element analysis (FEA) and material selection to optimize mechanical properties and ensure robustness. The multi-axle box, a crucial component, is designed to drive multiple spindles efficiently. Various transmission schemes were evaluated, with Scheme 3 emerging as the most feasible due to its balance of structural layout and cost effectiveness, despite the increased load on the active spindle. Power calculations ensure the machine's capability to handle required machining operations without overloading. The spindle design, gear parameters, and shaft dimensions are meticulously calculated and verified for strength and durability. Integration of advanced automation and control systems, along with economic analysis, further enhances the machine tool's efficiency and viability. The design principles and calculations presented in this paper provide a robust framework for developing high performance modular machine tools, capable of meeting diverse manufacturing requirements with precision and reliability.

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Volume: Issue: 6

Article: Comprehensive evaluation of different powertrain vehicles based on the EWM-TOPSIS-AISM Methoda case of China

Zixiang Bian , Zikui Bian, Xunping Lei , Mohammad Kamrul Hasan , Wei Li
Volume 7, Issue 6
North American Academic Research, 7(6), 148-167. doi: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.12734176

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Abstract: Since the end of 2023, several European and American car companies have begun to slow down or even abandon the process of promoting electric vehicles. How to deduce the reasonable timing for the promotion of electric vehicles based on the actual situation of each country is an important issue in the promotion of electric vehicles in each country. This paper, taking China (a developing country) as an example, chooses power (maximum speed, cruising range, energy consumption per 100 kilometers), economic (acquisition costs, cost of use) and Eco-friendliness (health toxic potential, acid potential, photochemical ozone creation potential, global warming potential) indicators of different powertrain vehicles, and establishes an EWM-TOPSIS-AISM comprehensive evaluation model. The combined scores of four powertrain vehicles, battery electric vehicles (BEVs), plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs), hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs), and in-ternal combustion engine vehicles (ICEVs), under different power production structures in China in 2025, 2030, 2050 and 2060 are calculated. The results show that, in China, after 2025, ICEVs will completely lose competitiveness with BEVs, PHEVs, and HEVs. By 2030, BEVs will be the best vehicle among those. However, the evaluation of BEVs is characterized by high dependence and low driving force. Once China's power production structure transformation is less than expected or there is a large technological innovation in the internal combustion engine power system, the comprehensive evaluation score of BEVs will also be significantly affected. The evaluation model in this paper will provide some development suggestions for developing countries that are planning for energy structure transformation and electric vehicle development.

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Volume: Issue: 7

Article: Motor Impairments in Autism Spectrum Disorder: Implications for Intervention and Research

Bryan V. Catama
Vol 7, Issue 7; July 2024
North American Academic Research, 7(7), 97-108. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13239488

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Abstract: Motor impairments, such as unusual posture, are a critical aspect of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) that affects individuals of all ages and influences how the disorder manifests. This review examines the prevalence and consequences of motor impairments in ASD, exploring their relationship with key characteristics, potential neurobiological factors, and implications for intervention and future research. By reviewing recent studies, literature reviews, and theoretical perspectives, this review reveals the complex interplay between motor abilities, sensory processing, social cognition, and overall development in individuals with ASD. The findings show that motor impairments are not just co-occurring features but are integral to the condition, affecting the severity of social communication difficulties, restricted and repetitive behaviors, and adaptive functioning. This review highlights the need for a shift in ASD research and intervention, moving away from isolated approaches and embracing a more comprehensive perspective that considers the significant impact of motor impairments on individuals with ASD.

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Volume: Issue: 7

Article: Upper Lip Bite Test Versus Modified Mallampati Test in Predictor of Difficult Airway

Amit Kumar Karna, Ajay Kumar Pajiyar , Sanjay Yadav , Sandeep Sharma , Naveen Sah
Volume 7, Issue 7
North American Academic Research, 7(7), 37-42. doi: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13211543

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Abstract: : Objective: To explore the comparison between the upper lip bite test (ULBT) and the modified Mallampati test (MMT) to predict difficult intubation. Methods: A total of 112 patients of both sexes, aged between 18 and 60 years, scheduled for elective surgeries under general anesthesia and meeting the inclusion and exclusion criteria, were included in the study. The patient's airway was evaluated using the MMT and ULBT preoperatively. Predictors of difficult endotracheal intubation were assigned to MMT class III and IV, and ULBT class III. After premedication and induction, laryngoscopy was performed. After successful intubation, a difficulty score was recorded based on the sum of seven assessment parameters. A score >5 was considered indicative of difficult intubation. Results: The incidence of difficult intubation in the study was 13.4% (i.e., 15 out of 112 patients). ULBT showed higher sensitivity (92.3% vs. 30.8%), specificity (93.8% vs. 74.3%) (60% vs. 13.8%), and (96.8% vs. 86.7%) compared to MMT. Conclusion: The upper lip bite test is better at predicting difficult intubation with higher accuracy compared to the modified Mallampati test. Both tests are good predictors of easy intubation.

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Volume: Issue: 8

Article: A Comparative Study of Bacteriology in Recurrent Tonsillitis Among Children and Adults of Madhesh Province, Nepal with Reference to Pediatric Age Group 2 to 15 years and Adult Age Group above 15 years

Santosh Kumar Sah , Baidhyanath Thakur , Sharad Yadav
Vol 7, Issue 8; August 2023
North American Academic Research, 7(8), 1-9. doi: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13218166

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Abstract: Objective: The present study of Bacteriology was conducted to see the recurrent Tonsillitis effects on Children of 2 to 15 years and Adults of above 15 years of the Madhesh province, Nepal. Method: This is a comparative study in children of 2 to 15 years and Adult of Above 15 years. The population of the study was centered in the Madhesh Province of Nepal and the samples were collected from Schools, Villages and local health posts and district Hospitals of Madhesh province. Staphylococcus species of bacteria were found responsible for causing tonsillitis. The children were found more prone than that of adults suffering from tonsillitis. The poor families were more susceptible than the families of medium and above medium range. 130 samples were collected using structured questionnaires. SPSS was used to analyze the samples. Some of the isolation process followed by Madhesh Province Hospitals and results found there were to take decision. The study covers the period of more than 1 years. Chi-square test was used to make the valid decision. Result: Of the total 130 out of 200 patients grew single pathogenic bacteria in their tonsillar core culture, 35 different pathogenic bacteria, and the rest (35) grew normal bacterial flora. Staphylococcus aureus was the most commonly isolated bacterium and accounted for 37 percent of the total cultures isolated; its prevalence was the same in the adults and children. -Haemolytic Streptococcus was isolated in 20 percent of subjects and was predominantly from group A (Streptococcus pyogens). Group A -haemolytic Streptococci was more prevalent in children. Pseudomonas aeruginosa, which rarely causes pathogenicity in tonsils, was cultured from nine (5 percent) of our study subjects. Conclusion: Staphylococcus aureus is the most common pathogenic bacteria cultured both in adults and children. It may be a steppingstone to eventually understanding whether the bacteria play a role in reactivating recurrent infections. From previous and current studies, there is no relationship between bacteriology and recurrent infections. The mechanism of activation of infection in recurrent tonsillitis is unknown, knowing the bacteriology does not help us to treat the disease.

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Volume: Issue: 7

Article: Intraoperative Incidence of Nausea & Vomiting in LSCS Under Spinal Anesthesia

Amit Kumar Karna , Ajay Kumar Pajiyar , Sanjay Yadav , Raushan Kumar Sah , Jitendra Kumar Sah
Vol 7, Issue 7; July 2024
North American Academic Research, 7(7) 48-53, July 2024, doi: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13218422

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Abstract: Objective: To study the incidence of IONV (intraoperative nausea and vomiting) in LSCS (lower segment cesarean section) under spinal anesthesia. Methods: The data was analyzed by using SPSS version 20. Descriptive statistics were used to summarize patients’ baseline socio-demographic data and the frequency of different variables (patient, anesthetic and surgical related variables). Continuous variables were presented as medians, i.e., mean (±standard deviation (SD)) and categorical variables were presented as frequencies with corresponding proportions using tables. The chi-square test was used to compare frequencies of respondents with categorical variables. Independent variables were analyzed using binary and multivariate logistic regression with the dependent variable. Variables with a p-value of ≤0.2 from the bivariable analysis were fitted to a multivariable logistic regression to check their association with dependent outcome. Odds ratio with 95% confidence interval and the p-value of ≤0.05 was considered to have a significant. Result: 316 Patients who underwent cesarean section with spinal anesthesia were participated in this study. The incidence of intraoperative nausea and vomiting was 42.4%. According to multivariable logistic regression, age greater than 30 years (OR, 6.26; 95%CI, 2.2–17.78; p-value 0.001), primiparous (OR, 3.72; 95%CI, 1.35–10.24; p-value, 0.011), having motion sickness (OR, 7.1; 95%CI, 2.75–18.33; p-value 0.001), emergency LSCS (OR, 9.85; 95%CI, 3.19–30.38; pvalue 0.001), oxygen supplementation (OR, 0.021; 95%CI, 0.005–0.08; p-value 0.0001) and uterotonic agent (OR, 2.99; 95%CI 1.24–7.22; p-value 0.015) had statistically significant association with intraoperative nausea and vomiting. Conclusion: In this study, the overall incidence of intraoperative nausea and vomiting after spinal anesthesia was 42.4%. Parturients with age greater than 30 years, having motion sickness, didn't get intraoperative supplemental oxygen, oxytocin used for the uterotonic purpose, emergency surgery, and primiparous were at increased risk of intraoperative nausea and vomiting.

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Volume: Issue: 6

Article: Examining the Role of Oral Fluid HCV Self-Testing in Enhancing Hepatitis C Screening Acceptance Rates: A Systematic Review

Mon Yee Htet Paing, Ye Win Naing, Khin Yadana Aung
Vol 7, Issue 6; June 2024
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.12684643

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Abstract: Self-testing for hepatitis C is a promising approach to increasing testing, particularly in high-risk areas. To eliminate HCV as a public health issue by 2030, it is critical to make it easier for those most affected to receive testing, treatment, and healthcare. The study aims to assess the Examining the Role of Oral Fluid HCV Self-Testing in Enhancing Hepatitis C Screening Acceptance Rates among the public and health professionals for diagnosing and treating HCV, with the aim of making new tests more useful and accessible. The acceptability of oral fluid HCV self-testing for Hepatitis C diagnosis is crucial for several reasons. It can provide a discreet, convenient alternative for high-risk populations. Oral fluid self-testing can be performed at home, reducing barriers related to clinic visits, and providing privacy and confidentiality. It can also help design interventions for early diagnosis and linkage to care. Increasing HCV testing rates through acceptable methods can have a significant impact on public health, leading to earlier diagnosis and improved treatment outcomes. Its cost-effectiveness makes it a worthwhile investment in resource-limited settings. A systematic review on the efficacy of hepatitis C virus self-testing was conducted with study duration of December 2023-May 2024 using databases like Science Direct, Cochrane, PubMed, and Medline. PRISMA's methodologies and reporting guidelines guided the search. The included study range was 10 years window from 2014-2024 initial search yielded 210 publications, but the number of articles that required examination was reduced after applying selected keywords and evaluating abstracts. We deemed 25 articles relevant to the subject after applying inclusion and exclusion criteria. The findings are analyzed, highlighting their limitations and strengths and discussing practical implications, knowledge gaps, and recommendations for future research. This study provides evidence supporting the feasibility and widespread acceptance of oral fluid HCV self-testing, a method that has the potential to overcome barriers to facility-based HCV testing.

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Volume: Issue: 7

Article: The Impact of financial development on the economic growth and economic volatility

Eutychus T Sibanda
Vol 7, Issue 7; July 2024
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.12801453

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Abstract: This paper examines the impact of financial development on economic growth and economic volatility. Financial development, encompassing the provision of a broad range of financial services, plays a critical role in economic frameworks by creating savings and ensuring efficient investment through intermediation. Utilizing econ- ometric modeling and empirical data analysis, this study investigates whether financial development promotes eco- nomic expansion and stabilizes or exacerbates economic fluctuations. The research question centers on identifying the statistical relationships between financial development, economic growth, and economic volatility. Hypotheses are tested using data from multiple countries over several decades. The findings aim to provide insights for policy- makers on leveraging financial development to achieve sustainable economic growth and stability, while also ad- dressing the conflicting results found in existing literature on this topic.

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Volume: Issue: 7

Article: Optimizing Trauma Patient Management:A Collaborative Approach Between Emergency Medicine, General Surgery And Orthopedics Departments

Chandan Raj Sharma, Rajesh Kumar Sah, Kumar Shambhaw, Bishnu Bhandari, Narayan Bahadur Godar, Ashwini Kumar Jha
Vol 7, Issue 7; July 2024
North American Academic Research, 7(7), 21-27. doi: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.12760833

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Abstract: Objective: To explore the effect of multi-disciplinary team (MDT) in MIHS Provincial hospitals on severe trauma patients. Method: This study reviewed the treatment of patients with severe trauma in MIHS Provincial Hospital of Janakpurdham, Nepal from January 2023 to May 2024. The patients' gender, age, injury mechanism, etc.; the start indicators: the Glasgow coma scale (GCS), trauma index (TI), injury severity score (ISS); the start related indicators: time for activation, time for MDT to arrive, time for CT scan, time for damage control surgery; patient treatment and prognosis: ICU (intensive care unit) length of stay, number of cured and discharged patients, number of dead cases, number of patients transferred to rehabilitation hospital, were all analyzed. It discussed the composition of MDT, the initiation scheme, the indicators of initiation of MDT for severe trauma, and analyzed the correlation between the application of MDT and the prognosis of patients. Result：From January 2023 to May 2024, 112 trauma patients were treated by MDT(Emergency Medicine, General Surgery and Orthopedics Departments) in MIHS Provincial Hospital Janakpurdham, Nepal. There were 69 males and 43 females. The minimum age was 15 years, the maximum age was 89 years, most of them were 36-55 years old. The main injury mechanism was traffic accident injury. The GCS, TI, ISS were 13.0±2.9, 13.0±2.8, and 21.5±11.9, respectively. It took 3.7±0.8 minutes to start the call, 6.1±0.9 minutes for MDT personnel to arrive at the emergency rescue area, 72.3±21.1 minutes for fast CT and 190.2±92.5 minutes for injury control operation. All the hospitalized patients were treated effectively. ICU (Intensive care unit) hospitalization time was 12.6±6.7 days. 55 discharged patients were cured, 5 died (1 died of hemorrhagic shock, 4 died of severe brain injury) and 52 transferred to rehabilitation hospital. Conclusion：The treatment of severe trauma patients by MDT (Emergency Medicine, General Surgery and Orthopedics Departments) in MIHS provincial hospitals can greatly improve the ability and level of treatment of severe trauma patients, improvement for the lack of treatment of severe trauma especially multiple trauma patients in hospitals and improve the treatment effect of severe trauma patients. It provides a reference model for large hospitals to treat patients with severe trauma and multiple trauma with collaborative approach.

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Volume: Issue: 6

Article: The Role of Family in Child’s Mental Health

Jean Pierre Mugiraneza, Lambert Kwizera, Ambroise Nzabasanga, Dr. Ildephonse Habinshutid, Felix Banderembaho
Vol 7, Issue 6; June 2024
North American Academic Research, 7(6), 28-41. doi: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.12769880

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Abstract: Abstract: Background: Child’s mental health around the world is important to consider. More than 13% of young people age 10-19 have a mental disorder. Despite several initiatives that have been put in place to deal with child mental health, the importance of the family in mental health of the child is still critical. Parenting styles affect psy- chology of children in one way or another. There exist four parenting styles which are; authoritarian, authoritative, permissive and uninvolved. Objective: This review aims to explore the role of family, through the lens of parenting styles in child’s mental health. Participants and Setting: The Participants are children and Adolescents aged less than 18 years. Methods: This Review was conducted from May, 2023 to January, 2024. Studies used were pub- lished by researchers between 2019-2023. The study followed Jesson & Laccy's critical literature review methodol- ogy, utilizing academic databases like PubMed and Google Scholar, as well as WHO and official public health web- sites. Results: The review indicated the parenting approaches have positive and negative impacts on child mental health. These approaches include authoritarian, authoritative, permissive and uninvolved. There are psychological factors that influence the birth of these styles among parents. Conclusions: parenting style play greater role on overall mental health of the children. Parents should promote their children’s self-esteem by showing them a lot of emotional support, avoiding rejection, and refraining from being overly protective. To enhance their children’s self-esteem and psychological adaptability.

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Volume: Issue: 5

Article: Investigating Privacy Security Risks for Elderly Individuals in Telemedicine: A Survey-Based Analysis

Ji Jiangming, Akwanwi Lourine Azanwi
Vol 7, Issue 5; May 2024
North American Academic Research, 7(5), 214-224. doi:https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.12734979

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Abstract: Since the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic, healthcare systems have undergone significant transformations to enhance accessibility, improve health outcomes, and reduce costs. Among these changes, telemedicine has emerged as a popular avenue for delivering medical services, allowing patients to receive care remotely. How- ever, the adoption of telemedicine among older individuals, who often require specialized medical attention due to age-related health issues, has been slow. This reluctance to embrace telemedicine exacerbates healthcare disparities, particularly among the elderly population. This project aims to investigate privacy and security threats faced by elderly individuals in the context of telemedicine. Specifically, the study seeks to analyze data collected from a survey of 500 individuals aged 60 and above to identify prevalent privacy concerns among the elderly in Cameroon. A survey-based approach will be employed to gather insights into the privacy and security concerns of older individuals regarding telemedicine. The survey will be designed to capture demographic information, assess perceptions of privacy risks associated with telemedicine. Logistic regression analysis will be conducted to explore associations between demographic factors and privacy concerns. The study findings will provide an understanding of the privacy and security challenges faced by elderly individuals in telemedicine. Logistic regression analysis will reveal demographic factors influencing privacy concerns among older adults. This research contributes to improving privacy and security measures in telemedicine for elderly individuals by identifying existing privacy and security concerns and bringing to light where to better improve it. By addressing these challenges, healthcare providers and policymakers can promote the equitable access and utilization of telemedical services among the elderly, thereby enhancing overall healthcare delivery and outcomes.

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Volume: Issue: 6

Article: Recovery of Cellulose Fibers from Waste Books and Writing Paper by Flotation De-inking

Md Didarul Alam Chowdhury, Nazia Nowshin, Muhammad Misbah Uddin, Tahmidul Islam Aquib
Vol 7, Issue 6; June 2024
North American Academic Research, 7(6) 55-68 June 2024, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.12600660

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Abstract: Waste books and writing paper are low-cost and convenient sources of fibre for manufacturing paper. The current study aims to characterize the chemical and enzymatic deinking of waste books and writing papers. It de-scribes the research leading to the development of a process for floatation deinking of waste paper. All the experi-ments were run under the same conditions and equipment. The chemical deinking of waste paper demonstrated a high deinking efficiency on writing paper, but a low deinking efficiency was obtained with waste books. Enzymatic treatments significantly improved the drainage rate of the deinked waste papers. Both chemical and enzymatic dein-king increased the brightness of waste books and writing paper. The efficiency of the process is evaluated in terms of yield of clean pulp, brightness, tensile index, tear strength, burst strength, folding, thickness, etc. Chemical and Enzymatic treatment caused a 10% reduction in the tear index for waste books but a 9% improvement in writing papers. The tensile index was increased by 5.7% and 3.8% in writing papers and waste books relative to the non-treated sample. In addition, enzymatic treatment increased the 19.45% tensile index relative to non-treated waste books. However, the writing paper showed the highest reduction in the tensile index relative to the blank. Taken together, these results showed an improvement in the optical and physical properties of all paper sheets produced in this study.

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Volume: Issue: 4

Article: Deep Learning for Climate Change Impact Assessment: Analyzing Satellite Imagery and Climate Models for Environmental Monitoring

Muhammad Maruf Billah, Abdullah Al Rakib, Haque Md Imamul, Asif Shakil Ahamed, Diponkar Sharker
Vol 7, Issue 4; April 2024
North American Academic Research, 7(4) 275-286 April 2024, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.12597990

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Abstract: Climate change, driven by the emission of heat-trapping gases, poses significant challenges to global ecosystems and biodiversity. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) aims to equip governments with the scientific knowledge needed to address these changes effectively. The rise in global temperatures, attributed to human activities such as deforestation and the emission of greenhouse gases, has led to more frequent and severe climate-related events. Climate change threatens to raise global sea levels, affect freshwater availability, and displace millions of people, necessitating coordinated global efforts like the Paris Agreement to mitigate its impacts. Environmental monitoring is crucial in understanding and managing climate change. The use of satellite imagery and Earth observation data allows for the collection of comprehensive, high-resolution data essential for informed decision-making and policy development. These technologies enable the monitoring of critical Earth systems, including temperature variations, snow and ice cover, and vegetation health. Satellite imagery, processed through advanced machine learning algorithms, provides detailed analyses of land surface changes, aiding in climate change impact assessments. Climate models play a pivotal role in environmental assessment, simulating the interactions within Earth's climate system to predict future conditions. These models, ranging from simple statistical tools to complex general circulation models, help forecast changes in weather patterns, water cycles, and ecosystem dynamics. The integration of deep learning techniques in climate change research enhances the accuracy and efficiency of these models, offering new insights into the potential impacts on agriculture, infrastructure, and human settlements. Effective environmental monitoring and robust climate models are essential for developing strategies to mitigate and adapt to climate change, ensuring sustainable progress and resilience for future generations.

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Volume: Issue: 6

Article: Study on the Clinical Effects of Different Surgical Treatments for Inguinal Hernia

Sanjay Chaudhary
Vol 7, Issue 6; June 2024
North American Academic Research, 7(6) 50-54 June 2024, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.12572806

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Abstract: Objective: To discuss the clinical effects of different surgical treatments for inguinal hernia. Methods: Select 120 patients with inguinal hernia treated in Janaki Medical College and Teaching Hospital, Janakpur Nepal from May 2023 to May 2024, and divide them into two groups according to the random number method, 60 cases in each group, treated with tension-free hernia repair surgery The experimental group was the experimental group, and the control group was treated with traditional hernia repair surgery. The hospitalization time, surgical blood loss, operation time, complication rate, quality of life, the effect of only come, pain score, etc. were compared between the two groups. Results: In the experimental group, the amount of bleeding during operation was 7.05±2.48 mL, the length of hospital stay was 5.05±0.45 d, the incision length was 1.23±0.35 cm, the operation time was 10.17±1.52 min, the complication rate was 1.67%, and the total effective rate was 95.00%. Total quality of life score 95.32±1.27, pain score 2.63±0.05, anxiety score 32.87±1.59, depression score 33.62±1.78, Were better than those in the control group 16.48±3.36 mL, 10.15±0.18 d, 4.09±0.95 cm, 15.18±1.52 min, 18.33%, 85.00%, 82.52±1.77, 4.93±0.07, 45.23±1.78, 46.58±1.77. The difference was significant (P＜0.05). Conclusion: The use of tension-free hernia repair surgery in patients with inguinal hernia can relieve pain, reduce blood loss during surgery, shorten hospital stay, improve treatment effect, improve quality of life, and reduce the incidence of complications.

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Volume: Issue: 2

Article: Laparoscopic Versus Open Cholecystectomy for Acute Cholecystitis

Sanjay Chaudhary
Vol 7, Issue 2; February 2024
North American Academic Research, 7(2) 202-207 February 2024, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.12572844

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Abstract: Objective: To investigate the value of laparoscopic cholecystectomy(LC) for acute cholecystitis． Methods: The clinical data of 67 patients undergoing LC and 58 patients undergoing open cholecystectomy(OC)from January 2021 to December 2023 in the Janaki Medical College and Teaching Hospital were retrospectively reviewed.The operation time, blood loss, intestinal peristalsis recovery time, hospital stay, analgesic administration and complications were compared between the two groups. Results: In LC group, 64 cases went through the surgery successfully，and 3 cases were converted to laparotomy including 2 cases of severe adhesions of Calot Triangle and difficult separation and 1 case of hemostasis difficulty under laparoscope due to massive gallbladder bed bleeding.There were 1 case of postoperative incision infection (1.6%), and 1 case of biliary leakage (1.6%).The incidence of complication was 3.1% (2/64).In OC group, there were 4 cases of incision infection (6.9%), 1 case of abdominal residual abscess (1.7%), 2 cases of biliary leakage (3.4%) and 2 cases of adhesive intestinal obstruction ( 3.4%).The incidence of complication of OC group was 15.5％(9／58), significantly higher than that of LC group(X2=5.696,P=0.017). Compared with OC group, LC group had shorter operative time [(42.6±12.3)min vs.(63.8±11.6)rain, t=-9.767, P=0.000], less blood loss [(47.8±11.5)ml vs.(76.3±14.2)ml, t=-12.231, P=0.000], shorter intestinal peristalsis recovery time [(24．2±3．7)h vs． (43.7±8.6)h, t=-16.535, P=0.000],shorter postoperative hospital stay [(4.6 4-2.2)d vs. (9.1±3.4)d, t=-8.758, P=0.000] and lower administration ratio of postoperative analgesic [20.3％(13/64)vs． 48.3% (28/58), X2=10.663, P=0.001]. Conclusion: Compared with OC, LC has minimal trauma, quicker recovery, shorter hospital stay, fewer complications for the treatment of acute cholecystitis．

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Volume: Issue: 6

Article: Incidence and Pattern of Mandibular Fractures in Janakpur, Madhesh Pradesh, Nepal A Retrospective Study

Rishikesh Pratap Sah, Mukesh Pandey
Vol 7, Issue 6; June 2024
North American Academic Research, 7(6) 43-49 June 2024, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.12535799

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Abstract: Objective: To summarize and discuss the significance of various aetiological factors in determining the in-cidence and dictating the patterns of mandibular fractures in Janakpur, Nepal. The patients age, sex composition, etiology and distribution were analyzed. Methods: 152 patients treated for mandibular fractures were reviewed between the time periods from June 2015 to May 2019 in dental department of Janaki Medical College and Teaching Hospital, Janakpur, Nepal. Data on age, gen-der, aetiology, use of intoxicants, head injury, associated injuries, days of the week, anatomic site and multiple frac-tures within the mandible were recorded and assessed. SPSS 15.0 software was used for statistical analysis. The com-parison between data was performed. P<0.05 indicated that the difference was statistically significant. Results: The highest incidence of fractures was observed among the individuals in 21-30yrs (3rd decade) (33.55%) followed by 2nd(11-20yrs) and 4thdecades(31-40yrs), which exhibited 40 and 30 cases (26.3% and 19.7%), respectively. Male to female ratio was biased (4:1) portraying a male predominance. Road traffic accidents (RTAs) were observed to be the predominant aetiological factor responsible accounting for 79.2% of the total injuries followed by assaults (11.8%) and falls (9%). Parasymphysis exhibited the highest incidence (32.63%) amongst the anatomic sites, followed by body (18.75%), angle (16.66%), condyle (15.27%), symphysis (12.50%), ramus (2.77%) and coronoid (1.38%). C onclusion: Mandibular fractures occur most likely i n young and middle aged males in M ad hesh province, Janakpur, Nepal. A definitive relationship existed between RTA and the incidence of mandibular fractures. The frequency fur- ther increased with consumption of social intoxicants. The most commonly fractured site was parasymphysis either isolated or associated with other fractures in the mandible.

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Volume: Issue: 6

Article: Assessment of Prevalence of Dental Caries and Its Associated Risk Factors in Diabetic Patients in Madhesh Province, Nepal

Mukesh Pandey, Birendra Kumar Jha, Vijay Kumar Sah, Rajan Singh, Amrita Pandey, Rishikesh Pratap Sah
Vol 7, Issue 6; June 2024
North American Academic Research, 7(6) 37-42 June 2024, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.12509664

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Abstract: Objective: To explore the dental caries status and their predisposing factors for individuals with type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM), with impaired glucose regulation (IGR) and with normal glucose tolerance (NGT) respec-tively. Methods: In this study 145 patients with DM, 140 individuals with IGR and 149 individuals with NGT (served as control group) were randomly selected. Oral examination was carried out and fasting plasma glucose （FPG） levels, plasma glucose level of 2 hours post glucose-load (PG2h) ，resting salivary flow rates, salivary pH value were tested in Janaki Medical College, Teaching Hospital, Janakpurdham, Madhesh Province, Nepal. Results: For DM, IGR and control group, the caries rate was 72.4%, 69.2%, 63.8% respectively with no significant difference among them. DMFT (caries mean) in DM group was significantly higher than that in IGR and control group (P < 0.05). The means of resting salivary flow rate and salivary pH value in DM and IGR group were lower than in the control group；while the mean of FPG value in DM and IGR group were higher than in the control group (P < 0.05). Conclusion: Patients with DM have more possibilities of dental caries than individuals with IGR or healthy control. Controlling diabetes mellitus may help to reduce the number of dental caries.

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Volume: Issue: 5

Article: Formulation and Synthesis of Thiazole Pyrimidine-Derived Compounds as Turn-On Fluorescent Probes for Selective Metal Ion Detection

Anum Alia
Vol 7, Issue 5; May 2024
North American Academic Research, 7(5) 127-143 May 2024, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11536085

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Abstract: The development of sensitive and specific chemosensors for detecting heavy metal ions, particularly mercury (Hg2+), is crucial due to the harmful effects of these ions on human health and the environment. In this study, we synthesized ethyl 8-(benzyloxy)-4-(2-hydroxy-3-methylphenyl)-2-methyl-4H-benzo[4,5]thiazolo[3,2-a]pyrimidine-3-carboxylate, a fused heterocyclic compound, through a multi-step synthetic route starting from readily available starting materials. Each intermediate compound was characterized using various analytical techniques including thin layer chromatography (TLC), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H NMR), and carbon-13 nuclear magnetic resonance (13C NMR). The final product was evaluated for its potential application as a chemosensor for heavy metal ions, particularly mercury (Hg+2). UV-Vis absorption and photoluminescence spectroscopy were employed to investigate the sensing capabilities of the synthesized compound. The results demonstrate the successful synthesis of the target compound and its promising potential as a fluorescent probe for detecting mercury ions. The synthesis of ethyl 8-(benzyloxy)-4-(2-hydroxy-3-methylphenyl)-2-methyl-4H-benzo[4,5] thiazolo[3,2-a]pyrimidine-3-carboxylate represents a significant advancement in the field of chemosensors for heavy metal ion detection. By utilizing a multi-step synthetic approach, we were able to access a novel heterocyclic compound with potential applications in environmental monitoring and biomedical diagnostics. The characterization of intermediate compounds using TLC, FT-IR, 1H NMR, and 13C NMR provided valuable insights into the reaction pathways and structural features of the synthesized molecules. Furthermore, the evaluation of the final product as a chemosensor for mercury ions highlights its potential utility in real-world applications. The observed changes in UV-Vis absorption and photoluminescence spectra upon interaction with mercury ions underscore the compound's sensitivity and selectivity towards the target analyte. These findings lay the groundwork for further optimization and development of the synthesized compound as a fluorescent probe for mercury detection. Overall, this study contributes to the ongoing efforts in designing and synthesizing innovative chemosensors for heavy metal ion detection. The successful synthesis and characterization of ethyl 8-(benzyloxy)-4-(2-hydroxy-3-methylphenyl)-2-methyl-4H-benzo[4,5]thiazolo[3,2-a]pyrimidine-3-carboxylate pave the way for future research aimed at addressing environmental and health concerns associated with heavy metal contamination.

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Volume: Issue: 6

Article: Traffic Emissions from Urban Road Intersections on the Surroundings - A Case Study of Intersection in Shijiazhuang, China

Shengyong Yao, Zixiang Bian, Mohammad Kamrul Hasan, Yiran Jiang, Zikui Bian, Jiahao Liu
Vol 7, Issue 6; June 2024
North American Academic Research, 7(6) 18-36 June 2024, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.12189718

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Abstract: With the rapid advancement of industrialization and urbanization in China, the number of urban motor vehicles has increased rapidly, and the pollution problem of motor vehicle emissions has become increasingly prominent. There-fore, it is necessary to further study the pollutant emission patterns of urban transportation to provide a scientific ba-sis for the solution of pollutant exposure problems among urban residents. Based on the actual investigated traffic data of Shijiazhuang city, the authors combined the VISSIM-MOVES-CALPUFF model to establish the traffic emission inventory of complex intersections in Shijiazhuang city and studied the dynamic diffusion characteristics of the emission in a road section in Shijiazhuang city, on the basis of which a model for calculating the ambient traffic ca-pacity (CET) was established. The results show that (1) the diffusion range of CO and NOx is larger than that of other pollutants, and the diffusion process is significantly affected by wind direction and wind speed; (2) during the peak traffic period, the concentration of environmental indicators in the road area is much higher than that of the sur-rounding living environment, whereas the opposite is true for the daily average concentration index. The results of this paper will be of great theoretical and practical significance for enriching the study of pollutant exposure among urban residents, optimizing the road traffic environment, and traffic control at road intersections.

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Volume: Issue: 6

Article: Epidemiology Of Orthopaedic Admissions at Madhesh Institute Of Health Sciences (MIHS), Janakpur, Nepal, Tertiary Care Center

Sandeep Sharma, Deb Narayan Sah, Ravi Shriwastav, Nirmesh Kumar Sah, Rajiv Sharma, Puja Sharma
Vol 7, Issue 6; June 2024
North American Academic Research, 7(6) 12-17 June 2024, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.12189247

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Abstract: Introduction: Majority of admissions in Orthopaedics ward are due to fractures. But there are many other reasons for which a patient could potentially get admitted in the Orthopaedics ward. The goal of this retrospective study was to analyze the spectrum of Orthopaedics admissions to MIHS which is a tertiary care hospital. Methods: This retrospective study was carried out in the department of orthopaedics at MIHS. The data were collected from the hospital record in the orthopaedic ward to analyse the spectrum of orthopaedic admissions over six months period. Result: Total number of admissions over six months period was 115. There were 80 males and 35 female patients in the ratio of 2.7. The average age of patients was 41.6 years. Trauma accounted for 93% (107) admissions followed by infec-tions 5% (6) and tumors 2% (2). The ratio of open to closed fracture was 0.09. There were 63% (67) lower limb trauma cases and 37% (40) upper limb trauma cases. Fracture incidence was higher in males than females until 50 years of age after which the trend was almost same. 21- 50 years of age was the most vulnerable group for fractures which accounted for almost more than 50% of total trauma cases. Road traffic accidents and fall from standing height were the most common mechanisms of injury among males and females respectively. Conclusion: The most common reason for Orthopaedics admission was trauma followed by infections. High velocity injury like RTA was the most common mechanisms of injury among males whereas trivial injury like fall from the standing height was the most common mode of injury among female patients.

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Volume: Issue: 6

Article: Exploring Authentic Green Marketing's Influence on Consumer Behavior Amid Environmental Sustainability and Global Trade

Mojawir Ahmad Sadat, Arshad khan, Habiba begum, Musanif Zeb
Vol 7, Issue 6; June 2024
North American Academic Research, 7(6) 1-11 June 2024, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11658742

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Abstract: In today's era of heightened environmental awareness and global trade dynamics, businesses are increasingly adopting green marketing strategies to bolster their environmental credentials and attract eco-conscious consumers. However, concerns about greenwashing—misleading portrayals of environmental efforts—remain significant. This study investigates the nuanced effects of perceived greenwashing, going beyond prior research to consider ethical implications alongside profitability. Drawing on secondary data sources such as the World Bank, this study employs a quantitative research methodology. By analyzing data from the World Bank and other relevant sources, the research unveils how perceived greenwashing shapes environmental and product perceptions, as well as emotional responses during consumer interactions. Notably, the study finds that certain economic indicators and environmental metrics play a crucial role in understanding the impact of green marketing strategies. The study highlights both managerial and ethical considerations of green marketing, emphasizing the importance of authenticity in environmental claims. By utilizing quantitative analysis techniques and drawing insights from global datasets, businesses can navigate the landscape of sustainable marketing with integrity and effectiveness.

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Volume: Issue: 5

Article: Light-Weighted Humanoid Robotic Arm Design and Simulation

RAFAH KHAN, SYED HASEEB Ul HASSAN
Vol 7, Issue 5; May 2024
North American Academic Research, 7(5) 144-151 May 2024, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11552084

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Abstract: In this paper, an 8-DoF (with end effector) manipulator is designed and simulated. The 3D model of the humanoid robotic arm is designed in Solidworks (each part is designed separately), and simulation of the manipula-tor is performed in V-REP software; every part is exported as an STL (stereolithography)file and then imported to simulation software. In the simulation of the robotic manipulator, an inverse kinematic model is developed by using Damped Least Squares (DLS) for calculation. The D-H parameter is used to determine the position and orientation of joints. The experiments have been carried out to show the flexibility, humanoid and smooth movement of robotic manipulator. The robotic manipulator is tested by placing a cuboid on a cuboid in which the stability of the robot is revealed; the pick and place experiment demonstrates flexible movement; the catch the box experiment illustrates the quick response of the robot, which shows the flexible, smooth and humanoid movement of a robotic arm.

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Volume: Issue: 5

Article: Functions of Moringa Leaves for Health Reviewed From Social and Community Aspects

Junardi Harahap, Rita Destiwati
Vol 7, Issue 5; May 2024
North American Academic Research, 7(5) 104-111 May 2024, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11486961

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Abstract: Moringa leaves have so many benefits and are a medicinal plant that has benefits from various aspects and also various uses that are used by the community. The question in this article is: How do moringa leaves function in terms of health and social aspects? The method used is a qualitative method using a literature study. The results of the study found that moringa leaves have such great health benefits that it is proven that many diseases can be cured by consuming moringa leaves, and it also turns out that moringa leaves can also provide prevention from disease. Apart from that, moringa leaves have benefits in terms of public health aspects, namely social aspects, and also ex-isting community aspects because moringa leaves are part of society and have been integrated into society. Health aspects, social aspects, and community aspects are important for moringa leaves and are an important part of the function and benefits of moringa leaves. What is inside moringa leaves has ethnic and regional philosophy and mean-ing, which is called social and cultural meaning. Moringa leaves are also related to the development of good products for the development of moringa leaves as a food source, which is related to the good nutritional aspects of moringa leaves. And one thing that is also important is the aspect of preserving moringa leaves by developing the use of moringa leaves.

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Volume: Issue: 5

Article: MSCS-Unet A Melanoma Segmentation Network Based on Multi-Scale Feature Fusion

Zhengang Ji
Vol 7, Issue 5; May 2024
North American Academic Research, 7(5) 89-97 May 2024, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11379853

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Abstract: The most deadly skin disease is melanoma. The disease worsens quickly and is incurable in its advanced stages, so it should be detected and treated early. The main clinical diagnostic basis for the development of this dis-ease is changes in the melanoma focus area. However, my country's current per capita medical resources are tight, resulting in dermatologists' work pressure being very high, and patients' health also facing some challenges. The use of deep learning-based technology for auxiliary diagnosis and treatment can alleviate this contradiction to a certain extent. In the problem of melanoma segmentation, U-Net network and its many variants based on U-shaped structure are now the mainstream solutions. The U-shaped structure can be divided into three major modules: encoder, decoder, and connection part. For the problem of melanoma segmentation, some special requirements are put forward for these three modules: (1) Since the size of the melanoma lesion area is different, First, there are many cases of lesion occlusion in the data set, so the segmentation model is required to adapt to the variability of lesions in the encoder stage, capture the local features of different areas, and distinguish the lesions from the background to improve the accuracy of segmentation (2) Due to clinical Due to the particularity of the application, it is more necessary to reduce the information loss caused by upsampling in the decoder stage (3) In order to better integrate the lower levels con-taining more local and detailed information and the higher levels in the decoder containing more For global and semantic information, the connection part should not be limited to the encoder and decoder of the same layer. Based on the above reasons, this paper designs the melanoma segmentation model MSCS-Unet based on the principle of increasing information fusion and reducing information loss, using a variety of feature fusion technologies, multi-scale feature extraction technologies, and attention mechanisms. On the ISIC2016 and ISIC2017 data sets, the accuracy of MSCS-Unet is 2.01% and 1.55% ahead of U-Net. The model has achieved an excellent balance between lightweight and efficient and accurate segmentation, and can assist experienced medical personnel. Reduce the burden of identi-fying disease areas. And using U-Net as Baseline, ablation experiments were conducted on the ISIC2016 and ISIC2017 data sets for the three proposed modules. Using the modules proposed in this article alone, the segmentation results are better than Baseline, proving the effectiveness of the proposed method.

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Volume: Issue: 4

Article: Analysis of Higher Education in China: Some Characteristics and Development Strategies

MOUNTON NJOYA FELIX, MABA KENGNE STEPHANIE SOPHIE
Vol 7, Issue 4; April 2024
North American Academic Research, 7(4) 234-239 April 2024, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11211515

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Abstract: Higher education in China as in many countries is a mixture of professional education and vocational education. It is an extension of secondary education. Since the reform and opening up, China's higher education has developed rapidly under the background of rejuvenating the country with talents. More and more colleges and universities are springing up every years, improving China's talent education system. Higher education has distinctive characteristics and can supplement and improve the shortcomings of traditional education. However, its development time is short and there are still some educational difficulties. In view of this, this article, based on the characteristics of higher education, analyzes the problems existing in higher education in China at this stage and provides solutions for reference. The Methods used here are mostly papers review and observation. Through these, we discovered that, although higher education in China is among the bests in the world, it still has a long way to go; especially if it aims to satisfy the UNESCO’s goals on education.

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Volume: Issue: 5

Article: Mechanical Vibration and Control Dynamic System Analysis

Md Rakibul Islam, Fahad Al Arman
Vol 7, Issue 5; May 2024
North American Academic Research, 7(5) 61-66 May 2024, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11286963

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Abstract: Mechanical Vibrations and Control: Dynamic System Analysis presents a comprehensive exploration of mechanical vibrations and their control within dynamic systems. The study delves into the principles, analysis techniques, and control strategies that govern mechanical vibrations in engineering systems. Through a combination of theoretical foundations and practical applications, this research aims to enhance our understanding of vibration phenomena and equip engineers with tools to effectively manage and control vibrations in various mechanical systems. The study addresses both free and forced vibrations, resonance phenomena, damping mechanisms, and control methods, providing a holistic perspective on dynamic system behavior and control strategies. Keywords: Mechanical vibrations, dynamic system analysis, control strategies, free vibrations, forced vibrations, resonance, damping mechanisms, control methods, engineering systems.

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Volume: Issue: 5

Article: Comparison of Postoperative Analgesic Efficacy and Side Effects of Morphine with Fentanyl Added to Intrathecal Bupivacaine in Cesarean Section

Ajay Kumar Pajiyar, Amit kumarKarna, Sandeep Sharma, Naveen Sah, Brijmohan Kumar Rajak, RajKishor Pandit
Vol 7, Issue 5; May 2024
North American Academic Research, 7(5) 67-72 May 2024, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11287275

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Abstract: Objective: Spinal anesthesia is a commonly used practice during cesarean sections due to its simplicity and ease of administration. Supplementing opioid drugs as adjuncts to spinal anesthesia can enhance the quality of sensory blockade and lead to improved postoperative analgesia. Morphine and fentanyl are commonly used opioids for this purpose. The objective of this study is to compare the postoperative analgesic efficacy and adverse effects of morphine and fentanyl when administered as supplements to intrathecal bupivacaine in cesarean section. Methods:This is a prospective, randomized, single-blinded study. Sixty parturients were selected and randomly di-vided into two groups: GroupM and GroupF, with 30 parturients in each group. GroupM received 1.8ml of 0.5% hy-perbaric bupivacaine with 0.1mg of preservative-free morphine (diluted in 0.4ml of normal saline), while GroupF re-ceived 1.8ml of 0.5% hyperbaric bupivacaine with 20μg of fentanyl. Both groups received a total of 2.2ml of local an-esthetic solution for each patient. In each group, the patients received 1gm of intravenous paracetamol infusion every 6 hours. The time from the induction of spinal anesthesia to the first dose of rescue analgesia, as well as the total con-sumption of rescue analgesia (i.e., morphine) within 24 hours, were recorded. Opioid-related side effects were also recorded postoperatively. Result:A total of 60 patients were selected for the study, with 30 patients in each group. The demographic data indi-cates no significant differences between the two groups. The duration from induction to the administration of the first rescue analgesia dose was significantly longer in group M (252.23±23.46 minutes) compared to group F (176.16±4.74 minutes) (p<0.0001). Moreover, the total consumption of rescue analgesia (morphine) over a 24-hour period was sig-nificantly lower in group M (7.6±0.77 mg) compared to group F (9.44±1.15 mg) (p<0.001). Additionally, the incidence of nausea/vomiting that required treatment was significantly higher in group M compared to group F (p<0.008). Conclusion:The inclusion of intrathecal morphine in combination with hyperbaric bupivacaine results in an extended duration of analgesia post-cesarean section, when compared to fentanyl. Additionally, the morphine group requires less rescue analgesia (specifically, morphine) in comparison to the fentanyl group

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Volume: Issue: 4

Article: Low Birth Weight Status and Common Risk Factors among Newborn Neonates in Bangladesh

Sharmin Akter Sumi, Shahinur Parvin, Zeshaan Yahaya Haji Mahmood, Nahed Ahmed Hussien, Md Atiqur Rahman, Mursheda, Vidyasagar Pasi, Md. Ahasan Ali
Vol 7, Issue 4; April 2024
North American Academic Research, 7(4) 240-248 April 2024, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11212042

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Abstract: Background: Low birth weight (LBW) of neonates is a global problem. It is one of the significant factors for newborn health in the future. Those babies born with LWB, suffer from different diseases, hamper cognitive development and survive undernutrition. Multiple factors influence LBW in pregnancy. This study aimed to find out the common determinants of LBW. Method: A cross-sectional study was conducted at the Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics at Rajshahi Medical College Hospital (RMCH), Rajshahi from May 2019 to October 2019. Pre-tested semi-structured questionnaires were used and collected individual participant information by face-to-face interview. Baby weightier was used to measure babies' body weight. Result: The study findings revealed that 40% of mothers delivered LWB babies while 6.6% had deficient birth weight, 4.4% had very low birth weight, and 22% had low birth weight. The frequency of LWB was high in 30-39 years age group respondents and only 9% in the 40-49 year age group. We also observed a high proportion of LWB neonates among housewife mothers and 5000-15000 TK income family members. Moreover, with three or more than three times meals consumed groups have 20.5% LBW fetuses, Eggs consumed groups 8.0%, and Fruits consumed groups 14.9% respectively. Conclusion: LWB is influenced by the multiple factors of the health system and maternal factors. Insufficient take care of the mother during pregnancy, and lack of food supplements and medicine play vital roles in this consequence. The policymaker should focus on maternal health to mitigate this problem.

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Volume: Issue: 5

Article: Principles of Emotional Management in Theravada Jataka Stories

Rev Kadihingala Hemasiri Thero
Vol 7, Issue 5; May 2024
North American Academic Research, 7(5) 73-86 May 2024, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11311739

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Abstract: The purpose of the study is that developing Buddhist view on psychological conceptual background, help understanding the application of Buddhist literature and introducing an enhancement of emotional in-telligence. Selected 50 tales of Theravada Buddhist Jataka collection from “The book of five hundred and fifty Jataka Stories”, and they were analysed through emotional management principles in the book ‘Practicable guide to manage Emo-tions’ written by Kumarasena A.K. This study analyzed each of stories according to the book’s principles. And finally the conclusion of research hypothesis is done based on the relationship between variables. The result provides the significant correlation between Jataka stories and emotional managing techniques in Kumarasena’s book. The study suggests that fol-lowing Jathaka stories as educational tool is effective method to enhance emotional abilities in people. Further researches are essential on this field to investigate psychological support of Jataka literature and Bodhisattva concept for the well-being in current communities. This research is limited to discuss only emotional function in 50 stories and further researches are needed to identify other psychological functions in all Jataka stories of Theravada Buddhist literature related to Bodhisattva concept.

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Volume: Issue: 4

Article: Patient Satisfaction Level Assessment at Out Patient Departments of District Level Hospital in Bangladesh

Masmoda Khaton, Abul kalam, Samiul Islam, Yousef Adel Omar Albaiti, Christopher Peter John, Sharmin Akter, Lothfor Rahman, Nazmoon Nahar, Md. Apon Islam, Gebrhud Berihu Haile, Md Belal Hossain
Vol 7, Issue 4; April 2024
North American Academic Research, 7(4) 266-274 April 2024, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11286792

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Abstract: A Cross Sectional study was conducted to understand the level of satisfaction in different categories of variable at selected district level of Hospital named Shaheed Ahsan Ullah Master General Hospital, Tongi Gazipur 1710 ,Dhaka Bangladesh. A Modern Government Hospital in Bangladesh there was total 105 respondent and majority 76 percent of the respondent were female, mean age was 2.0952 years ranging from 0-85 years with the majority of the age group were within 16-30 years. Majority 95percent were Muslims minority representation was 1percent Bud-dhist religion respectfully. Living status: Majority respondent live in rural 60percent, and minority live in urban 45percent area. These demographic statistics provide valuable insights into the composition of the study population, which is essen-tial for understanding the context of the research findings and their potential implications. Results: the various level of satisfaction regarding behavior of health care providers shows that , 60percent are strongly satisfied, with the service of pathology, Phermacy and Xray department, most of the clients are satisfied with the care they received from the hospital staff. Among the level of satisfaction regarding payment correspondences service & shows that 84 percent are satisfied, & 21 percent are not satisfied, where as total respondent are 105. Only some of the respondent were dissatisfied about the cleanliness of hospital evnvironment of OPD department and outside area. the various level of satisfaction regarding outdoor service it was observed that 22 percent are strongly satisfied, 16percent only satisfied, 11percent are neutral, 11percent dissatisfied, and 45percent are strongly dissatisfied. Re-garding admission procedure shows that, 97percent are satisfied, & only 8 percent are not satisfied out of 105 re-spondent.

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Volume: Issue: 5

Article: A Study on The Cross Cultural Adaptability of International Students in China

Mohammadi Hafizullah, Hou Tao, Liu Rong
Vol 7, Issue 5; May 2024
North American Academic Research, 7(5) 39-45 May 2024, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11284986

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Abstract: In recent years, with the improvement of China's comprehensive national strength and the promotion of the "the Belt and Road" initiative, the number of overseas students in China has been increasing. The cultural differ-ences between different countries and regions lead to cultural conflicts for international students who come to China. This article analyzes the cultural adaptation barriers faced by international students from Chinese Universities in China in terms of communication, academic performance, thinking concepts, and social culture in a cross-cultural context, and proposes countermeasures from three levels: government, school, and individual. It emphasizes the importance of strengthening the international dissemination of Chinese Universities culture, establishing a reasona-ble education management system for international students, external support, and the knowledge reserves of inter-national students themselves. Through joint efforts from multiple aspects, international students in China can quickly become familiar with, accept, and internalize Chinese culture, enhance their cultural identity, and achieve cross-cultural adaptation.

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Volume: Issue: 4

Article: The Impact of the U.S.-China Trade War on the Economy in Uganda

Nicollete Nyamadzawo, Nigel Warikandwa
Vol 7, Issue 4; April 2024
North American Academic Research, 7(4) 186-233 April 2024, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11210677

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Abstract: The trade war that erupted in 2018 originated from the United States imposing tariffs on Chinese goods and establishing trade barriers. This economic conflict affected global supply chains. Although Uganda did not directly participate in the war, its export sector was impacted. The purpose of this research is to explore the theoretical and empirical references for Ugandan policymakers and businesses to make informed choices about the impact of the U.S.-China trade war on Uganda's economy, trade, and investment from 2018 to 2021. Grounded on the theoretical framework of economic trade wars, the literature review reflects the development of Uganda's economy and its impact. Different from other academic research, this research delves into empirical study to precisely identify the exact consequences of the U.S.-China trade war on Uganda's economy. Utilizing the Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) model, the research further analyzes the short-term and long-term effects of trade disputes on key economic indicators, obtaining relevant evidence that promotes decision-making. The research results indicate that the U.S.-China trade war has had a complex impact on Uganda's economy. Uganda's exports of goods to China have positively influenced the economy, while imports from both China and the United States also make a positive contribution due to Uganda's reliance on imported capital goods. Fluctuations in trade flows, particularly US exports to China and imports from China, have a positive effect on the growth of Uganda's Gross Domestic Product (GDP). On the other hand, rising prices and depreciation of the exchange rate have negatively affected the Uganda economy. Therefore, the study amends the first hypothesis that the U.S.-China trade war negatively impacts the growth of Uganda's GDP. The second hypothesis is that deviations in exchange rates, trade flows, prices, and investment flows negatively affect the growth of Uganda's GDP. Utilizing the ARDL approach, the research confirms that deviations in trade flows, investment flows, exchange rates, and prices negatively impact GDP growth. This research identifies the industries or products where Uganda has a competitive advantage or increased demand due to trade disruptions, thereby revealing specific trade opportunities for Uganda brought about by the U.S.-China trade war. This information can help businesses and policymakers focus on areas that may benefit from the trade war and explore new trade routes. It makes this thesis a unique and valuable contribution within the literature on the impact of the U.S.-China trade war on emerging economies.

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Volume: Issue: 5

Article: Bangladesh's Journey Towards Climate Resilience: A Focus on Sustainable Development Goal 13

Muhammad Abeed
Vol 7, Issue 5; May 2024
North American Academic Research, 7(5) 7-16 May 2024, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11221061

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Abstract: Climate change is one of the most severe challenges in the 21st century. Bangladesh is one of the countries most adversely impacted by climate change. Every sector of its society is directly or indirectly influenced, including agriculture, public health, education, and the economy. It has brought serious consequences for its people due to the hostile impacts of climate change, such as the excessive rise of temperature, prolonged floods and cyclones, which extremely hinder the country's development process. Thus, climate change has become an essential issue in Bangladesh, and it plays a significant role in determining its politics, security, and foreign relations. In international forums, the government of Bangladesh always raises its voice on climate change issues because it seeks common platforms and agreements to combat the most formidable challenge in human history. Therefore, the Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 13, dedicated to climate action for combating global impacts of climate change, can be an excellent pathway for Bangladesh in gaining resilience towards climate change impacts. This article mainly analyzes the progress and challenges that the Bangladesh government has faced during the half-time frame of the implementation of SDG 13 in Bangladesh.

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Volume: Issue: 5

Article: Research on the Impact of Digital Inclusive Finance on Green Technology Innovation

Othman Anas Mohammed Abdo
Vol 7, Issue 5; May 2024
North American Academic Research, 7(5) 31-38 May 2024, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11284044

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Abstract: Green innovation is essential for supporting economic transitions, restructuring the economy, and fostering sustainable, consistent growth. The adoption of growth methods driven by green innovation is primarily reliant on the technical developments produced by organisations. Green inclusive finance, a combination of conventional fi-nance and digital technology, is crucial for the progress of technological innovation. This article examines the field of green inclusive finance and the invention of green technology in enterprises. At first, a thorough analysis was conducted on three types of literature: green inclusive finance, green technology innovation, and the relationship between them. This article gives precise definitions for important topics such as green inclusive finance, green tech-nological innovation, and financing restrictions by referring to relevant literature. Moreover, unlike other studies, this study considers the notion of financing restrictions when analysing the impact of green inclusive finance on business innovation. Additionally, it examines the role of finance limitations as an intermediary factor in this associ-ation.

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Volume: Issue: 5

Article: Machine Learning Based on Neural Network Model for User Behavior Prediction in Online Advertising

Blajam Abdullah Omar Abdulrahman, Zhong Long
Vol 7, Issue 5; May 2024
North American Academic Research, 7(5) 25-30 May 2024, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11280842

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Abstract: This paper compares and analyzes the DA-FM and Fi-HGNN models using the publicly available datasets Criteo and Avazu. The experimental results demonstrate that the DA-FM model and Fi-HGNN model suggested in this thesis outperform similar models in the datasets, as evidenced by better AUC values. Consequently, the CTR prediction results are more precise. Simultaneously, the impact of each module is validated by ablation experiments, demonstrating that the significance of directing attention towards characteristics in two distinct manners is advanta-geous for enhancing the predictive capability of the model. Furthermore, empirical studies have demonstrated that employing heterogeneous graph neural networks enhances the model's capacity to represent and interact with fea-tures, thereby leading to improved prediction accuracy.

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Volume: Issue: 4

Article: Design Optimization of Lyocell Fabric Dyeing Parameter by Vat Dye

Md. Iusuf Khan, Masrur Ush Shaheed, Luluel Maknoon ,Ayon Barua, Shetu nath , Khadiza Parvin sumi, Kamrul Hassan
Vol 7, Issue 4; April 2024
North American Academic Research, 7(4) 249-265 April 2024, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11221383

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Abstract: Successful dyeing of lyocell, a biodegradable regenerated cellulose fiber, in fabric form is still a challenging job. Here in, we report successful dyeing of lyocell fabric with vat dyes by conventional batch wise method. To assess the dye ability of lyocell fabric, a woven lyocell fabric was dyed with Blue colorants of vat dyes by using previously determined procedure for vat dyeing on cellulose fabric. Dyeing parameters (temperature and time) were regulated to attain optimal dyeing conditions. Color yield of dyed lyocell fabric was analyzed using Kubelka –Munk equation, and durability of dyed fabric was examined by standard color fastness properties. Lyocell fabric dyed with vat dyes displayed excellent color strength and remarkable fastness properties under optimized dyeing conditions.

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Volume: Issue: 4

Article: The Impact of Belt and Road Initiative on Tourism Industry around Asian Countries

Hamza Arshad
Vol 7, Issue 4; April 2024
North American Academic Research, 7(4) 101-112 April 2024, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11180656

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Abstract: More than 60 countries and 4.4 billion people—one-third of global economic output, 40% of global trade, and more than 60% of the world's population—make the BRI a cultural route with access to the world's top tourist resources, including 80% of global cultural heritage. BRI links popular tourism destinations. COVID-19 shook China's economy two months ago. The closure harmed tourism. OBOR's impact on Asian tourism will be examined. We lack economic data to examine covid-19 this year. We'll prioritize One Belt, One Road. This study explores Asian tourism and OBOR. This year's covid-19 research requires economic data. Even if the Belt and Road nations are part of a low-end and poor tourist value chain with inadequate infrastructure, unprofessional tourism practitioners, and low ser-vice standards, policy help and political collaboration make it easier to produce an economic boom. BRI affects tour-ism differently. Geography has two causes. BRI countries differ in trade and investment openness. Second, local tourism and transit networks influence foreign travel. Our study has shortcomings. First, our pieces did not address all ways BRI impacts tourism. Tourists and BRI require further study. The report says BRI's favorable influence on international travel should stimulate tourist collaboration. First, tourism experts should join policy and financial as-sistance organizations like the Shanghai Cooperation Organization, Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank, Silk Road Fund, and others. Cross-border tourist cooperation zones, transit, and accessibility are needed in belt and road border areas. To improve local tourism, propose visa-free travel and visa-on-arrival policies with several nations and 24-hour customs clearance.

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Volume: Issue: 4

Article: Understanding the Transmission Mechanism of Monetary Policy in Laos: A Comparative Analysis of Dynamic Stochastic General Equilibrium (DSGE) Models and Time Series Analysis of Macroeconomic Indicators

Lamtiane Khoutphilavanh
Vol 7, Issue 4; April 2024
North American Academic Research, 7(4) 134-185 April 2024, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11220745

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Abstract: This study comprehensively investigates the transmission mechanism of monetary policy in Laos through two complementary approaches: a Dynamic Stochastic General Equilibrium (DSGE) model framework and time series analysis of macroeconomic indicators. The DSGE model incorporates structural features of the Lao economy, such as the presence of an informal sector and dollarization, allowing for a holistic examination of how monetary policy shocks propagate and affect key macroeconomic variables. Concurrently, the time series analysis employs various econometric techniques, including ARIMA, VAR, and SVAR models, to empirically identify the potency of different transmission channels.The findings highlight the credit channel and the interest rate channel as the most significant monetary policy transmission channels in Laos, supported by both modeling approaches. The DSGE model further emphasizes the importance of accounting for the informal sector and dollarization in shaping the transmission mechanism. The exchange rate channel exhibits a moderate effect, while the asset price channel plays a limited role due to the underdeveloped financial markets.The study reveals that monetary policy in Laos has been moderately effective in achieving price stability and economic growth objectives, with potential structural breaks or regime shifts identified over time. However, the effectiveness is constrained by factors such as the underdeveloped financial sector, high dollarization, and external shocks on domestic inflation dynamics.The research contributes to the understanding of monetary policy transmission in Laos and provides tailored policy recommendations for enhancing monetary policy effectiveness. These include prioritizing specific transmission channels, implementing financial sector reforms, strengthening policy coordination and communication, and considering the unique structural characteristics of the Lao economy.

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Volume: Issue: 4

Article: Entrepreneurship Education in Côte d’Ivoire

Soro Missongui Ange Emmanuela, Minno Dekassan Alberic
Vol 7, Issue 4; April 2024
North American Academic Research, 7(4) 128-133 April 2024, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11187628

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Abstract: This article deals with entrepreneurship education in Côte d’Ivoire. Entrepreneurship is in fact, in Côte d’Ivoire, an alternative to overcome employment and unemployment problems. The objective of this study is to show that entrepreneurship education in Ivorian establishments is of capital importance in the face of the challenges of the present century. An analysis of entrepreneurship education in Côte d’Ivoire is also the subject of the discussion. In this document, the importance of entrepreneurship education, the challenges it faces and the solutions for the Ivorian government and for decision-makers who can serve as databases for decision-making were also discussed. This article also addresses the relationship between entrepreneurship training and the performance of SMEs in Côte d'Ivoire. As part of this documentary study, various research documents related to entrepreneurship education and theories were examined. This study is an important contribution to the literature on entrepreneurship education in Côte d’Ivoire.

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Volume: Issue: 3

Article: Identifying and Ranking Factors Af-fecting Organizational Loyalty and Tenure of Faculty Members in Mashhad University of Medical Sciences by the Hierarchical Method

Tavakoli Jaghargh Amirhossein, Hosseini Dolatabadi Bibi Fatemeh
Vol 7, Issue 3; March 2024
North American Academic Research, 7(1) 127-142 March 2024, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10994689

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Abstract: Background and purpose: One of the important challenges of organizational universities is the gap between academic space and university needs. Faculty members, as the life-giving heart of the university and the main factor in achieving its goals, have always been one of the centers of attention of higher education administrators. The prob-lem is the lack of compatibility between the abilities, activities, and outputs of faculty members with the needs of the university, which manifests itself as a problem of lack of motivation of faculty members. Research method: The current research is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive survey in terms of type. The statistical population of the research was the faculty members of Mashhad University of Medical Sciences with at least a doctorate and ten years of experience. Stratified random sampling is the mechanism used and the number is 245 people. Based on previous research, background factors were identified and 41 propositions in the form of 3 factors and 3 predisposed outcomes were selected using the opinion of the expert group. Then, the questionnaire tool was designed and implemented for the pairwise comparison of indicators using the hierarchical analysis method. Findings: According to the subjects, indicators of environmental factors and organizational factors were more im-portant than other indicators, and indicators of organizational commitment and organizational belonging were of little importance. Discussion and conclusion: access to scientific resources, information, and modern technology, as well as the decent and respectful behavior of the manager with the employees, are among the strong points of the reasons for the or-ganizational loyalty and longevity of the faculty members of Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, which requires controlling the satisfaction of the appointment according to the services and The qualification is individual; Because it is associated with significant complexity due to the nature of medical activities. However, the lack of access to alternative jobs and the use of information dissemination are among its weaknesses, and it requires control of the supply of equipment and knowledge required for high-tech industries.

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Volume: Issue: 1

Article: Evaluation of Root Fracture Resistance of Methacrylate Resin Based Sealer (Meta SEAL) and Zinc-oxide Eugenol Sealer after Endodontic Treatment

Rahela Yeasmin, AKM Bashar, Humayan Kabir, Sabequn Nahar-E-Farzana, Tania Parveen, Mozammal Hossain
Vol 7, Issue 1; January 2024
North American Academic Research, 7(1) 120-128 January 2024, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11002598

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Abstract: This study examined how zinc oxide eugenol sealers and MetaSEAL affect endodontically treated teeth's ability to withstand fractures. The working length of forty recently extracted human mandibular premolar teeth was measured, the decayed teeth were decoronated up to the cemento-enamel junction, pulp remnants were re-moved, and the teeth were biomechanically prepared using a Protaper rotary file system up to F3. Following that, the teeth were split into two groups, each containing twenty teeth. Separated once more, this time into subgroups A and B. Subgroup A was obturated using a lateral condensation technique, while Subgroup B was obturated using a matched taper single cone approach. Group 1 used Meta SEAL endodontic sealer for obturation, while Group 2 used zinc oxide eugenol sealer. Ultimately, they were placed vertically within an acrylic resin block, and a universal testing machine (Hounsfield, H1OKS, UK) was used to assess their fracture strength. The force necessary to fracture was measured and examined in Newtons. Significant results were reported as p-values, and students’t-test was used for statistical analysis. The results showed that in both approaches, Meta SEAL outperformed Zinc Oxide Eu-genol Sealer in terms of fracture resistance force values. Statistical analysis revealed that there was no discernible variation among the experimental groups. In conclusion, the results of this vertical root fracture resistance test sug-gest that Meta SEAL, a sealer based on methacrylate resin, may be a better material option than zinc oxide eugenol for extending the life of endodontically treated teeth.

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Volume: Issue: 4

Article: Research on the Impact of Digital Transformation on Production and Operation Management of Mongolian Mining Enterprises

Delgertsogt Ganchimeg, Xi Xiuyan
Vol 7, Issue 4; April 2024
North American Academic Research, 7(4) 92-100 April 2024, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11048334

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Abstract: This study delves into the impact of digital transformation on production and operations management within Mongolian mining enterprises, aiming to assess how this transformation affects various key dimensions in-cluding technology, information, cognition, organization, and management. Through the design and implementation of surveys, the study gathered perceptions and evaluations of digital transformation practices from employees of Mongolian mining companies. Subsequent reliability and validity tests ensured the credibility and efficacy of the data. The findings reveal that the majority of respondents agree digital transformation has effectively fostered inter-nal unity and collaboration, addressing issues of management dispersion and information silos, thus enhancing the efficiency and effectiveness of production and operations management. In terms of technology, digital transformation has raised the requirements for enterprise infrastructure and hardware, and spurred the development and use of new digital production and operations management software. From an informational perspective, it has provided busi-nesses with a wealth of data resources, increasing the accuracy and timeliness of information, albeit also raising the workload for managers in data analysis. Cognitively, the mining industry has a clear understanding of the policy support and industry development requirements for digital transformation, yet gaps in overall planning and talent development remain. Organizationally, digital transformation has prompted a shift in the roles of production and operations management personnel, heightened professional requirements, and altered the role of management de-partments in analysis and decision-making. The management dimension highlights the positive role of digital trans-formation in supporting the analysis and control of production and operations management systems, enhancing management levels, and decision-making efficiency. In conclusion, digital transformation has significantly impacted the production and operations management of Mon-golian mining enterprises, not only optimizing management processes and improving operational efficiency but also enhancing competitive edge through technological innovation and effective utilization of information resources. However, challenges such as talent development, system integration, and data management persist and require at-tention and resolution in future transformation efforts. This study provides empirical analysis and insights into the digital transformation of Mongolian mining enterprises, offering a reference for formulating digital strategies and implementation plans. It also holds relevance for the digital transformation practices of mining enterprises in other countries and regions.

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Volume: Issue: 4

Article: The Disparity between Rural and Urban Areas in Level of Basic Education Services in the Municipality of Kenitra

SAFIR REDA
Vol 7, Issue 4; April 2024
North American Academic Research, 7(4) 65-80 April 2024, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11026212

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Abstract: This paper examines the significant disparities in public Primary education services between rural and urban areas within the municipality of Kenitra, Morocco. Despite efforts to improve education accessibility and qual-ity, substantial gaps persist, adversely affecting the educational outcomes and opportunities for rural students. Through a comprehensive analysis of available data, including enrollment rates, infrastructure development, teacher allocation, and academic performance, this study elucidates the multifaceted dimensions of the rural-urban educa-tional divide. The findings underscore the acute shortage of educational infrastructure and resources in rural areas compared to their urban counterparts. Inadequate school facilities, limited access to educational materials, and a scarcity of qual-ified teachers exacerbate the educational inequities faced by rural students. Moreover, socio-economic disparities compound the challenges, as rural households often struggle with poverty and lack of access to essential services, further hindering children's educational attainment. Addressing the rural-urban educational gap requires a holistic approach that integrates policy interventions, infra-structure development, and community engagement. Strategies such as targeted investment in rural schools, incen-tivizing teachers to work in remote areas, and implementing innovative teaching methodologies tailored to local contexts can help mitigate disparities and promote equitable access to quality education. Furthermore, fostering partnerships between government agencies, non-profit organizations, and local communities is essential for mobilizing resources and expertise towards sustainable solutions. By prioritizing the needs of rural students and communities, policymakers can cultivate a more inclusive and equitable educational system that empowers all children to realize their full potential, regardless of their geographical location.

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Volume: Issue: 4

Article: The Representation of Women in African Literature: A Cross-Contemporary Perspective

MABA K. S. SOPHIE, MOUNTON N. FELIX
Vol 7, Issue 4; April 2024
North American Academic Research, 7(4) 52-64 April 2024, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11002664

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Abstract: As members of society, women have always been at the heart of literary creation. In African literature, authors have made different portrayals of women throughout history; depicting their perception of the African wom-anhood. Art in general and literature in particular are often deemed to be a reflection of reality; Hence the importance of studying the representation of African women in African literature. This research draws from two novels to ana-lyze the image of women in African literature. It carries out a cross-contemporary analysis of the image of women, so as to understand progresses made during both periods. Results show that, women both post-independence and contemporary face similar challenges. But, it also appears from the analysis that, the contemporary African woman has new tools to use in her advantage; tools that, if well used, could help her emerge into a new African woman.

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Volume: Issue: 4

Article: Language of Instruction in the Educational Systems: A Scoping Review of Empirical Studies in the Maghreb Region

Azziz Bichoualne, Yu Rong
Vol 7, Issue 4; April 2024
North American Academic Research, 7(4) 34-51 April 2024, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10994181

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Abstract: This scoping review examines empirical research on the language of instruction within the Maghreb region, encompassing Morocco, Algeria, Mauritania, Libya, and Tunisia. The unique linguistic landscape of the Maghreb, characterized by a mix of languages due to historical and sociopolitical influences, offers a compelling context for exploring the situation of the educational language. This study aims to examine the existing research in this area, addressing key questions regarding research contexts, focal problems, participant demographics, methodologies, outcomes, and recommendations. The methodology encompassed a four-phase, systematic approach beginning with an exhaustive search across academic databases, using a query string tailored to language instruction in Northwest Africa. This search, focusing solely on empirical studies in journal articles and excluding non-empirical sources, resulted in 352 articles. Through rigorous screening 21 articles were initially selected. A subsequent citation check added 12 more studies, while a targeted manual search in 22 selected journals known for their focus on language subjects added another 6 articles. This comprehensive and methodical process ultimately assembled a collection of 39 pertinent articles, laying a strong foundation for the scoping review by ensuring a wide-ranging examination of language instruction research within the Maghreb region. The findings provide a comprehensive overview of language instruction research in the Maghreb region, spotlighting Morocco with 27 studies across educational levels, yet revealing gaps in primary education and less focus on countries like Tunisia, Libya, and Mauritania. Research has predominantly explored secondary and higher education, delving into language use, teacher and student experiences, and the impact of language policies, with a notable lean towards qualitative methodologies. The study’s findings underscore the challenges of using English as a language of instruction, highlight the crucial need for teacher training in multilingual settings, and advocate for the incorporation of local languages to embrace the region's linguistic diversity. Simultaneously, it identifies a pressing need for future research to tackle the underrepresentation of primary education in specific Maghreb countries. Additionally, it calls for the integration of quantitative methods to broaden the generalizability of findings.

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Volume: Issue: 4

Article: Analysis of Competitiveness and Obstacles of Bohai Rim Ports

Li Haifeng, Wang Huiping
Vol 7, Issue 4; April 2024
North American Academic Research, 7(4) 14-22 April 2024, ttps://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10968991

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Abstract: As an important trade hub connecting Northeast and North China, the Bohai Rim Port Group has made significant contributions to promoting the economic development of the Bohai Rim region. This article constructs a new indicator evaluation system consisting of 17 indicators from five dimensions, including infrastructure、green development and etc. The subjective weighting of BWM and the CRITIC method based on cloud models are used for objective weighting, and the final weight is obtained by combining weighting. The TOPSIS method is used to evaluate the competitiveness of ports around the Bohai Sea, and the obstacle factors affecting the development of ports around the Bohai Sea are identified through the obstacle degree model. In the end, we divided the Bohai Rim ports into four categories.

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Volume: Issue: 1

Article: Role of Cone-Beam Computed Tomography and Radio Visiography in Detecting Additional Canal in Mandibular Anterior Teeth

Tania Parveen, Khaleda Akter, Rahela Yeasmin, SabequnNahar-E-Farzana, AKM Bashar, Mozammal Hossain
Vol 7, Issue 1; January 2024
North American Academic Research, 7(1) 112-119 January 2024, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10968500

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Abstract: The most frequent cause of a poor result in mandibular incisor endodontic therapy is the incapacity to identify the existence of a second canal. The location and treatment of mandibular anterior teeth with extra canals have been made easier by improvements in diagnostic instruments, lighting and magnification technologies, endodontic access and detection techniques, and other related fields. This study compared the effectiveness of Radio visiography and Cone-Beam Computed Tomography in identifying extra canals in mandibular anterior teeth.39 mandibular anterior teeth that met the inclusion and exclusion criteria were chosen in total. The mandibular anterior teeth were scanned using CBCT and periapical x-rays using Radio visiography in parallax view approach in order to discover any new canals. The chi-square test and Kappa correlation coefficient were used to quantitatively assess the agreement between the two approaches. According to the findings, most of the samples only had one canal. Comparing the CBCT analysis to the Radio visiography, more extra canals were found more frequently. In conclusion, compared to RVG collected at different angulations, CBCT can discover more extra canals in mandibular anterior teeth.

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Volume: Issue: 3

Article: Language Policy: Rethinking Positional of Frenchification and Malgachisation as Educational Challenges in Madagascar After the 1972 Madagascar Crisis

Njaratiana Mario Arthur Velo, Jocelyne Zafitsara, Brunex Arthur Velo, Antony Fute
Vol 7, Issue 3; March 2024
North American Academic Research, 7(3) 111-126 March 2024, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10969059

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Abstract: This study investigates the challenges and impacts of linguistic and bilingual dualism in Madagascar. It was coupled with these three objectives (1) to find out the context of bilinguals before and after colonization; (2) to expose the impacts of language policy and practice in Madagascar's education field; (3) to examine the current situation of linguistic dualism in Madagascar. This study was drafted with qualitative design and purposively interviewed three professors from three Madagascar public universities. In addition, an empirical understanding and reviews of relevant documents were used to support the study's realization. The data collected during the interview were analyzed, interpreted, and coded according to similarities and dissimilarities of their responses. The Francophobic, broken French and Malagasy, and delay in development significantly impacted after the 1972 Madagascar crisis. In 2019, 97% of Malagasy children under ten could not read and write. Many young people of working age would not have the required language skills even if they have spent many years studying multilanguage during their academic schooling. Therefore, the Frenchification and Malgachisation implementation in education in Madagascar had never fully realized and unbalanced its utilization. This study mainly relies on interviewing three professors that experienced the 1972 crises in Madagascar. The interviewees freely expressed their knowledge, points of view, and emotions on this particular situation in Madagascar. Therefore, it helps the government to re-think more on the matter of language policy after the dilemma of Frenchification and Malgachization as dualism linguistics in the educational system and bilingualism. The research significantly encourages the government to put and prioritize the national language at the forefront, which also means recognition and valorization of own identity.

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Volume: Issue: 4

Article: Beyond Textbooks: Technological Barriers to Entrepreneurship Programs in Tanzania Secondary Schools

Benjamin Remen Mushi, Gabriel Kanuti Ndimbo
Vol 7, Issue 4; April 2024
North American Academic Research, 7(4) 23-33 April 2024, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10969077

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Abstract: Technology plays a pivotal role in modern education, offering diverse opportunities for enhancing teaching and learning experiences. However, in many developing countries the integration of technology into entrepreneur-ship programs in secondary schools faces significant barriers. This study investigates the technological challenges hindering entrepreneurship education in Tanzania secondary schools, employing a qualitative approach to explore the perspectives of key stakeholders including heads of schools, teachers, and students who were selected purpos-ively. The interview, focus group discussion, and document analysis were used to collect data finally thematic ap-proach helped to analyze them. Findings reveal pervasive deficiencies in technological resources, including unrelia-ble power supply, inadequate maintenance of equipment, and limitations in school facilities to support technology-based learning. Furthermore, the current curriculum lacks adequate coverage of modern entrepreneurial practices and digital learning tools, such as e-commerce and digital marketing strategies. These challenges impede students’ ability to develop practical skills essential for success in the digital economy. The study recommends collaboration between government agencies, educational institutions, and the private sector. Also, comprehensive infrastructure development, curriculum reform, and investment in teacher training programs to address these challenges. By over-coming technological barriers, Tanzanian secondary schools can create conducive environments for practical entrepreneurship education, empowering students with the skills needed for economic empowerment and innovation.

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Volume: Issue: 2

Article: Teacher’s Perception towards the Effect of Cooperative Learning on Student’s Academic Performance in Secondary Schools in Ethiopia: A Case of Guji Zone

Demboba Aman Turi
Vol 7, Issue 2; February 2024
North American Academic Research, 7(2) 169-200 February 2024, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10968920

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Abstract: The purpose of this study was to investigate the teacher’s perception of the effect of cooperative learning on student's academic performance in secondary schools in Guji Zone. To achieve this purpose, an explanatory sequential mixed research design was employed. Questionnaires, interviews, and documents were used as instruments of data collection. Data was collected from seven secondary schools in the Guji Zone. A total of 200 teachers were involved in the study. Quantitative data were analyzed using frequency, percentage, mean, standard deviation, and Mann-Whitney test, while qualitative data were analyzed thematically. The findings of the study revealed that teachers’ have a positive perception towards the effects of cooperation, and give less attention to its implementation in the classroom, but a significant difference was found between natural science and social science teachers. On the other hand, there was a consensus among respondents that cooperative learning is poorly implemented. Unwillingness of teachers and students, poor coordination, and large class sizes highly influenced the effectiveness of the program, while lack of principal attention moderately affected it. Based on the findings, teachers’ poor implementation significantly affected the implementation of cooperative learning in secondary schools in the study area. Therefore, facilitating training, experience sharing, and continuous professional support programs were suggested to improve teachers’ attitudes towards cooperative learning, whereas mobilizing a budget to build additional classrooms was suggested to solve the problem of large class sizes. The overall recommendation of the study is that awareness training should be provided for teachers and students on the role of cooperative group learning, and the government should give high emphasis and use ultimate efforts to shape the attitude of stakeholders towards cooperative learning programs. It was also recommended that further investigations be conducted, including other issues or tasks directly related to the program, like teacher training on cooperative learning and access to essential resources.

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Volume: Issue: 3

Article: Survey of Disease Detection with Machine Learning Algorithms

Zihad Hasan Joy, Abdulla Shahid, Md Helal Hossen, Md Mahfuzur Rah-man, Saif Uddin Mahmud, Affan Quarni
Vol 7, Issue 3; March 2024
North American Academic Research, 7(3) 100-110 March 2024, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10968962

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Abstract: In the field of medical imaging, Computer Aided Diagnosis (CAD) has emerged as a rapidly evolving area of research. The recent focus has been on improving CAD applications due to the critical impact that inaccuracies in medical diagnostic systems can have on patient treatment. A key component in enhancing CAD is machine learning. Traditional methods may not always accurately represent complex structures like organs, highlighting the need for advanced pattern recognition which is inherent in machine learning. In biomedical applications, the integration of pattern recognition and machine learning is seen as a pathway to enhance the precision and objectivity in diagnosing various diseases. These technologies are particularly adept at processing and interpreting high-dimensional and multimodal biomedical data, leading to the development of sophisticated, automated algorithms. This paper conducts a comparative analysis of diverse machine learning algorithms applied to the diagnosis of several diseases, including heart disease, diabetes, liver disease, dengue, and hepatitis. It aims to showcase the array of machine learning tools and techniques employed in disease analysis and the subsequent decision-making processes, providing valuable insights into the efficacy of these algorithms in medical diagnostics.

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Volume: Issue: 2

Article: Both Drug-Based and Nondrug-Based Ways to Deal with Body Pain Are Important Parts of Any Comprehensive Healthcare Plan

Dr. S M Mahamudul Hassan Rizvi, Dr. Shengxiang Tao, Dr.Xiang Hu,Dr.Liu Hui,Dr.Shami.Aihemaiti
Vol 6, Issue 2; February 2023
North American Academic Research, 6(2) 244-266 February 2023, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10938069

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Abstract: Pain is a painful sensory and emotional experience associated with actual or potential tissue damage. Most patients report feeling discomfort, and their concern might be interpreted as a warning sign. An experience of the senses that produces anxiety and apprehension Distress may present itself in a variety of ways. It serves as a caution against physical injury, which is crucial for avoiding injuries and, ultimately, staying alive.Pain is the nervous sys-tem's warning signal when something is wrong. It's an uncomfortable feeling, like a pinprick, tingle, sting, burn, or ache. It's possible that the level of discomfort varies. It might be random, or it could be persistent. Pain is the body's way of telling us that something is wrong with our tissues, such as an injury or a potential danger. The cause of this damage might be internal or external to the nervous system; it could be physical or chemical; and it could be obvious or subtle. Nonetheless, pain's basic role as the body's warning system stays unaltered regardless of the form it takes. A heightened sensitivity to pressure all over the body is a frequent symptom of the pain.

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Volume: Issue: 4

Article: How China’s Belt and Road Initiative Implements in Vietnam and What Risk Factors Affect Vietnam-China Cooperation

Chen Yao, Le Thi Bich Ngoan, Ho Thu Hau, Ho Thi Huong Lan, Ho Thu Yen
Vol 7, Issue 4; April 2024
North American Academic Research, 7(4) 1-13 April 2024, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10936278

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Abstract: This study analyzes how the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) implements in Vietnam by focusing on the five “connectivities” of policy coordination, infrastructure connectivity, trade connectivity, financial integration, and peo-ple-to-people connection. The BRI has witnessed pragmatic achievements over its six years of implementation and has strengthened potential trading and investment activities between the aforementioned countries. However, this study focuses on the basis of Vietnam’s hesitation due to existing and potential risks from the BRI (i.e., debt risks, governance risks, stranded infrastructure, environmental risks, and geopolitical and security risks). Thus, our study provides a solid contribution to policymakers’ understanding of the factors that affect two countries' cooperation and the continuing efforts of policy implementation for enhanced connectivity. Overall, the study suggests a comprehensive policy improvement to minimize the risks for participating countries and help attain better cooperation in terms of sustainability

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Volume: Issue: 12

Article: Innovative Geotechnical Solutions: Comparative Study of Helical Pile Foundation System for Bridge Construction in Pakistan

Muhammad Tahir, Partab Rai, Huang Yao
Vol 6, Issue 12; December 2023
North American Academic Research, 6(12) 210-235 December 2024, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10903854

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Abstract: This research explores the feasibility and efficiency of helical pile foundation systems for bridge construction, specifically focusing on the challenges faced in the region of River Indus in Ghazi Ghat, Dera Ghazi Khan, Pakistan. The primary objective is to assess the viability of helical piles as a more sustainable, cost-effective, and technically efficient alternative to conventional pile foundations, particularly in challenging geotechnical conditions. The study begins with a comprehensive review of existing foundation methods, highlighting the limitations of traditional pile systems in terms of environmental impact, cost, and adaptability to diverse soil profiles. The helical pile foundation, with its unique screw-like design, offers potential benefits including reduced installation time, immediate load-bearing capacity, and minimal environmental footprint. The research methodology incorporates a comparative analysis using advanced finite element method (FEM) simulations. These simulations, conducted via Plaxis-2D, evaluate the performance of helical piles against conventional piles under varying soil conditions and load scenarios. Key aspects of the study include assessing the load-bearing capacity of helical piles, installation efficiency, and environmental implications. The research also explores the adaptation of international design codes for helical piles in the local context, considering regional soil characteristics and engineering practices. The results demonstrate a significant improvement in load capacity, reduction in the number of piles required, and overall cost savings when using helical piles. Moreover, the environmental benefits of this method are underscored, highlighting its alignment with sustainable engineering practices. In conclusion, the study advocates for the integration of helical pile systems in bridge construction projects in Pakistan, particularly in regions with similar geotechnical challenges as those found at the River Indus site. The research underscores the need for continued innovation in foundation engineering, advocating for a shift towards more sustainable and efficient practices. Further studies are recommended to explore the long-term performance and broader applications of helical pile systems in various construction contexts.

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Volume: Issue: 3

Article: Mitigating Crossing Risks: A Study of Pedestrian Behavior in Anambra State, Nigeria: A Structural Equation Modeling Approach

Michael Chukwuemeka Obiorah, Hongmei Zhou
Vol 7, Issue 3; March 2024
North American Academic Research, 7(3) 92-99 March 2024, https://doi.org10.5281/zenodo.10892261

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Abstract: The purpose of this study is to mitigate the probability of pedestrian accidents in Anambra State, Nigeria, by analyzing pedestrian behaviour using structural equation modelling (SEM). The data on demographics, perceived behavioural control in crossing scenarios, subjective norms, attitudes towards traffic safety, and behavioural intents were gathered using a standardized questionnaire. A total of 243 individuals 123 men (50.6%) and 120 women (49.4%) completed the online survey. The majority of respondents (91.4%) were between the ages of 19 and 35. The results reveal that while attitude did not significantly predict behavioral intentions, subjective norms and per-ceived behavioral control played crucial roles, with p-values of 0.004 and 0.001, respectively. This underscores the importance of considering social influences and perceived control in shaping pedestrian behavior. Notably, demo-graphic characteristics did not show significance in this study. The study also highlights the necessity of customized interventions based on socioeconomic factors and infrastructure modifications in order to enhance pedestrian safety. Technology improvements and educational initiatives based on the theory of planned behaviour (TPB) are suggested as useful tactics to lower the risks associated with road-crossing.

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Volume: Issue: 1

Article: Strange Tales from a Chinese Studio: Book Review

Chiremba, E., Mamo, E. M.
Vol 7, Issue 1; January 2024
North American Academic Research, 7(1) 107-111 January 2024, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10892298

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Abstract: This paper is a book review for “The Strange Tales from a Chinese Studio”. The authors reviewed the plot the themes and the characters in the 104 stories collected in the book. The authors concluded that Pu Songling himself was the main character in this book and also agreed that “Strange” is the main theme of the book although morality, fate and supernatural are other themes brought out in this book. The authors also named their favourite character as Mr. Yin although he is not the main character and recommend people of all age groups to read the book for enter-tainment and moral guidance although young readers were recommended to do so under parental guidance to avoid some sexually explicit stories. The authors finally rated the book 5 stars.

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Volume: Issue: 3

Article: From Cultural Conflicts to Shared Values: Enhancing Sino-Foreign Joint Ventures through Cross-Cultural Management

Clémentine RUCKTOOA SENGMANY
Vol 7, Issue 3; March 2024
North American Academic Research, 7(3) 73-82 March 2024, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10882722

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Abstract: This study delves into the complexities of cross-cultural dynamics within multinational corporations, a topic that has risen to prominence in the field of international management. The focal point of this analysis is the critical examination of cross-cultural management in the context of the significant influx of foreign investment in China over recent decades. This influx has presented both managerial and cultural challenges, particularly evident in Sino-foreign joint ventures. Utilizing qualitative methods, this paper engages in a detailed document analysis and literature review, including a data table illustrating the surge of foreign investment in China and a figure depicting the actual amount of foreign capital utilized by these joint ventures. This methodological approach underscores the acceleration of China's economy within the global economic landscape and the consequent cultural adaptation necessity. The paper's key findings emphasize the indispensable role of cross-cultural management in facilitating effective operation inside multinational corporations, especially those with Sino-foreign joint ventures. It highlights the necessity for management strategies adept at navigating cultural differences, thereby ensuring efficient business practices in the face of economic globalization. The critical importance of resolving cultural conflicts is underscored as fundamental for smooth operations and successful interactions within such corporations. Additionally, the paper identifies the capacity of integrating diverse cultural perspectives and fostering an environment imbued with shared values as pivotal for enhancing employee performance. By articulating the significance of cross-cultural adjustment, cultural conflict, cultural integration, and shared values, this study contributes to a nuanced understanding of the managerial and cultural intricacies faced by multinational corporations operating in a global context. It sheds light on the essential strategies required to negotiate the complexities of cross-cultural management, thereby offering valuable insights for both scholars and practitioners in the field of international management.

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Volume: Issue: 12

Article: Capture and Storage of Carbon Dioxide

Fares A.M.S Al-haymi , Al-hada Fahd A.A.M , Ji Zu Li, Sun Ming
Vol 6, Issue 12; December 2023
North American Academic Research, 6(12) 189-201 December 2023, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10708677

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Abstract: In response to climate change and its adverse effects, 197 countries adopted the Paris Agreement at the 21st Conference of the Parties in Paris on December 12, 2015, recognizing the importance of limiting the rise in global temperature. This goal necessitates reducing the impact of greenhouse gases, primarily from human activities, which includes the crucial task of remov-ing accumulated gases from the Earth's atmosphere. Our study explores the imperative of capturing and storing carbon dioxide (CO2) to limit the global temperature increase to approximately two degrees Celsius. This requires the extraction of around 600 gigatons of CO2 during this century, translating to the annual disposal and safe storage of tens of gigatons of CO2. We investigate various methods and techniques for CO2 removal, both natural and industrial, with the aim of reducing atmospheric CO2 levels to those at the onset of the industrial revolution (approximately 280 parts per million). The study proposes and evaluates several methods, some of which are currently in use, to assess their effectiveness and impact on the planet's ecosystem. This includes a thorough consideration of their applicability, material costs, and feasibility, as well as the long-term effects of large-scale decar-bonization. One significant method examined is the storage of CO2 in geological layers, oceans, and minerals, offering innovative insights into these techniques as viable solutions for large-scale CO2 reduction.

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Volume: Issue: 3

Article: Human Facial Expression Recognition Using Handcrafted Features and Deep Learning

Muhammad Usama Amin, Lu Zhimao, Muhammad Qasim Wali, Abdur Rehman, Muhammad Usman Naveed, Muhammad Yasir Ishaq
Vol 7, Issue 3; March 2024
North American Academic Research, 7(3) 82-91 March 2024, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10882956

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Abstract: Recognition of facial expressions, a critical aspect of non-verbal social communication, plays an essential role in the field of Human-Computer Interaction (HCI). The development and application of both traditional hand-crafted features and contemporary deep neural networks (DNNs) have substantially advanced the efficacy of Facial Expression Recognition (FER) systems. Enhancements in deep learning technologies have significantly improved the performance and efficiency of FER methodologies, rendering it an increasingly researched topic, particularly with the advent of streamlined neural network models. In this study, we introduced a framework designed to enhance the precision of Facial Expression Recognition (FER) by integrating sophisticated neural network-derived features with manually crafted features, including structural and appearance-based elements. Specifically, the handcrafted features employed encompass facial landmarks, Histograms of Oriented Gradients (HOG) — applicable with or without slid-ing window techniques — Local Binary Patterns (LBP), and Scale-Invariant Feature Transforms (SIFT). To effectively amalgamate these diverse features, the proposed model integrates a fully connected (FC) layer of CNN, facilitating the feature fusion of both the handcrafted and deep learning-derived features. Following this integration, the frame-work employs a CNN-based classification algorithm, which has been validated against benchmark datasets for effec-tiveness assessment. The evaluation protocol involved utilizing images of size 48 × 48 pixels to conduct tests and measure the performance of our proposed framework on several challenging datasets, notably FER2013 and the Ex-tended Cohn-Kanade (CK+) datasets. According to the literature review, the presented framework exhibits a signifi-cant improvement in test accuracy over prevailing algorithms and methodologies within the domain. In the context of the FER2013 and Extended Cohn-Kanade (CK+) datasets, our system showcased superior performance. Specifi-cally, it achieved accuracy rates of 66.5% and 99.8% across seven distinct emotional states, respectively. These results underscore the effectiveness and reliability of the proposed framework in accurately recognizing facial expressions.

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Volume: Issue: 2

Article: Transmitting Cultural Values Through Music Education

Chigwindiri Clemson
Vol 7, Issue 2; February 2024
North American Academic Research, 7(2) 161-168 February 2024, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10882829

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Abstract: Music education in Zimbabwe plays a significant role in conveying cultural values and norms. This study focuses mainly on the role of music education in preserving and promoting Zimbabwean cultural heritage. The methodology involves a case study of five music teachers from diverse cultural backgrounds to survey various cultural events and uses purposive sampling techniques to gather information from knowledgeable individuals. The findings and discussions cover different aspects such as the incorporation of cultural education in the music curriculum, the impact of globalization on Zimbabwean culture, teaching methods including field research, storytelling, performance of traditional dances, instrument making, traditional songs, and motivating students through cultural activities, as well as preservation approaches. The study explores how music education serves as a conduit through which traditional practices, beliefs, values, and norms are preserved and handed down from one generation to another. Through assessing the experiences and insights of the selected participants, this research showed how music education contributes to the sustainability of Zimbabwean cultural identity and heritage.

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Volume: Issue: 1

Article: Parking Spaces Optimisation: In-Depth Study of Mechanism Failure and Assessing Inter-Component Forces in Double-Stack Motor Controlled Parking System

Muhammad Awais, Chen Qi, Zhang LongChang, Huang Liyuan, Wang Lian-jian
Vol 7, Issue 1; January 2024
North American Academic Research, 7(1) 94-106 January 2024, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10792777

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Abstract: The Double-Stack Motor Controlled Parking System, recognized for its compact and eco-friendly design, is gaining significant attention. This article focuses on the innovative Double-Stack Parking Mechanism known for optimizing space in residential areas. The renowned parking mechanism has the capability to park two vehicles at the same time. Key aspects investigated, including successful vehicle parking on platforms, Mechanism Failure, and inter-components forces, were investigated to enhance model development. SolidWorks simulation technique is crucial for analyzing forces between components and predicting mechanism failure under various vehicle loads. The study improves vehicle positioning accuracy and platform safety by utilizing force-sensitive resistor sensors, which activate corresponding light-emitting diodes (LEDs) upon vehicle contact. This renowned parking mechanism's ability to withstand different vehicle loads was evaluated, revealing a failure limit of 1600N or above. At 1600N vehicle load, the inter-component forces were analyzed, reflecting the simulation behavior in the parking mechanism. This research lays the foundation for multi-dimensional parking solutions, offering a promising approach to address residential parking space shortages.

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Volume: Issue: 3

Article: The Impact of Job Satisfaction and Organizational Commitment on Employee Turnover Intentions

Mahida Akter Mim, Saif Muhammad Salahuddin, Runa Laila, Shika Akter
Vol 7, Issue 3; March 2024
North American Academic Research, 7(3) 30-38 March 2024, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10870571

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Abstract: Human resources are one of the main assets in an organization, which can make an invaluable contribution to the organization's achievement strategy. The high level of turnover intention is a serious problem at PT Nippo Mechatronics Bangladesh. This study aims to analyze how much influence job satisfaction and organizational commitment on turnover intention both partially and simultaneously. Determination of the sample is done by using probability sampling with a simple random sampling method. This research is quantitative research using double linear regression analysis as data processing. In this study, job satisfaction has a negative and significant effect on turnover intention. Organizational commitment negatively affects turnover intention. Job satisfaction and organizational commitment simultaneously have a significant effect on turnover intention.

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Volume: Issue: 3

Article: Numerical Solution Of MHD Effects On Natural Convection In An L-Shaped Enclosure

Mohammad Abdul Alim
Vol 7, Issue 3; March 2024
North American Academic Research, 7(3) 14-29 March 2024, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10870545

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Abstract: This research paper delves into the intricate dynamics of magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) natural convection in a square cavity, which houses an elliptic-shaped heated obstacle, filled with an electrically conducting fluid. By employing the finite element method, the study meticulously examines how variations in Rayleigh numbers (Ra) and Hartmann numbers (Ha) influence the heat transfer and fluid flow patterns within the enclosure. The investigation reveals that both the magnetic field strength, represented by Ha, and the buoyancy force, dictated by Ra, play pivotal roles in modulating the natural convection mechanism. It is found that an increase in the magnetic field strength effectively suppresses the fluid motion, thereby influencing the heat transfer rates and flow structures. Conversely, higher Rayleigh numbers enhance the convective heat transfer, indicating a complex interplay between thermal buoyancy and magnetic damping effects. The research provides novel insights into optimizing thermal management strategies in applications involving conductive fluids under the influence of magnetic fields, offering significant implications for engineering designs and energy-efficient systems. This comprehensive analysis contributes to a deeper understanding of MHD natural convection, presenting a foundation for future studies aimed at exploring thermal optimization in various technological and industrial contexts.

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Volume: Issue: 3

Article: Richardson Number Variation On Mixed Convecton Heat Transfer In A Square Enclosure With Heated Fin: Numerical Modeling

Mohammad Abdul Alim
Vol 7, Issue 3; March 2024
North American Academic Research, 7(3) 1-13 March 2024, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10870501

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Abstract: This study explores the dynamics of mixed convection heat transfer in a lid-driven wavy cavity, enhanced with a vertical fin and subjected to an external magnetic field. It meticulously examines how the introduction of a fin and variations in Richardson and Hartmann numbers influence the fluid flow and heat transfer characteristics within the cavity. By employing a numerical approach, the research highlights the significant impact of fin placement and magnetic field intensity on enhancing or impeding the convective heat transfer process. The findings contribute valuable insights into optimizing heat transfer in various applications, including energy systems and cooling technologies, by manipulating the fin's position and the strength of the magnetic field. Through a comprehensive analysis involving computational methods, numerical modeling, and a detailed parametric study, this work aims to offer a deeper understanding of the complex interplay between magnetic fields, fluid flow, and heat transfer, providing a foundation for future innovations in thermal management and control strategies.

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Volume: Issue: 2

Article: Designing a Strategic Framework for Advancing Capabilities in Adopting AI/ML Technologies for Supply Chain Management

SAZZAD HOSSAIN, M.H. RAHMAN
Vol 7, Issue 2; February 2024
North American Academic Research, 7(2) 123-137 February 2024, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10819254

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Abstract: This research aims to propose a unique framework that is meant to boost the capacities of supply chain organizations to effectively embrace and make use of Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Machine Learning (ML) technol-ogies. The framework will be presented in order to accomplish this purpose. For the goal of better preparing students to cope with the unanticipated and ever-changing aspects of supply chain operations, the objective of this course is to enhance students' knowledge and skills in the areas of data administration, analytical competence, and perfor-mance management. Data management capabilities that focus on data governance and quality; analytical competence for identifying appropriate AI/ML applications in various supply chain aspects; and performance management skills that make use of the Six Sigma DMAIC method and KPI dashboards are the three primary components that make up the framework that has been proposed. These are the three primary components that make up the framework. doing interviews with subject matter experts, building a framework, and doing in-depth research on the existing body of literature are all steps that are included in the process of evaluating the subject matter. As a result of the findings, it is possible to draw the conclusion that this framework offers a major contribution to the improvement of decision-making, operational efficiency, and competitiveness in the field of supply chain management. Volatility, uncertainty, complexity, and ambiguity are the components that make up the acronym VUCA. This acronym incorporates the issues that are presented by the environment in which businesses operate. Despite these limitations, it is able to successfully adjust. The objective of this research is to provide assistance to supply chain firms in the process of successfully implementing technologies that utilize artificial intelligence and machine learning. In addition to this, it suggests a methodical approach to the development of vital competences in order to get ready for future technolog-ical breakthroughs.

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Volume: Issue: 2

Article: The Basic Education Curriculum System in Oromia Regional State of Ethiopia: Systematic Review of Literature

Gerba Fayera Aboma
Vol 7, Issue 2; February 2024
North American Academic Research, 7(2) 138-151 February 2024, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10826052

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Abstract: The significance of education in the socio-economic development of a nation is immense. The overall social progress of a given nation mirrors the quality of education in that country. The achievement of quality education in turn necessitates a well-developed education curriculum. The curriculum plays a pivotal role in the successful journey of education. The aim of this literature review is to analyze the problems that arise from the education curriculum with regard to the quality of basic education in the Oromia region of Ethiopia. As a result, this literature review analyzed the status of the curriculum in basic education in the Oromia region of Ethiopia. Accordingly, the literature reviewed the history, development, and status of Ethiopian education and curriculum in order to recognize the clear picture of the role of curriculum in the basic education of Oromia regional state. The review of the literature reached the idea that the adoption of western curriculum in Ethiopian and other African countries without recognizing the real life experiences of society overshadowed and hampered the successful journey of education in Ethiopia in general and in the Oromia region in particular, in addition to internal problems that hijacked the quality of education. As some scholars indicate because of its roots to both Christian and Islamic education influences Ethiopian education and its curriculum focused on memorization that lack critique and rigorous that might result in fruitful result. The educational curriculum of Oromia region is also facing some problems that should be adjusted.

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Volume: Issue: 2

Article: A Comparative Analysis of Husband and Wife Relationships from Confucian and Buddhist Perspectives

Phyo Su Kyi, Ruan Wei
Vol 7, Issue 2; February 2024
North American Academic Research, 7(2) 152-160 February 2024, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10849585

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Abstract: Equal rights and obligations should be shared by spouses when it comes to running the home. Confucian and Buddhist philosophies emphasize the importance of social relationships in creating a peaceful society. To create a happy and peaceful marriage, a comparative analysis of the husband and wife relationship was done in this study. This paper compares and contrasts the relationship between husband and wife from the Buddhist and Confucian perspectives. An analytical descriptive method was used to get the findings of the study. This study surveys two philosophies: the teach-ings of the Buddha and Confucius which focus on the duties of husband and wife. Data were collected from various sources of both literatures. The study found similarities between the two literatures, according to which the wife runs the home and raises the children and the husband takes the lead. However, because of the different cultures and cus-toms, both viewpoints offer distinct guidelines for creating a long-lasting marriage. Confucian philosophy accepts the practice of having a second wife for the continuation of family lineage whereas in Buddhist philosophy, a wife is not responsible for that. In conclusion, the study found that the Buddhist and Confucian perspectives on the husband-wife relationship have similarities and differences.

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Volume: Issue: 2

Article: Exploring Customer Loyalty in the Digital Gaming Sphere: A Case Study on Tencent Games

Jyoti Biswas, Ahmed Shake Shakil, Sazid Ahsan Pranto, MD Mahade Hasan Shanto, Nikol Janszky-Máriás, Xiaochao Shen, Dzhumaliyeva Sahyjemal
Vol 7, Issue 2; February 2024
North American Academic Research, 7(2) 92-106 February 2024, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10819105

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Abstract: This review article delves into the competitive and dynamic world of mobile gaming, with a particular focus on Tencent, China's preeminent force in mobile games, social networking services, and online payment systems. As the largest provider of mobile games in China, Tencent navigates a fiercely competitive landscape, not only from local giants like Baidu and Alibaba but also from an ever-evolving array of startups. This competition underscores a market where execution and rapid response to consumer demands are paramount, overshadowing the mere novelty of ideas. The explosion of mobile gaming into mainstream consumer culture has transformed it into a daily activity for millions, driven by a diversity of platforms, gaming needs, and business models, notably the free-to-play model. This shift raises pertinent questions about player engagement, loyalty, and the reasons behind the widespread adoption of certain games over others. Despite extensive research in this field, the literature remains fragmented, necessitating a comprehensive review to consolidate our understanding of these dynamics. Historically, many mobile game developers have faltered by neglecting customer needs—a critical aspect that Tencent's "Honour of Kings" seems to have mastered, leading to its popularity in China. The review emphasizes the importance of customer-centric strategies in achieving success in the online gaming industry. It stresses that understanding and innovating according to the gamers' needs are non-negotiable prerequisites for sustainability and growth in the mobile gaming sector. Furthermore, the review highlights the pivotal role of analytics in the mobile gaming industry, where every player interaction is meticulously analyzed to refine games, enhance user engagement, and optimize monetization strategies. In a market dominated by a few major publishers, understanding the factors influencing purchase intentions and player loyalty becomes crucial for survival and growth. This comprehensive review aims to synthesize existing research on player engagement and loyalty in mobile gaming, with a special emphasis on the strategic maneuvers of Tencent amidst China's highly competitive digital landscape. It seeks to unravel the complexities behind what drives player loyalty and engagement in a market where customer satisfaction is the key to enduring success.

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Volume: Issue: 2

Article: Identifying Key Factors for Traffic Safety: A Case Study of Driver Behavior in Peshawar, Pakistan

Waseem Alam, Wang Haiyan, Muhammad Safdar, Muhammad Hamza Naseem
Vol 7, Issue 2; February 2024
North American Academic Research, 7(2) 107-122 February 2024, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10819234

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Abstract: Driver behavior significantly impacts road safety, particularly in developing countries like Peshawar, Pa-kistan, where comprehensive studies are lacking. This research addresses this gap by examining driver behaviors related to traffic safety in Peshawar. Utilizing a Driver Behavior Questionnaire (DBQ) administered through Google Forms, data was collected from 120 respondents. This study employs a Fuzzy Analytical Hierarchy Process (FAHP) method to evaluate ranking criteria and weight factors, considering the unique uncertainties of driving behavior. Results highlight violations as the primary concern, followed by errors and lapses, with subcategories delineated through pairwise comparisons, shedding light on prevalent issues like reckless driving and errors in judgment. Com-mon behaviors such as overtaking slow drivers and abrupt lane changes were identified. Failure to use seat belts, underestimating vehicle speeds, and using mobile devices while driving were also commonly reported. The study's diverse sample, obtained through document-based questionnaires distributed via email to individuals aged 18 and above, including university students, provided insights into driving habits. The majority of respondents held valid driver's licenses, with an average weekly travel distance of 208.5 km reported. These findings offer policymakers valuable insights for targeted interventions aimed at improving traffic safety in Peshawar and serve as a benchmark for similar studies in other developing countries.

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Volume: Issue: 1

Article: Comparative Study of Privacy Models: Evaluating the Effectiveness Against Different Attacker Models

Muhammad Usman Naveed, Lu Zhimao, Muhammad Usama Amin, Abdur Rehman, Muhammad Adil
Vol 7, Issue 1; January 2024
North American Academic Research, 7(1) 82-93 January 2024, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10711116

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Abstract: In the current digital era, organizations often collect personal data from individuals and store it in databases that contain personally identifiable information (PII). Sharing this data with researchers can pose significant privacy risks. To mitigate these risks, several data privacy models have been proposed. In this study, the effectiveness of four privacy models (k-anonymity, l-diversity, t-closeness, and differential privacy) is evaluated by comparing the output results of three different attacker models: journalist, prosecutor, and marketer. Utilizing an adult dataset, each pri-vacy model is applied, and the output results of the attacker models are compared to identify the most effective privacy protection model. The results indicate that, while not offering the highest data utility compared to other privacy models, differential privacy provides the most robust protection against all three attacker models. The choice of privacy model ultimately depends on the specific scenario and the balance between privacy protection and data utility that is required. The study contributes valuable insights for professionals and researchers within the data privacy domain.

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Volume: Issue: 12

Article: Anti-Money Laundering Systems Using Deep Learning

MASHKHAL ABDALWAHID SIDIQ, YIMAMU KIRUBEL WONDAFEREW
Vol 6, Issue 12; December 2023
North American Academic Research, 6(12) 129-150 December 2023, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10800534

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Abstract: In this paper, we focused on using deep learning methods for detecting money laundering in financial transaction networks, in order to demonstrate that it can be used as a complement or instead of the more commonly used rule based systems and conventional Anti-Money Laundering (AML) systems. The paper explores the pivotal role played by Anti-Money Laundering (AML) activities in the global financial industry. It underscores the drawbacks of conventional AML systems, which exhibit high rates of false positives and lack the sophistication to uncover intricate money laundering schemes. To tackle these challenges, the paper proposes an advanced AML system that capitalizes on link analysis using Deep Learning techniques. At the heart of this system lies the utilization of centrality algorithms like Degree Centrality, Closeness Centrality, Betweenness Centrality, and PageRank. These algorithms enhance the system’s capability to identify suspicious activities by examining the influence and interconnections within networks of financial transactions The significance of Anti-Money Laundering (AML) efforts within the global financial sector is discussed in this paper. It highlights the limitations of traditional AML systems. The results showed the practicality and superiority of the new implementation of the GCN model with it being a preferable method for connectively structured data, meaning that a transaction or account is analyzed in the context of its financial environment. In addition, the paper delves into the prospects of Anti-Money Laundering (AML) efforts, proposing the integration of emerging technologies such as Deep Learning and Centrality Algorithms. This integration holds promise for enhancing the effectiveness of AML systems by refining their capabilities.

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Volume: Issue: 2

Article: Green Human Resource Management Practices in Bangladesh: Impediments and Remedies

Mahmud, Q. M.
Vol 7, Issue 2; February 2024
North American Academic Research, 7(2) 55-73 February 2024, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10800580

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Abstract: Though sufficiently addressed in the extant literature, empirical evidence on the factors impeding GHRM implementation particularly in the context of multiple industries of Bangladesh is still lacking. Hence, this study aims to explore the critical barriers that an organization encounters in the path of GHRM execution, as well as to suggest some remedies in this respect. An in-depth semi-structured interview method is used in this qualitative research to collect rich and thick primary data from twenty-two participants who are selected using a convenience sampling technique. The six steps of thematic analysis as suggested by Braun and Clarke are followed to analyze the transcribed interview data. Findings indicate that unawareness, rebelliousness, paper-based culture, financial restraints, time constraints, demotivation, and incongruent regulatory policies are the major impediments to GHRM practices. It is also evident that these obstructions can be resolved by fostering learning, instituting reward systems, confirming employee participation, supporting a paper-less culture, leveraging technology, and aligning GHRM with the whole supply chain. Future researchers can use the exploratory findings of this study in their work. Moreover, HR practitioners and policymakers can also benefit from the suggestions made in this study.

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Volume: Issue: 2

Article: Narrative Analysis of Teachers’ Experiences in the Implementation of Free Primary Education Policy in Myanmar

Thet Khaing, Dr. Dian Feng, Mohammed R. Ahmed
Vol 7, Issue 2; February 2024
North American Academic Research, 7(2) 37-54 February 2024, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10800534

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Abstract: This article aims to analyze the teachers' experiences in the Pyin Oo Lwin District of Myanmar about the implementation of the Free Primary Education Policy. The emphasis was on finding difficulties and facilitators within the educational system. This article examines global and local educational reform settings, focusing on qualitative research approaches, based on a thorough literature assessment of works published. The narrative analysis technique was used to understand the detailed viewpoints of teachers, providing an in-depth exploration of their real-life ex-periences and difficulties encountered after policy implementation. Primary data was gathered using semi-structured interviews, together with observational field notes and document analysis, to ensure a strong triangulation of results. The study rigorously followed known qualitative research tech-niques to guarantee the legitimacy and dependability of the findings. The findings show a complicated interaction of elements influencing policy implementation, such as insufficient in-frastructure, unequal distribution of resources, and the crucial need for ongoing professional development opportu-nities for teachers. The research reveals the substantial influence of socio-cultural dynamics on educational practices and policy implementation. The article suggests specific interventions to address identified challenges, highlighting the significance of policy frameworks tailored to the context, improved support systems for teachers, and the engagement of community stake-holders in education. This article adds to the wider discussion on implementing educational policies in developing nations, providing practical advice for governing bodies, educational administrators, and interested parties seeking to improve the effectiveness of educational changes.

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Volume: Issue: 2

Article: Exploration of Sustainable Logistics Service Quality Evaluation Indicator System-Taking China as an Example

Sifan Zhang, Yan Jiang
Vol 7, Issue 2; February 2024
North American Academic Research, 7(2) 27-32 February 2024, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10727580

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Abstract: Due to the deterioration of the natural environment, the acceleration of market globalization, and the deep-ening of health and equity awareness, the public attaches increasing importance to sustainable development. Decar-burization and sustainability have become an inevitable trend in the development of the logistics industry. However, research on sustainable logistics service quality in academia is fragmented, and emerging market countries, including China, lack evaluation tools for sustainable logistics service quality. To fill this gap, the evaluation criteria based on environmental, economic, social, and corporate dimensions were determined by means of a literature review and experts’ opinions. The results suggest that Chinese logistics service providers should focus on using environmentally friendly packaging materials, strengthening green technology innovation, and promoting the continuous optimiza-tion of logistics costs. They should also focus on employee training and rights protection, and actively fulfill their social responsibilities to build a sustainable competitive advantage in logistics services.

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Volume: Issue: 2

Article: A Study on the Influencing Factors of FINANCIAL Service Cooperation between China and Turkmenistan

Alladurdyyev Dovletmyrat, Hodzhayeva Gulshat
Vol 7, Issue 2; February 2024
North American Academic Research, 7(2) 34-36 February 2024, https://doi.org/10.5281/ze-nodo.10728863

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Abstract: This paper studies the financial cooperation between China and Turkmenistan in the context of the "the Belt and Road" through quantitative analysis. First, the development status of financial cooperation between China and Turkmenistan in the context of the "the Belt and Road" is described through three parts: the current situation of macroeconomic development between China and Turkmenistan, the current situation of import and export trade in financial services, and the current situation of financial cooperation; Then, the analysis of the influencing factors on the development of financial cooperation between China and Turkmenistan is elaborated through three parts: indi-cator selection and data sources, empirical testing, and empirical analysis. The empirical analysis results show that the per capital financial wealth of Turkmenistan and the total financial wealth of Turkmenistan have a promoting effect on financial cooperation between China and Turkmenistan, while the per capital financial wealth of China has a relatively small impact on financial cooperation between China and Turkmenistan; The explanation of financial cooperation in China and Turkmenistan ranges from large to small: per capital financial wealth in Turkmenistan, financial cooperation in China and Turkmenistan, total financial wealth in Turkmenistan, and per capital financial wealth in China. Finally, this article proposes some policy suggestions: to improve the development of Turkmeni-stan's financial industry and promote the increase of total wealth; Improving the per capital financial wealth of Turk-menistan and focusing on per capital income development; Optimize the allocation ratio of investment financial assets in China and promote the growth of per capital financial wealth in China.

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Volume: Issue: 2

Article: The Implementation of Education Policies in Borena Pastoralist Area of Ethiopia: A Systematic Review of Literature

Haro Begeja Morge
Vol 7, Issue 2; February 2024
North American Academic Research, 7(2) 6-26 February 2024, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10723563

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Abstract: This literature review focuses on pastoralist area education policy implementation, its status, determinants, and how to improve the problems. It aims to clarify what implementing education policies in pastoralist areas entails in complex education systems to support pastoralist education policy implementation work, building on the litera-ture and country experiences. An introduction delves into the reasons behind the need to update or create appropri-ate education policy implementation in the pastoralist area, which is defined as a purposeful and multidirectional change process aiming to put a specific policy into practice and which affects the pastoralist education system on several levels. The paper then analyzes the determinants that hinder or facilitate the implementation of pastoralist education policies for effective implementation. Based on the systematically reviewed data from different studies, the paper proposes a few recommendations that can guide researchers in their future research or studies on pastor-alist education policy implementors more effectively.

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Volume: Issue: 2

Article: Correlation Between Renal Function Changes and Renal Damage in Term Asphyxia Neonates at Different Stages: Cross-Sectional Study

Abhay Mandal
Vol 7, Issue 2; February 2024
North American Academic Research, 7(2) 1-5 February 2024, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10720329

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Abstract: Objective: To investigate the correlation between changes in renal function and renal damage in term as-phyxia neonates at different stages. Methods: The cross-sectional study was conducted, the data of MIHS provincial hospital, Janakpur, Nepal from Jan-uary 2020 to October 2021were collected for this study. 100 full-term neonatal patients with asphyxia who were treated monthly were divided into severe asphyxia group and mild asphyxia group, each with 50 cases, and they all meet the clinical requirements of full-term asphyxia neonates bed diagnosis. SPSS 25.0 software was used for analysis, and the measurement data used mean ± standard deviation(x̄±s) means, using t-test for comparison between groups; the numerical data were expressed, and the data were verified using χ2, P > 0.05, the difference is not statistically significant, P < 0.05, there is a difference between each group is statistically significant Statistical significance, P < 0.01, the difference is statistically significant. Result: Among 100 patients, there were 45 cases of renal damage, 18 cases of mild asphyxia group of patients, 27 cases in the group of patients with severe asphyxia, neonatal asphyxia occurred after renal damage was 45%. Severe asphyxia group within 24h serum BUN was (3.83 ± 0.12) mmol / L, patients with mild asphyxia group (3.79 ± 0.17) mmol / L, with a larger difference between sex (P<0.05). On the third day of severe asphyxia group serum BUN was (3.86 ± 0.19) mmol / L, patients with mild asphyxia group (3.76± 0.16) mmol / L, there was a significant difference between the differences (P <0.05). Severe asphyxia group of patients with mild asphyxia group Cr, UA and serum β2-MG at 24h, the first 3d, 7d in both the first there is a big difference, and the difference was statistically significant (P <0.05). Conclusion: Asphyxiated term newborns are prone to kidney damage, and the extent of damage and the patient's degree of asphyxia have close ties, showing a positive relationship. Serum BUN, Cr, UA, and 2-MG and other indi-cators can effectively detect the occurrence of newborn infants after asphyxia with a degree of renal damage, with a strong clinical significance worthy of promotion and use in clinical practice.

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Volume: Issue: 1

Article: Analysing the Influence of Financial Inclusion on Economic Growth in Uganda

Nansamba Jolly
Vol 7, Issue 1; January 2024
North American Academic Research, 7(1) 58-72 January 2024, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10702645

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Abstract: Financial inclusion is essential for fostering stability and economic prosperity, especially in emerging nations like Uganda. In recent years, Uganda has made great progress toward financial inclusion with several initiatives targeted at expanding access to financial services, such as microfinance and mobile banking. International settlements in Uganda have benefited from greater financial inclusion. It has facilitated cross-border trade and investment by providing individuals and businesses with the means to access and transfer funds internationally. This has bolstered the country's economic development and improved its participation in global trade and remittance flows. This study investigates the impact of financial inclusion on economic growth in Uganda. Utilizing a primary data collection method through structured surveys conducted across diverse demographic segments, the research explores the nuanced relationship between financial inclusion and economic growth. Surprisingly, the findings reveal a positive correlation between increased financial inclusion and economic growth. However, an intriguing aspect emerges as the study identifies a potential negative influence of certain financial services on overall economic development. These results underscore the importance of tailored financial policies to harness the positive aspects of inclusion while mitigating potential drawbacks, fostering a more inclusive and sustainable economic growth trajectory in Uganda. At the end of the paper, the study suggests policy revisions, financial literacy programs, and the promotion of fintech to optimize the positive impact of financial inclusion on economic growth in Uganda.

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Volume: Issue: 12

Article: Unraveling Existential Crisis: A Study of Syed Waliullah's Tree Without Roots

Humaera Sultana, Md. Jony Miah
Vol 6, Issue 12; December 2023
North American Academic Research, 6(12) 202-209 December 2023, https://doi.org/ 10.5281/zenodo.10651729

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Abstract: This study explores the existential crises experienced by the major character in the novel Tree Without Roots by Syed Waliullah. The book functions as a literary device that allows for the examination of the perplexing interplay of existential concerns within the framework of a postmodern societal setting. The story unfolds against the backdrop of post-colonial East Pakistan (now Bangladesh), with a sophisticated analysis of identity, alienation, and the quest for meaning in an ever-changing world. Majeed, the protagonist of the novel, serves as a representation for economically disadvantaged individuals residing in rural areas of Bangladesh, who rely on self-constructed religious affiliations as a means of establishing their presence within society and he experiences marginalization due to his exploitative nature within society, exhibits traits of social isolation and emotional detachment. The primary cause of his isolation and emotional separation from social life may be attributed to a feeling of alienation stemming from societal conditions. This research tries to elucidate the intricacies of identity, choice, and purpose in a swiftly evolving society by delving into the experiences and obstacles faced by Majeed. This experiment employs the qualitative research method as well as existential philosophy. The result of the study demonstrates Majeed's existential quest, examining his cultural estrangement, interpersonal connections, and the symbolic importance he has within the wider framework of the novel.

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Volume: Issue: 1

Article: A Study on the Technological Spillover Effect of China’s OFDI in Africa

Tojo Herilanto RAKOTONDRAZAKA
Vol 7, Issue 1; January 2024
North American Academic Research, 7(1) 22-38 January 2024, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10700696

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Abstract: This article presents a comprehensive analysis of China’s outward foreign direct investment (OFDI) in Africa, examining its economic impact and technology spillover effects. Drawing on a review of relevant literature, the study systematically explores the influence of China’s OFDI on technological progress and efficiency in the se-lected African countries. Using panel data from 29 African countries over the period 2004-2019, this article computes the total factor productivity of the African countries and then empirically analyzes the Chinese OFDI technological spillover effect. The results demonstrate a significant and positive impact of China’s OFDI on technology use and advancement in these countries. The study’s conclusion summarizes the key findings and offers important policy recommendations. Overall, this research contributes to the ongoing discourse on China’s role in Africa’s economic development and enhances our understanding of the factors influencing China’s outbound investment decisions.

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Volume: Issue: 1

Article: “Buy to Change”: The influence of Cause-Brand Fit on Consumer Purchase Intention in Mongolian Market

Shijir Jargalsaikhan
Vol 7, Issue 1; January 2024
North American Academic Research, 7(1) 39-57 January 2024, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10702590

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Abstract: Over the past two decades, companies have faced increasing pressure to take responsibility for the broader societal impact of their actions, extending beyond their immediate commercial interests. During this time, collabora-tive partnerships between businesses and nonprofit organizations have surged. Corporations are increasingly inte-grating cause-related marketing (CRM) into their strategies to address societal concerns and boost sales, leveraging partnerships with nonprofits. The effectiveness of CRM is debated, particularly the importance of 'fit' between the brand and the cause, with mixed findings on its impact on marketing success and consumer perception. Some studies suggest that a high fit between the brand and cause leads to positive attitudes, while others argue that fit may be irrelevant or even lead to consumer skepticism. This study aims to investigate how this alignment influences con-sumer purchase intentions, underlining the need to better understand the dynamics of cause-brand fit within CRM. In the study's test of hypotheses, a multiple regression analysis was employed to examine the impact of determinants on purchase intention in cause-related marketing campaigns. The results confirmed the significance of cause-brand fit, functional fit, image fit, and attitude toward CRM campaigns in influencing purchase intention. Further analysis using a bootstrapping method explored the indirect effects, revealing that attitude served as a partial mediator for functional fit and a full mediator for image fit in influencing purchase intention. The moderating role of cause affinity was assessed, showing a significant moderation effect in the relationship between image fit and customer participa-tion behavior in cause-related marketing, but not for functional fit. Our research significantly contributes to the ex-isting literature by deepening our understanding of how the alignment between a brand and a cause, considering both functional and image aspects, influences consumer buying intentions, with special emphasis on the role of cause affinity and highlights the importance of well-matched causes in CRM initiatives. For marketing professionals and brand managers, these findings provide valuable practical insights when planning CRM campaigns. They emphasize that CRM should be viewed as a strategy to enhance a brand's long-term value, with the alignment between the brand and the chosen cause being pivotal for authenticity and the establishment of consumer trust.

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Volume: Issue: 1

Article: Transportation of Root Canal Using Three Types of Rotary Instrument: An in Vitro Study

Panna Das, Md. Ali Asgor Moral, Samir Banik, Shuvendu Saha, Mozammal Hossain
Vol 7, Issue 1; January 2024
North American Academic Research, 7(1) 74-81 January 2024, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10704588

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Abstract: This study evaluates the transportation in severe curve root canals after preparation with three types of rotary file systems.Thirty-six human permanent mandibular 1st molars, freshly extracted for periodontal reasons, with curve mesial root, were selected and kept in normal saline. Mesial roots were separated from the tooth and removal of the crown was to standardize length at 12mm. Teeth were divided into three groups; mesio buccal canal of group A was instrumented with rotary variable taper instruments, group B was instrumented with reciprocating variable taper instruments, Group C was instrumented with rotary constant taper control memory instruments. All canals were shaped and cleaned under frequent and abundant irrigation with 5.25% sodium hypochlorite solution and 17% ethylene diamine tetra acetic acid (EDTA) followed by normal saline.Preoperative & postoperative Cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) was taken to measure the transportation of the root canal. Transportation was calculated according to the formula of Gambill et al., (1996) (x1-x2) - (y1-y2) where x1 and x2 represent the shortest pre-instrumentation and post-instrumentation mesial distances, respectively, and y1 and y2 represent the shortest pre instrumentation and post instrumentation distal distances, respectively. Statistical analysis among three groups was performed by the Kruskal-Wallis test and Wilcoxon test used for multiple pairwise comparisons among different groups. Value P<0.05 was considered statistically significant.The transportation of rootcanal in the group C was found least than inthe group B and group A. In conclusion, a rotary constant taper control memory instrument showed less transportation than a rotary variable taper instrument and reciprocating variable taper instrument.

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Volume: Issue: 12

Article: Using Squeeze and Excitation Attention Mechanism to Enhance the Classification Accuracy of EEG Motor Imagery Signals

Huzaifa Majd Merhj
Vol 6, Issue 12; December 2023
North American Academic Research, 6(12) 176-188 December 2023, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10702724

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Abstract: The communication process between the human brain and the computer is an important thing these days for various reasons, as humans can now issue commands to electronic devices by reading the electrical signals of brain and translating them into programming commands that the computer understands and interprets. The Brain-Computer Interface (BCI) technology or system is considered one of the best technologies in this field, where brain signals or Electroencephalogram (EEG) motor imagery (MI) are taken as input to this system and translated into commands on the computer, scientific research in the field of artificial intelligence and machine learning, especially the so-called brain-computer interfaces, is no longer directed only to people with motor disabilities, but rather has become directed for general use in order to improve Experience our use of computers and human communication with computers better. in addition, to assist disabled people, control smart devices or environments, and even augment human capabilities. In this article, we propose a squeeze and excitation attention-based convolutional neural network, this model SE-CNN utilizes multiple techniques to boost the performance of MI classification with a relatively small number of parameters, SE attention block enhances the generalization and robustness of the network. In the BCI Competition IV-2a dataset, our proposed model has obtained good experimental results, achieving accuracies of 83.44% for subject-specific performance on the BCI-2a dataset using the same original competition division (hold-out approach: 50% training trials and 50% test trials). In addition, extensive ablative experiments and fine-tuning experiments were conducted.

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Volume: Issue: 12

Article: Impact of ABC (Activity-Based Costing) on Developing Country's Healthcare System in Ghana

Dr. Derrick Abina, Pious Opoku
Vol 6, Issue 12; December 2023
North American Academic Research, 6(12) 117-129 December 2023, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10628515

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Abstract: This comprehensive review delves into implementing Activity-Based Costing (ABC) in healthcare systems, offering detailed insights into its impact on cost management, financial performance, and resource allocation. ABC, a sophisticated cost accounting methodology, holds the potential to revolutionize how healthcare organizations understand and control expenses. The review systematically follows ABC's four-step approach, elucidating its principles and emphasizing its benefits, challenges, and outcomes based on existing studies. The benefits of ABC implementation in healthcare are scrutinized, highlighting its capacity to deliver a nuanced understanding of costs and identify cost-saving opportunities. By allocating costs based on the actual consumption of resources by specific activities, ABC enhances resource allocation, leading to financial savings. Identifying cost drivers is a crucial advantage, enabling organizations to optimize processes, streamline operations, and improve overall efficiency. However, the review acknowledges the challenges associated with ABC implementation in healthcare, including comprehensive data collection, organizational readiness, and the complexity of healthcare processes. The analysis incorporates successful ABC implementations in developed and developing countries, underscoring its adaptability and effectiveness. Results from developed countries showcase significant cost reductions, enhanced resource allocation, improved decision-making, and increased transparency in cost reporting. In developing countries, ABC has demonstrated effectiveness in managing costs, improving financial performance, and contributing to the overall sustainability of healthcare facilities. Case studies underscore ABC’s role in promoting accountability, transparency, and improved patient outcomes. The review highlights the need for further research, particularly in developing countries like Ghana, to explore ABC implementation's feasibility, benefits, and challenges. Despite challenges, ABC stands out as a valuable methodology for enhancing cost management practices, optimizing resource utilization, and improving the efficiency and sustainability of healthcare delivery. This transformative approach has the potential to reshape the landscape of healthcare cost management globally, ensuring the delivery of high-quality, cost-effective healthcare services.

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Volume: Issue: 1

Article: An Overview of Conventional Construction Materials And Their Characteristics

Md Rasel Ahammed, Mohammad Biplab Mia, Md Abu Raihan, Md Nayim Hossain, Mamun Hossen, Shahriar Md Hasan
Vol 7, Issue 1; January 2024
North American Academic Research, 7(1) 1-13 January 2024, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10579091

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Abstract: For a construction project to be deemed acceptable, it is crucial to have a comprehensive understanding of the characteristics of materials during both the design and construction stages. It is important to evaluate the financial feasibility and the societal and ecological consequences of a project. During the first design phase, consideration of potential alternative sites and a preliminary evaluation of appropriate construction materials are undertaken. The selection of the optimal structural form and material is contingent upon several aspects, such as cost, physical char-acteristics, longevity, and material accessibility. In modern times, investors and engineers are seeking robust, light-weight, and cost-effective materials to construct sustainable structures. In recent years, numerous new materials have been developed, and there are still many inventors actively searching for novel materials and alternative approaches. Engineers are utilizing the properties of materials to develop a new environmentally friendly construction project. Revolutionary technologies have improved the majority of newly developed sustainable construction materials in both their production and application, outperforming many conventional construction materials. These advance-ments have rendered numerous conventional construction materials more economically viable, environmentally sus-tainable, and technologically robust. Additionally, the subsequent approach and technologies aid in reducing the impact of climate change. The presented paper offers an overview of conventional construction materials that aid us in developing innovative construction materials for mitigating climate change. These materials include sand, brick, timber, and water. Traditional construction materials are commonly used in construction projects. In this discussion, we will explore the characteristics of materials, including many types of traditional materials, as well as their purpose and functions. The composition of the substance can differ depending on the local climate, atmospheric pressure, and mostly the topography.

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Volume: Issue: 12

Article: Open Reduction & Internal Fixation of Anterior Mandibular Fracture by Double Y Shaped Mini-plate vs Conventional Double Miniplate: A Comparative Study

Zobaida Ashrafi, Sharmin Akter, Sirajum Manira, MD. Harun-Ur- Rashid, Hasan Ali, Mozammal Hossain
Vol 6, Issue 12; December 2023
North American Academic Research, 6(12) 105-116 December 2023, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10578902

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Abstract: This Quasi-experimental Study was performed to evaluate the efficacy of a double Y-shaped miniplate vs a conventional double miniplate as a treatment modality for the management of simple anterior mandibular fracture. A total of 40 participants with anterior mandibular (symphysis & para symphysis) fractures indicated for open reduction and internal fixation were selected and grouped into as follows: one double Y-shaped miniplate fixed by 6 screws for group I and 2 conventional mini plates fixed by 8 to 10 screws for group II. Participants were evaluated preoperatively, intra-operatively, and postoperatively for the assessment of occlusion, stability of fracture, maximum mouth opening, operating time, postoperative complications, and radiographically bone healing at 1st week, 1st month, and 3rd month. The results revealed that all simple anterior mandibular fractures went to good bone union after surgery. The mean operating time for a double Y-shaped miniplate was less compared to a conventional double miniplate (due to its configuration, easy adaptation, and less screw) which was statistically significant. Postoperative orthopantamogram showed adequate reduction and bone healing on fracture lines in both groups. The postoperative occlusion, stability, and postsurgical complication were statistically insignificant. It was found that double Y-shaped mini plates have the same stabilization due to their configuration as conventional mini plates in fixation of simple anterior mandibular fractures but the use of Double Y-shaped mini plates is less invasive, less time-consuming, and has less complication than conventional mini plates. It leads to good rigidity & stability without permanent neuro-sensory deficit. It is concluded that a double Y-shaped miniplate could be used as an alternative to conventional mini plates in simple anterior mandibular fractures.

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Volume: Issue: 12

Article: Exploring the Entrepreneurial Intentions of Graduating Engineering Students: The Moderating Role of Internship Quality at Kenyatta University, Kenya

Obed K. Bore, Andi Wijayanto, Bulan Prabawani
Vol 6, Issue 12; December 2023
North American Academic Research, 6(12) 151-175 December 2023, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10579062

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Abstract: This study employs Shapero's Entrepreneurial Event Model to investigate the determinants of entrepre-neurial intentions among final-year university engineering students, with a specific focus on the role of internship quality. Employing a positivist exploratory approach and a cross-sectional survey design, the study utilized non-probabilistic sampling of final-year undergraduates at Kenyatta University who had completed industrial intern-ships. Data collection involved a Likert scale questionnaire distributed via email and WhatsApp, and data analysis utilized Least Squares Structural Equation Modelling (PLS-SEM). The study's outcomes, derived from the Structural Equation Model, reveal a positive influence of Perceived Feasibility on Entrepreneurial Intentions, supporting hy-pothesis (H2). It emphasizes the inclination of engineering students towards self-employment, driven by a need for autonomy, positively affecting their Entrepreneurial Intentions (H4). However, the link between Perceived Desira-bility and Entrepreneurial Intentions lacked statistical significance, negating hypothesis (H1), and the positive asso-ciation between the Need for Achievement and Entrepreneurial Intention was not confirmed (H3). Internship Quality was identified as a positive moderator for the effects of Perceived Desirability and Entrepreneurial Intention, affirm-ing hypothesis (H5). Yet, the moderation of the influence of Perceived Feasibility on Entrepreneurial Intention by Internship Quality was not deemed significant, leading to the rejection of hypothesis (H6). The study recommends expanding the engineering curriculum to include entrepreneurial skills, government support for youth entrepreneur-ship, and promotion of an entrepreneurial culture among engineering graduates by regulatory bodies. Collaboration between educational institutions, regulatory bodies, and entrepreneurial organizations is crucial, with a focus on preparing engineers for industry demands. The study advocates for providing entrepreneurial knowledge and skills to engineering students, government capital for aspiring entrepreneurs, and specialized training in innovative prod-uct and service development. Additionally, it suggests organizing trade fairs and seminars to enhance the recognition of entrepreneurs' contributions to the economy.

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Volume: Issue: 12

Article: Monetary Policy and Economic Growth in CLMV: A Dynamic Stochastic General Equilibrium (DSGE) Model Analysis

Fan Zuojun, Tin Zar Zar Lynn
Vol 6, Issue 12; December 2023
North American Academic Research, 6(12) 68-92 December 2023, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10452246

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Abstract: Economic policies exerting influence over short and long-term economic factors hold paramount signifi-cance. Such measures aim to mitigate short-term economic fluctuations and foster sustainable long-term economic growth. Among these, monetary policy, primarily executed by central banks globally, plays a pivotal role. This article employs a Keynesian Dynamic Stochastic General Equilibrium (DSGE) model to assess the impact of monetary policy on real variables within the CLMV (Cambodia, Laos, Myanmar, and Vietnam) economies through the credit and balance sheet channels. Macroeconomic data from the CLMV region spanning 1990 to 2020 informs the study. The study reveals that the implementation of contractionary monetary policies in CLMV economies adversely affects overall enterprise productivity. This stems from a reduction in household income, leading to decreased savings in the form of bank deposits. Concomitantly, banks encounter constraints in lending as deposits constitute their primary capital source. The contractionary monetary shock coincides with a decline in the value of corporate securities, re-sulting in diminished loans based on asset values for businesses. This, in turn, reduces banks' inclination to extend additional credit, amplifying the repercussions of the initial shock and complicating the provision of loan services. Importantly, the outcomes underscore the model's commendable ability to simulate the macroeconomic dynamics of the CLMV economies. The results indicate that a contractionary monetary policy shock in the CLMV region adversely affects firms' overall productive activity, leading to a decline in household income and savings. The model shows the importance of accounting for credit and balance sheet channels in analyzing the transmission of monetary policy.

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Volume: Issue: 12

Article: The Impact of Consumer Price Index on Economic Growth in Selected ASEAN Countries

Tin Zar Zar Lynn
Vol 6, Issue 12; December 2023
North American Academic Research, 6(12) 49-67 December 2023, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10452176

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Abstract: The main purpose of this study is to investigate the impact of the consumer price index (CPI) on economic growth for three selected ASEAN countries, Myanmar, Singapore, and Thailand, using annual time series data for the period 1990–2021. The data necessary for this study were obtained from the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and the World Bank Statistical Organizations. Descriptive statistics and exponential growth curve analysis are com-monly employed in order to assess and contrast the levels of volatility exhibited by the consumer price index and economic growth. Based on the findings of descriptive statistics, it can be observed that Singapore shows a higher degree of stability in both its consumer price index and economic growth when compared to Thailand and Myanmar. In contrast to Myanmar, Thailand has a higher degree of consistency in its consumer price index and economic de-velopment. Myanmar exhibits the highest degree of unpredictability in the consumer price index and economic growth. The findings of this study indicate that economic growth in the three selected nations was influenced by the consumer price index, as predicted by the projected exponential growth curve model.

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Volume: Issue: 12

Article: The Adverse Influencing Factors to Programs and Policies on Education Access and Opportunities in Zimbabwe: A Literature Review

Chiremba Eunifer
Vol 6, Issue 12; December 2023
North American Academic Research, 6(12) 93-104 December 2023, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10452297

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Abstract: This paper is a qualitative study of the adverse influencing factors to programs and policies on education access and opportunities in Zimbabwe, based on literature review. The main push for this paper was the ever-changing world and the need to keep every learner abreast with the new learning trends that are continuously emerging in this global village while leaving no one behind. Also, the zeal to explore more about access and opportunities in education and to improve the education practices in Zimbabwe as well as to contribute to the body of knowledge for education access and opportunities justifies our choice for this topic. The guiding objectives for this paper were to analyze the programs on education access and opportunities in Zimbabwe education system, identify the adverse influencing factors to these programs and policies and recommend ways of improving education access and opportunities in the Zimbabwean education system. The paper, rooted in the Classical liberal theory, Postmodernism theory and Social Justice theory, looked into the application of these theories in different education systems. The paper further looked into the past programs and policies on education access and opportunities, the status quo of education access and opportunities and the researchers’ perceptions about the future of education access and opportunities in Zimbabwe. As the paper adopted a qualitative approach based on literature review, secondary data sources were used to come up with conclusions and appropriate recommendations. The findings of this paper revealed that Zimbabwe education system still needs to improve access to education and opportunities as there are still a lot of school-going age children out of school. The study results also revealed that the government initiatives are being adversely influenced by the economic situation of the country, lack of social justice, lack of monitoring instruments and the continuous presence of corrupt officials in the system, encouraging unfair practices. The study then recommended the need for close follow-up on funds unveiled for educating the disadvantaged, weeding out of corrupt officials, comparative learning from other countries, timeous evaluation of policies and immediate modification. This paper further recommended marrying Zimbabwean characteristics to the education system and acknowledging Zimbabwe’s uniqueness as a country.

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Volume: Issue: 11

Article: Assessing Changes in Glaciers and Glacial Lakes (1990-2021) in Hunza Basin with a Focus on the China-Pakistan Economic Corridor

Saddique Akbar, Atta Ullah, Engr. Muhammad Afan Ghani, Muhammad Paryal, Waseem Khan
Vol 6, Issue 11; November 2023
North American Academic Research, 6(11) 150-171 November 2023, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10441503

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Abstract: Glaciers, the primary source of freshwater for millions in Asia, undergoing significant changes due to global climate change (CC). CC impacts Karakoram that remained stable till last decade, ending Karakoram Anomaly. The region is the epicenter of glacial lake outburst floods (GLOFs), affecting downstream communities and the China Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC). The open global glacier model (OGGM) is used to monitor glacier changes, indicating significant variations in status of glaciers in Hunza Basin. OGGM directory was used to assess area, vol-ume and mass balance of selected glaciers on the Karakoram Highway (KKH) edges. Landsat satellite data was used for glacial lakes changes on decadal and seasonal intervals. Glacial changes results in the expansion of existing glacial lakes and the creation of new ones, causing abrupt GLOFs threat downstream. Climatic data from Pakistan Meteor-ological Station and Land surface temperature data was assessed for climatic variations. The study identified 20 lakes with extreme hazard predictions, which could have severe socio-economic impacts on downstream communities and the CPEC. Monitoring these changes is crucial for the better future of downstream communities and the socio-economic backbone of Pakistan and China CPEC.

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Volume: Issue: 12

Article: Screening of Different Rice Genotypes for Blast Disease Resistance in Gokarna-Lalitpur, Nepal

Pratiksha Sharma, Upama Chapagain, Jesish Ojha, Ujjawal Kumar Kushwaha
Vol 6, Issue 12; December 2023
North American Academic Research, 6(12) 37-48 December 2023, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10442675

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Abstract: (Oryza sativa L.) is the major cereal crop of Nepal belonging to the Gramineae family. Every year, its production is highly affected by devastating rice blast disease caused by Pyricularia oryzae Cavara. With the view to recognize the resistant genotypes against both leaf and neck blast disease, a rice blast screening nursery trial was conducted in Gokarna, Lalitpur in 2021 and 2022, consisting of 163 genotypes in 2021 and 181 genotypes in 2022, including two susceptible checks, Taichung-176 and Manjushree-2. Rice genotypes were screened for resistance fol-lowing the rice standard evaluation system (SES) scale (1). Disease scoring was performed qualitatively at two stages: first at tillering for leaf blast and second at maturity for neck blast. 163 genotypes were scored in 2021 and 181 geno-types were screened in 2022. Among them, 114 genotypes were tested in both years, while 49 and 64 genotypes were unique to the years 2021 and 2022 respectively. Altogether, 227 genotypes were screened for blast resistance in two years. Results showed that out of 114 recurring genotypes, only 16 genotypes for neck blast and 35 genotypes for leaf blast showed the same resistance level in both years. The information revealed from this study could be helpful for rice blast disease management and utilizing these resistant and moderately resistant genotypes for further resistance breeding programs.

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Volume: Issue: 11

Article: Efficacy of Oxyfluorfen Herbicide on the Weed Control, Yield and Profitability of Onion (Allium cepa l.)

M. A. Khan, R. Sarker, M. M. Rahman
Vol 6, Issue 11; November 2023
North American Academic Research, 6(11) 135-149 November 2023, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10436516

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Abstract: field study was conducted at Spices Research Sub-Centre (SRSC), Bangladesh Agricultural Research Institute (BARI), Faridpur, Bangladesh during winter season of 2021-2022 to find out the efficacy of weed control practices on the growth, yield, quality and profitability of onion with the variety BARI Piaz-4. In the study eight treatments such as: T1- control as check (no weeding), T2- 3 HW at 25, 45 and 65 DAT, T3- 4 HW at 24, 45, 65 and 85 DAT, T4- PE spray of oxyfluorfen, T5- PE spray of oxyfluorfen + one HW at 45 DAT, T6- POE spray of oxyfluorfen at 45 DAT, T7- PE spray of oxyfluorfen + POE spray of oxyfluorfen at 45 DAT and T8- PE spray of oxyfluorfen + two HW at 45 & 65 DAT were compared. Oxyfluorfen 23.5 EC @ 250g a.i./litre was used in the experiment. The study was investigated in a randomized complete block design with three replications. The study revealed that the weed control treatments under the study significantly influenced the characters of weed growth and parameters of growth, development, yield, quality & profitability of onion except neck size and dry matter of bulb. The trial field of onion was infested with 14 species of weeds. Among them, Chenopodium album (lambquarters/bathua) was found as pre-dominant weed with average relative weed composition (59.06%) followed by RWC (18.43%) of Physalis angulata (cutleaf ground cherry).The T3 gave the highest WCE (97.99%) insignificantly followed by T2 (96.58%), T8 (89.41%) and T5 (87.13%). The lowest WCE (38.08%) was observed with T4. The T3 had the maximum fresh yield of onion bulb (19.27 t/ha) insignificantly followed by T2 (18.76 t/ha) and T8 (18.09 t/ha). However, the T1 produced the lowest fresh yield of onion bulb (8.83 t/ha). The highest benefit-cost ratio (BCR) was calculated from the T5 (2.38) closely followed by T8 (2.36) and T2 (2.33). Nevertheless, the lowest BCR (1.36) was obtained from the T1 followed by the T4 (1.79). Growing Transplanting Aman rice before onion crop suppressed emergence of Cyperus rotandus (mutha) under the present study.

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Volume: Issue: 11

Article: Revolutionizing Learning: Unraveling the Transformative Force of Kenya’s Competence-Based Curriculum (C.B.C)

Mutai .R.K, Liu Xiaoguang
Vol 6, Issue 11; November 2023
North American Academic Research, 5(11) 116-134 November 2023, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10431030

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Abstract: This study aims to comprehensively examine the impact of the educational paradigm shift, with a specific focus on the Competency-Based Curriculum (C.B.C.) in the Kenyan education system. Therefore, this research em-ploys a mixed-methods research approach to investigate the implementation of the C.B.C. and identify the challenges encountered during the adoption of this transformative curriculum. The study analyzes the resultant outcomes and assesses the effectiveness of this new educational approach in reshap-ing the educational landscape in Kenya. The findings of this study can have a significant impact on the formulation of educational policy and the improvement of instructional practices. Therefore, this study will contribute to the enhancement of student outcomes in the country, thus providing a clear pathway for an illuminated future for the Kenyan education system.

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Volume: Issue: 12

Article: Green Harmony: Global and Regional Dynamics for SDG-2030

Mia Litan, Cheng Kaiming, Zhou Bu, Kamal and Mashfaku
Vol 6, Issue 12; December 2023
North American Academic Research, 6(12) 19-36 December 2023, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10428061

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Abstract: The achievement of Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) by 2030 hinges on the intricate interplay be-tween environmental performance and human development. This study employs Canonical Correlation Analysis (CCA) on both a global scale and within the context of South Asia, utilizing the latest Environmental Performance Index (EPI) and Human Development Index (HDI) reports from 2022. Globally, the CCA underscores that Environ-mental Performance significantly influences key SDGs, with metrics explaining nearly 85% of variations in Life Ex-pectancy (SDG-3) and Per Capita Gross National Income (SDG-8.5). Education indicators, such as Expected Years of Schooling (SDG-4.3) and Mean Years of Schooling (SDG-4.4), are strongly influenced by Environmental Health, showcasing a profound connection. Interestingly, the Human Development Index demonstrates a robust correlation (92.8%) with Environmental Health but displays a less pronounced relationship (48.2%) with Ecosystem Vitality on a global scale. The findings unveil a global synergy, with composite indices exhibiting strong correlation (86%) and mutual explanatory power. However, the South Asia regional analysis presents a divergent narrative, revealing sta-tistically insignificant insights and negative influences on environmental performance (-4.6%) and human develop-ment (-20.3%) through ecosystem vitality and mean years of schooling, respectively. This research contributes valu-able insights for global progress towards SDG-2030, emphasizing the need for tailored attention and policy imple-mentation in South Asia to attain sustainable development. The implications inform policymakers and stakeholders, advocating for integrated policies that empower education, foster inclusive economic growth, nurture health and environment synergy, bolster ecosystem resilience, and promote data-driven decision-making. Employing Canonical Correlation Analysis through statistical tools such as E-views 12, SPSS 25 and Stata 15, this study underscores the significance of fostering a harmonious relationship between nature and human development for long-term societal benefits.

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Volume: Issue: 12

Article: Evaluating Online Assessment Strategies: A Systematic Review of Reliability and Validity in E-Learning Environments

Mohammed R. Ahmed, Mashkhal A. Sidiq
Vol 6, Issue 12; December 2023
North American Academic Research, 6(12) 1-18 December 2023, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10407361

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Abstract: This article offers a meticulous exploration of the effectiveness of online assessment methods within digital learning spheres. This systematic review, formulated around the critical question of the reliability and validity of these methods, delves into a comprehensive analysis of 16 meticulously chosen studies from an initial pool of 1500. The research emphasizes the increasing significance of technological evolution in reshaping educational assessment, focusing on adapting digital tools like AI analytics and adaptive testing. Central to the findings is the contextual importance of online assessments in diverse learning environments, influenced by technological infrastructure and student demographics. The review critically examines the challenges in ensuring consistent and accurate evaluations across varying digital platforms, stressing the need for reliable and valid assessments that resonate with real-world skills. Furthermore, the article underscores the critical role of educators in this digital transition, highlighting the necessity for ongoing professional development and community building among teaching professionals. It advocates for inclusive and adaptable assessment strategies that cater to a wide range of learners, including those with special educational needs. Conclusively, the review synthesizes these insights to emphasize the multifaceted nature of online assessment. It calls for a balanced approach that integrates technology's benefits and challenges. The article concludes with a call for continued research and tailored, context-specific assessment strategies, providing valuable guidance for educators, policymakers, and researchers committed to enhancing the quality and equity of digital education.

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Volume: Issue: 11

Article: Examining the Role of Organizational Politics on Disruptive Employee Behavior in Banks

Hamza Arshad, Dr. Hari Susanta Nugraha, S.Sos, M.Si, Dr.Reni Shinta De-wi,S.Sos,M.Si, Iqra Arshad
Vol 6, Issue 11; November 2023
North American Academic Research, 6(11 101-115 November 2023, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10407336

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Abstract: This study delves into the intricacies of employee behavior within organizations, seeking to uncover the root causes of negative conduct and how to effectively address it. By doing so, the research aims to enhance individ-ual and collective productivity. The insights drawn from this study hold the potential to offer practical and theoretical advancements that will guide organizations in fostering a more productive and harmonious work environment. The research methodology employed here involves a comprehensive analysis of perceived organizational politics and its correlation with Disruptive Employee Behavior. This analysis is extended to encompass antecedent factors such as passive leadership, organizational trust, and relationship conflict. To gather the necessary data, a survey questionnaire was utilized as the primary data collection tool. A total of 350 questionnaires were distributed among various organizations, out of which 294 were effectively collected for analysis, reflecting a response rate of 84.46 percent. The findings of this study affirm a robust connection between perceived organizational politics and disruptive Em-ployee Behavior. Through statistical analyses, it became evident that factors like passive leadership, organizational trust, and relationship conflict are significant contributors to this dynamic. The study underscores the importance of recognizing these associations to create a conducive work environment that minimizes disruptive behavior and max-imizes productivity. Organizations can benefit from a heightened awareness of perceived organizational politics and its impact on behavior, allowing them to foster a more positive and productive atmosphere. By addressing issues related to passive leadership, trust, and relationship conflict, organizations can proactively mitigate negative em-ployee behavior, thus promoting a culture of harmony and efficiency. This research not only sheds light on the complexities of employee behavior within organizations but also serves as a roadmap for cultivating a healthier workplace. The study's insights provide valuable guidance for organizations to address disruptive behavior by understanding its underlying causes. Ultimately, this research contributes to the col-lective effort of creating workplaces that empower employees, foster trust, and boost overall organizational success. The groundwork laid here also sets the stage for future research inquiries in this critical domain.

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Volume: Issue: 11

Article: Exploring Education Access, Opportunities, and Massification in Higher Education in Uganda

Kidega Charles, Prof. Zheng Song, Haufiku Gottlieb Ndambo Djaya, Mintamir Shegaw Taye, Olusegun Adeola Olubunmi, Wakshuma Dime Rare, Awila George, Chirembe Eunifer, Thet Khaing
Vol 6, Issue 11; November 2023
North American Academic Research, 6(11) 70-86 November 2023, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10371455

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Abstract: This paper explores the concepts of education access, opportunities, and massification in higher education in Uganda by examining the importance of providing equal access to education for individuals from diverse back-grounds. The discussion delves into the various barriers that hinder educational access, including socioeconomic factors, gender disparities, and geographical limitations. It explores the role of scholarships, grants, and financial aid in promoting educational opportunities for underprivileged and marginalized groups. Additionally, it emphasizes the need for educational institutions to develop inclusive policies that cater to the unique needs and aspirations of students from diverse backgrounds. It analyzes the challenges and opportunities presented by the growing number of students seeking higher education. The study employed qualitative research based on a literature review and analyzed using themes. The paper examines how massification affects educational quality, resources, and infrastruc-ture, as well as the implications for equity and inclusivity, and explores strategies that can be adopted to address the challenges associated with massification while maintaining educational standards and quality. It discusses the im-portance of enhancing institutional capacities, expanding infrastructure, and embracing innovative teaching and learning methods. Overall, this paper comprehensively explains the complexities surrounding education access, op-portunities, and massification in higher education. It offers insights into the measures required to ensure equitable access, foster opportunities for all, and effectively manage the growing demands for higher education.

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Volume: Issue: 11

Article: United nations conflict resolution and peace keeping mission in Democratic Republic of Congo

Jean D Amour Nshimiyimana
Vol 6, Issue 11; November 2023
North American Academic Research, 6(11) 145-153, November 2023, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10394817

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Abstract: The United Nations has been involved in conflict resolution and peacekeeping missions in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) for several decades. However, there have been challenges in implementing the UN mandate effectively. One key issue is the lack of monitoring and reporting on economic crimes and corruption, which have contributed to conflict and human rights abuses in the DRC. Additionally, the application of peace agreements and the presence of foreign forces have not been successful in ending the armed conflict in the country. The UN's long-term presence in the DRC seems necessary, but it has been unable to curb insecurity and instability. Despite these challenges, the UN troops deployed in the DRC have played a vital role in protecting civilians and humanitarian personnel, and have carried out various activities to help resolve the conflict.

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Volume: Issue: 10

Article: A Comprehensive Insights into YSZ Coatings, Stability and Industrial Significance

Karusine Huguette Alexandrine, Chenhuan Cui, Yueming Wang, Huiying Chen, Kanyarugano Tanguy-Nolain, Abdul Awal
Vol 6, Issue 10; October 2023
North American Academic Research, 6(10) 18-25 October 2023, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10230415

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Abstract: In the sphere of advanced materials, Yttria-Stabilized Zirconia (YSZ) coatings stand as transformative innovations, celebrated for their exceptional stability under the most extreme conditions. This comprehensive review delves into the world of YSZ coatings, encompassing their multifarious applications, recent breakthroughs, and imminent challenges. YSZ's remarkable attributes, stemming from its unique composition of yttria-stabilized zirconium oxide, encompass resistance to thermal expansion, high ionic conductivity, and impressive corrosion resistance. As a result, YSZ has witnessed widespread advancement across various industries, particularly in aerospace, energy, and biomedicine. Within the aerospace domain, YSZ assumes a pivotal role as a thermal barrier coating, substantially enhancing the longevity of critical components in high-temperature environments. In the energy sector, YSZ serves as a fundamental electrolyte in solid oxide fuel cells, significantly augmenting their overall efficiency. Nevertheless, YSZ coatings confront challenges such as phase transformation and the precise control of deposition, necessitating ongoing research endeavors to improve their performance and versatility. This review also underscores the crucial environmental considerations tied to YSZ, including energy consumption during production and adherence to rigorous industry standards.

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Volume: Issue: 11

Article: TVET and Socio-economic Development in Uganda: Lessons from Chinese TVET

Kidega .C, Prof. Zheng .S, Haufiku G. N. D
Vol 6, Issue 11; November 2023
North American Academic Research, 6(11) 54-69 November 2023, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10214473

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Abstract: Numerous studies have demonstrated the significant influence on Technical and Vocational Education and Training (TVET) has on a nation's economic growth. The capacity to integrate TVET with national economic devel-opment objectives has contributed to the economic success of many nations, notably China. TVET is seen as essential in these nations for addressing domestic issues leading to sustainable development, which places greater focus on its efficient coordination. It argues that effectively integrating TVET into national development strategies can enhance productivity, reduce unemployment, and foster sustainable economic development. The study explores the key ele-ments of the Chinese TVET system and its role in driving socio-economic development. It articulates how China's approach to TVET has contributed to its rapid economic growth, technological advancement, and poverty alleviation. Emphasizes China's strong public-private partnerships, industry collaboration, extensive curriculum development, and practical training delivery as crucial factors in the success of its TVET system. TVET in Uganda is upset by an ineffective management structure and a lack of finance, leading to a shortage of skills and a mismatch between the qualifications offered and the demands of the labor market. These factors are major contributors to the nation's low productivity and economic stagnation. It argues that by learning from the Chinese TVET system, Uganda can develop an effective and sustainable TVET framework that addresses the country's socio-economic challenges, promotes in-clusive growth, and enhances youth employment opportunities. This study used interviews and the document anal-ysis method. Taking inspiration from China's decades-long success in developing knowledge and skills through TVET, this study explores the state, structure, implementation issues, and effects of TVET on socio-economic devel-opment in Uganda and China. In summary, It underscores the importance of aligning TVET with labor market needs, fostering industry collaboration, investing in infrastructure, and ensuring policy coherence to drive sustainable development in Uganda.

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Volume: Issue: 11

Article: Gender Biases in Primary School Language Textbooks: A Systematic Review of Literature

Mohammed R. Ahmed, Xiaohong Tian
Vol 6, Issue 11; November 2023
North American Academic Research, 6(11) 28-41 November 2023, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10208583

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Abstract: This study examined gender bias in primary school language textbooks, assessing how it affected students' learning and attitudes. Multiple international studies were incorporated in the analysis, which highlighted issues such as disproportionate gender representation, adherence to traditional gender roles, and the marginalization of female characters. It was found that such biases adversely affected students' academic achievement, self-esteem, and perception of gender roles. The study recommended further research into the cultural contexts and multifaceted na-ture of gender bias in order to uncover effective methods for reducing its negative effects on education. In order to fully comprehend and address the underlying causes and mechanisms of gender bias, the article advocated an inter-disciplinary approach, combining sociology, psychology, linguistics, and education. In order to create textbooks that reflect diversity accurately and encourage inclusivity, educators, policymakers, students, and parents had to collab-orate. All stakeholders had to participate actively in the continuous review of textbooks in order to identify and correct biases. As a result of this review, a framework for eradicating gender bias in educational materials was provided in order to assist scholars and educational authorities in their efforts to advance gender equity and empower learners.

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Volume: Issue: 10

Article: Influence of Sodium Hypochlorite Corrosion on Stainless Steel K-file and Pro Taper Rotary Nickel-Titanium Instrument

Asaduzzaman Rakib, Mohammad Ali Asgor Moral, Abdul Gafur, Mst. Dil AfrozBhuiyan, Mozammal Hossain
Vol 6, Issue 10; October 2023
North American Academic Research, 6(10) 121-126 October 2023, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10143858

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Abstract: In this work, the corrosion of stainless-steel K-file and pro taper rotary NiTi-file instruments was evaluated and compared about the effects of 5.25% sodium hypochlorite solution. Thirty new Pro Taper NiTi rotary files (D# 20, 25, and 30) and thirty stainless steel K-files (D# 20, 25, and 30) were subjected to a 5-minute immersion in 5.25% NaOCl at 50°C. Every file was put through the corrosion test, which involved recording the open circuit potential (OCP). Corrosion current, corrosion rate, and corrosion potential were all assigned to each file's recording. A potentiated and a standard calomel electrode reference were used to calculate the percentage of open circuit potential (OCP). The frequency of corrosion that may be seen visually was also studied using a scanning electron microscope (SEM). The findings indicated that the corrosion rate for stainless steel has the following mean and standard deviation: The CR of stainless steel pipes with diameters of # 20, # 25, and # 30 is 5.48 0.81 mpy, 5.23 0.84 mpy, and 5.81 1.04 mpy, respectively. The CR of #20, #25, and #30 diameters of Niti files, on the other hand, are 2.61 0.36 mpy, 4.53 0.65 mpy, and 5.38 0.65 mpy, respectively. Statistics showed that the findings between the two files were significant. Additionally, both files had pitting and crevice corrosion, as seen by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis.NiTi files demonstrated a lower rate of corrosion than stainless steel files.

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Volume: Issue: 11

Article: Analyzing Access and Equity in Primary Education: Addressing Rising Dropout Rates Among Malawian Learners

Precious Nyoni
Vol 6, Issue 11; November 2023
North American Academic Research, 6(11) 42-53 November 2023, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10208601

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Abstract: With an emphasis on tackling the alarming increase in dropout rates among Malawian students, this study tackles the vital concerns of fairness and accessibility in Malawian elementary education. The study uses a qualitative method to clarify the opinions and experiences of significant stakeholders and to expose the complex interplay of factors that contribute to this pervasive challenge. Focus groups, in-depth interviews, and document analysis were used to collect qualitative data from a range of participant groups, including students, teachers, parents, and educa-tion officials, and to gain crucial insights into the state of education. With the use of these methods, the complexity of the problem was examined, and a thorough understanding of the challenges Malawian primary education faced was produced. According to the study's findings, the rising dropout rates are the result of a complicated web of circumstances. Due to the significant challenges faced by economically disadvantaged students in their educational endeavours, the subject of socioeconomic disparities has gained significant importance. There were also obvious gen-der differences, with early marriages and teenage pregnancies typically having an excessively negative effect on fe-males. The opinions and firsthand accounts of Malawian students provided valuable insights into the challenges they encounter when trying to get into and stay in school. Firsthand narratives brightened the difficulties that learners encounter, including risky and lengthy travels to school as well as inadequate facilities and educational resources. The study evaluated the effectiveness of government initiatives and programs created to lessen the dropout pandemic.

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Volume: Issue: 11

Article: An Evaluation of the Factors Influencing Athletic Development in Bangladesh: Identifying Strategies for Sustainable Growth

MD AWORANGAJEB, Dr. Mrs. Qu Shu Hua
Vol 6, Issue 11; November 2023
North American Academic Research, 6(11) 1-10 November 2023, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10138749

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Abstract: This study strives to critically evaluate the diverse factors impinging on athletic development in Bangladesh, thereby identifying effective strategies for sustainable growth. Unfolding in a rapidly globalizing sports environment, Bangladesh's athletics scene confronts significant challenges spanning socio-economic, political, infrastructural, and cultural domains. Drawing upon both quantitative and qualitative data collection methods, this research delves into the various elements shaping the landscape of athletics in the nation. The paper scrutinizes these complex factors, building a comprehensive profile of their implications and interconnections to foster a more nuanced understanding of the sporting ecosystem in Bangladesh. Through a comparative analysis with global best practices, it elicits key strategies plausible for boosting sustainable growth in the domain of athletics in Bangladesh. Results are expected to contribute to the formulation of more effective and holistic policies promoting inclusive, equitable, and sustainable development in sports within the nation.

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Volume: Issue: 8

Article: Advancing Robotic Automation: Real-Time Environmental Control Strategies for Planar Serial COBOTs

Muhammad Hassan Khan, Rifath Bin Hossain, Ranasinghe Arachchige Tharindu Harshana Ranasinghe, Raheel Naveed, Raoha Bin Mejba, Ashikur Rahaman Palash, Touhidur Rahman Sobuz
Vol 6, Issue 8; August 2023
North American Academic Research, 6(8) 120-137 August 2023, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10141500

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Abstract: This research study proposes a unique method based on real-time environmental control for RRR planar serial redundant COBOT control, with the goal of improving safety and adaptability. Our work primarily focuses on the RRR planar manipulator, which allows for two-dimensional mobility thanks to its three revolute joints. The con-trol scheme monitors and analyzes the environment in real time by integrating sensors such as force/torque, proxim-ity, and vision systems. By using feedback, the manipulator's direction, velocity, and forces are dynamically changed in real-time in reaction to shifting environmental variables. The control method combines path planning, collision avoidance, and feedback control to produce instantaneous commands. This makes it possible to interact with items and avoid barriers in a safe and effective manner. By reduc-ing the likelihood of mishaps and enabling efficient operation in fluid, unstructured environments, this tactic im-proves versatility, productivity, and safety. The research has the potential to significantly enhance intelligent and self-governing adaptation in numerous fields, including manufacturing, assembly, and cooperative robotics. As sensing technologies, control algorithms, and com-puter capabilities advance, so does the possibility for real-time environmental-based control strategies for RRR planar manipulators in the context of current industrial automation. It appropriately responds to reviewer criticism and lays the foundation for the development of more capable and effective robotic systems under complex and dynamic conditions.

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Volume: Issue: 10

Article: The Evolution and Impact of Code Reuse: A Deep Dive into Challenges, Reuse Strategies and Security

Raoha Bin Mejba, Sabbir Morshed Miazi, Ashikur Rahaman Palash, Touhidur Rahman Sobuz, Ranasinghe Arachchige Tharindu Harshana Ranasinghe
Vol 6, Issue 10; October 2023
North American Academic Research, 6(10) 103-120 October 2023, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10141558

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Abstract: Code reuse, the practice of using pre-existing software code in new applications, is a widely adopted strategy in software development due to its potential to increase productivity, improve code quality, and reduce errors. However, it also presents unique challenges such as understanding and integrating reused code, managing potential bugs and security vulnerabilities, and dealing with licensing and ownership issues. This paper provides an in-depth analysis of code reuse, exploring its benefits, challenges, and strategies for effective implementation. It delves into strategies such as modular design, use of libraries and frameworks, design patterns, object-oriented programming, APIs and microservices, code documentation, automated testing, refactoring, code reviews, and continuous integration/continuous deployment. The paper also discusses common problems encountered during code reuse and provides comprehensive solutions to these problems. The aim is to provide a thorough understanding of code reuse and a guide for developers to maximize its potential benefits while mitigating its challenges. By implementing the strategies and solutions discussed in this paper, developers can create more robust, maintainable, and secure software through effective code reuse.

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Volume: Issue: 10

Article: The Use of Aloe Vera As Medicinal Plants and Cultural Plants in the Community from a Health and Culture Perspective

Junardi Harahap
Vol 6, Issue 10; October 2023
North American Academic Research, 6(10) 83-89 October 2023, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10138201

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Abstract: The aloe vera is a medicinal plant that is widely used by the public and has enormous benefits for society. The aloe vera plant has very strong cultural roots in the cultural narrative of society. Of course, this aspect is very important from the perspective of people's culture regarding the aloe vera plant and also in terms of its benefits for health and other aspects. This question relates to the use of the medicinal plant aloe vera as a medicinal plant and also as a cultural medicinal plant in society. The method used is to use the literature review method and existing literature sources. The results of the research show that the use of the medicinal plant aloe vera is culturally rooted in society, making the medicinal plant aloe vera a favourite medicinal plant in people's lives. The cultural roots of the use of the aloe vera are reflected in folklore related to the aloe vera, as a category that shows the closeness and importance of the aloe vera in the crocodile values of a society. These cultural aspects can provide an illustration of how deeply rooted the use of cultural language is in the dimensions of society, which has many benefits and properties for health and beauty.

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Volume: Issue: 11

Article: Free Primary Education Policy Implementation Challenges in the Perspectives of Teachers: A Case Study in Pyin Oo Lwin District of Myanmar

Thet Khaing, Dr. Dian Feng, Mohammed R. Ahmed
Vol 6, Issue 11; November 2023
North American Academic Research, 6(11) 11-27 November 2023, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10144081

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Abstract: The purpose of this study was to examine the challenges faced by teachers in implementing the Free Pri-mary Education Policy in Pyin Oo Lwin District, Myanmar. This paper identified key factors that influenced the implementation of policies and proposed strategies for achieving these objectives. Literature reviews were conducted using electronic databases and government documents, focusing on English-lan-guage articles published between 2010 and 2023. According to a PRISMA flowchart documenting the selection pro-cess, the study followed strict inclusion and exclusion criteria. In order to collect data, a standardized form was used, and quality assessment tools were employed according to the design of the study. The results of the study indicated that policy implementation was confronted with several challenges, including lim-ited resources, deteriorating infrastructure, inadequate training, and a lack of support systems. Further, cultural and contextual factors played a significant role in determining policy effectiveness. The study proposed strategies to ad-dress these challenges, including the allocation of resources, the development of infrastructure, the training of teach-ers, and the enhancement of support systems. There were valuable lessons to be learned from other regions when it came to adapting policy measures. One of the key findings of the study was the critical lack of qualified teachers, particularly in remote regions, as well as the need for enhanced teacher training and professional development. Due to the increased student-teacher ratio resulting from the policy, teachers were required to manage their classrooms effectively. Several factors influenced teacher motivation and morale, including low salaries and limited opportunities for career advancement. To achieve policy success, it was also essential that teachers and parents worked together effectively. Several strategies were implemented to achieve policy goals, including strengthening teacher training, improving access to educational resources, increasing parental and community involvement, addressing infrastructure needs, aligning curriculums, and establishing robust evaluation and monitoring systems. The findings of this study emphasized the importance of context-specific approaches in the implementation of edu-cational policies. In order to contribute to the success of Myanmar's Free Primary Education Policy, the proposed strategies have been tailored to the needs of Pyin Oo Lwin District in order to improve education quality and accessibility.

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Volume: Issue: 10

Article: Solutions to Overcome European Union's Technical Barrier to Vietnamese Textile Export

Nguyen Thi Thanh Thu, Xie Zhong, Ren Yu Zhe, Pham Thanh Tung
Vol 6, Issue 10; October 2023
North American Academic Research, 6(10) 69-82 October 2023, https://doi.org/10.5281/znodo.10138138

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Abstract: Technical barriers are usually used as an effective and legal tool to protect domestic producers, especially in the EU market, more and more sophisticated and complex technical barriers to textile products are being stipulated to hinder the penetration of major exporters, which posed great difficulties for both the government and Vietnamese textile firms, since that textile is Vietnam export pillar and EU is such a potential market yet not fully exploited. Therefore, this paper concentrates on identifying the EU’s technical barrier to Vietnamese textile products and ana-lyzes its impact. In addition, it also gives some suggestions to the government and businesses to promote Vietnamese textile export combined with the experience of China. Presently, the drawbacks in the compliance with requirements in EU’s TBT mainly concerns environmental and social responsibility standards. Although the Chinese textile indus-try once was under even more burdensome regulations from the EU than Vietnam, it still managed to overcome these barriers and has become one of the largest textile exporters to the EU due to appropriate governmental supportive policies as well as firms’ efforts. Therefore, it is eager that the government and textile businesses cooperate further and more closely in overcoming these technical barriers. From the government’s perspective, it is essential to com-plete their legal framework in harmonization with international standards, closely monitor the TBT application pro-cess, provide financial support for technical upgrade and make information about changes in TBT available to give timely warnings and recommendations for businesses. On the other hand, for textile firms’ perspective, they must actively develop human resources such as in value-adding activities like designing and marketing as well as imple-ment business strategies for sustainable export by strengthening brand identity and adhering to standards and reg-ulations from importing countries. It is predictable that with the increasing trend of global economic integration and free trade promotion, importing countries will keep up stipulating more types and higher requirements of TBT. Thus, further research on TBT should carefully analyze under the perspective of the government and businesses to see whether there is a missing link in the co-operation of the two participants in overcoming TBT.

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Volume: Issue: 10

Article: Artificial Intelligence for Plant Disease Detection: A High-Accuracy Approach

Rahman Md Mostafizur, Chen Xiao Hua
Vol 6, Issue 10; October 2023
North American Academic Research, 6(10) 90-102 October 2023, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10138569

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Abstract: This paper reveals an innovative application of artificial intelligence (AI) to detect plant illnesses, which represents a significant advancement in agriculture. Utilizing the expansive and diverse "Plant Village Dataset," the research centers on applying the potent ResNet-50 deep learning framework to attain a remarkable 99.23% accuracy rate. Collect the Plant Village dataset, which consists of annotated images of both healthy and diseased plants, before using ResNet50 to identify plant diseases. One of the preprocessing steps is to resize and normalize the images. To further improve the pre-trained ResNet50 model, replace the top classification layer with a new output layer. Train the revised model on the dataset using transfer learning to leverage the pre-trained ResNet50 weights. During train-ing, use categorical cross-entropy as the loss function and an appropriate optimizer. Following training, the model used to determine whether diseases are present in images of fresh plants; a probability score that is closer to 1 indi-cates the existence of diseases. Precision in disease identification is being improved using post-processing techniques. The management of plant diseases may be altered as a result of this achievement, enhancing crop health and yield. This study's central concept originated from the meticulous selection of a sizable collection of photos from the Plant Village Dataset. This dataset covers a broad spectrum of crop varieties and plant diseases, reflecting issues that farm-ers encounter in the real world. It is highly beneficial to have this kind of diversity in the data when rigorously training and assessing models. The use of AI to identify plant diseases has advanced significantly with this study. It accomplishes this by utilizing the potent ResNet-50 architecture, a well-known deep learning model for its capacity to identify intricate patterns and characteristics. The model undergoes extensive training, which includes techniques for enhancing its performance with additional data, optimizing its hyper parameters, and fine-tuning it. The study's findings, when applied to the Plant Village Dataset, are nothing short of groundbreaking. The remarkable 99.23% success rate of the ResNet-50 model in diagnosing plant diseases is impressive. Because of its exceptional precision, it is a potent tool that has the potential to significantly alter the way illnesses are treated in agriculture. The AI model's accuracy and dependability suggest that there may be simple, affordable, and long-lasting methods for identifying plant illnesses early on, enabling farmers to take prompt, informed action. This study highlights the significant role AI technologies play in resolving pressing issues and demonstrates how they could fundamentally alter agriculture. The ResNet-50 model, when utilized on the Plant Village Dataset, provides a compelling illustration of how artificial intelligence might alter the methods used in plant disease research. This achievement represents a significant ad-vancement in the field and has ramifications for sustainable agriculture, crop loss reduction, and global food security.

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Volume: Issue: 10

Article: Enhancing Multiclass Image Classification Accuracy through Transfer Learning: A Study on Convolutional Neural Network

Bingyin Ren, Md Mesbah-ul Islam
Vol 6, Issue 10; October 2023
North American Academic Research, 6(10) 35-55 October 2023, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10058208

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Abstract: Deep convolutional neural network (CNN) architectures play a crucial role in enhancing image classification performance, particularly when dealing with complex foregrounds and similarities between images from different classes. While deep neural networks have proven effective in practical applications requiring high accuracy and low regression coefficients, they cannot entirely replace human involvement. This research paper aims to increase the accuracy of multiclass image classification by leveraging transfer learning in conjunction with fine-tuning techniques to enhance the performance of respective CNN models. Specifically, the VGG19, ResNet50, InceptionV3, and Xception CNN architectures are evaluated for image classification tasks. Our proposed approach focuses on optimizing pretrained CNN models using a preprocessing technique that involves image enhancement. Mean normalization and resizing techniques are applied to images from each class, which are further augmented using diverse data augmentation methods. To prevent overfitting, dropout regularization and an early stopping function are employed. The ADAM (Adaptive Moment Estimation) optimizer is used across all models, with a learning rate of 0.001 and a batch size of 30. SoftMax classifier is employed for predicting the respective image classes. A comparison is made with the accuracy of the chosen pretrained models. The results demonstrate that our fine-tuned models exhibit higher accuracy in both training and testing, as well as overall accuracy. The proposed fine-tuned InceptionV3 and Xception models achieve the highest accuracies of 99.25% and 99.16%, respectively, for the GHIM10K and Plant seedling datasets.

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Volume: Issue: 9

Article: Factors Affecting the Implementation of Competency-Based Curriculum in Secondary Schools in Uganda: A Systematic Literature Review

Kidega Charles, Prof. Zheng Song, Thet Khaing
Vol 6, Issue 9; September 2023
North American Academic Research, 6(9) 84-102 September 2023, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10058421

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Abstract: This systematic review aimed to identify and synthesize the factors affecting the implementation of competency-based curricula (CBC) in secondary schools in Uganda. The review of the Scopus database followed a comprehensive search strategy, including electronic databases and gray literature searches conducted to identify relevant studies published between 2013 and 2022. 27 studies were included in the review because of their relatedness to the study, and data were extracted and synthesized using a thematic synthesis approach. Based on PRISMA as a method secondary data were used in the study. The study identified challenges affecting the implementation of Competency Based curriculum; teachers did not receive training about this curriculum, textbooks for the new curriculum were inadequate hence affecting the implementation of competency-based curriculum. The findings indicate that teacher-student ratios were too high, 1:70 in one classroom hence affecting the implementation. The review found that several factors influenced the implementation of CBC, including teacher training and professional development, the availability of resources, stakeholder support, and alignment with national policies and priorities. Challenges such as inadequate funding, a lack of stakeholders’ involvement, inadequate monitoring and supervision, a lack of infrastructure, and resistance to change were identified. The review also identified the importance of effective leadership, teacher motivation, and student-centered learning in facilitating successful implementation. The review highlights the need for continued efforts to support CBC implementation in Uganda, particularly through targeted training and support for teachers and stakeholders, and increased investment in resources and infrastructure. According to the results, it recommended for all secondary schools and the government ensure that instructional materials are available at the school premises, proper training of personnel to ensure effective implementation of educational policy, and the involvement of all stakeholders and their roles and responsibilities should be spelled out clearly

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Volume: Issue: 10

Article: The Construction Architecture Design Measures in the Quality Design Strategy of the Single-Story Teaching Building

Laraib Noor, Muhammad Usman, Waqas Ahmad, Muhammad Sharjeel Sharif
Vol 6, Issue 10; October 2023
North American Academic Research, 6(10) 57-68 October 2023, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10059122

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Abstract: The construction architecture design projects will not only affect the university's education and teaching environment, but also affect the safety of teachers and students in university. At present, in the implementation of infrastructure projects in some schools, there are still many factors affecting the construction architecture design en-gineering projects, and even some violations of laws and regulations, which expose the shortcomings of the construc-tion supervision mechanism. That is why question arises how to ensure the construction architecture of the teaching building projects and improve the architecture design level of engineering projects is particularly important. This study mainly combines the construction examples of the single-story teaching building project, which first illustrates the relevant theoretical knowledge of project design and project quality design, and finds the main theoretical basis for the research of this topic. Secondly, the overview of the single-story teaching building project is discussed, mainly involving the knowledge of project construction background, project site construction conditions, engineering con-struction plan and other aspects. Thirdly, it is mainly analyzed, summarized and discussed in combination with the main problems in the project quality design of the single-story teaching building project, mainly involving the quality problems of the construction site and the quality of construction supervision. Finally, the main design measures and experience adopted in the project construction has been proposed learned for the quality design strategy of the single-story teaching building.

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Volume: Issue: 10

Article: Exploring Cold Pressing for High-Quality Extra Virgin Oil Production: A Study on Mustard seeds, Sunflower Seeds, and Peanut Seeds

Md. Habibur Rahman, Md. Abdur Rahim Miah, Md. Faridul Islam, Lailun-nahar
Vol 6, Issue 10; October 2023
North American Academic Research, 6(10) 1-15 October 2023, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10049892

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Abstract: In this study, various methods of oil extraction, such as traditional, solvent-based, and mechanical processes, are ex-plored, with a special emphasis on cold pressing. The traditional method, known for its labor-intensive and inefficient nature, is compared to the more efficient solvent extraction process, which, despite higher costs and environmental concerns, yields more oil. The paper highlights mechanical cold pressing as a viable alternative, as it preserves the nutritional content and quality of the oil. Detailed methodologies for analyzing physicochemical properties of cold-extracted oils are provided, covering aspects like density, water content, boiling point, free fatty acid percentage, saponification value, peroxide value, antibacterial, and antifungal activity by ASTM method. The study presents the results of these analyses for mustard oil, sunflower oil and peanut oil revealing variations in properties. The research concludes that peanut seed oil holds promise for both nutritional and industrial applications, suggesting further exploration of its potential as a substitute for palm oil in various industries. Additionally, the study highlights the production of high-quality extra virgin mustard oil through sustainable and environmentally friendly cold pressing methods, showcasing its unique flavor and aroma, as well as its antioxidant properties that protect cells from damage.

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Volume: Issue: 10

Article: Research on Investment Strategies Considering Investors' Emotions Based on Optimized CNN Algorithm

Zhongkai Tian
Vol 6, Issue 10; October 2023
North American Academic Research, 6(10) 16-27 October 2023, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10049905

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Abstract: This paper explores how to extract investor sentiment in text using an optimized convolutional neural network algorithm and form investor opinions based on it, so as to construct a portfolio model with a higher rate of return. Specifically, based on the text data of SSE 50 constituent stocks in the Oriental Fortune stock bar, the opti-mized convolutional neural network algorithm is used to classify the sentiment, and then calculate the daily investor sentiment indicator; further, the sentiment indicator, the stock closing price, and the trading volume are used as the inputs of the long- and short-term memory network to predict the future returns of the stocks; finally, the prediction results are used as the investor's viewpoints to construct the portfolio model with a higher return. Finally, the pre-diction results are placed in the Black-Litterman model to construct a portfolio model that takes investor sentiment into account. The backtest results show that the optimized convolutional neural network algorithm-based portfolio model with investor sentiment has better performance.

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Volume: Issue: 10

Article: Recreation Of Mythology in J.K Rowling’s Harry Potter And The Goblet Of Fire

Palle Gedara Rangika Maheshani Jayatissa
Vol 6, Issue 10; October 2023
North American Academic Research, 6(10) 28-34 October 2023, https://doi.org10.5281/zenodo.10049913

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Abstract: J.K. Rowling's "Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire" transcends the realm of contemporary fantasy literature by ingeniously weaving elements of mythology into the narrative fabric. This research delves into the multifaceted layers of mythic reinvention within the fourth installment of the series. Through a comprehensive analysis of the Triwizard Tournament, mythical creatures, the resurrection of Lord Voldemort, and the overarching themes of friendship, loyalty, and destiny, this study unveils Rowling's adept fusion of timeless mythic motifs with the modern wizarding world. The symbolism embedded in the Triwizard Cup, the moral dilemmas faced by characters, and the cyclical nature of time further underscore the rich tapestry of mythic storytelling. This abstract encapsulates the intricate interplay between ancient mythologies and Rowling's contemporary narrative, highlighting how "Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire" stands as a testament to the enduring power of myth in literature.

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Volume: Issue: 9

Article: Impact of Social Responsibility on Corporate Performance: Case Study of South Africa’s Retail Chain Company

Chifundo Matola
Vol 6, Issue 9; September 2023
North American Academic Research, 6(9) 72-83 September 2023, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10027163

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Abstract: This paper studies the relationship between social responsibility and corporate performance. This study investigates how a South African retail chain company interact with stakeholders, and how this in turn affects the company's revenue and customer loyalty. This study will use a qualitative content method to analyze how the com-pany interacts with its stakeholders and how the interactions between the company and its stakeholders affects the overall company’s performance. This study examines the expectations of the stakeholders of Pepkor Holdings lim-ited, determines the extent to which the company meets these expectations, and uses corporate performance indica-tors to evaluate the relationship between stakeholder treatment and company performance. This study used the sec-ondary data collected from the company report. The results show that customers' decision-making is not only influ-enced by the characteristics of typical retailer (such as brand), but also by intangible resources (such as corporate social responsibility, corporate image and ethical business practices). In addittion Consumers expect more from com-panies than affordable prices, good quality and convenience. Engaging in social responsibility activities gives a com-pany competitive advantage. Therefore, in order to win the trust and loyalty of customers, companies should not just abide by the law. The company must determine the specific ways to create value for different stakeholders. Since promoting positive stakeholders’ relations has a positive impact on the company's performance, companies need to adjust their own values so that their interaction with stakeholders can ensure mutual benefits. In practice, retail com-panies must determine how to integrate social responsibility into their corporate strategy in a way that maximizes value created for all stakeholders. The study will complement earlier studies on CSR activities in South Africa, which were not conclusive on the relationship between stakeholder engagement and firm performance. This will also contribute to further studies on this topic, which will continue to explore the positive relationship between corporate social responsibility and corporate performance.

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Volume: Issue: 7

Article: Clinical Analysis of Cervical Diseases Diagnosed by Colposcopy

Ruby Singh, Chandra Rekha Issar, Sunita Ray
Vol 6, Issue 7; July 2023
North American Academic Research, 6(7) 146-151 July 2023, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10027371

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Abstract: Objective: To observe and analyze the clinical application value of colposcopy in the diagnosis of cervical diseases. Methods: The data of 1700 patients who underwent colposcopy in our hospital from June 2018 to February 2022 were retrospectively analyzed, and the examination results were analyzed and summarized. In this study, SPSS13.0 soft-ware was used for statistical analysis and summary. Results: Among the 1700 patients who received colposcopy, 418 patients had abnormal test results. 418 patients un-derwent cervical biopsy pathological examination, the results showed that 227 cases had cervical intraepithelial ne-oplasia, 167 cases had chronic cervicitis, 15 cases had cervical condyloma, and 9 cases had cervical invasive carci-noma. The specificity, sensitivity, negative predictive value, and positive predictive value of colposcopy in the diag-nosis of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia were 95.63%, 97.36%, 97.04%, and 96.09%, respectively; the specificity, sen-sitivity, negative predictive value, and positive predictive value of diagnosing cervical invasive carcinoma were 100%, 77.78%, 99.52%, and 100%, respectively. Conclusion: Colposcopy has important clinical value in the diagnosis of cervical diseases, especially in the diagnosis of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia and cervical invasive carcinoma. If combined with histopathological examination, the diagnostic accuracy will be higher. Therefore, colposcopy plays an important role in early diagnosis and treat-ment of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia and in reducing the incidence of cervical cancer.

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Volume: Issue: 3

Article: Suppliers Network Optimization Model for fruit dealers in Namibia Context (Concept of multiple trip and split delivery with time constraints)

Selma Magano Shuuya , Julio Pedro Manuel ,Penka Zefack Nkenfouet Chancel
Vol 6, Issue 3; March 2023
North American Academic Research, 6(3) 172-185, March 2023, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10050014

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Abstract: This paper attempts to discuss Supply Chain Network Optimization in the context of multiple and split delivery vehicle routing problems. There is a likelihood of efficient supply chains to minimize costs as well as improve reliance on what would be called shared networks (demands and agents). Ancient optimization models have limitations in adopting the concept of a multi-depot and split delivery. As such, this writeup elaborates more on the supply chain network optimization model: Multi-Split delivery vehicle routing problem, commonly abbreviated MDSDVRP. This model factors in different constraints in the objective function i.e. multi depot, split delivery, and timed constraints. The resultant function minimizes the supply chain's delivery times, operations, and several vehicles and, increases customer satisfaction.

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Volume: Issue: 9

Article: Evaluation of Commercial Motorcycle Operators’ Awareness and Impact of National Road Traffic Regulations in Ogbomoso Metropolis, Oyo State

Abigail Bako
Vol 6, Issue 9; September 2023
North American Academic Research, 6(9) 1-17 September 2023, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8411622

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Abstract: The primary objective of this study is to examine the factors that are responsible for the low awareness and impact of traffic regulations. A combination of qualitative and quantitative methods was employed, utilizing the statistical package for the social sciences (SPSS), and 400 commercial motorcycle riders were sampled to respond to an assessed research questionnaire in Ogbomoso metropolis, Oyo State. The factors responsible for awareness and impact were used to evaluate the operations of commercial riders, and the findings of the study revealed a significant level of low awareness of traffic signs and symbols and a mixed low impact of traffic regulations. These factors have a great impact on reducing road crash injuries and smooth operations in Ogbomoso, thereby informing policymakers and stakeholders on policies involving educational programs and safety campaigns. important improvements in compliance with road traffic regulations and addressing challenges faced by commercial riders.

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Volume: Issue: 9

Article: Synergizing Convolutional Neural Networks and Pre-processing for Precision Sentiment Analysis

Md Mahamudul Hasan, Rifath Bin Hossain, Md Shawon Hossain, Khalid Hasan, Ashikur Rahaman Palash, Farhatul Hasan, He Mengdan
Vol 6, Issue 9; September 2023
North American Academic Research, 6(9) 53-71 September 2023, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8417710

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Abstract: In the burgeoning field of natural language processing, text classification stands as a paramount challenge, especially given the exponential growth of textual data. Among the myriad of techniques, Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) have risen to prominence for their efficacy in text classification across diverse sectors. This research delineates a novel methodology that synergizes advanced pre-processing techniques with CNNs to adeptly discern text sentiments. Utilizing the Tweet Sentiment Extraction dataset, which encompasses tweets annotated with positive, negative, or neutral sentiments, this study aims to achieve precision in sentiment classification. The methodology embarks with meticulous dataset pre-processing, excising extraneous elements such as URLs and emoticons, thereby ensuring textual consistency. Following this, the dataset undergoes bifurcation into training and validation sets, with the textual data being metamorphosed into a format congruent with CNN paradigms. The CNN framework is meticulously crafted, comprising an Embedding layer, Conv1D layers, GlobalMaxPooling1D layers, a Dropout layer, a Dense layer, and culminating with a SoftMax activation layer. The Embedding stratum metamorphoses each lexeme into a multi-dimensional vector, priming it for the convolutional strata. The Conv1D layers, through their convolution operations, distill pivotal textual nuances. The subsequent layers, from GlobalMaxPooling1D to SoftMax activation, streamline these nuances into discernible sentiment categories, with the Dropout layer acting as a bulwark against overfitting. A salient facet of this research is its exploration into the ramifications of diverse pre-processing modalities on model performance. A juxtaposition of models—with and without rigorous pre-processing—reveals a marked enhancement in performance attributable to meticulous pre-processing. Notably, an all-encompassing pre-processing regimen yields unparalleled results.

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Volume: Issue: 9

Article: Advanced Research Progress of Food Drying Technology

Shamim Hossan, Sazzadul Wasim, Mst Nushrat Yiasmin, Md. Nazmus Saqib, Md. Easdani, Siyuan Liu
Vol 6, Issue 9; September 2023
North American Academic Research, 6(9) 18-47 September 2023, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8415214

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Abstract: This comprehensive review examines the historical progression of food drying methods, encompassing traditional practices like sun and air drying and their evolution into modern techniques that prioritize retaining nu-tritional value during the drying process. A wide spectrum of drying methodologies is addressed, ranging from conventional sun drying to advanced approaches such as tunnel, spray, drum, freeze, microwave, and fluidized bed drying, each playing a vital role in preserving diverse food items. The study also investigates the impact of pretreat-ment procedures on different drying technologies, including solar, greenhouse solar, and hybrid solar dryers, along-side emerging methods like Electro Hydrodynamic (EHD) and Pulsed Electric Field (PEF) drying, as well as ultra-sound-assisted drying. The underlying principles governing these techniques, such as model drying, impingement drying, high electric field drying, and electro-hydrodynamic drying, are analyzed comprehensively. Through a crit-ical evaluation of recent developments in food drying within the context of food processing technology, this review offers valuable insights into the potential applications of these methods for enhancing food preservation while re-taining optimal nutritional profiles.

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Volume: Issue: 9

Article: Dynamics and Model Validation of High Speed Train Axle Box Bearings

Lkhagvasuren Tsogjargal
Vol 6, Issue 9; September 2023
North American Academic Research, 6(9) 47-52 September 2023, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8417691

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Abstract: With the rapid development of high-speed trains, the independent innovation of key parts of high-speed trains is an important support for the implementation of the "manufacturing power" and the "the Belt and Road" strategy. The axle box bearing is one of the key components of the high-speed train running gear, and once it malfunctions, it will seriously affect the safe operation of the train. During the actual operation of trains, it is difficult to directly observe the dynamic behavior of various components inside the bearings through sensors, and most bearings are in normal service, and bearing fault data is difficult to obtain. Therefore, conducting dynamic simulation of faults in high-speed train axle box bearings, simulating the fault information of bearings, analyzing the changes in stress and motion characteristics of faulty bearings, is of great significance for fault monitoring of axle box bearings.

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Volume: Issue: 7

Article: Investigating Writing Anxiety among ESL Undergraduate Learners at a Private Sector University, Sindh Pakistan

Zarmeena Shaikh, Shoukat Ali Lohar
Vol 6, Issue 7; July 2023
North American Academic Research, 6(7) 137-145 July 2023, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8417677

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Abstract: The study aims to investigate the main sources of anxiety when ESL students write. For the purpose of this study, a quantitative method research strategy has been chosen, and the data was gathered through the administra-tion of questionnaires among participants belonging to five different departments. The questionnaire, named ESL Writing Anxiety Questionnaire, acquires responses from the participants that are students. In order to carry out the data analysis technique for the quantitative surveys, descriptive statistics were used through SPSS 22. The findings revealed that the factors found to be a playing a role in giving students English writing anxiety include the students having no grip over strategies and techniques of English composition, lack of feedback, fear of negative feedback, lecture methods, and general confusion. To conclude, data derived from the questionnaire reveal that even though learners are truly anxious regarding writing skills, their learning environment, past experiences, and teacher’s sup-port plays a vital role in contributing to their stress and negative attitudes when learning English language.

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Volume: Issue: 8

Article: Evaluating A Modular Approach for Designing and Developing Multifunctional Modular 3D Printers

Masum Akter,Rifath Bin Hossain,MD Ahsanul haque,Kabiul Islam shawon,Shah Alam,Tharindu
Vol 6, Issue 8; August 2023
North American Academic Research, 6(8) 86-119 August 2023, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8387714

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Abstract: This study presents the design and development of a modular, multifunctional 3D printer capable of printing objects using a diverse range of materials and features. The printer is designed with a modular structure that enables user-friendly modifications and expansion of its capabilities. Incorporated into this design are multiple extruders, a laser etcher, a CNC factory, and a scanner, seamlessly integrated into the printer. This thesis particularly emphasizes the mechanical and electronic aspects of the printer's design. The mechanical design, based on a modular approach, facilitates easy assembly, disassembly, and replacement of components. In the electronic design, a microcontroller, coupled with a series of motor drivers, governs the printer's movements and functions. Performance evaluations, including accuracy tests of the printer's movements and its ability to print with various materials such as PLA, ABS, and TPU, were conducted. The findings indicate that the printer exhibits high precision in object creation. The proposed 3D printer showcases several advantages over existing models, notably its user-friendly modular design and the capacity for diverse material printing and feature incorporation. Potential applications for this printer are extensive, including small-scale manufacturing, education, and rapid prototyping. This research contributes valuable insights into the design and development of multifunctional 3D printers and suggests a promising direction for future advancements in this field.

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Volume: Issue: 8

Article: Convolutional Neural Networks for Automated Classification of Brain Tumors

Khalid Hasan, Rifath Bin Hossain , Md Mahamudul Hasan, MD SIFUL-LAH, Meiling Zeng, Md Abdur Rouf
Vol 6, Issue 8; August 2023
North American Academic Research, 6(8) 68-85 August 2023, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8356482

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Abstract: Image classification is a fundamental task in computer vision that has seen tremendous advances with the advent of deep learning. In the medical imaging domain, image classification using deep neural networks has shown potential for automated analysis and diagnosis. In this work, we investigate convolutional neural networks (CNNs) for brain tumor image classification using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans. The accurate classification of brain tumors from MRI scans enables non-invasive screening and diagnosis, thus improving clinical workflows and patient outcomes. We provide a review of CNN architectures for image classification, and discuss relevant datasets for brain tumor MRI analysis. We identify limitations of prior arts and propose a methodology leveraging CNNs for enhanced multi-class brain tumor classification performance. Our contributions include comparative evaluations of CNN architec-tures, optimization techniques, and preprocessing strategies. Extensive experiments demonstrate that our proposed approach achieves state-of-the-art classification accuracy on benchmark datasets. We employ data augmentation, batch normalization, and dropout regularization to prevent overfitting and improve generalization. The ReLU activation and Adam optimization enable efficient training. Qual-itative and quantitative results validate the efficacy of our methodology, while ablation studies provide insights into model components. We conclude by summarizing our findings, and discussing potential extensions as well as limi-tations of our approach to guide future works. Our work aims to advance research on employing deep CNNs for computer-aided diagnosis using MRI scans.

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Volume: Issue: 8

Article: Comparing Different Approaches of Cleaning Space Debris

Hardwyn Zhang, Muhammad Umar Dad, Echoda N.A. Joshua
Vol 6, Issue 8; August 2023
North American Academic Research, 6(8) 57-67 August 2023, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8336047

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Abstract: Space debris poses a significant and imminent threat to space operations, necessitating proactive measures for its removal. This research paper delves into an in-depth exploration of three distinct approaches to space debris mitigation: robotic grippers, ground-based lasers, and nets. Through a comprehensive literature review and rigorous analysis, this study examines the mechanics, advantages, challenges, and feasibility factors associated with each approach, including technological readiness, cost considerations, and the potential for international collaboration. While the study reveals promising outcomes for net-based approaches, it emphasizes the importance of a synergistic strategy that harnesses the strengths of multiple methods. Furthermore, this paper offers detailed technical insights, quantitative assessments, and diverse expert perspectives to enrich the overall analysis, providing a comprehensive understanding of the subject matter. In addition to the technical aspects, this research takes a holistic approach by considering broader factors such as policy implications, legal considerations, environmental impacts, and inherent limitations. By presenting a balanced perspective encompassing both the technical and socio-ethical dimensions, this paper contributes to a more informed discourse on addressing the escalating issue of space debris in orbit.

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Volume: Issue: 8

Article: Exploring Learning Poverty as a Component of Quality Education in Primary Schools of Rwanda: A Critical Analysis

MANIRAHARI Philogene
Vol 6, Issue 8; August 2023
North American Academic Research, 6(8) 42-56 August 2023, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8329619

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Abstract: The issue of learning poverty, which signifies the inability of students to attain essential literacy and numeracy skills, has gained significant prominence in the global education landscape. This research undertakes a comprehensive examination of learning poverty as a crucial facet of quality education, with a specific focus on the primary school system in Rwanda. Through a thorough analysis encompassing historical perspectives, current realities, and prospective trajectories that have materialized with the pursuit of education for all, this study endeavors to shed light on the intricate elements that contribute to the prevalence of learning poverty in Rwandan primary schools. By critically assessing the effectiveness of existing educational practices and interventions, this research seeks to untangle the multifaceted factors that underlie the manifestation of learning poverty in this context. The analysis reveals that the notable increase in primary school enrollment over the past 15 years has not only raised concerns about the quality of education but has also resulted in the emergence of learning poverty as a consequential outcome. This study finds that learning poverty is primarily attributed to the discrepancy between the growing enrollment and the limited availability of learning infrastructure, tools, materials, and qualified teaching staff. Therefore, it is suggested to establish a transformative education strategy that revolves around early, strategic, and inclusive investments, prioritizing foundational skills and quality outcomes.

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Volume: Issue: 8

Article: Performance Evaluation of Magnifying Glass and Reflector Based Solar Cooker

Md Jahidul Islam, Tanvir Hassan Mojumder, Mushfiqur Rahman, S.M. Nasif Shams
Vol 6, Issue 8; August 2023
North American Academic Research, 6(8) 32-41 August 2023, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8322278

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Abstract: Both parabolic and box type solar cookers have the potential to be effective and efficient solutions for var-ious challenges related to health, economy, environment, and energy. The research conducted a comprehensive study to develop low-cost and efficient designs for these solar cooker models. To assess their performance, the research measured stagnation temperatures within the cooking chambers, conducted cooking trials, and evaluated the overall performance of different solar cooker types, including one parabolic, three box-type, and one panel cooker. The study also examined the thermal efficiency of these cookers and carried out water boiling and kitchen performance tests. These tests were conducted both with and without the use of heat-retaining materials to better understand the impact of thermal insulation.

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Volume: Issue: 8

Article: “A Cathedral of doom”: Oral tradition and prophecy in Kofi Awoonor’s “The Cathedral” and Kofi Anyidoho’s “The Kingmaker”

Josephine Delali Ofei
Vol 6, Issue 8; August 2023
North American Academic Research, 6(8) 10-19 August 2023, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8300133

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Abstract: Oral tradition, which assembles knowledge, memories, and values have been typically configured in the linguistic artifacts of a nonliterary or aesthetic-literary nature. This is by far reflected in the works of most African literary writers who reappropriate the colonial heritage and language to be the foundation upon which they build their innovation, activism, and the general education of their African brethren. The works of Kofi Awoonor and Kofi Anyidoho fall within this categorization. Some of their works depict them as disquieted individuals advocating for the sustenance of the African tradition. The issues they contend with revolve around those who were encroaching on their territory and oppressing their culture. This they do by immersing their works in their Ghanaian Ewe heritage. It is against this backdrop that the current study attempts to examine Kofi Awoonor’s “The Cathedral”. It stresses the poem as a prophecy to the president, Akuffo-Addo’s pledge to build a national cathedral in Ghana. The study establishes the poem as a part of the blame culture that many Africans have used to explain the situation on the continent. To support the analysis of this poem is Kofi Anyidoho’s “The Kingmaker” which provides a caution to the problem generated by a foreign invasion in the African continent. The study launches the place of the two poems as an immense contribution to modern African poetry by relying on the concept of orality to undertake a content anal-ysis of the two poems. It identifies that the two poems kindle a nationalistic feeling in Africans at large.

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Volume: Issue: 8

Article: Two-Step Photocurrent Generation through Band Tail States in GaPN-Based Intermediate Band Solar Cells

Abdul Qayoom, Shuhei Yagi, and Hiroyuki Yaguchi
Vol 6, Issue 8; August 2023
North American Academic Research, 6(8) 20-31 August 2023, https://doi.org/10.5281/znodo.8300177

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Abstract: Two-step photocurrent generation due to the presence of pronounced band tail states in GaPN is reported by using two-wavelength excited photocurrent measurement technique. The results reveal that two-wavelength ex-citation significantly enhances the overall photocurrent generation due to the two-step photocurrent generation upon two-step two photon absorption in GaPN.

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Volume: Issue: 8

Article: Burn Management in Resource-Limit Setting: Integration of Emergency Medicine, General Surgery, and Orthopedics

Rajesh Kumar Sah, Chandan Raj Sharma, Kumar Shambhaw
Vol 6, Issue 8; August 2023
North American Academic Research, 6(8) 1-9 August 2023, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8299331

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Abstract: Objective: To investigate the effects of multidisciplinary team-based early rehabilitation model in patients with burns in resource-limit settings. Methods: Totally 104 cases of patients with extensive burns were enrolled and grouped into control group and intervention group using convenience sampling method, From January 2019 to December 2020 in janakpur city General aspects of inpatient treatment in Surgery department (burn ward) of MIHS provincial hospital janakpur,Nepal accumulated burn patients were the research subjects.

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Volume: Issue: 7

Article: Sustainable Pathways: Exploring ESG Practices and Financial Performance in Small Companies across the United States

Lemuel Kenneth David, Prof Jianling Wang, Nosheen Amjad, Meiling Luo, Dr. Vanessa Angel
Vol 6, Issue 7; July 2023
North American Academic Research, 6(7) 113-136 July 2023, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8232670

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Abstract: Environmental, Social, and Governance (ESG) practices have emerged as crucial drivers of sustainable and responsible business conduct. This study presents a comprehensive analysis of ESG practices in 300 small companies operating in diverse industries and regions across the United States. Employing a mixed-methods approach, we ex-plore the impact of ESG practices on financial performance indicators, investigate stakeholder engagement's role, examine sector-specific variations, and assess the longitudinal impact over a comprehensive five-year period from 2018 to 2022. Quantitative data was collected from financial reports, sustainability disclosures, and publicly available sources, enabling us to evaluate the relationship between ESG practices and financial performance. Our findings reveal a positive and significant association, as small companies with higher ESG integration demonstrated superior profitability and market performance compared to their peers. To gain deeper insights into the underlying mecha-nisms, in-depth interviews were conducted with key stakeholders, including executives, industry experts, investors, and regulatory representatives. The qualitative data highlighted stakeholder engagement as a critical driver of ESG adoption in small companies, with active customers, supportive investors, and concerned local communities foster-ing responsible business conduct. Furthermore, the study explored sector-specific considerations in ESG adoption, recognizing that different industries prioritize distinct ESG initiatives. Technology-oriented companies emphasized environmental innovation, while service-based businesses focused on social impact, demonstrating the need for tai-lored strategies in diverse sectors. The longitudinal analysis revealed the enduring impact of ESG practices, as the positive effects strengthened over the five years. This underscores the importance of sustained commitments to ESG integration for long-term financial success.

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Volume: Issue: 7

Article: Resilience in the Face of Adversity: A Case Study of MSME Survival Strategies during the COVID-19 Pandemic in Orange County, California" United States

Lemuel Kenneth David, Nosheen Amjad, Meiling Luo, Dr. Vanessa Angel
Vol 6, Issue 7; July 2023
North American Academic Research, 6(7) 96-112 July 2023, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8232645

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Abstract: The COVID-19 pandemic posed immense challenges for businesses worldwide, particularly Micro, Small, and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs) in Orange County, California, facing unprecedented disruptions. To explore the resilience of these enterprises during the crisis, a case study was conducted to examine the survival strategies adopted by MSMEs in the region. This research delves into the significance of financial support, technology adoption, and innovative practices in ensuring the continuity and growth of MSMEs amidst adversity. In Orange County, MSMEs play a crucial role in contributing to the local GDP and job market, but the pandemic threatened their existence, requiring quick adaptation and resourcefulness. By investigating the survival strategies deployed by these enterprises, this study provides valuable insights for policymakers and stakeholders seeking to reinforce support systems and foster entrepreneurial growth during crisis periods.The study involved surveying 230 registered MSMEs in Orange County, operational between 2010 and 2020, using a quantitative research approach. Entrepreneurs rated various financial and non-financial promotional factors to assess their impact on business success during the pandemic. The findings shed light on the effectiveness of different support systems that contributed to the resilience demonstrated by MSMEs during the crisis.Financial factors, such as collateral-free schemes and support for physical infrastructure, emerged as influential elements in establishing and nurturing MSMEs in Orange County. These initiatives facilitated the entry of new businesses and supported the growth of existing enterprises in the region. Additionally, non-financial factors, including access to capacity building programs and technology adoption, played a pivotal role in enhancing MSMEs' competitiveness and adaptability to changing market dynamics.The study's conceptual framework emphasized the multi-dimensional nature of institutional support required for MSME success. This framework acknowledged both formal and informal institutions, encompassing government policies, financial institutions, industry associations, and cultural factors shaping the entrepreneurial ecosystem. By analyzing the interplay between institutional thickness and the entrepreneurial environment, the framework guided the formulation of actionable recommendations.In conclusion, this case study highlights the resilience of MSMEs in Orange County during the COVID-19 pandemic, underscoring the significance of financial and non-financial support for business continuity. The proposed recommendations offer actionable steps to strengthen support systems and cultivate entrepreneurial growth, ensuring a thriving future for MSMEs in the region.

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Volume: Issue: 7

Article: A Comparative Study of English and Arabic Proverbs: Natural Semantic Metalanguage Approach

Hend Farouk, Dr. Agus Subiyanto, M.A
Vol 6, Issue 7; July 2023
North American Academic Research, 6(7) 71-78 July 2023, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8226406

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Abstract: This study highlights the similarities and differences between two proverbs that are equivalent in mean-ing but originate from different cultures. Each proverb is traced to its culture and language, but still, they both share the same meaning. There are differences between them that could be explained by using natural semantic metalanguage. Using NSM, the hidden cultural messages could be brought to surface. The findings and results of this research proved that investigating both of Arabic and English proverbs culminated in results that showed that the differences between them could only be analyzed by NSM approach that showed the variation and dif-ference in meaning. The findings of this study build a good base and provide scope for researchers in the future to work on the field of proverbs using NSM approach. It gives solutions for the lexical dilemma that is created because of culturally bound terms that generally can be analyzed only by paraphrasing.

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Volume: Issue: 7

Article: Optimizations of Sustainable Washing for Denim Garments by Enzyme Wash & Bleach Wash based on ANOVA -L9 Control- Level Factor Design

Fardin Ali Khan, Fairoz Maliha Chowdhury Saki, Md. Shafayet Hossen, Md. Eiftaher Uddin Farhad, Md. Eftekharul Islam, Anusree Paul, Shetu nath
Vol 6, Issue 7; July 2023
North American Academic Research, 6(7) 42-59 July 2023, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8216782

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Abstract: The conventional dyeing process requires a substantial amount of auxiliaries and water, which leaches Garments washing is an important process for garments manufacturing which is used to create an uneven and dis-tinctive “well worn” look, and making every garments unique and modify the appearance, outlook, comfort ability and fash-ion of garments is changed. The study focus on enzyme wash and enzyme bleach wash effect by Sustain-able Washing Machine. The sample selected for the project is 98% cotton and 2% spandex. Two standard recipes have been prepared for enzyme wash and enzyme bleach wash. The sample has been processed for enzyme wash and en-zyme bleach washes with sustainable washing machine. Enzyme wash has been completed with sustainable wash-ing machine. After completing enzyme wash, Enzyme bleach wash has been completed by sustainable washing ma-chine. After completing process sample has been collected from both process and the sample properties has been compared like rubbing properties and tensile properties. After comparing result the color fastness to rubbing of en-zyme wash was poor in sustainable machine and rubbing properties of enzyme bleach wash was good in sustainable machine.

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Volume: Issue: 7

Article: Multidisciplinary Team Approaches in the Management of Diabetic Foot Complications: Integration of Emergency Medicine, General Surgery, and Orthopedics

Kumar Shambhaw, Chandan Raj Sharma, Rajesh Kumar Sah
Vol 6, Issue 7; July 2023
North American Academic Research, 6(7) 79-95 July 2023, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8226435

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Abstract: Objective: This study was designed to retrospectively analyze the clinical data of patients with diabetic foot in the MIHS Provincial Hospital, Janakpur, Nepal and to explore the therapeutic effect of Multidisciplinary Team (MDT) on diabetic foot. Methods: Data were collected from 169 patients with diabetic foot admitted to the Department of Surgery (Orthope-dics), MIHS Provincial Hospital, Janakpur, Nepal from January 2018 to December 2022. According to whether they received MDT treatment during hospitalization, they were divided into 81 cases of MDT group and 88 cases of non-MDT group. All patients completed routine examination after admission. The number of operations, the rate of toe (limb), the time of wound healing, the number of hospitals stays, the hospitalization cost, the positive rate of wound bacteria, the wound healing in different time periods, and the second postoperative operation were analyzed. Statis-tical analysis was performed on the second results of white blood cells, red blood cells, hemoglobin, albumin, C-reactive protein, erythrocyte sedimentation rate, total cholesterol, triglyceride and low-density lipoprotein. Many professional figures, Emergency Medicine, Surgeons (both General and Orthopedics), Radiologists, Specialized Nurses are called to apply their knowledges to the diabetic patients affected by diabetic foot in a virtuous circle leading to reach the goals, with the imperative action of the Multidisciplinary Team. Organized center will allow both a correct and rapid diagnosis, the use in ambulatorial environments of modern tools, or the hospitalization in multitasking wards, in which all the complications and the necessary treatments are possible, both in emergencies or in elective way, both considering revascularizations and surgery. Results: Of the 169 patients, 75 were cured, 73 were improved, 18 were unhealed, and 3 died. The number of wound operation in MDT group was 2.37±1.67 times, in non-MDT group was 3.36±2.07 times (t=1.186, P<0.05); the rate of toe (limb) amputation in MDT group was 17.28% and 37.50% in non-MDT group (P<0.05); hospitalization days in the MDT group were 34.23±6.36 days, in the non-MDT group were 43.54±7.33 days (t=2.537, P<0.05); hospitalization ex-penses in the MDT group were 4.28±3.88 million, and non-MDT group hospitalization expenses 6.11±3.81 million (t=2.851, P<0.05); 43 cases of 169 diabetic foot disease were positive for pathogen culture, mainly Gram-negative bac-teria, accounting for 65.11% (28/43) and Gram Positive bacteria accounted for 34.8% (15/43). The recurrence rate was 4.63% in the MDT group and 12.53% in the non-MDT group (P<0.05). The statistical analysis showed that the P values in both groups were less than 0.05, which was statistically significant. Conclusion: Diabetic foot treatment by MDT can effectively control wound infection, reduce the number of dressing changes, reduce the amputation rate, shorten hospitalization time and the cost, improve patient prognosis and im-prove patients' quality of life. It is a new and efficient diagnosis and treatment model which is worth promoting.

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Volume: Issue: 7

Article: Enhancing the Awareness of Food Deserts in Las Cruces: An Ethnographic Study at New Mexico State University

Micheal Atuathene Djan
Vol 6, Issue 7; July 2023
North American Academic Research, 6(7) 60-70 July 2023, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8217648

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Abstract: This ethnographic study conducted at New Mexico State University explores various factors contributing to food desert conditions and proposes measures to enhance the availability of healthy food options on campus. Food deserts are areas with limited access to affordable and nutritious food, leading to detrimental impacts on dietary habits and health. This phenomenon is observed among the student population in Las Cruces, where the university is situated. Through the use of convenience sampling, ten students between the ages of 18 and 24 were selected as participants for semi-structured interviews. The findings revealed that the availability of healthy food options on campus needed to be improved, prompting many students to seek alternatives outside the university environment. Participants emphasized the need for policy interventions to address the issue effectively. Several recommendations emerged from the study, including providing financial incentives to food vendors offering nutritious items and es-tablishing on-campus farms to provide fresh fruits and vegetables. Furthermore, participants highlighted the im-portance of educational initiatives to raise awareness about the benefits of a healthy diet and its impact on academic performance. The study concludes that resolving food deserts requires a multi-faceted approach, encompassing not only geographical accessibility but also economic incentives and food literacy. The university can play a pivotal role in promoting healthier eating habits among its students by addressing these challenges. However, the study's limi-tations include potential bias from convenience sampling and limited data scope due to exclusive reliance on inter-views. Future research should use more robust sampling methods and adopt a mixed-methods approach to compre-hensively understand food deserts and develop effective interventions to address food insecurity at New Mexico State University.

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Volume: Issue: 7

Article: Impact of Air Pollution from Factories and Vehicles on Patients with Lung Cancer Disease and COPD:Nepal

Subhash yogi
Vol 6, Issue 7; July 2023
North American Academic Research, 6(7) 31-41 July 2023, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8215363

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Abstract: The effect of air pollution on humans is a worrisome factor that has gained prominence over the years due to the importance of the topic to society. Lung cancer and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease are among the diseases associated with pollution that increase the mortality rate in Nepal and worldwide. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the impacts of air pollutants on mortality rates from chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and lung cancer (LC) using vector autoregressive (VAR) modeling. The adjusted model was a VAR (1) and, according to the Granger causality test, the air pollutants selected were PM10, O3, CO, NO2, and SO2. The shocks applied to the variables O3, using the impulse response unction, negatively impacted COPD; in the eighth period, which is stabilized. The LC variable suffered more significant variations from O3 and after a shock in this variable, an initially negative response in LC occurred and the series stabilized in period nine. After one year, 20.19% of COPD variance was explained by O3. After twelve months, the atmospheric pollutant O3 represented 5.00% and NO2 rep-resented 4.02% of LC variance. Moreover, the variables that caused the highest impact on COPD and LC mortality rates were O3 and NO2, indicating that air pollution influences the clinical state of people who have these diseases and even contributes to their development. The VAR model was able to identify the air pollutants that have the most significant impact on the diseases analyzed and explained the interrelationship between them.

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Volume: Issue: 7

Article: Evaluating Building Project Performance and Indoor Thermal Comfort in Nigerian Public Tertiary Institutions

Odukoya, Abdul Jubreel Babatunde, Azmin, Adi Anuar, Ibrahim, Fazdliel Aswad, Sakdan, Mohd. Fo’ad & Oluwatuyi, Olawale Victor
Vol 6, Issue 7; July 2023
North American Academic Research, 6(7) 21-30 July 2023, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8215158

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Abstract: This study assessed the performance and indoor thermal comfort of building projects in Nigeria public tertiary institutions. The study was delimited to public tertiary institutions in South-West Nigeria. To this end, a total of 180 sample were selected using multi-stage sampling technique. One state public tertiary intuition was selected from each state and 30 offices and staff were selected in each. Data was collected using a whirling/sling psychrometer and well-structured questionnaire. Measurements were taken 5 times between 10 - 3pm. The psychrometer was used to collect data on air temperature and relative humidity of the buildings and offices. Humidex was used to interpret the thermal comfort of the buildings. Result revealed that occupants experience discomfort and the level of discom-fort increases significantly over time most especially between 12noon and 3pm. Building functionality is which is also a key factor in building performance is highlighted in the study as many of the buildings suffers from proper ergonomic design principles, inadequate lighting, and uncomfortable seating arrangements need to be addressed to improve occupant comfort and productivity. Additionally, the satisfaction level regarding building maintenance falls below acceptable limits, emphasizing the need for improved upkeep and functionality. Hence, stakeholders provid-ing building structures for public institutions should prioritize the implementation of measures to improve thermal comfort, address ergonomic design principles, and enhance maintenance practices.

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Volume: Issue: 7

Article: Influence of Project Management Factors on Building Performance in Lagos State of Nigeria

Odukoya, Abdul Jubreel Babatunde, Azmin, Adi Anuar, Ibrahim, Fazdliel Aswad & Sakdan, Mohd. Fo’ad
Vol 6, Issue 7; Juny 2023
North American Academic Research, 6(7) 13-20 July 2023, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8207322

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Abstract: This paper examines the influence of Project Management Factors on Building Performances in Lagos State of Nigeria. The study specifically investigated the relationship and influence of Project Management Factors (Project Manager and Team Competencies, Project Related Factors and Project Technicality). The survey research design was employed in this study. A well-structured questionnaire was administered on the respondents and used to elicit information on the relationship and influence of Project Manager and Team Members’ Competency, Project Related Factors and Building Performance and Project Technicality (PT) on Building Performance. Data was collected from building construction professionals which includes Nigerian Institute Builders, Nigerian Institute of Civil Engineers, Nigerian Institute of Quantity Surveyors and Nigerian Institute of Town Planners. A total of 367 samples were selected from the study population using the stratified sampling technique. Correlation and regression analysis were used to summarize the findings. The study found that there is a significant relationship between the Project Management Factors and Building Performance. Furthermore, the study found that Project Management Factors: Project Manager and Team Members’ Competency (t= 9.546, p<.05), Project Related Factors (t=4.506, p<.05) and Project Technicality (t=5.722, p<.05) influence Building Performance in Lagos State of Nigeria. Based on the results, the study recommends a critical project management approach in building construction while putting all the factors into considerations, and that Government agency involved in building construction should ensure all safety guidelines are strictly adhered.

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Volume: Issue: 6

Article: Long-term Trends and Demographic Risk Factors Attributed to Maternal Disorders Incidence in Five African Countries

Nodjimadji Tamlengar Martial, Neguemadji Ngardig Ngaba, Amiina Sezi Julius, Imteyaz Ahmad Khan, Chuanhua Yu
Vol 6, Issue 6; June 2023
North American Academic Research, 6(6) 162-176 June 2023, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8175063

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Abstract: Understanding the epidemiological characteristics of maternal disorders incidence (MDI) is highly im-portant in designing policies to improve maternal health. This study investigates the long-term trends, and demo-graphic risk factors associated with MDI. Data between 1990-2019 was obtained from the Global Burden of Diseases for the Republic of Cameroon (CAM), the Central African Republic (CAR), the Republic of Congo (COG), the Dem-ocratic Republic of the Congo (DRC), and the Republic of Chad (TCD). Joinpoint regression was employed to deter-mine the different behaviors of the trends. The Age-Period-Cohort statistical model was applied in the determination of demographic risks associated with age, period, and cohort; and Holt’s double exponential model was utilized in the forecast of the trends. MDI declined mostly in COG by 1.7% (95% CI: 1.7; 1.8) between 1990 and 2019 based on the Joinpoint regression. In TCD, MDI rates remained steady in 2019 compared to 1990. In the five countries, MDI rates were most prevalent in women aged between 20-29. The age, period, and cohort rate ratios declined the most in CAM by nearly 5, 3, and 22 folds respectively. The age category between 15-34 years, the period before 2005, and the cohorts born before 1975 were at higher risks. Based on the forecasted trends, MDI rates were identified to be highly significant in the five countries, and TCD registered the highest rates in 2030. Declining maternal disorders incidence in low- and middle-income countries requires the adoption and employment of new health strategies and policies.

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Volume: Issue: 7

Article: Grassroots Training and Capacity Building as Essential Components of a Framework for Enhancing Equality in Mali’s Educational Sector

Douyon Amadou, Shizhou Lou, Amihere Augustine
Vol 6, Issue 7; July 2023
North American Academic Research, 6(7) 1-12 July 2023, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8175153

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Abstract: This study examined the relevance of grassroots training and capacity building as essential components of a framework for enhancing equality in Mali’s educational sector. This study adopted the human rights-based ap-proach to development. A qualitative research approach was applied in carrying out this research. The population was made up of institutions involved in gender and educational issues in Mali. There was the use of quota, purposive (expert-based), and snowballing (chain) sampling techniques. The study used quota and purposive sampling tech-niques, with data collected using in-depth interviews and documentary analysis. The data were analyzed themati-cally, with the findings presented in line with the research questions. The study noted that education is a basic human right and that access to it is vital to sustainable development, as well as training and capacity building, especially for males at grassroots levels. It was pointed out that a number of factors compromise the utility of grassroots training in gender-related issues, including traditional cultural practices. The exclusion of women from active leadership roles and the crisis of females domestically, especially at grassroots levels, were seen as other cultural barriers. This study also pointed out that girls and women face a double burden, that is, the need to balance household and school re-sponsibilities. The study found that numerous initiatives have been set up both at the continental and international levels to support girls and women around the world in achieving gender equality and empowering women. The research recommended that the Malian government ought to enforce human rights and take measures to outlaw traditional and cultural practices, which violate the rights of girls and women. There is a need for effective policies aimed at supporting care and domestic work which can be summarized by the ‘quadruple R framework’, which aims to recognize, reduce, and redistribute care and domestic work, as well as to represent carers in policymaking. The framework for grassroots training and capacity building of women and girls calls for action from the national, com-munity, family, and individual levels. At each level, it is essential to ensure multiple interactions with multiple stake-holders.

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Volume: Issue: 6

Article: Volatile Enforcement of Road Traffic Regulations in Vientiane

KHAMKEO SYLILERTMANY
Vol 6, Issue 6; June 2023
North American Academic Research, 6(6) 213-223 June 2023, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8139680

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Abstract: Traffic accident has increased in Lao PDR, especially in Vientiane in the last decade due to lack of compliance to traffic regulations. Vientiane is the capital of Lao PDR which presents the highest number of accidents annually comparing to other provinces because of weak enforcement of the regulations, weak infrastructure that hampers authority to comply the regulations severely, and boom of motorcycles that notably became the first factor of accident. This research is set to examine the compliance of road traffic regulations, because, despite the measurement taken by the government but the accident is increasing. Therefore, to what extent weak compliance of road traffic regulation in Vientiane? The study used the data base existed in Vientiane through analysis of Laws, cases and previous empirical studies. The weakness of the compliance is interconnected with several reasons, such as lack provisions of the Law, negligence of regulations and weak infrastructure.

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Volume: Issue: 6

Article: Strategies to Increase Malian Awareness of the Belt and Road Initiative

ONGOIBA Jeannette, SANGARE Zakaria dit Zan
Vol 6, Issue 6; June 2023
North American Academic Research, 6(6) 120-132 June 2023, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8089879

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Abstract: Building "the Belt and Road" has helped the countries along it develop economically and in terms of trade and investment. It has also strengthened relations between China and the countries along it in terms of politics, econ-omy, culture, and other areas. As a result, countries along the route have generally supported the "Belt and Road Initiative" since it was launched. Mali, a significant West African nation, and the Chinese government signed a mem-orandum of understanding on "the Belt and Road" cooperation in 2019, bolstering bilateral ties in a variety of sectors, including infrastructure development, agriculture, energy, education, and healthcare. Following the start of the "Belt and Road" project in Mali, the awareness of this project among Malian citizens has significantly impacted China and Mali's cooperation. Based on this, the paper discusses the current state of Malian citizens' awareness of the "Belt and Road" construction in an effort to thoroughly understand their perceptions of and attitudes toward the project from the standpoint of global communication. The paper makes recommendations for improving Malian Awareness concerning "the Belt and Road" initiative construction's to promote global communi-cation.

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Volume: Issue: 6

Article: Evaluating the Influence of China-Pakistan Economic Corridor on Pakistan's Construction Industry: Opportunities and Challenges

Mannan Saif, Tayyaba Saleem & Muhammad Ikhlaq
Vol 6, Issue 6; June 2023
North American Academic Research, 6(6) 21-32 June 2023, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8124527

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Abstract: The China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC) is a flagship project of the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI), aimed at connecting western China to the port of Gwadar in southwest Pakistan through an extensive network of infrastructure, trade, and investment linkages. The construction of CPEC in Pakistan has significant implications for the country's construction industry, which plays a vital role in economic growth, employment, and development. This research paper employs a mixed-methods approach, including a literature review, surveys of 100 construction firms in Pakistan, and in-depth interviews with government officials, industry experts, and environmental NGOs, to examine the impact of CPEC construction on Pakistan's construction industry. The main objective of the research is to identify potential opportunities and obstacles for transnational operation management of firms within the BRI environment. The findings of this study provide valuable insights for businesses and decision-makers aiming to maximize the benefits of CPEC development while mitigating potential negative repercussions.

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Volume: Issue: 6

Article: Seismic Performance of Steel-Confined High-Performance Concrete Shear Wall

Uson Murzataev, Qian Hui
Vol 6, Issue 6; June 2023
North American Academic Research, 6(6) 177-212 June 2023, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8112349

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Abstract: Natural disasters, such as earthquakes, often lead to the destruction or even collapse of buildings. The selection of a suitable earthquake-resistant structure is crucial and may include steel structures, reinforced concrete structures, high-performance concrete structures and other composite structures with high strength and toughness, etc. Using the advantages of steel construction and high-performance concrete wall panel construction to form a combined system of earthquake-resistant steel frame structures and finished concrete wall panels can effectively improve the seismic characteristics of the structure. This article proposes a study of a steel frame structure bounded by concrete wall panels, and its seismic characteristics as well as a creation of an improved models of finite element analysis of eight structures under horizontal low cyclic reciprocating loads.

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Volume: Issue: 6

Article: Biological Deterioration and Conservation of Archaeological Wood: A Review

Salim Abubakar, Xinyou Liu, Xianqing Xiong
Vol 6, Issue 6; June 2023
North American Academic Research, 6(6) 133-147 June 2023, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8106396

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Abstract: The strength and longevity of wooden materials can be significantly reduced by natural processes such as biological degradation. Various biological agents such as fungi, bacteria, and insects trigger this process by attacking and destroying wood, causing decay, discoloration, and warping. Given the economic importance of wood and its susceptibility to biological degradation, wood preservation techniques need to be addressed by better understanding these biological forces. Beetles and termites are typical wooden insects that can seriously damage wooden structures. Mold formation can cause visual and health problems, and moisture ingress can also cause wood rot. Research to minimize wood biological degradation focuses on understanding the mechanisms of microbial degradation and de-veloping preservation techniques that can halt or slow the decay process. It is important to take a coordinated and planned approach to wood conservation in general, even though there is little information specifically available on the best ways to preserve wood that has been biologically harmed by insects. it is important to consider alternative protection methods based on natural products with little or no toxicity, as well as coordinated and planned efforts for wood conservation in general. The purpose of this article is to provide a general overview of wood biological degradation, including the many biological agents involved, their degradation mechanisms, and methods used to slow or stop the degradation of wood products. The assessment also highlights the economic value of timber and the need for conservation techniques to maintain its longevity and structural integrity.

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Volume: Issue: 6

Article: Exploring Anxiety Levels in English Speaking Skills Acquisition among 6th Class Students as Second Language Learners: A Case Study of Shah Latif High School, Pakistan

Sadaf, Dr. Nurhayati, M.Hum.
Vol 6, Issue 6; June 2023
North American Academic Research, 6(6) 168-161 June 2023, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8110736

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Abstract: The primary objective of this study is to investigate the underlying causes of anxiety experienced by sixth-grade students while acquiring English as a second language at the elementary level. A combination of qualitative and quantitative research methods was employed, utilizing the Foreign Language Classroom Anxiety Scale (FLCAS) instrument developed by Horwitz (1986), along with a case study approach. The study encompassed a population of 30 female and 20 male students, as well as two teachers from Shah Latif School. The findings of the study revealed a significant level of anxiety among students when it came to speaking English. Out of the total 42 students, all exhibited a high level of anxiety. The factors contributing to this anxiety can be categorized into three main aspects: fear of failure, test anxiety, communication apprehension, and fear of negative evaluation. These factors have a profound impact on students' confidence, performance, and participation. To promote a balanced learning environment, it is imperative for the administration, staff, and teachers to collaborate and implement a variety of techniques, strategies, and skills that alleviate anxiety among students. By doing so, the goal is to create a supportive atmosphere that enables all students to feel at ease.

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Volume: Issue: 6

Article: Research on the International Competitiveness of Thailand's Tourism Service Trade—Based on Comparative with Malaysia and Singapore in the Chinese Market Trade Services

KETNAPA PROMSONG
Vol 6, Issue 6; June 2023
North American Academic Research, 6(6) 92-103 June 2023, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8079495

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Abstract: This article is based on the theory of absolute advantage, comparative advantage, and competitive advantage theory of the industry's international competitiveness theory, this article uses a combination of qualitative and quantitative, empirical analysis and comparative analysis to analyze the tourism services of Singapore and Malaysia from the di-mension of inbound tourism. The status quo of trade development, and a comparative analysis of the current state of tourism services in Singapore and Singapore from the number of tourists and income in Singapore and Thailand.

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Volume: Issue: 6

Article: Exploring the Moderating Effects of Foreign Direct Investment and Energy Degradation on Carbon Emissions in the BRICS Countries: An Empirical Analysis

Muhammad Hussnain, Guangqian Ren, Muhammad Burhan Ashraf, Yang Hua
Vol 6, Issue 6; June 2023
North American Academic Research, 6(6) 104-119 June 2023, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8089529

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Abstract: This study aims to investigate the relationship between foreign direct investment (FDI), energy usage, and carbon emissions in the BRICS countries. The research has hypothesized that there is a positive relationship between FDI and carbon emissions, as well as between energy usage and carbon emissions. Additionally, the research has also hypothesized that FDI moderates the relationship between carbon emissions and economic growth, while energy usage moderates the relationship between carbon emissions and economic growth. The data has been collected using online databases readily available within the required period of time. The dependent variable in this research was carbon emission while the independent variables were FDI and energy usage. Nevertheless, some other variables, such as GDP and population, were also factored in the analysis to increase the effectiveness of the study. The research has employed quantitative data analysis method to analyze the research hypothesis. Using correlation and multiple regression analysis, it was found that both FDI and energy usage have a positive relationship with carbon emissions. However, there was not enough evidence to suggest that FDI and energy usage significantly moderate the relation-ship between carbon emissions and economic growth in the BRICS countries. These findings have important impli-cations for policymakers as we as future researchers in the BRICS countries who seek to balance economic growth with sustainable development.

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Volume: Issue: 6

Article: Enhancing Cyber Threat Detection and Response with Machine Learning: A Comparative Analysis of ML Techniques for Real-Time Monitoring and Incident Response

Kinjol Saha, Sudipto Roy Pritom
Vol 6, Issue 6; June 2023
North American Academic Research, 6(6) 63-91 June 2023, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8060932

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Abstract: Organizations struggle to recognise and respond to cyber attacks effectively because of their sophistication and frequency, which are both rising. The dynamic nature of contemporary cyber threats is proving difficult to combat with traditional security measures and rule-based systems. The use of machine learning (ML) approaches to improve cyber threat detection and response capabilities is explored in this research article. In the context of cyber security, it gives a comparative examination of various ML algorithms and models used for real-time monitoring and incident response. For the purpose of detecting cyber threats, the study examines the efficacy of supervised learning, unsupervised learning, reinforcement learning, and deep learning techniques. Additionally, it looks at how to leverage ML-based incident response systems, including automated response actions, threat intelligence integration, and event detection and classification.

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Volume: Issue: 6

Article: First-principles Study in the Electronic Structure of Carbon-doped Hexagonal Boron Nitride

Altaf Mujear, Li Hui, Yang Zhi, Wang Zhu
Vol 6, Issue 6; June 2023
North American Academic Research, 6(6) 46-56 June 2023, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8049383

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Abstract: Identifying the defects reveals vital information about the electrical and physical properties of the materials. It might be difficult to define defects in h-BN due to its intricate microstructure. Therefore, the peculiarities of the h-BN defects must be addressed. Impurities are anticipated to be a major factor in defect chemistry because of the high formation energies of native point defects. In this paper, we have studied the structural and electronic properties of carbon impurity defects in h-BN by first-principles calculations based on the generalized gradient approximation method in the density functional theory (DFT).

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Volume: Issue: 5

Article: A Bacteria-Resistant Finish on Cellulose Fabric

Suraiya Sultana, Tahmina Jahan
Vol 6, Issue 5; May 2023
North American Academic Research, 6(5) 201-222 May 2023, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8051480

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Abstract: When using fibers that naturally possess antibacterial qualities or have been treated to do so, fabric quality and strength are a concern. Innovative antibacterial fabrics have been produced by the textile industry to satisfy the need for personal protection against disease spread and improved cleanliness in the society. Attaching biocidal or bacteriostatic groups to the fabric surface has been the method used. Samples of the antimicrobial-treated cotton substrate were subjected to multiple items of washing before being tested in accordance with the textile evaluation for antibacterial activity standard (GB/T20944.1-2007). 100% plain-dyed cotton fabrics were pad-dried after being treated with various concentrations of a chemical agent based on RUKO BAC MED to achieve antibacterial efficacy. Escherichia coli and staphylococcus aureus are the two types of bacteria employed. Additionally, after washing, the treated fabric's durability and antibacterial activity efficacy will be assessed. Examine the chemical molecule homogeneity on the surface of the fiber using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and compare to untreated cloth. Using a scanning electron microscope, cotton fabric was utilized to examine the surface morphology of both the untreated and RUKO BAC MED treated fabrics by using Scanning Electron Microscope.

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Volume: Issue: 6

Article: A Study of the Aesthetics of Translation Using Functional Equivalence Theory

Nasiba Atabaeva
Vol 6, Issue 6; June 2023
North American Academic Research, 6(6) 57-62 June 2023, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8051117

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Abstract: Functional equivalence theory is a dynamic equivalence theory that emphasizes the expression and mean-ing of the source language, with meaning being more important than form. Long-term aesthetic requirements for translation can be divided into three types of progressive beauty: beauty in form and sound, beauty in structure, and beauty in meaning. The meaning comes first, followed by the sound and form. The focus of this article is the com-parison of theory and aesthetics, or the exploration of aesthetics based on theory, to investigate the unique application of its theory to the aesthetics of translation, compare its differences from general translation, where beauty lies, and how to resonate with both source and target language readers.

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Volume: Issue: 5

Article: Negotiating Gender Inequality: A Semiotic Analysis of Pakistani Cartoons and Illustrations

Ms, Noor Fatima Shah, Ms Shamshad Junejo
Vol 6, Issue 5; May 2023
North American Academic Research, 6(5) 182-186 May 2023, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8044611

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Abstract: This study aims to analyze the Pakistani cartoons and Illustrations that represent gender inequality. This study follows qualitative research methodology. For the analysis of cartoons and illustrations, the Semiotic model by Roland Barthes has been used.

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Volume: Issue: 6

Article: The Update in the Treatments of Surgical Wound Healing: An Overview

Muhammad Usman Amin, Wu Xiangwei, ZHANG Hongwei
Vol 6, Issue 6; June 2023
North American Academic Research, 6(6) 32-45 June 2023, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8049224

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Abstract: Surgical wound healing is an intricate and complex biological process influenced by various factors. The advent of novel technologies and therapeutic approaches has revolutionized the management of surgical wounds, leading to improved outcomes and reduced morbidity. This review paper aims to study the recent advancements in the treatment of surgical wound healing. The fundamental stages of wound healing, including hemostasis, inflam-mation, proliferation, and remodeling, highlighting the underlying cellular and molecular mechanisms involved. Traditional methods that were used for wound care are sutures, staples, and adhesive agents. Subsequently, the review delves into the emerging techniques and therapies that have shown promising results in promoting surgical wound healing. These include the use of advanced dressings, such as hydrogels, foams, and films, which provide an optimal wound environment for tissue regeneration. Additionally, the application of growth factors, such as platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) and epidermal growth factor (EGF), and stem cell therapies have demonstrated their potential in accelerating wound closure and enhancing tissue regeneration. Furthermore, role of bioengineered skin substitutes, hyperbaric oxygen therapy, low level laser therapy and negative pressure wound therapy in the man-agement of complex wounds. These innovative approaches have paved the way for personalized wound care and wound repair and regeneration. The paper also addresses the importance of infection control in surgical wound healing and highlights the advancements in antimicrobial strategies, including the use of antibacterial agents, nano-particles, and photodynamic therapy. This comprehensive study provides a valuable update on the evolving land-scape of treatments for surgical wound healing. By highlighting the recent advancements and novel therapeutic ap-proaches, it aims to guide healthcare professionals in making informed decisions regarding the management of sur-gical wounds, ultimately improving patient outcomes and quality of life.

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Volume: Issue: 6

Article: A Comprehensive Review of Blade Battery Technology for the Vehicle Industry

Rifath Bin Hossain, Shekh Mohammad Nazmul Sakib, MD Fazle Rabbi, Sahidul Islam, Promananda Roy, Sakib Hasan
Vol 6, Issue 6; June 2023
North American Academic Research, 6(6) 1-20 June 2023, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8049205

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Abstract: The rapid growth of the electric vehicle (EV) industry has necessitated advancements in battery technology to enhance vehicle performance, safety, and overall driving experience. The blade battery, developed by BYD, has emerged as a promising innovation in the field. This review paper provides a comprehensive overview of blade battery technology, covering its design, structure, working principles, advantages, challenges, and potential implica-tions for the vehicle industry. The paper synthesizes existing research, technical reports, and industry developments to present a balanced assessment of the blade battery's potential to revolutionize the EV market.

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Volume: Issue: 5

Article: Measuring the Impact of Industrial Production, and Foreign Direct Investment on CO2 Emissions: An Evidence from Pakistan

Muhammad Burhan Ashraf, Liu Xiao Ying, Muhammad Hussnain, Yang Hua
Vol 6, Issue 5; May 2023
North American Academic Research, 6(5) 187-200 May 2023, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8049235

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Abstract: Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) is a phrase that promotes business awareness over the whole territory of the parent nation. Given that (FDI) aids recipient nations in developing and establishing better circumstances, it is confusing. Pakistan falls behind in enhancing mechanical organization as an agrarian economy. Small and medium-sized businesses, particularly those in the material management industry, significantly impact Pakistan's economy. Unusual steps like (FDI) and industry respect expansion are needed for an immense-scope economy to continue. Rich countries' careful planning for upgrades and the overall reduction of CO2 emissions have done more harm than good. The predicted relationship between a few signs of common contamination and per-capita income is repre-sented by the natural Kuznets curve (EKC). It is possible to trace the rise in per capita income to (FDI) and modern advancement. Supporters of globalization consider it advantageous for the underprivileged, while critics point out its unforeseen adverse effects. The development of the financial system benefits from foreign direct investment (FDI). This situation will assist countries in acquiring outstanding inventions for the creation process and enhancing it fur-ther by taking advantage of the effects of the combination. Because they collaborate with other countries to get less polluting industrial processes, countries with tight environmental regulations incur somewhat higher creation costs. Since Pakistan is also attractive to international investors, a study is being done to examine the impacts of (FDI) on CO2 outflow.

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Volume: Issue: 5

Article: Kenya's Economic Development since 2000: The Role of China's Economic Engagement

Miarintsoa Andriamanarivo Tatiana
Vol 6, Issue 5; May 2023
North American Academic Research, 6(5) 141-160 May 2023, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8010514

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Abstract: Over the past two decades, China-Africa economic relations have developed considerably since the establishment of the first forum on China-Africa Cooperation (FOCAC) in 2000. Both need each other in terms of trade whilst for Kenya Chinese economic development assistance comes without any conditions. Moreover, China’s Belt and Road (BRI) has been billed as the single most significant undertaking by the country on the international stage. China’s extensive economic engagement in Kenya, especially through its flagship BRI projects, raises important questions with respect to its contribution to Kenyan economic development. This article therefore analyses the economic development implications for Kenya of China’s economic engagement, over the last two decades, with a specific focus upon infrastructural investment as the main instrument of Kenyan economic development. Infrastructure development theory is used in this paper, since it is a theory of long-run development based on public infrastructure as the engine of growth. Therefore, this paper evaluates the development implications for Kenya of its deepening economic engagement with China through a case study of multiple infrastructure projects by Chinese companies to improve Kenya’s transport system such as the Standard Gauge Railway (SGR). The principal conclusions of this article emphasize the importance of China's infrastructure investment as one of the major factors in Kenya's economic development since 2000, despite negative public perceptions and critiques. But, this paper also identifies policy lessons for other countries in East Africa in terms of the Chinese economic development model and the vital importance of infrastructural investment for national economic development.

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Volume: Issue: 5

Article: Comparison of the Error Rates of MNIST Datasets Using Different Type of Machine Learning Model

Md Suhel Rana, Md Humayun Kabir, Abdus Sobur
Vol 6, Issue 5; May 2023
North American Academic Research, 6(5) 173-181 May 2023, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8010602

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Abstract: The MNIST dataset is a popular benchmark dataset in the field of machine learning and computer vision. The dataset has a training set of 60,000 examples, and a test set of 10,000 examples where the digits have been centered inside 28x28 pixel images. The dataset is commonly used for image classification tasks, where the goal is to train a model to correctly identify the digit represented in each image. The MNIST dataset has been widely used in academic research, with many researchers using it to develop and test new machine learning algorithms. It has also been used in industry, with many companies using it to train and evaluate image recognition systems. The MNIST dataset is an important resource for the machine learning and computer vision communities and has played a significant role in the development of these fields. The MNIST dataset has the advantage of striking a good balance in terms of the scope of the issue. The photos are only available in 10 different classifications and are only 28x28 pixels in size. However, just because the images are small does not necessarily suggest that the data set's numbers do not have a significant amount of variation. It should come as no surprise that some of the digits are challenging for a human to accurately classify. The composite average of the class the classifier is most likely to choose is displayed after a selection of photos that are likely to be extremely challenging to identify with a classifier. These photographs are challenging because they remarkably resemble the typical (or another prevalent) image of another.

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Volume: Issue: 5

Article: Internally Displaced Persons in Sub-Saharan Africa: A Case Study of Malkohi Camp Nigeria (2009-2014)

Sambo Augustine Miriam
Vol 6, Issue 5; May 2023
North American Academic Research, 6(5) 161-172 May 2023, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8010552

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Abstract: This paper analyses Nigerian government interventions and policies to protect the human security of IDPs. These policies include providing IDPs with shelter, food, and nutritional assistance; access to clean water and health care; education for children who are victims of humanitarian crises; and protection for these vulnerable groups. It draws upon human security theory (HST) to assess the needs and challenges confronting IDPs in sub-Saharan Africa, it employs a case study approach, with a focus on the Malkohi (IDP) camp in Adamawa State, Nigeria, in the period 2009 to 2014. The paper concludes with findings on the challenges faced by IDPs in adjusting to life in the camp, which include coping with issues related to food, housing, health, safety, and other necessities. These were found to be the most significant challenges faced by IDPs. This paper examined how effective government policies have been able to meet the needs of IDPs, particularly the needs of women and children. The paper concludes that IDPs particularly women and children faced challenges adjusting to life in the camp. Secondly, the policy responses of the Nigerian government do not offer adequate solutions to the challenges faced by IDPs, especially for women and children.

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Volume: Issue: 5

Article: Bangladesh-China Bilateral Trade Relations: An Analysis of Current Trends

Syed Amdad Hosen, Zheng Liming
Vol 6, Issue 5; May 2023
North American Academic Research, 6(5) 125-140 May 2023, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7995389

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Abstract: Bangladesh-China relations have strengthened over recent decades due to financial, military, trade, and political ties. Relations between Bangladesh and China were originally established in 1976. Progressive leaders of the two countries have pledged to advance China-Bangladesh bilateral trade relations. The strengthening of China-Bang-ladesh relations and the promotion of trade relations and financial participation are the main interests of these two countries which help in the development of the people. Approved social events, correspondence, and concerted ef-forts and cooperation at the level of advanced government authorities were agreed upon. To develop Bangladesh-China bilateral trade relations, the administration empowered to redesign investments in the main assembly, the Joint Monetary and Exchange Board of Trustees, and the Joint Horticulture Council, including machinery and other Content. The various gatherings are trying to increase compensation, speculation, cultivation, transportation, and infrastructure development, depending on the basic bilateral trade between the two countries. The Belt and Road Initiative has contributed to the development of bilateral trade relations between the two countries. "Sister Cities" alliances have been established. This paper aims to analyze and explore current bilateral trade relations and trade agreements, investment, agriculture, transport, and infrastructure development. An exploration of bilateral relations between Bangladesh and China. This article attempts to reveal the current pattern of bilateral relations between Bang-ladesh and China. This research paper is based on a literature review and related data and analyzed in consultation with recent bilateral trade relations scholarship.

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Volume: Issue: 5

Article: 6Enhanced Intersection Particle Swarm Optimization (EIPSO) Algorithm and Image Processing Techniques for Lung Cancer Detection

Nwokedi kingsley Obumneme, Kangshun Li
Vol 6, Issue 5; May 2023
North American Academic Research, 6(5) 67-80 May 2023, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7967581

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Abstract: Image processing techniques are now broadly used in several medical sectors for primary identification and therapy phases. Pre-processing, extraction of features, and segmentation strategies like thresholding or K-means clustering are deliberated as part of the dispensation processes.. By using picture improvement and segmentation algorithms in MATLAB software, the goal is to obtain more accurate findings. CT used to detect lung cancer is one of the most accepted imaging techniques in medicine. We proposed a method for identifying lung cancer based on different pertinent techniques and picture segmentation, one of the intermediate phases in image processing.The goal is to create a quick image segmentation technique for medical imaging, which will decrease how frequently clinicians examine computer tomography (CT) scan images to look for lung cancer.. Large images formed by current medical imaging technologies are mainly difficult to estimate and improve manually. This is worrisome because of its importance in efficiently detecting and starting therapy effectively. Recent image processing techniques are very important to study as they are frequently used in a variety of medical issues. To extract the tumour from the lung picture in this study, we applied and assessed the performance of optimization techniques such as k-means clustering, the optimization of particle swarms, and the enhanced intersecting particle swarm optimization technique (EIPSO).. After reviewing the outcomes of the median, adaptive median, and average filters in the first preliminary step, it was determined that the adaptive median filter was the most suitable for usage with medical CT scans. Based on the outcomes of our studies, we concluded that our method was effective. The preprocessed image with good quality is susceptible to multiple algorithms in studies using 20 lung scans as samples, with the EIPSO technique having the best accuracy (96.19%).

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Volume: Issue: 5

Article: Application of Wet Fixation and Drying Treatment of cotton fabric with Reactive Dye and Find Out the Suitable Condition Based on L9 Control- Level Factors Design

Dipta Barua, Md. Iusuf Khan, Sattyajit Sikder, Avijit Dev, Rabaca Sultana, Taryqul Islam Aulve, Mehedi Hasan Ibhanraj, Tonmoy Palit
Vol 6, Issue 5; May 2023
North American Academic Research, 6(5) 99-124 May 2023, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7995061

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Abstract: The conventional dyeing process requires a substantial amount of auxiliaries and water, which leaches hazardous colored effluents to the environment. Herein, a newly developed sustainable spray dyeing system has been proposed for cotton fabric in the presence of reactive dyes, which has the potential to minimize the textile dyeing industries environmental impact in terms of water consumption and save significant energy. The results suggest that fresh dye solution can be mixed with an alkali solution before spray dyeing to avoid the reactive dye hydrolysis phenomenon. After that, color spray on the cotton knitted fabric by cold pad batch method. To find out the K/S value based on single factor analysis and L9 design analysis.

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Volume: Issue: 5

Article: Empirical Study on Perceived Value of Mongolian Resorts

Myagmarjargal Buyannemekh
Vol 6, Issue 5; May 2023
North American Academic Research, 6(5) 113-116, May 2023, doi: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7992628

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Abstract: Since the beginning of the 21st century, with the increasing development of the current economy and the continuous changes in people's consumption concepts, people have increasingly attached importance to the pursuit of spiritual and cultural pursuits, and various forms of leisure and entertainment have emerged. And more and more people are eager to travel to various places, especially in some grassland countries, bringing a new feeling to daily leisure through tourism. This study focuses on tourists who have stayed in a resort in Mongolia, using literature analysis, on-site interviews, and questionnaire surveys as the main research methods. Taking the perceived value of tourist resorts as the independent variable, and tourist satisfaction and behavioral intention as the dependent variables, this paper attempts to construct an impact mechanism model on the perceived value, tourist satisfaction, and behavioral intention of tourist resorts in the context of the vigorous development of tourism in resorts.

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Volume: Issue: 5

Article: Impact of Hot Spot on P-V Characteristics and Maximum Power Point Tracker Strategy: An in-depth Review

Kahuma Tshomba Joel
Vol 6, Issue 5; May 2023
North American Academic Research, 6(5) 90-98 May 2023, 10.5281/zenodo.7981410

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Abstract: Photovoltaic technology is receiving increasing attention due to its abundant nature, inexhaustible, easy to implement with low maintenance cost, whose use will reach 940 GW in 2021. The non-participation of mechanical or mobile components within it makes it still efficient and increasingly attractive. Faced with this dizzying growth, the health of photovoltaic modules must be a concern, as various failures can occur, of which nearly 50% of defects are hot spots. These faults can lead to changes in PV characteristics, and therefore maximum voltage. This can also change the maximum power available to the load and thus reduce the efficiency of photovoltaic energy production. In order to solve this problem that lies in minimizing these impacts, we review the hot spot fault, its equivalent model, and the operation and strategy of the maximum power point tracker in this specific case. Finally, it is clearly established that photovoltaic systems are extremely sensitive to the hot-spot fault, the use of a MPPT maximum power point tracker is an undeniable solution for improving the efficiency of photovoltaic systems.

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Volume: Issue: 5

Article: The Malian Crisis of 2012: Key Players to Better Understand the Crisis

Coulibaly Lassine
Vol 6, Issue 5; May 2023
North American Academic Research, 6(5) 81-89 May 2023, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7979628

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Abstract: The crisis in Mali emerged from a combination of internal rebellion and state breakdown, along with ex-ternal attacks, posing a significant threat to the country's unity, territorial integrity, and democratic traditions. The immediate cause of the crisis was the Tuareg revolt, driven by longstanding tensions with the Malian government, with the Tuaregs seeking autonomy in the Azawad region.

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Volume: Issue: 5

Article: Based on Natural Semantic Meta-Language (NSM) Theory an Analysis of “Marriage Cultural Lexicons” in the Urdu Language

Sarfaraz Ali, Mualimin, M.Hum
Vol 6, Issue 5; May 2023
North American Academic Research, 6(5) 45-50 May 2023, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7963576

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Abstract: This paper is aiming to analyze the Urdu marriage cultural lexicon through the perspective of Natural semantic Meta-language theory. The purpose of this work is to create a link between the Urdu language and other world Languages by exploring semantic primes in the Urdu marriage lexicon. Semantic primes are the fundamental thematic unites of natural Semantic Meta-language theory (NSM) which are universally empirical and share the same conceptual thought behind different linguistic realizations in different languages. This research has been carried out qualitatively by analyzing the relevant existing literature. This research has been carried out qualitatively by analyzing both the English and Urdu literature’s relevant books, journals, research articles and websites articles, in order to analyze the data, marriage cultural lexicons were taken from Urdu language while the Natural semantic meta-language was adopted a theoretical instrument for the research. Briefly, the paper has explored whether the linguistic items Urdu marriage lexicon are sharing the empirical concept or not. The result indicated that Urdu marriage lexicons are the symbols of native culture which is remarkable and specific from the rest of the world languages.

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Volume: Issue: 5

Article: Clinical Outcome and Safety of Cox-Maze IV Procedure for Atrial Fibrillation Associated with Congenital Heart Disease: A Case Report and Literature Review

Mbenkum Achiri Tardzenyuy, Cai Cheng, Wajeehullahi Akilu, Xiantao Ma, Yi Feng, Shiliang li
Vol 6, Issue 5; May 2023
North American Academic Research, 6(5) 61-66 May 2023, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7967550

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Abstract: Introduction: Atrial Fibrillation in adult patients presenting with congenital heart disease (ACHD) is the prime cause of morbidity and mortality. In this sub group of people, the majority of hospital admissions are caused by atrial fibrillation and according to some studies, it represents about 20-25% of late mortalities1. Because the need for further cardiac operations is frequent in ACHD, the Cox-maze IV procedure (CM4) performed together with other cardiac procedures has shown to be successful in the restoration of normal sinus rhythm (NSR). The aim of this case report is to evaluate the Maze operation's safety and early clinical outcomes in the treatment of symptomatic and medically recurrent AF and also assess the advantage and risks of concomitant congenital heart surgery (Atrial Septal defect ASD) with the Cox-Maze procedure. Case presentation: Presenting a 58 year old male with congenital atrial septal defect with associated atrial fibrillation who successfully underwent a COX MAZE 4 procedure with complete cessation of atrial fibrillation. The patient had no complications after surgery and was discharged 22 days post-operative. He underwent ASD closure and left atrial appendage (LAA) closure 3 years prior indicated for atrial fibrillation and stroke. Discussion: AF is frequently seen in patients with ASD, the high incidence of AF in patients with ASD is linked to chronic volume overload as a result of a left-to-right atrial shunt, resulting in geometrical and electrical remodeling of both upper chambers of the heart (atria) and the incidence of ASD-associated AF is also firmly related with age2. Although a standalone closure of ASD may lead to restoring of normal sinus rhythm, it is widely agreed upon that surgical intervention for AF should be performed on ASD closure, this is particularly so in elderly patients with chronic AF and enlarged right atrium2.

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Volume: Issue: 5

Article: Rail Surface Defect Detection and Location Based on Image Processing

Altantsetseg Davaakhuu, Dong Hua Jun
Vol 6, Issue 5; May 2023
North American Academic Research, 6(5) 21-25 May 2023, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7932621

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Abstract: In recent years, railways have become an important means of transportation for the country, bringing great convenience to the masses and promoting the economic development if the country. These rails play a crucial part in the train operating. The detection of rail surface defects is vital for high-speed rail maintenance and management. The CNN-based computer vision approach has been proved to be a strong detection tool widely used in various industrial scenarios. However, the CNN-based detection models are diverse from each other in performance, and most of them require sufficient training samples to achieve high detection performance. Selecting an appropriate model and tuning it with insufficient annotated rail defect images is time-consuming and tedious. With an aim of conquering the challenge, stimulated by ensemble learning which employs the multiple learning algorithms so as to obtain greater predictive performance, we create one ensemble framework for detecting the industrialized rail defect. As well as image augmentation operation, feature augmentation operation is adopted to deeply get the model more diverse at random. A shared feature pyramid network is adopted to reduce model parameters as well as com-putation cost. Experimental results substantiate that the approach out-performs single detecting architecture in our specified rail defect task. On the collected dataset with 8 defect classes, our algorithm achieves 7.4% higher mAP.5 compared with YOLOv5 and 2.8% higher mAP.5 compared with Faster R-CNN.

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Volume: Issue: 5

Article: A Step Forward to Harmonise Wireless Charging after the European Law on a Single Standard for Charging Devices

Liang Lok Hang, Wan Shui Ying, Muhammad Umar Dad
Vol 6, Issue 5; May 2023
North American Academic Research, 6(5) 26-44 May 2023, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7954726

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Abstract: This article will start off in the interest of the recent EU cable law and present a comprehensive study on the factors influencing short-range and long-range wireless power transmission (WPT) for efficient charging applications. The primary simulation tool employed will be COMSOL Multiphysics 6.1. In the context of short-range WPT, this research will analyse data on skin depth in relation to copper coil frequency and employ 2D plots to better visualise current density distribution in colour, this will also be aided by coil inductance and coil reactance values as frequency approaches infinity. Additionally, the impact of various frequency domains will be explored using 1D plot groups depicting current density and magnetic flux density. For the transmitter and receiver antenna networks, the study will consider factors such as rotation angle and air gap, which influence power transmission efficiency. To optimise the receiving antenna’s position and minimise power loss, 3D plots of electric field distribution and S-parameters (including S11 and S21 parameters) will also be utilised. The investigation will also be extended to longrange WPT by comparing the characteristics of different antenna types. Lastly, the article will emphasise the importance of adhering to safety regulations for large-scale WPT applications, focusing on the specific absorption rate (SAR).

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Volume: Issue: 5

Article: The Influence Of Work Environment on Employee Performance: The Mediating Role of Job Satisfaction at UBL Bank Chakwal City Main Branch

Ali Zain, Ngatno, Andi Wijayanto
Vol 6, Issue 5; May 2023
North American Academic Research, 6(5) 1-19 May 2023, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7967486

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Abstract: This research paper aimed to investigate the impact of the work environment on employee performance, with a spe-cific focus on the mediating role of job satisfaction. The study was conducted at the UBL Bank Chakwal City Main Branch, utilizing a sample of 70 respondents. Data collection involved the use of questionnaires and direct interviews, while data analysis employed SPSS, utilizing Path analysis and the Sobel test. The findings of this study demonstrate a significant influence of the work environment on both job satisfaction and employee performance. The Sobel test revealed partial mediation, indicating that job satisfaction partially mediates the relationship between the work envi-ronment and employee performance. Additionally, a significant indirect effect of the work environment on employee performance through job satisfaction was observed, although its magnitude was smaller than the direct impact of the work environment on employee performance. In conclusion, this study highlights the positive and significant effect of the work environment on employee performance, with job satisfaction playing a partial mediating role at the UBL Bank Chakwal City Main Branch.

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Volume: Issue: 5

Article: Application status and development trend of laser cutting technology in shipbuilding

Dr. Zhu HanHua, Mammetorazov Sahet, Niyazgeldiyev Mekan, Jumadurdyyeva Leyla
Vol 6, Issue 5; May 2023
North American Academic Research, 6(5) 56-60, May 2023, doi: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7922697

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Abstract: Laser cutting is a clean and efficient new technology under green and sustainable development's social and economic background. It has high precision cutting accuracy and the advantages of high cutting efficiency and small cutting heat impact. The incision is very smooth and beautiful, so it has an extensive range of applications in green ships and precision ship manufacturing and plays an important role and significance. Based on this, this paper further clarifies the essential characteristics and functions of laser cutting technology by expounding the definition and basic principles of laser cutting technology and analyzes and explores the application status of laser cutting technology in shipbuilding. The development trend of laser-cutting technology in shipbuilding has prospected. In order to promote the maximum efficiency of digital laser-cutting technology in the field of shipbuilding.

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Volume: Issue: 4

Article: Research on Development of Supply Chain with Lean Management in Tunisia

Ramzi Abbes, Firas Trabelsi, Riyadzh Mahmudh
Vol 6, Issue 4; April 2023
North American Academic Research, 6(4) 235-242, April 2023, doi: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7865420

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Abstract: Faced with the impact of domestic and international situations, the world supply chain has begun a huge transformation, which has had an impact on Tunisian enterprises. The increasingly scarce benefits and complex and ever-changing competitive situation make it urgent for Tunisian enterprises to seek innovative ideas in management and business methods. Lean management has become an effective method to promote enterprise growth. How to use lean management to empower the efficient operation of its supply chain has become a topic that enterprises must face

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Volume: Issue: 4

Article: A Genetic Algorithm-Based Optimum Model for Belt Conveyor Energy Savings

Md Jahidullah Mijan, Ren zhi-ling
Vol 6, Issue 4; April 2023
North American Academic Research, 6(4) 155-162 April 2023, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7871953

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Abstract: This paper proposes to use the time-of-use electricity price as a limit and the genetic algorithm to optimize the energy consumption and electricity cost globally in order to find the optimal coal flow and operating speed in different electricity tariffs, thereby reducing the high energy consumption and electricity cost of the current belt con-veyor operation mode. First, the dynamic model and energy consumption model of the belt conveyor are established, and the outcomes demonstrate that more than 30% savings in energy consumption and power cost are impossibly achieved by the optimization of transportation strategies using an intelligent evolutionary algorithm, which also has social and economic advantages.

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Volume: Issue: 4

Article: The Influence of Digital Economy on Russian International Trade

Kim Ekaterina, Liu Xia
Vol 6, Issue 4; April 2023
North American Academic Research, 6(4) 146-154 April 2023, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7871896

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Abstract: The digital economy is rapidly changing the global commercial environment, with serious consequences for countries all over the world, including Russia which plays a prominent role and is considered one of the world's largest economies in international trade, due to the enormous economic and political changes that it has gone through in the past few decades. Quantitative examination of trade data and industry reports were conducted for this paper. The study examines the effect of digital technology on Russia's foreign trade from 2000 to 2020. Empirical evidence suggests that digital tech-nologies have a positive impact on Russia's international trade. According to the gravity model, internet usage, ICT exports, and R&D investments have a positive and significant impact on bilateral trade flow between Russia and its trading partners. Findings suggests that the digital economy is becoming an essential driver of Russian foreign trade, notably in in-dustries like e-commerce, finance, and logistics. Digital platforms enable Russian enterprises to expand their reach and enter new markets, while facilitating cross-border trade and lowering transaction costs, increasing competitive-ness, and promoting innovation, thereby facilitating the growth of Russia's international trade. The Russian govern-ment has recognized the importance of the digital economy and has taken steps to support its development.

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Volume: Issue: 4

Article: Strategic Relations between the United States and Russia: A Review of Global Challenges and Opportunities

Md. Morshedul Alam
Vol 6, Issue 4; April 2023
North American Academic Research, 6(4) 131-145 April 2023, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7868603

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Abstract: This research investigates the origins, dynamics, and current state of strategic ties that have existed between the United States and Russia ever since the end of the Cold War. The paper examines the theoretical element of the topic, which is the influence of mutual internal compulsions, differing foreign policies, and decision-making proce-dures of both nations when they were under different Administrations. An investigation of the threats posed to the peace and order of Asia by the proliferation of nuclear weapons and to the multi-polar global order by the state of ties between the United States and Russia is carried out. The primary purpose of this research is to understand the dynamics of the strategic relationship between the United States and Russia in light of the multi-polar world and to investigate the extent to which both nations have successfully maintained a peaceful and secure world order. An analysis of the funds needed to build up Russia's strategic nuclear forces shows that spending at the same level and cutting the arsenal down to 1500 warheads will keep the country's deterrent power for the next 10–15 years. However, at this level of spending, it will not be able to change the strategic direction of the US or keep Washington interested in keeping the arms control talks going.

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Volume: Issue: 4

Article: Assessing the Impact of ICT and Its Antecedence on Innovation among Tea Farmers in Rwanda

Guillaume Niyontezeho, James Ngabo
Vol 6, Issue 4; April 2023
North American Academic Research, 6(4) April 2023, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7838886

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Abstract: IT improves agriculture. Rural Rwandan tea producers lack high-tech information. Urban-rural balance is large. ICTs have increasingly been linked to cutting-edge services for data management and number crunching, GIS applications, knowledge-based systems, robots, and better agricultural machinery and processes, as the sector has to innovate and the government promotes off-farm jobs. Linking diverse innovation communities—local, subsectoral, or national—has been neglected. ICTs as "collectors," "analyzers," "sharers," and "disseminators" improve agriculture interventions in poor nations. Affordable smartphone apps help farmers capitalise on marketplaces, adjust to unfavourable agricultural conditions, and communicate with public service agents. Agriculture needs innovation systems. Innovation improves global productivity, competitiveness, and economic growth. Creativity boosts society, wealth, and poverty. Networks, associations, extension services, ICT, and other enablers and bridges can coordinate innovation. ICTs allow researchers, disseminators, users, and network partners to engage and share knowledge. This study employs applicable ideas to identify the main difficulties affecting Rwanda's agricultural tea sector. We evaluated a structural model to identify key factors impacting tea cultivation efficiency and their relationship to promote sustainability. Rwanda's western province's 20–50-year-old farmers, wholesalers, distributors, and exporters take a regular survey. Covariance-based structural equation modelling We study tea farmers' creativity. IT market orientation improves agricultural innovation. 2) ICT and agriculture funding impact innovation. ICT-enhanced agricultural extension boosts innovation to a lesser level. The research links ICT to market orientation, agriculture finance, and innovation. They believe ICT enhanced agricultural innovation. The research proposes Rwandan agricultural tea cultivation business countermeasures based on industrialised nation tea advancements and Rwandan conditions.

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Volume: Issue: 3

Article: Sex Differentials in Occurrence of Arsenicosis and Its Complications

Most Rozina Begom, Baby Kirttania, Tahmina Sadeka, Dr Asiya Ferdous, Abul kalam, Dr Sk Akhtar Ahmad, Dr. Nawzia Yasmin, Dr. Mahmud Hossain Faruquee
Vol 6, Issue 3; March 2023
North American Academic Research, 6(3) 186-196 March 2023, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7846664

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Abstract: This cross-sectional study aimed to identify sex differentials in the occurrence of arsenicosis and its complications, with particular reference to women in Aliabad Union of Faridpur Sadar Upazilla of Faridpur, an arsenic-affected district in Bangladesh during November 2019-april 2020. Data were collected from 256 respondents among them 60.9% (n=156) were females and 100 males in age group of less than 30 and more than or above 51 years of age. Most of the respondents (89.8%, n=230) were married, belong to joint family type (74.6%, n=191). Majority of the respondents 41.8%(n=107) had primary level of education and most of the respondents 40.6%(104) family income were into 5-10 thousand. Most of the respondents 44.1%(n=113) were use shallow tube-well and also arsenic removal filter as their current water source. The common features of arsenicosis were identified as melanosis, keratosis and leukomelanosis and Most patients were found in the mild or moderate stage of the disease, Among them only 4.7%(n=12) patients had ankle oedema and 7%(n=18) had ulcer and only 1.2% had Bowens disease as complications of arsenicosis . The female patients were found statistically significant in association with clinical features of arsenicosis melanosis (chi2=21.76, P=0.001) P<0.05, keratosis (chi2=40.57, P=0.001) P<0.05. The complications of arsenicosis were found statistically significant (chi2=2.24, P=0.524) in association with females(p<.05). It was statistically revealed that females (60.9%) are more sufferer than male. However, there were not found any statistical association between age and arsenicosis.

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Volume: Issue: 4

Article: The Contributions of Ghana's Minerals Resources to the Global Economy: Using Bauxite as a Case Study

Anamor Samuel Kofi, Ahiahonu Desmond Senanu Loveridge, Agyemang Obed, Nkansah Benjamin Oduro, Agyemang David, Targbwe Rapheka Yah
Vol 6, Issue 4; April 2023
North American Academic Research, 6(4) 71-86 April 2023, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7838776

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Abstract: Empirical research shows that most African countries (for example, Ghana) are rich in natural resources and contribute their resources to the economic growth and development of the global economy. Ghana has valuable, semi-valuable, and industrial mineral resources—ideal geological and metallogenic conditions, policy orientation, and social and macroeconomic stability. Furthermore, the correlation analysis method combines information gath-ered from literary works with the co-authors' questions, the Supreme Court, administrative records, printed and digital sources discoveries on the factors and conditions of the mining process in the country. Which characterizes the intensity of mining production—calculating the correlation between each annual output based on the mining variables using several countries and mining communities' factors that were determined and utilized as the compar-ison sequence. Ghana's impact on the global bauxite mining industry cannot be overstated, given that the West Afri-can nation possesses some of the world's largest reserves of this restorative material. Ghana has significantly im-pacted the extraction, refining, and utilization of bauxite globally. According to the study's findings, Ghana's mining operations for bauxite and other minerals are predominantly concentrated in the Ashanti, Western, Northern, East-ern, and Central regions, with the Brong-Ahafo region used as the study's focus on the global economy. The research also investigates Ghana's ability to attract investors to utilize these abundant resources for world production and the potential implications of bauxite mining on a global scale. Adopting measures and technical solutions have been presented to decrease the effects of illegal mining on the Environment's damage and health risks in the mining zones.

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Volume: Issue: 4

Article: Impact of Spatio-Temporal Land Cover Changes on Land Surface Temperature over Dormaa from 1990-2020

Abraham Okrah, Nana Agyemang Prempeh, Caleb Mensah, Robert John-son, Naomi Kumi, Frederick Otu-Larbi and Richard Kyere-Boateng
Vol 6, Issue 4; April 2023
North American Academic Research, 6(4) 87-104 April 2023, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7838837

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Abstract: Land surface temperature (LST) and surface air temperature (SAT) are important environmental variables that describe the temperature of the Earth's surface as measured by satellite sensors or ground-based instruments. Changes in land cover, such as deforestation, urbanization, and agriculture, can have a significant impact on LST, as they alter the surface energy balance and affect the amount of solar radiation that is absorbed or reflected by the land surface. The effects of increased LST are often complex and depend on a range of factors, including the specific loca-tion, the type and intensity of urbanization, and the surrounding natural environment. However, it is clear that high LSTs and SAT can have a range of negative impacts on both natural and built environments, and that efforts to reduce LSTs can have significant benefits for human health, the environment, and the economy. This study examines the impact of spatio-temporal land cover changes (built-ups) on land surface temperature (LST) over Dormaa from 1990-2020. Using the Mann-Kendall trend test, remote sensing data, and GIS techniques, we analyse the relationship be-tween land cover changes and LST at the local scale, taking into account factors such as vegetation cover, land use patterns, and weather conditions. The analysis of LULCC, LST, and SAT with their corresponding percentage annual rate of change showed a deterministic factor R=0.89, with a significant F-change of 0.014 at a 95% confidence interval of their difference. The results provide strong evidence that the increase in LST and SAT across the years over the Dormaa area correlated with the significant changes in land cover as observed from 1990 – 2020. The most significant land cover changes were observed within the Dormaa Municipal, which also recorded the highest LST and SAT anomaly change of 0.091°C compared to the other districts. The results further showed that the rapid urbanization that occurred between 2000-2020 in the Dormaa Municipal was the primary cause of the observed increase in LST and SAT.

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Volume: Issue: 4

Article: Analysis of Variable Crankshaft Geometries for a 6 Cylinder IC Engine

QI KUN-PENG, HASSAN ALI, CHEN CHAO-FAN
Vol 6, Issue 4; April 2023
North American Academic Research, 6(4) 65-70 April 2023, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7838564

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Abstract: Using FEM analysis software, the purpose of this research project was to examine several crankshaft shapes applicable to an internal combustion engine with six cylinders. The primary objectives of the study were to determine the maximum loading that could be placed on the piston and the crankshaft rotations that correspond to that loading, as well as to investigate the stress distribution and factor of safety for various crankshaft diameters. The model was created with the help of the software CATIA, and it was examined with the help of the software ANSYS FEM analysis. According to the findings, the gas pressure that was present during the power stroke was the factor that had the most significant impact on the crankshaft. This led to a downward bending of the crankpin in the area that included the lubrication holes. According to the findings, the geometry with a crankshaft diameter of 50 milli-meters, crankpin diameter of 42 millimeters, and crank web thickness of 13.5 millimeters had the lowest stress val-ues and the highest factor of safety of 1.92 when subjected to heavy loading circumstances.

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Volume: Issue: 4

Article: The Impact of Automotive Trade on the Development of the Automotive Industry in Morocco.

WALID HAMDA
Vol 6, Issue 4; April 2023
North American Academic Research, 6(4) 23-35 April 2023, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7818694

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Abstract: This paper examines the impact of the automotive trade on the development of the automotive industry in Morocco from 2000 to 2020. The study's main objective is to investigate the causal relationship between the automotive trade and the development of the automotive industry in Morocco, with a specific focus on the MULTIPLE REGRESSION MODEL. The research methodology used a quantitative approach, incorporating secondary data sources such as the world bank, the Ministry of Industry and Trade of Morocco, and the High Commission for the Plan of Morocco. The MULTIPLE REGRESSION model was utilized to estimate the effects of automotive trade on the development of the automotive industry in Morocco. The study's findings suggest that there is a positive relationship between the automotive trade and the development of the automotive industry in Morocco. Specifically, an increase in automotive trade (FDI and LABOR and GDP) leads to a rise in Value Add, which enhances the competitiveness of the Moroccan automotive industry. Furthermore, the research highlights the role of government policies and the importance of trade agreements in stimulating the growth of the automotive industry in Morocco. The research findings contribute significantly to the literature on the impact of trade on the industry’s development, particularly in the context of the automotive industry. The empirical evidence gathered in this study offers valuable insights for policymakers looking to promote the development of the automotive industry in Morocco. Additionally, the multiple regression model utilized in this research provides a robust methodological approach for analyzing the causal relationship between the automotive trade and the development of the automotive industry. Overall, this paper provides a comprehensive analysis of the impact of the automotive trade on the development of the automotive industry in Morocco, contributing to the broader literature on trade and economic development.

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Volume: Issue: 4

Article: Assessing the Quality of Aviation Ground Logistics Services: A Case Study of Buyantukha Airport in Mongolia

Badraljargal Bayarchuluun, Jiang Yan
Vol 6, Issue 4; April 2023
North American Academic Research, 6(4) 132-138, April 2023, doi: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7834374

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Abstract: With the rapid development of the global economy and the acceleration of globalization, Mongolia's air logistics industry has brought considerable economic benefits to the economic market. However, at present, Mongolia's air logistics industry is still in a vigorous development stage, and the logistics service quality assessment lacks mature theoretical system support. Although the market is lucrative, how to regulate and improve the quality of logistics services has encountered many difficulties. By analyzing the actual situation of Mongolia's international aviation airport, this paper discusses its advantages and shortcomings in air logistics services, and provides reference experience and practices for the development of service quality in Mongolia.

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Volume: Issue: 4

Article: The Impact of Trade between Morocco and China on the Growth of the Moroccan Economy

Naimi Housame, Wang Jian Feng
Vol 6, Issue 4; April 2023
North American Academic Research, 6(4) 54-64 April 2023, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7826379

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Abstract: This paper examines the impact of the Sino-Moroccan trade on the Moroccan economy during the period of 1993-2020 using the autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL). The study uses GDP Per Capita as an indicator of economic growth, and 6 independent variables which are: Moroccan Imports from China, Moroccan Exports to China, Labor force, Gross Capital Formation, Inflation and Reel Effective Exchange Rate. The results indicate that gross capital formation has a positive and significant effect on GDP per capita, whereas inflation has a negative and significant effect. Reel effective exchange rate and Morocco's exports to China both have positive and significant impacts on GDP per capita, whereas imports from China and labor force have positive relationships but insignificant effects on the dependent variable. Specifically, a 1% change in gross capital formation causes a 0.23% increase in GDP per capita, and a 1% increase in inflation leads to a 1.81% decrease in GDP per capita, also a 1% increase in Morocco's exports to China results in a 0.03% increase in GDP per capita. The Morocco imports from China and Labor force have positive relationship but still insignificant effect on the dependent variable.

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Volume: Issue: 4

Article: Improving Railway Safety with AI: Detecting Defective Fasteners using Deep Learning

Otgonbaatar Davaakhuu, Altantsetseg Davaakhuu
Vol 6, Issue 4; April 2023
North American Academic Research, 6(4) 36-43 April 2023, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7826303

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Abstract: Railway track inspection is a vital task to ensure safe and efficient train travel. However, traditional inspection methods require people to walk along the tracks and look for issues, which is time-consuming and exhausting. To address this, we created a new system that uses a camera installed under a train to take pictures of the tracks automatically. Then, we applied advanced computer methods like YOLO (You Only Look Once), SSD (Single Shot MultiBox Detector), and ResNet50 (Residual Network50) to analyze the images and identify any areas that need fixing. ResNet50 is a type of computer network that can recognize patterns in pictures, and we used it to enhance the performance of the other two methods. Our system achieved an average detection rate of 99%, meaning that it can identify track anomalies as accurately as a human operator but much faster. This new system has several benefits over traditional methods, such as increasing efficiency and accuracy, minimizing human involvement, and reducing operational costs. By improving safety and reducing the risk of accidents, this technology has the potential to revolutionize the railway maintenance industry. In summary, our study presents a new automated technique for detecting rail anomalies using computer vision and deep learning-based methods. This technology can help make train travel safer and more efficient, ultimately benefiting both passengers and railway companies.

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Volume: Issue: 4

Article: Examining the Impact of Ethical Leadership in Unions on Employee Pro-Organizational Behavior: A Study on the Relationship with Unethical Conduct

Abdullah Burhani, Qais Tawheed, Shekib halimi
Vol 6, Issue 4; April 2023
North American Academic Research, 6(4) 44-53 April 2023, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7813893

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Abstract: Unethical pro-organizational behavior (UPB) is a topic of significant interest in leadership research. This paper introduces trade union moral leadership as a novel antecedent variable of employee UPB and examines its moderating effect on the relationship between corporate moral leadership and employee UPB, based on the concept of "dual organizational moral situation-employee behavior." The study surveyed 211 enterprise trade union members and found that: one There is an inverted U-shaped relationship between corporate moral leadership and employee UPB, with trade union moral leadership having an additional inhibitory effect; two Trade union moral leadership has a negative buffering effect on the curve relationship between corporate moral leadership and employee UPB. As the level of trade union moral leadership increases, the negative impact of corporate moral leadership on UPB weakens; three Trade union moral leadership has a positive moderating effect on the curve relationship between corporate moral leadership and employee UPB. As the level of trade union moral leadership increases, the curve between corporate moral leadership and employee UPB reverses to a diminishing marginal trend. These findings not only contribute to research on factors that can inhibit UPB but also provide practical guidance for enterprises to improve moral leadership management and avoid moral hazard.

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Volume: Issue: 4

Article: A Robust Direct Torque and Flux Based Design Twisting Mode Control for SRM Control

Hicham Guediri, Zhang Hongjuan
Vol 6, Issue 4; April 2023
North American Academic Research, 6(4) 11-22 April 2023, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6595705

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Abstract: The switched reluctance motor (SRM) has many exceptional qualities. How to manage the torque ripple, however, to expand its use and popularity, is a hot topic in academia. The switched reluctance motor's conventional direct torque control (DTC) using PI can somewhat reduce the torque ripple, but its control is quite constrained. Significant overshoot and inadequate robustness are additional problems. In this paper, the Twisting Mode Direct Torque Controller and a few improvements are added to our DTC are used to control the SRM. Finally, the theory was modeled and validated using MATLAB/Simulink. The findings show that the switched reluctance motor's DTC based on sliding mode control successfully improves the system's control performance, reduces torque ripple, and satisfies control requirements when compared to the Classic direct torque control.

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Volume: Issue: 4

Article: Sloshing Assessment and Development of Small Scale LNG Carrier Containment System

Niyazgeldiyev Mekan, Mammetorazov Sahet, Zhu Han Hua
Vol 6, Issue 4; April 2023
North American Academic Research, 6(4) 1-11, April 2023, doi: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7811196

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Abstract: This study explores the sloshing phenomena that occur when transporting Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) in membrane tank LNG carriers. The sloshing phenomenon becomes more important as the volume of the tank increases. The study presents an evaluation of a membrane-type LNG containment system with a capacity of 19,000 cubic meters, using the program ANSYS Fluent to construct the mesh and simulate the LNG sloshing motion. The impact pressure, which affects the tank wall strength and the vessel's stability, is investigated, and the study finds that liquid depth affects the higher impact pressure for circular motion in contrast to horizontal motion. The study also reveals that using a blanket over the liquid's surface can significantly reduce the higher impact pressure. These findings provide insights into how to successfully lower the impact pressure to ensure the structural integrity of the bulkheads in real-world scenarios.

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Volume: Issue: 3

Article: Detection and Monitoring Technique in Urban Underground Space Engineering – A Review

Shayanowako Michael Kundai, Leeroy Tinashe Mhere, Anamor Samuel Kofi
Vol 6, Issue 3; March 2023
North American Academic Research, 6(3) 124-135 March 2023, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7791964

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Abstract: With the growth of cities, there is a proportional increase in the scarcity of available land. As cities expand land becomes more and more important. Underground space engineering provides a solution to the aforementioned challenge however construction and maintenance of underground spaces have their challenges. Therefore, there is a need for efficient detection and monitoring techniques. Detection techniques are employed for the identification of potential hazards such as structural weaknesses, gas leaks, and water infiltration. Techniques used range from as simple as a visual inspection to more sophisticated tools such as ground penetrating radar. Monitoring systems are frequently employed in underground areas to look for movement and structural changes. These devices can measure stresses, vibrations, and deformations, which can provide important information about the structural health of sub-surface areas. In urban underground space engineering, geophysical techniques like ground-penetrating radar are also utilized to spot possible dangers including voids, fractures, and water infiltration. Urban underground space engineering additionally makes use of data analysis and modeling technologies in addition to these methods. The monitoring data can be processed by these tools to produce predictive insights, enabling engineers to see possible issues before they arise. To maintain the security and durability of these buildings, detection and monitoring tech-niques must be used in urban underground space engineering. These methods are crucial for guaranteeing the oper-ation and safety of underground places, and their ongoing growth and improvement are crucial for building more effective and sustainable cities for future generations. The effectiveness of urban underground space engineering depends on detection and monitoring methods. These methods enable engineers to spot possible risks and address them before they become serious problems. Engineers may design underground areas that are more effective and sustainable by combining cutting-edge technologies and data analytic tools, ensuring the security and functionality of these buildings for years to come.

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Volume: Issue: 3

Article: Developing an Improved UMS (United Mining Supply) E-Payment System to Boost Customer Satisfaction

Balde Mariama Dian , Jiang Linhua
Vol 5, Issue 3; March 2022
North American Academic Research, 5(3) 434-457, March 2022, doi: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6374922

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Abstract: The ICT and digital innovation era has caused dynamic corporate environment changes, with cash to electronic transactions shifting. The e-payment system was developed to complement, not replace, currency and trade barter. The reality that man cannot meet his wants has compelled trade. Trading has evolved from a rudimentary form to a sophisticated one. Bartering is a primordial type of trading. Barter trade is an essential answer to the problem of exchange, but it has several flaws. Man's inability to meet his own needs has compelled commerce. Trading has evolved from a rudimentary form to a sophisticated one. Electronic payments can be defined as a payment technique that uses electronic media and does not require currency. E-payment is a key part of e-commerce. We will analyze the literature on e-payment systems in e-commerce to emphasize the scope of the e-payment system and prior research methodologies to identify research gaps and suggest future studies. With the advent of the internet, electronic payments and transactions have exploded. Consumers could buy goods and services online and transfer unencrypted credit card details, compromising security and privacy. As consumers became more mindful of their privacy and security, new secure network payment solutions emerged. Unquantifiable benefits of e-payment include a cashless society and removing the fear of the unknown. With the effective utilization of e-payment technology, corruption in the government arena will be comprehensively tackled.

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Volume: Issue: 3

Article: Impact of Macro Environmental Factors on the Sustainable Development of Zambia Copper Mining Industry

Jianhua Hu, Ningabo Aurélien, Sanoh Ousmane
Vol 6, Issue 3; March 2023
North American Academic Research, 6(3) 136-150 March 2023, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7798347

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Abstract: Zambia is regarded as a mining country because the country's economy has always been largely supported by copper mining. However, the performance of the Zambian copper mining industry is negatively affected by macro-environmental factors, and thus sustainability in the sector is also threatened. The purpose of this research is to determine, analyze the macro environmental factors and make recommendations for the good performance of the Zambian copper mining industry. Politic, Economic, Social, Technology, Environment, and Social (PESTEL), External Factor Analysis Summary (EFAS) and Strength, Weakness, Opportunity, and Threat (SWOT) methods were adopted for this study. The results showed that the macro environmental factors to be improved are in the political, economic, social, technological, legal and environmental domains. Thus, these improved factors, the performance of the copper mining industry will be improved and the sustainable development will be ensured.

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Volume: Issue: 3

Article: Difficulties Encountered by School Administrators in Handling Financial Matters at Secondary Schools within the Lahore District

Sania Hanif, Burhan Hashmi
Vol 6, Issue 3; March 2023
North American Academic Research, 5(3) 164-171 March 2023, https://doi.org10.5281/zenodo.7798929

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Abstract: This research aimed to identify the difficulties faced by school administrators in managing finances at sec-ondary schools in Lahore District, Punjab Pakistan. The study included all 30 secondary schools in the district as its population, and a sample of ten schools was chosen randomly. From those schools, 40 respondents were selected purposefully. The research employed a descriptive survey design and collected data through questionnaires and interviews. The findings revealed that many school heads lacked the necessary accounting skills to effectively man-age school finances. Additionally, there was little or no supervision from the Ministry of Primary and Secondary Education finance department personnel on financial management matters. The study recommends the implemen-tation of capacity building programs for school heads, deputy heads, and members of the school development com-mittees. Moreover, the Ministry of Primary and Secondary Education should increase both announced and unan-nounced school visits to monitor financial usage.

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Volume: Issue: 3

Article: Study on the Influence of AI-2/LuxS Quorum Sensing System on the Biofilm Formation of Lactic Acid Bacteria

Xie Mengyi, Tang Liqiong, Chen Xiaohua, Yang Zihan, Liang lin, Li Jianzhou
Vol 6, Issue 3; March 2023
North American Academic Research, 6(3) 157-163 March 2023, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7798856

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Abstract: Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) are important probiotic microorganisms used in food fermentation industry. AI-2/ LuxS is an important quorum sensing system which affects the growth, biofilm formation, virulence, and metabo-lism of bacteria. LuxS is encoded by the luxS gene, but how AI-2/LuxS is associated with a diverse array of physio-logical activities in lactic acid bacteria is not known. In this study, four strains of lactic acid bacteria S1-4, among which S1-3 were obtained from Chinese traditional fermented pickles and S4 was the luxS gene knockout mutant from the wild strain S1, were used to explore the effect of AI-2/luxS system on the biofilm formation of lactic acid bacteria. The results showed that the strains of S1-3 all produced AI-2 signal molecules except S4, but the biofilm formation ability of S4 was the highest among the 4 strains, which demonstrated that the deletion of the luxS gene upregulated the biofilm formation ability of S4. Similar results were proven by microscopic observation. It can be seen that the AI-2/LuxS system has a significant impact on biofilm formation. This study will provide the theoretical basis for further research and for the high value of utilization of lactic acid bacteria.

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Volume: Issue: 2

Article: Research Progress on Kinetics Analysis of Hydro-Mechanical Excavator – A review.

Anamor Samuel Kofi, Amartey Ernest Nii Laryea, Shayanowako Michael Kundai, Nkansah Benjamin Oduro, Agyemang David, Agyemang Obed, Gantsui Clark Loick Joys
Vol 6, Issue 2; February 2023
North American Academic Research, 6(2) 138-159 February 2023, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7753236

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Abstract: To this end, a progressive model was built and used to analyze the excavator's dynamic responses. The undercarriage's transverse primary central axis of inertia is represented by a new generalized coordinate that expands the mathematical model from a maximum of 5 degrees of freedom to 6. An excavator can be described by a set of six second-order nonlinear, nonhomogeneous differential equations. The differential equations describing the motion of a BTH-600 hydraulic excavator equipped with pneumatic wheels have been numerically analyzed. One of the most useful mining tools is the huge hydrodynamic excavator with a face shovel, and there has been a strong tendency in recent years toward expanding the depth to which it can dig and the force with which it can dig. To achieve this goal, this study proposes an innovative model of a face-shovel hydraulic excavator that applies stick rockers and boom linkages to effectively boost the thrust and piston travel of stick hydraulic cylinders and analyzes the kinematic and dynamic properties of this proposed machine. The excavator's size and internal structure are laid out in extensive detail. The forward and inverse Kinematics and the workspace are analyzed using the graphical integration and the loop algebra theory, and then velocities and accelerations are explored. Using Kane's equations and the equivalence principle, a dynamic mathematical model of the excavator is constructed; this model is then tested via MATLAB simulations and compared to those generated by ADAMS. It is concluded that the new face-shovel hydraulic exca-vator has a greater excavation range and more excavating force.

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Volume: Issue: 2

Article: China-Afghanistan Bilateral International Relations

Makoveeva Zalina
Vol 6, Issue 2; February2023
North American Academic Research, 6(2) 228-243 February 2022, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7788683

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Abstract: China is one of the key power that has its involvement in Afghanistan due to two countries adjoin. This paper aims to analyse of the strategic, political and economic interests of China and explores the challenges it faces in achieving these objectives. Terrorism and drug trafficking are the two threats that put China’s interests at stake in the region. China has minimal support and has limited and difficult choices to enhance its influence, secure its inter-est, and to cope with existing challenges. As a new powerful actor in world international politics, interested in stable states near its borders. Thus, the recent US withdrawal from Afghanistan created new opportunities for China, where China identifies four main goals in its foreign policy cooperation with Afghanistan as follows: regional peace; devel-oping both countries’ economies; strengthening governance in Afghanistan and fourth, acquiring international sup-port. These approaches are maintained by Chinese investments into Afghanistan's economy as it remains one of the largest investors in Afghanistan.

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Volume: Issue: 3

Article: Exploring the Relationship Existing between Innovative Activities and the Economic Growth of Ghana

Dominic Anyan Twumasi, Anthony Boakye Duah, Jerry Mireku Afful,Samuel Kwame Anyan Ghana
Vol 6 , Issue 3; March 2023
North American Academic Research, 6(3) 61-70 March 2023, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7767683

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Abstract: Growth rate is low in major developing countries. Is it because such countries have not embraced innovation in their development agenda? The paper explores the relationship existing between innovation and economic growth in Ghana. It moves further to investigate whether or not there has been any impact on economic development. Through a qualitative empirical study, the researchers examine data from the world development indicators, World Bank and the bank of Ghana for the period 2009 to 2019. The researchers observed that, in the short run, an increase in wage bill (expenditure on innovation) led to an increase in the country’s Gross Domestic Product GDP). Further increases in wage bill led to declining GDP. This shows that increasing expenditure on innovation does not necessarily lead to an increase in GDP, but rather the, quality of innovative activities rather positively impacts the country’s GDP

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Volume: Issue: 3

Article: CNN based Interpretability Analysis of Voiceprint Recognition

Zhehan Wu, Xiulan Hao
Vol 6, Issue 3; March 2023
North American Academic Research, 6(3) 86-94 March 2023, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7783455

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Abstract: Voiceprint recognition is a type of biometric recognition which converts acoustic signals into electrical sig-nals and then uses computers for recognition. Voiceprint recognition is widely used, for example, power companies use it to detect equipment failures, while environmental protection administration institutions use it to monitor eco-logical status. In particular, when used in bird sound recognition, we can monitor ecological diversity of jungles, swamps, to prevent birds from colliding with aircraft, and to provide a rigor reference for the differential prevention and control of electric transmission line bird failures. The community have devoted to various models that use deep learning to improve voiceprint recognition. However, the popular neural network models suffer from insufficient interpretability, so do neural network-based voiceprint recognition models. In order to interpret the model behavior more intuitively, such as how deep learning makes such a prediction, why some features are favored over others by a model, we look for the determinants of the spectrogram for the final voiceprint recognition in an image recognition network through an interpretable analysis of the neural network. We use a CNN-based image recognition network and apply it to the more challenging Kaggle Rainforest Bird dataset. In this interpretable framework, it is modified such that filters are encouraged to learn more interpretable parameters so that features can be easily identified in a spectrogram. Spectrograms where bird sound occurs are called key spectrograms, while spectrograms where no bird sound occurs are called non-key spectrograms. Experimental results visualize the differences of key spectrograms from non-key spectrograms in the time and frequency dimensions. Meanwhile, we compare the key spectrograms of higher recognition rate with those of lower recognition rate and find the former have more salient features.

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Volume: Issue: 3

Article: A Study of Competitive Strategy with Case Study: KFC and McDonald's in CHINA

Bomi Sama Juliet, Liu Yan, He Xinyuan, Michael Kenfack Houfack
Vol 6, Issue 3; March 2023
North American Academic Research, 6(3) 95-109 March 2023, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7783462

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Abstract: In this article, we will briefly talk about the company, its mission statement, its vision statement and product value, and the company's strategies, combined with its unique resources and capabilities, are the basis of its potentiality and will provide a competitive advantage. The specific objective of this study is to understand KFC’s strategy to achieve and maintain competitive advantage in the Chinese market over its main competitor McDonald’s through strategic application of its capabilities as well as efficient utilization of both tangible and intangible resources within the company. The results of this study should let us know how KFC is using its strategies and the challenges it faces in China to defeat its competitor McDonald’s, and the investigation will be through some questionnaire that includes questions that we also judge just and normal to reach our conclusion.KFC in China is faced with fierce competition from other fast-food restaurants and its main competitor is McDonald’s. This is due to the similarity between two companies, because both are originally American restaurants that have spread their wings around the world. Therefore, it is necessary to find this study; therefore current research tries to answer the following questions. What are the challenges of competition in front of KFC that comes from McDonald’s Chinese market? What competitive strategies does KFC have developed to meet these challenges and use them against their rival McDonald's? As we have seen the competitive strategy used by McDonald’s and KFC in China, we obtained the result that KFC is a success and leading in the Chinese market in terms of speed, quality, performance, and reputation. The main reason for the data collected and the work prior to our study is that KFC is focusing on how to integrate into the Chinese market and work on a development strategy with strong Chinese characteristics.

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Volume: Issue: 3

Article: China’s Higher Education in the Eyes of African Senior Undergraduates Studying at Zhejiang Normal University

Njaratiana Mario Arthur VELO, Jocelyne ZAFITSARA
Vol 6, Issue 3; March 2023
North American Academic Research, 6(3) 110-123 March 2023, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7788746

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Abstract: This study explores the understanding of African international senior undergraduates at Zhejiang Nor-mal University about Chinese higher education (ZJNU). This research has conducted a qualitative approach, encompassed African international senior undergraduates at Zhejiang Normal University. Two sessions of 60 minutes focus group discussions (FGD) were used to explore the perspectives of China’s Higher Education (CHE) through six senior African undergraduates from Tanzania, Namibia, Madagascar, DRC, Ghana and Ga-bon from three different departments at ZJNU. Findings showed that Chinese higher education is a bank of opportunities, the destination for international students, and Africans can afford it. Chinese higher education is getting more convincing and resilient because of personnel's solid motivation and engagement. Chinese higher education development is a massive progression in diplomacy between China and many other countries and is compatible with China's international status and policy purposes.

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Volume: Issue: 2

Article: Autonomous Vehicles in Developing Countries: A Case Study on User’s View Point in Bangladesh

Abdullah Al Noman Tamzid, Sakib Hasan, Golam Nobi Shawon, MD Al Hadi
Vol 6, Issue 2; February 2023
North American Academic Research, 6(2) 160-166 February 2023, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7753924

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Abstract: Autonomous vehicles are becoming increasingly popular, not only for people who rely on them to get around but also for trend includes a range of self-driving robots used outdoors, primarily on earth or water, on both private property and public roads. This trend focuses on vehicles that are fully driverless or at least highly automated, occasionally controlled by a human driver. The dream of self-driving cars is decades old. With the rapid development of artificial intelligence (AI), edge computing, and sensor technology, all types of highly automated vehicles have been launched in recent years, and fully automated vehicles were tested for the first time. A startup based in the United States completed the first fully autonomous articulated truck on public roads. A few months later, a Japanese consortium of cargo companies successfully sailed and docked the world's first fully autonomous container ship without a crew. In the logistics industry, manufacturers, owners, and lessees of vehicles of all kinds are looking forward to future developments, not just for transportation, but for all possible use cases along the supply chain. The trend toward autonomous outdoor vehicles will have a major impact on logistics. Because it will radically transform the operational tasks of human workers and how customers interact with logistics providers. However, there is still a long way to go in realizing this trend. While some use cases on private fenced land have already started to be implemented, self-driving on public roads requires public trust. It will be many years before people trust fully autonomous technologies and regulations allow them to be used unhindered on a global scale. So far, no significant work has been done to explore user perceptions of self-driving cars in developing countries like Bangladesh. In Bangladesh, several universities such as BUET, BRAC, and North-South University have already started research on self-driving cars. [1]

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Volume: Issue: 2

Article: Comparative Analysis of the Financial Performance of the Textile Industry in Pakistan between before and during Covid-19 Pandemic

Faisal Mahmood, Andi Wijayanto, Widiartanto, Bilal Naseer Khan
Vol 6, Issue 2; February 2023
North American Academic Research, 6(2) 219-227 February 2023, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7768659

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Abstract: This research aims to evaluate the financial performance of Pakistani textile firms before and during the Covid-19 epidemic. Firms’ performance was measured using Return on Equity (ROE) and Return on Assets (ROA). Purposive sampling was used to identify fourteen textile companies, and data was gathered from financial state-ments, annual reports, and the Pakistan Stock Exchange (PSX). The Wilcoxon Signed Rank test was used for ROA and the Paired Sample t-test was for ROE. While some companies, such as Azgard Nine Limited, AN Textile Mills, and Ahmad Hassan Textile Mills, grew during the epidemic, others on the PSX declined. The results reveal a signif-icant difference in the financial performance of Pakistan's textile firms before and during the Covid-19 pandemic, as evaluated by the ROA and ROE.

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Volume: Issue: 3

Article: Automatic Layout Generation Based on GAN

Zhehao Dai, Xiulan Hao
Vol 6, Issue 3; March 2023
North American Academic Research, 6(3) 49-60 March 2023, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7754134

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Abstract: Layout generation is to construct a proper combination by setting the location, size and other attributes of each layout element. Creative and visually attractive layouts are generally designed by excellent professional graphic designers. Yet, in the Internet era, it is challenging to keep up with the rapid growing requirement because the whole design process is heavily dependent on manual work and inefficient, and communication costs are expensive be-tween Party A and designers. This paper mainly solves the problem of automatic layout generation in various graphic designs, including documents and images. Understanding the relationships between these graphic elements is nec-essary when designing a new layout or extending an existing layout. To achieve this, we propose a neural network model based on adversarial generative network and self-attention mechanism. It trains on real data samples, learns the distribution of samples, and is finally used for layout generation tasks. Based on LayoutGAN + +, we investigate the layout generation issue in graphic design, create a network structure that reflects its fundamentals, and theoreti-cally analyze the model's generator, discriminator, and auxiliary decoder. Then, three data sets (Magazine, RICO, PubLayNet ) were tested on the model, and on the basis of this, potential model optimization directions were ex-plored. Experimental results demonstrate that our model can generate meaningful layouts in various layout

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Volume: Issue: 2

Article: Radio Mean Labelling for the Pendant Graph Family

M.M.C Dilshan, A.A.I Perera
Vol 6, Issue 2; February 2023
North American Academic Research, 6(2) 167-177 February 2023, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7753975

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Abstract: Here, labeling a graph is simply plugging numbers (integers) into the vertices, edges, or both in a particular graph. Here we only focus on the vertex labeling. The idea of radio mean labeling is one of the most ubiquitous fields of graph labeling.

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Volume: Issue: 2

Article: Comparative and Synergistic Anti-Oxidative Studies of the Extracts from Ocimum Sanctum and Mentha Piperita

Shabab Hussain , Syed Adnan Ali Kazmi , Samra Zahra , Laiba Mariyam , Rabia Ashraf, Syed Babar Hussain, Sundas Iqbal, Amira Mahfoudhi, Nadir Abbas
Vol 6, Issue 2; February 2023
North American Academic Research, 6(2) 178-187 February 2023, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7754020

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Abstract: Tulsi is known as holy basil. Tulsi is used as an anti-oxidant, anti-inflammation, anti-ulcer and anti-septic properties. Tulsi has very important medicinal value. It has great agriculture importance all over the world. Mint is used worldwide in medicine, cookery and for household. Mint used in the treatment of gastro enteric diseases. Antioxidant are a group of substances which, when presented low concentration, in relation to oxidisble substances, significantly inhibit or delay oxidative process, while often being oxidized themselves. Anti-oxidants can scavenge the active form of oxygen involved in the initial step of the oxidation. Their importance in the safe guarding of the health, and the protection from coronary heart disease and cancer. All plants were extracted with the conventional method, reflux with methanol. Tulsi and Mint plant were collected from local home garden. About 11gram of Tulsi and 5.5 gram of mint extract powder was socked in 70% of methanol by continues shaking. Extract was filter with the help of filter paper and to check high percentage antioxidant activity kept for 7 days. H2O2 and Ascorbic acid were used as reference and control. After adding these sample were pass through 400 nm wave length and obtained result. As we know greater absorbance, low will be the antioxidant activity. Mint has greater antioxidant activity than Tulsi. Result showed that absorbance of mint is higher than the absorbance of Tulsi.

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Volume: Issue: 2

Article: IoT based Agriculture Monitoring System Using Arduino and Node MUC

Benine Ramzi , Qing Lv
Vol 6, Issue 2; February 2023
North American Academic Research, 6(2) 211-218 February 2023, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7754171

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Abstract: Agriculture is practiced in every nation and is a science as well as a talent for cultivating plants. In today's world, agriculture must also keep up with the advancement of technology. China is leading the globe in the expan-sion of its facility agricultural sector. Its ecosystem control technology, however, is still in its infancy and has a low intelligence level. Promoting the use of contemporary information technology in agriculture will address a number of issues that farmers are now experiencing. The loss in output is caused by a lack of precise information and com-munication. These issues are addressed in our study. This solution offers a facility agricultural ecosystem based on IOT an intelligent monitoring platform foundation and system structure. The switch from conventional farming to modern farming will be sped up by this. Additionally, this offers a chance to build new technologies and services for IOT (internet of things) farming applications. The Arduino and Node MUC charges the smart agriculture by using the IoT system. It has a DC motor, moisture sensor, temperature sensor, and humidity sensor. This structure starts examining the degree of moisture and humidity. The sensors are used to detect the water level, and the system auto-matically begins watering if the level is below the range. The sensor works in accordance with the change in temper-ature degree. IoT also displays information about humidity and moisture level along with the date and time. It is also possible to change the temperature measurement dependent on the type of crops grown

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Volume: Issue: 2

Article: Challenges in Translating Cultural Expressions from Chinese Language to English Language

Emegwakor Anthony Ugochukwu, Guo Aiping
Vol 6, Issue 2; February 2023
North American Academic Research, 6(2) 115-123 February 2023, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7713986

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Abstract: Chinese is thought to be one of the hardest languages for second language learners to learn. Many foreign businesses have been drawn to China by globalization, but others have been discouraged by the language barrier. Chinese translators are employed by both foreign and Chinese businesses to translate from Chinese to English or vice versa to get around language barriers. There are still a lot of unresolved problems in the field of translation, especially those connected to the concept of cultural equivalence in all its forms. Such writings will arm translators with the knowledge they need to steer clear of problems and complications. This investigation seeks to close that gap. The results of the study showed that most, if not all, cultural expressions are challenging to represent or understand for these fundamental reasons. However, the results of this study will encourage researchers in other academic fields to investigate this topic in several linguistic disciplines.

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Volume: Issue: 3

Article: Environmental and Social Sustainability Development Evaluation in Mining Industry (Case study in Guinea and China)

ZHANG Qin-li, SANOH Ousmane, Ningabo Aurélien, CONDE Fode Idrissa
Vol 6, Issue 2; February 2023
North American Academic Research, 6(3) 20-48 February 2023, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7717292

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Abstract: One of the main global challenges that now affects all countries, either individually or collectively, is environmental concern. Metals and minerals are crucial to contemporary life and to the economic and social progress of our civilization. Human sustainability is correlated with environmental sustainability; the and economic, social, and environmental factors all play a role in sustainable development. In contrast to China's mining environmental impact, this study primarily focused on the sustainability of mining and its effects in Guinea. The Folchi approach is a crucial tool for environmental impact assessments (EIA). The Inner Mongolia Bayan Obo mine, the world's largest source of rare earth elements (REE), as well as three Guinean bauxite mines are used in this study to evaluate and quantify the environmental, social, and economic impact of mining activities. This paper also applies an improvement to the Folchi method in EIA. For each environmental component, numerous affecting aspects from mining operations were calculated, which may be classified as social interactions, air and water quality, flora, and wildlife, as well as public health and safety. Each influencing element was first assigned a magnitude for this reason, merely based on the range of potential outcomes. The impacts of each influencing element were then thoroughly quantified and normalized using a matrix of weighted factors that was generated. Weighted rates were then added to determine the total effect on each specific environmental component. Folchi technique was used in this instance to assess such environmental factors. The Environmental Impact Statement for the planned mining operation may thus be easily shown graphically. The study emphasizes the usefulness of using the model to accomplish the goal of sustainable mining. This study is significant from an environmental and socioeconomic standpoint, and mining environmental impact assessors, researchers, and Guinea's government should all take it into consideration.

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Volume: Issue: 1

Article: A novel approach to copyright protection using watermarking method based on DWT – DCT

BARI MD SAIFUL, Yuling Liu
Vol 6, Issue 1; January 2023
North American Academic Research, 6(1) 22-53 January 2023, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7723271

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Abstract: Over the last ten years, rapid advancements in the digital global network and digital media technology have made it easier to copy, modify, and share data, such as photographs, video, and audio, across the internet via the world wide web without losing its original quality and in very short periods of time. The protection of multimedia material ownership has been fraught with difficulties. This thesis examines the basics that the map of disparity and watermarking will employ in order to verify that online content is properly owned. To turn binary information into images, a 3D image watermarking technique is presented. When studying methods of image authentication, it is common practice to first convert the original image into smaller blocks and then embed a watermark into each individual block. This is followed by the application of a modification idea to the blocks in order to identify the watermark. In this research, we present a new architecture for DWT-DCT –based digital watermarking systems for images. The technique prevents unauthorized use of digital images by embedding a stealthy watermark into each one. In order to create a picture with a watermark, the original image is first divided into blocks using a Discrete Wavelet Transform (DWT), then the watermark is changed and a pseudo–random sequence is generated using Arnold scrambling. Image segmentation, the discrete Fourier transform, and relativity processes all contribute to watermark identification. The Discrete Cosine Transform (DCT ) technique is used to increase the security of a watermarking algorithm based on image segmentation. The watermark detector is used to detect the watermark. In order to not affect the bit rate, use the choice matrix to extract the picture from the left or right –aligned image. It can be achieved through two unique additions to the detection process, Reverse rendering, and the CRC method. The described technique of reverse returning reduces the decision matrix to a smaller map of disparities. The left picture can be restored to the right image using this disparity reduction. A CRC control is used to identify the image, which detects faults in the message extracted and lowers errors in recognizing the picture (left or right). Moreover, for the simulation’s purpose, MATLAB will be used. The proposed approach is validated using different scenarios and variations in parameters using statistical analysis.

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Volume: Issue: 2

Article: Stability Analysis of Hussainabad Landslide, Gilgit-Baltistan, Pakistan

Irshad Khan, A.Fa-you, Numan Alam, Khan Zeshan Adil
Vol 5, Issue 2; February 2022
North American Academic Research, 6(2) 124-137 February 2022, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7723579

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Abstract: This study presents a detailed geological and geotechnical analysis of Hussainabad landslide, Pakistan. The study site is located in the hunza valley along Indus River at Miacher and Hussainabad Village in Gilgit Baltistan. Due to proximity of the major tectonic feature, the rock are highly foliated, folded and fractured highly foliated rocks of slates and schists are the dominant character of the site geology. The induced dynamic stresses have altered the stability level of valley slopes. The study has the main focus on contributing factors responsible for its instability together with stability analysis using computer program slide software of Rocscience 5.0. The input parameter of rock mass was evaluated by field investigations and laboratory testing, for the rock mass characterization Discontinuity survey was conducted. The results shows that Tension cracks found on the upper slope are not persistent to the side slopes or the toe on both sides. They can generate large scale movement by their intersection with joint set J-1 dipping southward, provided shearing though intact parts between joints takes place. This phenomenon is likely to occur on earthquake of 6.5 magnitudes or 33% saturation. In dry conditions, without seismic loading, slope is fairly stable with factor of safety of 1.34, however, saturation or strong motion can trigger the movement. Engineering characters of rocks has been greatly affected by intense stresses due to presence of major structural features such as Main karakoram thrust (MKT) and it’s off shoots. This study recommends protection parameters for Hussain Abad landslide stability.

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Volume: Issue: 10

Article: Impact of increasing inflation, carbon emission diffusions, and offshore investment on financial development: A lesson of South Asian countries

MUHAMMAD HUSSNAIN, ASIM ALI, EMMANUEL ANSELM GOUIN, ZULFIQAR ALI, YANG HUA
Vol 5, Issue 10; October 2022
North American Academic Research, 5(10) 70-83 October 2022, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7718838

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Abstract: Carbon Diffusion in evolving Asian nations is checked in the present study concerning fossil fuel devouring, offshore direct financing, and financial development. This study applies an Autoregressive Distributive Lag (ARDL) model to committee data from 1990 to 2013. In this cultivating frugality, works to support financial progress create CO2 diffusion, and fossil fuel use donates to element issuances and actual criminality. Aside from that, the practical results confirm the Pollution Haven theory that direct offshore grant increases element issuances at the household level on account of referring to practices or policies that do not negatively affect environmental degradation. In addition, these expanding Asian nations exhibit an Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC). In addition, the study advises lowering hydrocarbon deposit devouring and advancing environmentally companionable economic tumor game plans in these underdeveloped countries.

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Volume: Issue: 3

Article: Temperature (maximum) and Rainfall Prediction Using FNN and RNN Models over Kaba Aye Station, Yangon Region, Myanmar

Khant Hmu Paing, Yu Li, Zin Mie Mie Sein
Vol 6, Issue 3; March 2023
North American Academic Research, 6(3) 1-13 March 2023, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7713947

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Abstract: Rainfall and temperature are essential roles in weather forecasting in a tropical country like Myanmar. In this study, we explored data-driven feed-forward neural networks (FNN) and recurrent neural networks in terms of long short-term memory (RNN-LSTM) utilized for predicting temperature (maximum) and rainfall at Kaba Aye sta-tion. We trained both FNN and RNN-LSTM models separately to predict, and explored the models’ prediction capa-bilities. The FNN models are trained with 9 years of monthly data which includes temperature (maximum, and min-imum), rainfall, relative humidity, pressure, and nino1.2. Whereas, the LSTM-based RNN model is trained with 9 years of monthly data which includes monthly maximum temperature and rainfall. The result of the outputs was the monthly maximum temperature and rainfall of the next year. respectively. For the given station, the expected monthly maximum temperature and rainfall in each month of 2010 are predicted in this research. The results of temperature prediction show that the RNN-LSTM model provided better results with the mean absolute error (MAE=1.33), mean squared error (MSE=2.57) and root mean squared error (RMSE=1.6). Generally, both FNN and RNN-LSTM models examined overestimate in rainfall, however, the FNN model performed better with (MAE=70.6), and (RMSE=107.08).

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Volume: Issue: 2

Article: Fashion Class Classification Through Computer Vision: A Case Study of Bangladesh

Saba Fariah Huq, Xiulan Hao
Vol 6, Issue 2; February 2023
North American Academic Research, 6(2) 95-103 February 2023, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7670498

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Abstract: Because of its high level of unpredictability and subjectivity, fashion is a difficult topic for computer vision. Fashion has become an important aspect of a person's everyday existence in modern culture. Asia is one of the leading textile and clothing exporters, and online shopping has grown dramatically in recent decades. Unfortunately, due to poverty and corruption, many developing nations are far from experiencing this reality. To make this a reality, an organized system is required, and computer vision can assist in making this a reality. Furthermore, Consumers choose to purchase online for a variety of reasons, including time, affordability, convenience, and availability, making e-commerce a significant potential for local and international trade in Bangladesh. Issues such as Covid-19 and the supply-demand ratio, as well as user experience problems such as the absence of a sufficient sorting mechanism, have had an impact on the sector. This article aimed to implement an image classification model in small datasets to extract features from human-worn fashion images in respect to the marketplace of Bangladesh. Four approaches were used to improve the performance of the model: dropout regularity, data augmentation, and transfer learning. Drop-out regularity prevented the model from overfitting on the benchmark fashion MNIST dataset, while data augmen-tation increased validation accuracy by 8% and the F1-score from 0.68 to 0.78. Transfer learning was used on the VGG16 and GoogLeNet, with pretrained weights loaded from ImageNet. The model predicted that hats, shoes, and trousers were the best and long-sleeved upper body clothes like coats and pullovers were the worst. The resulting model can be used for a wide range of e-commerce applications. One of them is to automatically add links to social media posts that lead to an online shop that directly displays all articles of the extracted apparel from the social media post.

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Volume: Issue: 2

Article: Smart CCTV Using Computer Vision: A Case Study of Bangladesh

Shekh Muhammad Tanveer Rahman, Xiulan Hao
Vol 6, Issue 2; February 2023
North American Academic Research, 6(2) 105-114 February 2023, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7670281

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Abstract: Public security, such as running, strolling, and jumping on roads, and theft, is a Challenging problem in Bangladesh. How can Computer Vision improve Security Challenges in Bangladesh? Specifically, what does the cur-rent security system in Bangladesh look like, what main points occur during the exam monitoring, and what does the proposed computer vision solution look like? Our solution is to use Closed Circuit cameras (CCTV) to detect changes in the scene and record video clips that have changes in retrospect of Bangladesh. We attempted a strategy for spotting abnormalities in the supplied footage and instantly notifying the appropriate authorities by email. It uses neural networks and convolutional neural networks to record videos where some change has happened and tag those frames with respect to what activity a human or a group of humans were performing. Primary Data is collected by Extensive research of the existing articles on the subject matter and their corresponding applications. Secondary data is collected by survey, interviews. The data was separated into training and testing in an 80:20 ratio in the first stage, and the foreground data was obtained by subtracting the background data. The model was created, and feature extraction was performed using an auto-encoder architecture.

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Volume: Issue: 2

Article: A Study between the Routine Training and Cognition among Children: Mediator Role of Social Ability

Md Mirajur Rhaman Shaoan, ,Yingyan yang, Jesmin Akter, Akash Mahmud, Nguyen Thilan Huong, Tebatso Namanyane
Vol 6, Issue 2; February 2023
North American Academic Research, 6 (2) 83-94 February 2023, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7706464

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Abstract: This study seeks toward examining the relationship between routine training and cognition among children. What factors have influenced children's cognitive abilities? Academia often initiates discussions on this, and research on young children's cognitive abilities is endless. This study uses 300 Taiwanese infant families as a sample to investigate the routine training children receive at home. Conventional training includes attitude training and behavior training and uses infants' social abilities as intermediary variables to explore routine training, infants' social abilities, and cognition of the relationship between capabilities. Through a regression analysis of the three, it is found that conventional attitude training has a direct impact on children's cognitive abilities; when social abilities are added, the impact of attitude training becomes insignificant, while the impact of social abilities on cognitive abilities becomes significant; Conventional attitudes and behavioral training have a significant impact on social abilities. It can be found that when social abilities are added, conventional

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Volume: Issue: 2

Article: Application of Mathematical Modeling and Chemical Analysis for COVID-19 Pandemic in Bangladesh

Md. Eaqub Ali, Md. Nurujjaman
Vol 6, Issue 2; February 2023
North American Academic Research, 6 (2) 36-44 February 2023, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7677596

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Abstract: Mathematical modeling in biology usually deals with population dynamics which is a vast field of modern research that studies the changes in size and composition of the population through time. In this work, we have studied some mathematical models in biology with their historical background and the behavior of the solution of those models. Here, we have discussed the models such as the Malthusian model, Logistic model, and Epidemic model. As we know the world is just gone through the worst crisis ever in history by the uncontrolled spread of a virus named COVID-19. The target of this research work to apply the simple epidemic Susceptible-Infected-Removed (SIR) model to analyse the behavior of the devastating coronavirus and solve the model using the most famous and simplest Euler method. We have simulated the model to the different particular phases of the pandemic situation in Bangladesh and observed the model solution to real situations. We have used MATLAB for model simulation and graphical representation.

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Volume: Issue: 1

Article: Prediction of overall survival (OS) prognosis for chromophobe renal cell carcinoma of post nephrectomy patients: A SEER database study

Immacule Fiacre Megnisse Montcho, Qin Jun Meng, Lin Gang Cui, Aravind Raveendran, Wei Yi Sheng, Li Teng, Zhi Li Yang, Yan Tong Han, Yong Zhang
Vol 6, Issue 1; January 2023
North American Academic Research, 6(1) 249-258 January 2023, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7675652

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Abstract: The aim of this study based on the Overall Survival prognosis of patients with Chromophobe Renal Cell Carcinoma (ChRCC) is to help Urology department doctors to improve their clinical approach on ChRCC by giving out a clear idea on the choice of treatment methods and prognosis of this particular cancer. This study included 3108 patients diagnosed with ChRCC from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) database between 2010 and 2015. We collected data from a single center in China. In total, we selected from the period of 1st January 2010 to 31st December 2021, 225 patients diagnosed with ChRCC by the pathology depart-ment after nephrectomy was performed.

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Volume: Issue: 2

Article: 3D Human Pose Estimation Via Deep Learning Methods

Kamrun Nahar, Huang Xu, Md Helal Hossen, Md Suhel Rana, Md Humayun Kabir, Md Jahidul Islam
Vol 6, Issue 2; February 2023
North American Academic Research, 5(2) 72-82 February 2023, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7706409

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Abstract: This paper presents a novel method for estimating the human body in 3D using depth sensor data. The proposed method utilizes a deep neural network to predict the body joints and a kinematic model to estimate the body shape. The approach utilizes a combination of convolutional and recurrent neural networks, trained on a dataset of human subjects, to accurately predict the positions of key body joints. These joints are then used as input to a kinematic model, which estimates the body shape and pose. The method was estimated on a dataset of human subjects, and the results show that it achieves high delicacy in body joint and shape estimation. The proposed approach outperforms being methods in terms of both delicacy and robustness, and it's suitable to handle a wide range of body acts and movements. also, the system is computationally effective and can run in real- time, making it suitable for a variety of operations similar as virtual reality, mortal- computer commerce, and stir analysis. The capability to directly estimate the human body in 3D is pivotal for a wide range of operations, and this work makes significant benefactions towards this thing. The proposed system is the first to demonstrate that it's possible to directly estimate the body shape and disguise using only depth sensor data, and it opens up new possibilities for a wide range of exploration and operations. In summary, this paper presents a real- time, robust and accurate system for 3D mortal body estimation using depth detector data, which is grounded on a deep neural network armature and kinematic model. The proposed system was estimated on a dataset of human subjects and achieved high delicacy in body joint and shape estimation, outperforming being methods in terms of both delicacy and robustness. And the approach can be used for a variety of operations similar as virtual reality, human- computer interaction, and motion analysis.

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Volume: Issue: 2

Article: An In-Depth Analysis of Cybersecurity

MD HASANUR RAHMAN
Vol 6, Issue 2; February 2023
North American Academic Research, 6(2) 45-53 February 2022, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7698121

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Abstract: Understanding cyber security and how to put it to use is vital in today's technologically and network-connectedly driven society. Without proper safeguards in place, critical systems, files, data, and other digital assets are at risk of being compromised. The same level of security is required for all businesses, regardless of whether or not they specialize in IT. Even as new cyber security technology emerges, cybercriminals remain one step ahead. As a result, they are using more sophisticated hacking methods to target the vulnerabilities of numerous companies. Due to the accumulation, practice, and storage of vast amounts of data on PCs and other devices by military, political, financial, medical, and corporate institutions, cyber security is vital. Financial data, intellectual property, personal information, and other types of data for which unauthorized access or acquaintance could assure negative worries may make up a sizeable portion of that data.

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Volume: Issue: 2

Article: Experiences of Teachers Using Play-Based Learning Strategies and Instructional Techniques in Kindergarten

Shabnam Tania Jebi, Chen Chuan Feng
Vol 6, Issue 2; February 2023
North American Academic Research, 6(2) 29-35 February 2023,https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7677545

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Abstract: One of the new goals, purposes, and objectives that the kindergarten program brought was a pedagogical approach known as "Play-Based Learning" (PBL). Play-based learning (PBL) is a child-centered method that priori-tizes curriculum information. Although the game offers advantages, it also has drawbacks. This innovative method employs evaluation strategies that place an emphasis on the need for time to establish a playing environment as well as curriculum requirements. The purpose of this qualitative research study was to look into the pedagogical strategies teachers in FDK use to promote play-based learning. In the study outlined below, two teachers were questioned using semi-structured interviews. This qualitative research study found that play-based learning may be taught using a variety of pedagogical methods. The engaged teachers also discussed issues and different teaching methods. The participating teachers also discussed challenges they faced and different approaches to integrating play-based learn-ing. Some suggestions include having a firm understanding of play-based learning and providing educators with chances for professional growth.

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Volume: Issue: 2

Article: The Analysis & Proposed Implementation of Blockchain technology in Record Security Management in the Bank Industry of Zambia

Langson Madalitso Mwandila, Shi Ji Hui
Vol 6, Issue 2; February 2023
North American Academic Research, 6(2) 132-155, February 2023, doi: (2), https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7670172

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Abstract: Bank record security management is vital to the financial security of every nation. It aims to safeguard residents' as well as government income, determines eligibility for social assistance, and has a substantial influence on a country's foreign relations, economy and reputation. Numerous efforts are now ongoing throughout the globe to increase and improve security in the financial industry, especially in developing nations where demand is highest. It is common knowledge that the qualities of blockchain technology promote efficiency, transparency, and confidence. Concerns over data security, the danger of cybercrime, and the efficacy of bank system security are growing, especially in nations like Zambia that are still developing. Even after years later, it seems the banks and Ministry of Finance are unable to verify and assure the country's money is 100% secure, even inside the banks, according to information acquired and based on several interviews about bank security, the existence of a firewall is where all faith lies. Even after registration, there is no guarantee that client information is entirely secure and inaccessible to unauthorized third parties. This raises concerns and dangers about deceit being possible. In Zambia's bank record security management, there have been instances of illegal data changes and more recently, a cybercrimerelated data breach. Throughout the years, government and public monies have been misappropriated without any documents to indicate what transpired or what happened to the revenue, and who knows what else. If the institution's information system is made safer and more dependable, process verification problems may be resolved. This research has been engaged with the aim of developing model design that employs blockchain technology principles to enhance Zambia's Record Security Management in banks. The later section of this research has an inclusion of a summary of the various literature about blockchain technology and Bank Record Security Management that is relevant. It describes the standard registry, storage, and operations, as well as a general description of blockchain, including its characteristics and uses. It demonstrates that using blockchain technology might boost efficiency by decreasing human labour and paper processing, and by giving clear provenance that verifies the origin of products. It may be used in industries such as health, education, agriculture, real estate, Bank record Security Management, etc. It also proves that smart contracts have a vast future potential, and that Ethereum is one of the most suitable platforms for constructing distributed applications using smart contracts. To fulfil the objective of the research, it was important to investigate Zambia's Record Security Management procedures in order to uncover continuing problems related with unauthorized alterations and other reported concerns. The Bank Blockchain Adoption Framework guided the examination of process mapping, stages and data. The results allow us to break Bank RSM into three phases: registration, verification and lastly, storage. Using a flowchart process diagram, network architecture, use cases, and technological development diagrams, a full design solution is shown. This project in design science offers a blockchain-based application architecture that will enhance the existing Bank Record Security Management System. It is proposed that the blockchain network be used to share datasets between banks, other financial organizations, and other informatics under the Ministry of Home Affairs Security. On the other hand, a centralized server will be an operating node in the blockchain network that is where records will be stored digitally. The research built a novel registration method on the Ethereum blockchain on Binance Smart Chain using the React App client, which in this case is the NodeJS server's web interface. The architecture was used to assess a smart contract's verification implementation. The NodeJS Server uses the web3 library plugin to interface with the Ethereum client network. Bank Record Security Management based on blockchain technology may enhance the security and integrity of banks and nations. This study's contribution may be utilized for additional research in each of the aforementioned application areas to uncover potential benefits and drawbacks.

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Volume: Issue: 2

Article: Exploring the Impact of Startup Businesses on Entrepreneurship and Economic Development in Nepal

Nisita Nepal
Vol 6, Issue 2; February 2023
North American Academic Research, 6(2) 20-28 February 2023, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7655069

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Abstract: The purpose of this article is to discuss the impact of startups on entrepreneurial and economic development in Nepal. In order to investigate the state of entrepreneurship and economic development in Nepal, the study looks into reports and studies and analyzes data from different sources, including academic research and industry statistics. With the use of this technique, the author was able to recognize trends, obstacles, and possibilities in the startup ecosystem. The author investigates the challenges that Nepalese entrepreneurs face, as well as the role that startups can play in addressing these challenges. In order to improve Nepal's startup ecosystem, the article emphasizes the significance of government support, infrastructure development, human capital development etc. The author contends that by addressing these issues, Nepal may realize its enormous potential and establish itself as a center for innovation and entrepreneurship. In order to promote economic growth and open up new prospects for young people, the article emphasizes the efforts being made by the government and other organizations to foster an atmosphere that is more welcoming to entrepreneurs. The article mainly focused on suggestions for building a thriving startup ecosystem in Nepal by making supportive policies, developing infrastructure and resources, skills development, funding etc .The government may play a huge role in supporting entrepreneurship by providing financial aid, tax advantages, and a supportive regulatory environment. However, the startups have a positive impact on the growth of entrepreneurship and economic development in Nepal and emphasize the need for ongoing support and investment in the nation's entrepreneurial ecosystem.

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Volume: Issue: 1

Article: Chinese foreign policy and its impact on Africa

Zalina Makoveeva
Vol 6, Issue 1; January 2023
North American Academic Research, 6(1) 240-248 January 2023, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7654773

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Abstract: Today, the African region receives much more attention among scholars than a few years ago. Africa re-mains one of the richest natural resources in the world. China, the second-largest economy, has taken a leading po-sition in international relations and acted as a regional and world economic leader. By developing political influence through eco-nomic projects, China is pushing world leaders out of traditional spheres of influence and filling them with their political presence. Africa is an example of China's political presence in its long-term foreign policy strategy. In particular, East Africa has become a priority for international cooperation. This strategy has long gone beyond regional influence and is dedicated to building a new world order, where China plays the role of a great economic power. In this regard, the study of the following aspects and questions is of the greatest interest: Why is there a mutual interest in the presence of China in Africa, what is the model of this presence, and what difficulties arise for the free implementation of foreign policy goals in Africa? The author also aims to explain specific reasons driving China’s engagement in regional investment, and focuses on specifics of China-African foreign policy.

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Volume: Issue: 2

Article: Offshore Jacket Platform Leg Response to Vessel Impact

Wambley Adomako Baah, Abdul-Aziz Imurana
Vol 6, Issue 2; February 2023
North American Academic Research, 6(2) 1-19 February 2023, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7655049

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Abstract: A response analysis has shown significantly low deformation and non-linear characteristics of force-defor-mation curves of the jacket leg, but a more rigorous approach is required in the calculation and analysis. Therefore, Johnson-Cook Constitutive Model has been used for the response analyses for different scenarios of stresses and deformation studies in this paper. To access the effect of the jacket braces on the ConocoPhillips Belanak Wellhead jacket leg deformation, this study and analysis have considered a service vessel colliding at a point on a joint and also away from the joint on the jacket leg during the worst expected weather condition on the Natuna sea for sideways, head-on and manoeuvring collisions.

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Volume: Issue: 1

Article: Detection, reduction and filtration of cancer cells through a new DNA polymerization sequence approach

Sharmin Sultana, Md Helal Hossen, Md Jahidul Islam, Jubayer Ahmed, Afsana Mou
Vol 6, Issue 1; January 2023
North American Academic Research, 6(1) 230-239 January 2023, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7641213

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Abstract: In Bioinformatics, a sequence alignment is a way of arranging the sequence of DNA, RNA or protein to identify regions of similarity that may be a consequence of functional, structural, or evolutionary relationships between the sequences. In our process, we report binding of cancer cells, normal cells and KRAS genes, and detections of high and low density of cancer cells and sequence mutations of cancer cells that can control the cancer cells in feasible tolerant matrices. The goal of this process is to explore the computational approaches to sequence alignment and mutations in a faster and optimal way by using PYMOL software with the help of filtering method which filtrate mutated DNA. This approach helps in detecting any abnormal changes and the mutation percentages of those abnormal changes and successful in reading multiple lengths of DNA sequences, detecting high density of cancer cell atoms and generating optimal alignment efficiently. In this process, we have used the idea of both the alignment techniques (Needleman Wunsch algorithm and Smith-Waterman algorithm for global alignment) which helps in generating proper alignment and comparison with our process.

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Volume: Issue: 1

Article: Investigating linguistic sexism in teachers’ talk at public university of Pakistan

Khushboo Chandio, Sadia Memon, Dr. Shabana Sartaj, Farwa Shah
Vol 6, Issue 1; January 2023
North American Academic Research, 6(1) 220-229 January 2023, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7626473

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Abstract: Schools are regarded as the main socializing institutions. The language that the instructor uses has an impact on the pupils' overall personalities and self-perceptions. As a result, students' academic performance is jeopardized. This study focuses on the teachers’ talk within classroom discourse and its effect on students’ perceptions of themselves in Pakistani context. For this, 8 university students from social sciences were interviewed and 4 teachers were observed by classroom ethnography. During the study, data were gathered by audio-recording interviews and by observing student-teacher interactions in the classroom. By developing themes in thematic analysis and deductive coding, the findings from the qualitative method were acquired. The findings indicated that both male and female students feel excluded in the class because of the teachers’ use of gendered language. They consequently take part in the class less, which negatively impacts their academic performance. The study also found that when teachers use sexist language in the classroom, it alters students' self-perceptions, which has an impact on them psychologically as well as academically and professionally. The promotion of gender norms as the reality of daily life by teachers' gender prejudices not only prevented pupils from succeeding academically but also made them oblivious to gender issues.

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Volume: Issue: 1

Article: Treatment and prevention of chronic kidney disease

Dr. S M Mahamudul Hassan Rizvi, Dr. MD Muzibul Muhit, Dr. Shengxiang Tao, Abul Kalam, Md. Lothfur Rahman, Md.Kawser Alom, Md. Shafiqul Islam, Md.Atiqur Rahman, Md.Mohiuddin Jomaddaer, Md.Zakir Hossain, Hazara Binta Shuruj Chaity
Vol 6, Issue 1; January 2023
North American Academic Research, 5(1) 186-219 January 2023, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7622530

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Abstract: Persistent anomalies in urine composition, aberrant structural features, or Chronic kidney disease is char-acterized by a diminished excretory renal function, which is suggestive of a loss of nephrons that are functional (CKD). The majority of those who have CKD are also at a higher risk for cardiovascular disease and death. There are numerous places in the globe where people with end-stage renal illness have a hard time gaining access to renal replacement treatment.A low nephron count at birth, nephron loss as individuals age, and acute or chronic kidney damage brought on by toxic exposures or infections are all risk factors that have been linked to the development of chronic kidney disease (CKD) (for example, obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus).Early diagnosis and preventative strategies, therapy aimed at fixing the problem from the ground up (if feasible) to slow the disease's development, and addressing Resulting Methods that lead to persistent nephron loss are the cornerstones of care for CKD patients. Essential components of treatment include blood pressure regulation, renin-angiotensin system inhibition, and dis-ease-specific therapies. Cardiovascular health and quality of life are negatively impacted by CKD complications in-clude anemia, metabolic acidosis, and secondary hyperparathyroidism, all of which need diagnosis and treatment.

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Volume: Issue: 1

Article: Autism and Bilingualism: Exploring Pakistani Parents’ Perceptions and Experiences of Raising Bilingual Children with Autism

Farwa Shah, Shazia Muheodin, Khushboo Chandio
Vol 6, Issue 1; January 2023
North American Academic Research, 6(1) 154-159 January 2023, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7615430

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Abstract: Autism spectrum disorder is a neurological disorder which makes communication and social interaction hard for the people diagnosed with ASD. The most common symptom of ASD is language delay, many practitioners, educators and parents believe that exposing children with ASD to multiple languages may cause confusion for them. This study investigates the perceptions and experiences of parents with regard to linguistics choices that they make. This study utilizes a qualitative method. Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis is used as a method and data analysis is also guided by the method of IPA. The results from this study shows that value of bilingualism in culture maintenance, socialization skills and development of cognitive skills are major factors behind the maintenance of bilingualism by parents with autistic children. Despite there being challenges in language learning, parents with autistic children are making conscious efforts in maintaining bilingualism.

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Volume: Issue: 1

Article: Myanmar’s Rohingya crisis and regional impact on Bangladesh: A systematic analysis and possible solution based on SAARC

Md. Morshedul Alam
Vol 6, Issue 1; January 2023
North American Academic Research, 6(1) 170-185 January 2023, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7618115

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Abstract: SAARC is a political and economic regional organization for south Asian countries to promote social pro-gress, cultural development, economic growth, collective self-reliance among south Asian countries, and mutual trust and appreciation of one another's problems. Unfortunately, proposed objective has not been established yet among south Asian countries. As a result, several conflicts exist among south Asian countries, and their economic condition is not well developed. This research will illustrate Myanmar's Rohingya crisis, which can be a significant factor in creating conflict among south Asian countries in the future. In addition, this research will demonstrate how the Roh-ingya crisis issue impacts Bangladeshi political and economic conditions. Initially, a consequence of universal conflict and common reasons are discussed, and this study acknowledges the challenges that preventative programmes face. As a result, this study aims to determine the viability of a conflict prevention mechanism in South Asia that alleviates the anxiety of violating the principle of non-intervention to a large amount. Secondly, the cause of conflict between the Myanmar Muslim minority and Rohingya Myanmar is discussed. Then, the impact of the Rohingya crisis on Bangladesh from various perspectives is analyzed, such as political violence, linkages with international terrorist organizations, water security & climate change, Rohingya terrorist group "Harakah al Yakin", and Maritime tension in the EEZ with Myanmar. Finally, a solution is proposed regarding establishing peace among south Asian countries to avoid any external threat like the Rohingya issue. This research has practical value in the modern world to control any regional conflict and protect citizens from external threats.

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Volume: Issue: 1

Article: Gender influence and food safety: Another new challenge for public health in Cambodia and Pakistan

Mukhtiar Hussain Ibupoto, Muhammad Burhan Asharaf, Borvin Khio
Vol 6, Issue 1; January 2023
North American Academic Research, 6(1) 160-169 January 2023, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7615637

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Abstract: The purpose of this research is to explain the gender deference and food safety and challenges for the public of Cambodia and Pakistan. This task as based on a survey of the literature on foodborne disease (FBD) in low and middle-income countries (LMICs) and its impacts on consumers especially women and children. To identify and analyze deep-rooted understanding of “Foodborne Diseases” The references identified have first been screened to identify further toward the context of low and middle-income countries (LMICs). As the result of the study, low-income economies are identified as those with a GNI per capita, of $1045 or less in 2014; middle-income economies are those with a GNI per capita of more than $1045 but less than $12,736. Perhaps as foods derived from animals, fish and aquatic animals (including meat, milk, eggs, offal, fish and crustaceans) and pro-duce as fruits and vegetables sold fresh. Finally, the markets where traditional processing, products, and pricing predominate; where many actors do not comply with employment regulations and/or do not pay tax; and, which escape effective health and safety regulation.

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Volume: Issue: 1

Article: Blended learning effectiveness: Teacher’s and student’s perception of English for specific purpose classroom of Pns, Lumhs Jamshoro

Mir Jahanzeb Talpur, Shazia Muheodin, Naveen Talpur
Vol 6, Issue 1; January 2023
North American Academic Research, 6 (1) 103-115 January 2023, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7580840

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Abstract: The current study focuses on the blended learning effectiveness as perception by teachers and students in an ESP classroom. To assess the effectiveness and perception, the current study used a mixed method technique. Quantitative data was obtained using a questionnaire, while qualitative data was acquired using semi-structured interviews and convenient sampling. The findings emphasized the need for new technological aids to boost b-learn-ing in ESP, as well as its emotional components, impediments, and application suggestions.

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Volume: Issue: 1

Article: Investigate reading habit in L1 and reading habit in English among rural students at MUET

Naveen Talpur, Shazia Mouhidden, Mir Jahanzeb Talpur
Vol 6, Issue 1; January 2023
North American Academic Research, 6(1) 121-126 January 2023, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7581698

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Abstract: COVID-19 is a global epidemic for which the world was completely unprepared. It has a broad influence on a variety of facets of life. This encompasses, among other things, education, medical care, religious practice, social activities, and economic endeavors. Reading is the name of the game. Reading has an impact on one's own growth as well as the advancement of society as a whole (Sheikh & Loan, 2010). The purpose of this study is to investigate at the reading habit in L1 and reading habit in English among rural area students at MUET. The primary goal of this research is to learn more about first-year rural students' reading habit in L1 and reading habit in English. The ap-proach follow in this study is descriptive approach. A stratified sampling strategy was used to pick 50 students who returned the survey questionnaire among 207 students at MUET. The data analysis is descriptive statistics. The find-ings show that students with a reading habit spend their time reading various niches that are linked to their academic as well as for enjoyment. Students with a reading habit have a detrimental effect on their reading performance.

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Volume: Issue: 1

Article: The employee awareness of green human resource management practices and environmental cooperation in Bangladesh

Mst Kamrunnahar, Akash Mahamud, Jesmin Akter, Md Uzzal Hossain, Md. Abdur Rahaman
Vol 6, Issue 1; January 2023
North American Academic Research, 6(1) 137-153 January 2023, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7595934

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Abstract: Business communities have recently been increasing awareness of the significance of going green and adopting various environmental management techniques. As the corporate world is going global, the business is experiencing a shift from a conventional financial structure to a modern capacity-based economy ready to explore green economic facets of the company. Today, Green Human Resource Management (GHRM) has become a key business strategy for significant organizations where Human Resource Departments play an active part in going green at the office. The principle of this study is to examine the extent of awareness of Green Human Resource Man-agement among different levels of HR Managers from various organizations in Bangladesh. The findings of this study provide essential existing information on Green HRM though the practice of Green HRM in Bangladesh is insignifi-cant. The results reveal that Green HRM knowledge depends on various factors. The study's practical implications identified the awareness level of Green HRM among Managers from different sectors in Bangladesh. Organizations should employ requisite Green HRM practices to achieve excellent organizational performance. Furthermore, the government may generate policies to endorse the above practices since, in the long term, accomplishing organiza-tional excellence will reflect positively on the economy. All these may be facilitated through proactive corporate and national human resource development initiatives. The significance of the present study stems from the fact that very few studies have explored the awareness level of employees in the Green human resource management field in Bangladesh. The results provide insights into HRM practices in Bangladesh, an Indian subcontinent country. A re-gion that has been neglected by management researchers and has therefore been less researched. Also, the insights gained from this study contribute to the future development of this line of research, particularly in a non-Western country like Bangladesh. Finally, the paper recommends some hypothetically fruitful HR initiatives for Green organ-izations.

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Volume: Issue: 1

Article: Brain Tumor Classification by Using Extracted Deep CNN Features with Multiple Base Classifiers

Muhammad Altaf, Muhammad Nadeem, Zarmina Mamtaz
Vol 6, Issue 1; January 2023
North American Academic Research, 6(1) 127-136 January 2023, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7593997

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Abstract: The classification of brain tumor is a significant issue in computer-aided diagnosis (CAD) for medical ap-plications. This study focuses on a three-class classification issue to distinguish between three common forms of brain cancers: glioma, meningioma, and pituitary tumors. To extract feature from brain MRI images, the proposed classi-fication method employs deep transfer learning and a pre-trained Google Net. To categorize the extracted features, proven classifier models are used. The purposed system outperforms all current approaches with a mean classifica-tion accuracy. The precision, recall, F-score, and specificity are some of the other performance indicators employed in the study. Transfer learning appears to be a helpful strategy when the availability of medical pictures is restricted, in the observation of the previous study. Used NCA to select important feature which help in time consumption during experiments.

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Volume: Issue: 1

Article: K-graceful labeling for the ladder graph and the roach graph

W. K. M. Indunil, D. M. T. B. Dissanayake , M. A. D. Priyadarshani , A. A. I. Perera
Vol 6, Issue 1; January 2023
North American Academic Research, 6(1) 116-120, January 2023, doi: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7581628

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Abstract: A simple graph G is said to be a vertex K-graceful if there exists a vertex graceful labeling on the vertices of G.

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Volume: Issue: 11

Article: Rwanda’s post genocide peace building: developing society peace building

Angel Yiadom Boachie
Vol 5, Issue 11; November 2022
North American Academic Research, 5(11) 237-243 November 2022, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7296476

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Abstract: Efforts to restore the social structure that was shattered during the horrific events of 1994 is characterized by post-genocide Rwanda. The government created the National Unity and Reconciliation Commission (NURC) in 1999 to prepare reconciliation efforts. Rwanda has accomplished some remarkable milestones in the peace process at the state level. Reconciliation at the group and citizen levels, however, also poses major obstacles. It is imperative to develop the capacity for community dialogue to overcome the challenges. To ensure that an ecosystem able to ac-commodate and promote healing is successfully built at the grassroots level, the forums need even further investment instead of seeking to build new mechanisms and so, they need to use current reconciliation forums and improve upon them.

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Volume: Issue: 1

Article: Integration of enterprise social media into corporate South Africa: An investigation into data protection

Nana Owusu Atta Yeboah
Vol 6, Issue 1; January 2023
North American Academic Research, 6(1) 82-102 January 2023, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7579677

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Abstract: The growing of new technologies and the increased adoption of social media by firms and individuals have increasingly become a common feature in the corporate world. Some firms have used this as an advantage and have in turn used this as part of the promotional tool to make their products and services known, grow their businesses, win customers over and at the same time, make profits. Faced with growing business competition, some companies have now resorted to the use of social media, as an important tool of trade when it comes to improving business operations as well as in gaining and maintaining market share. If not handled well, however, social media can turn in to a nightmare, as it may result in the circulation of viral messages which may in turn tarnish the image of the company. This calls for the need for government to ensure that data protection measures are in place in order to ensure that toxic information does not go out in to the public domain. Through an archival method of data protection, this article investigates data protection in South Africa’s social media enterprise. The article reveals that, social media does play an important role in improving the operations of most companies, and hence, the need for stern data protection measures to control the kind of information that goes to the public.

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Volume: Issue: 1

Article: Effective educational leadership and school management: The importance of strong leadership and managerial skills

Sania Hanif, Burhan Hashmi
Vol 6, Issue 1; January
North American Academic Research, 6(1) 30-35 January 2023, https://doi.org/ 10.5281/zenodo.7552441

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Abstract: This study investigates theories related to the administration and management of educational institutions, with a focus on the role of the principal. The research suggests that successful school management requires strong leadership and managerial abilities, as well as strong social skills. The principal is responsible for shaping the school's vision and overseeing the professional development of staff, and effective communication and collaboration among all members of the school community are key to the success of the school's strategic management. The duties and competencies of the principal as a manager and leader, both in theory and practice, will also be analyzed. Educational leadership and school management encompass the development and implementation of policies and procedures, the supervision and support of teachers and other staff, and the creation of a positive learning environment for students. Educational leaders, such as school principals and district administrators, play a crucial role in determining the di-rection and success of a school or school system. They work to establish goals and plans for achieving the school's vision and to ensure that resources are used effectively to support student learning and success. School management involves the daily operations of a school, including budgeting, scheduling, and the maintenance of facilities and resources. Effective educational leadership and school management are essential for creating a successful learning environment for students.

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Volume: Issue: 1

Article: Use of frequency-domain 8x2 MIMO equalization to generate and detect high-speed signals at 128 Gbaud (1.8 Tb/s) and 64 Gbaud (1.03 Tb/s)

MD HASANUR RAHMAN
Vol 6, Issue 1; January 2023
North American Academic Research, 6(1) 74-81 January 2023, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7574972

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Abstract: : The aim of this thesis to demonstrate net signal rates of 1 TB/s and 1.8 TB/s, respectively, for 16-bit and 14- bit (4-D) symbol information at 64 and 128 GBaud by precisely equalizing imperfections on both the transmitter and receiver sides using frequency-domain 8x2 multi-input multiple-output nonlinear pre-distortion and linear equalization. These rates were achieved by precisely equalizing imperfections on both sides. The capacity of a digitalcoherent transceiver needs to be increased so that it can accommodate an increasing amount of network traffic in a manner that is both efficient and cost-effective. We have focused a lot of their attention on developing transceivers that are capable of operating at rates that are greater than one terabit per second for each wavelength. A fast Fourier transform-based, low-complexity 8x2 MIMO adaptive equalization is capable of providing accurate correction for linear impairments in transceivers. By employing a Volterra filter on the transmitter side (TxNLC), it is possible to improve the signal's quality while simultaneously correcting for the modulatornonlinear driver's response. We show through experimental validation that a SiGe DAC that works quickly and the proposed equalization are capable of producing 16-bit and 14-bit signals at 64 and 128 GBaud.

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Volume: Issue: 1

Article: The casual effect of retirement on BMI in older adults in Russia: A regression discontinuity study

Mun Angelina
Vol 6, Issue 1; January 2023
North American Academic Research, 6(1) 66-73 January 2023, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7553893

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Abstract: The population of middle-income developing countries is aging fast enough, and they will most likely have to adjust the retirement age, many countries have already started this procedure in order to have more financially acceptable state budgets. This article analyzes the causal effect of retirement in Russia on body mass index (BMI) and weight, which are important indicators of the risk of many diseases. The most important demographic trend of our time is the aging of the population, which directly affects the labor market and employment of the elderly population. Using the Russian Database (RLMS-HSE), we use the change in the mandatory retirement age in Russia with a fuzzy regression discontinuity design to study changes in BMI and weight at retirement. Our study showed that retirement will lead to an increase in weight and BMI in women. Also, this effect is much stronger among pensioners with a low level of education. The reason may be that older people with a low level of education do not observe proper nutrition and exercise less after retirement. Retirement does not affect men's BMI.

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Volume: Issue: 1

Article: Impact of the women empowerment initiatives on socio-economic aspects of female RMG workers

Hazara Binta Shuruj Chaity, Liu Xueyuan
Vol 6, Issue 1; January 2023
North American Academic Research, 6(1) 36-65 January 2023, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7553850

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Abstract: There are more than ninety percent female factory employees at RMG plants. That more women than males work in Bangladesh's factories is a reflection of a societal trend there. In addition, over 70% of all women working in the manufacturing sector in the nation are engaged in this sector. Perhaps this is because of the widespread belief that women are better suited to jobs requiring manual dexterity. (Bhattacharya and Rahman 2000).Women from rural parts of Bangladesh often go to the cities in search of employment, and many of them end up working in the garment industry because of the better pay compared to other industries. This has helped the economy since the garment sector has provided employment for tens of thousands of women and produced substantial revenue for the nation via ex-ports. Independent migration among young women in Bangladesh increased throughout the 1980s, as RMG factories pro-liferated across the country's major cities. Women are generally the only breadwinners in their families, and With they may start their own business and make their own money and powerful while also furthering their education and career prospects. This creates an opportunity for female to get employed and therefore they can contribute in Bang-ladesh economy. A large majority of garment factory employees are migrants from rural regions, and recent estimates have the percentage of women working in the lowest-paying roles in the sector at at 90%. This shows that the garment industry is a significant provider of economic security and stability for women and migrant workers.(Afsar 2000). Most of the business theory defines employee’s empowerment as the strategy of the business success in terms of factory productivity. Empowerment is not necessary only delegating authority ship of the workers in the workplace espe-cially for the female garment worker (Bhattacharya and Rahman 2000). That is why; this research paper has defined the definition of women’s empowerment and its process at first and then to find out the similarity with the workforce empowerment. The primary study's overarching goal is to determine whether or not women's economic and educational advance-ment leads to enhanced standard of living and overall happiness. In order to facilitate first-hand information gather-ing, the availability of movement, time constraint as well as the acceptance this research has been basically done in Mirpur 12 where there are many garments factory located and a huge number of female garment workers are also living. To collect primary data 150 interviews among female garment workers from Mirpur 12 have been conducted. The questionnaire includes both open-ended and closed-ended questions to ensure that survey participants can pro-vide both quantitative and qualitative data. Primary data has been collected through questionnaire and interview. The responses from the respondents has been compared to secondary sources. To measure the hypotheses, Z test has been used.

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Volume: Issue: 1

Article: Analysis of Os-Cfar and Ml-Cfar for a detection of a target in a noisy environment

Abdel Hamid Mbouombouo Mboungam, Zhi Yongfeng, Merlin Thibaut Mouadje Kuate
Vol 6, Issue 1; January 2023
North American Academic Research, 6(1) 01-29 January 2022, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7537557

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Abstract: The purpose of this work is to address the problem of detection in an inhomogeneous environment with clutter distributed in a homogeneous way for two types of detectors the OS and the ML-CFAR. The clutter is assumed to be a sea clutter represented by a Weibull distribution. In order to determine which detector is the best, a comparison was made for several parameters by simulation related to the variation of the signal-to-clutter ratio (SCR) and some cells N and the probability of false alarm also for different values of the shape parameter c is known or unknown. The results show that the ML-CFAR detector improved performance over the OS-CFAR detector.

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Volume: Issue: 12

Article: A Ratio-Based approach to identifying the most basic feasible solution to bottleneck transportation problems

E. M. D. B. Ekanayake, E. M. U. S. B. Ekanayake
Vol 5, Issue 12; December 2022
North American Academic Research, 5(12) 112-127 December 2022, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7522835

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Abstract: The most frequently studied topic in operational research and computer science is the transportation problem. In general, it is considered here how to reduce the overall cost of transporting goods from each source to another source. But in the case of transportation, transportation costs are only one important factor that is considered. Many other elements must be considered in transportation for real-world applications. The challenge of time-saving transportation provides a powerful foundation for identifying better ways to deliver items to consumers on time. This model was built with the goal of decreasing transportable time. The problems based on transportation time are known as "bottleneck transportation problems (BTP)" or time minimizing transportation problems. The literature attests that various algorithms have been presented to obtain a basic, feasible solution as well as an optimal solution to the BTP. Through this research paper, we hope to introduce a new algorithm to obtain a basic, feasible solution to a bottleneck transportation problem. For that, the new algorithm was built based on the ratio of the unit times in each cell to the total time in the transportation table. By using this method, a basic, feasible solution can be easily obtained for balanced and unbalanced BTPs. The initial solution obtained by using this algorithm is an optimal or near-optimal value. This new algorithm is a relatively effective method that can be easily understood.

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Volume: Issue: 12

Article: H.H. Munro’s The Lumber Room: A Lacanian Reading

Durage Tharushi Navodya Fernando
Vol 5, Issue 12; December 2022
North American Academic Research, 5(12) 106-111 December 2022, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7496637

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Abstract: The association of psychoanalysis and literature is a common thing which comes for a long period. This paper attempts to discuss the engagement of Lacanian concepts of psychoanalysis with H.H Munro’s (Saki) one of the notable short stories “The Lumber Room”. The story depicts the powerful imaginative power of the main character named Nicholas and his authoritative aunt. The main character: Nicholas’ aunt draws him into a psychological collapse and he escapes from that affliction, with the support of his imaginative power. As the methodology it is followed the method of textual analysis, giving attention to the protagonist’s traumatic experience of The Lumber Room and his imaginative power under Lacanian psychoanalytic criticism. Therefore, the keen attention is given only for Lacan’s concepts, not for the ideas which generated by the father of psychoanalysis: Sigmund Freud. Further the study provides a clear alignment on the character Nicholas, his traumatic experience which undergoes due to his aunt and how he escapes using his affluent imagination collaborating psychoanalytic criticism of Jacques Lacan. Finally, the story is observed through the Lacanian perspective in order to fulfill the objective of the study.

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Volume: Issue: 12

Article: For high tech industry to find physical characteristics of thin clad layer of Stellite-6 (Cobalt Base Alloys) deposited by laser cladding

Muhammad Usman, Tauqeer Ahmad, Ahmad aqrab ul, Musheer Ahmad, Muhammad Umair
Vol 5, Issue 12; December 2022
North American Academic Research, 5(12) 64-77 December 2022, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7480360

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Abstract: This research was aimed at the development of production methods and tools needed to achieve a high degree of reliability and integrity of laser cladded components manufactured at high production rate. These targets can be realized by understanding the laser/materials interactions during laser cladding. A thin surface layer of cobalt- based alloys (Stellite-6) was deposited on mild steel substrates by a coaxial laser cladding process. This process could produce a thin surface layer of less than 0.71 mm with low energy input. Laser-clad Stellite-6 specimens exhibited refined dendritic microstructure. There are interdendritic eutectics which consist of either small-scale carbides or compounds which are intermetallic and randomly distributed in a cobalt-rich solid solution, unlike the lamellar structure as observed in conventional weld overlays. The hardness values of the laser-clad layers were generally higher than those of conventional welding deposits owing to the refined effect. The wear and corrosion resistance of S-6 specimens were considerably better .Experimental results indicated that wear and corrosion characteristics of the Stellite-6 specimen were excellent; however, Proper powder feed rate and preheating were required to avoid cracking in the laser cladding process. Moreover, several approaches and steps were taken to identify the optimal process conditions to produce satisfactory clad layers with desired hardness and low residual stresses to avoid defects and Cracking and distortion.

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Volume: Issue: 12

Article: Preparation and characterization of cationic soap-washing agent and its working mechanism for the removal of unfixed dyes for reactive dyed cotton fabrics

Md Samsul Islam, Gang Wang, Lei Yang
Vol 5, Issue 12; December 2022
North American Academic Research, 5(12) 96-105 December 2022, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7496615

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Abstract: Reactive dyes have better properties in terms of color fastness and are mostly used for the coloration of cotton fabric. However, reactive dyes always tend to be hydrolyzed during the dyeing process and approxi-mately 1/4th gets hydrolyzed which is responsible for de-creasing the color fastness of the finished fabric. This hy-drolyzed dye adheres to the substrate and keeps on get-ting removed during washing treatments causing poor wash fastness. So, after dyeing is completed, an effective wash should be carried out by using an appropriate soap-washing agent to remove those additional unfixed dyes in order to get the best washing efficiency. Thus, the soap-washing agents play a significant role in the removal of unfixed dyes as well as increase overall washing efficiency. Hence, in this article, our aim is to develop effective cationic soap-washing agents through the copolymerization of N-vinylpyrrolidone with N-vinyl imidazole

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Volume: Issue: 12

Article: Uzbek Khan Atlas and Snipe

Boltabaeva Nodira, Yu Wansuo
Vol 5, Issue 12; December 2022
North American Academic Research, 5(12) 91-95 December 2022, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7487431

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Abstract: Khan-atlas is a traditional Uzbek fabric made of dense silk fabric. The fabric has interesting complex weaves, and its dyeing is carried out with natural multi-colored dyes. The classic traditional Uzbek fabric khan-atlas is closely connected with the Uzbek culture and history, reflecting the national specifics of the Uzbek people. This research paper is devoted to the study of the history of the Uzbek fabric Khan Atlas. Particular attention is paid to such aspects as: description of the fabric produced according to the traditional technology of the silkworm abra-ikat; the uniqueness of the technique and design of the Uzbek striped fabric— "atlas"; Separation of Avra fabrics by type of raw material; the use of these fabrics in everyday life. The paper tries to show that the Uzbek atlas and adras have become part of the world cultural heritage.

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Volume: Issue: 12

Article: Impact of Public parks in fighting Climate change in Rwanda

Guillaume Niyontezeho, Sissoko Bourema, James Ngabo
Vol 5, Issue 12; December 2022
North American Academic Research, 5(12) 78-90 December 2022, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7487411

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Abstract: Public parks are important to urban environments, residents, and visitors. Among other functions, they provide environmental services, in the era where the earth is facing challenges of climate change that are caused by global warming public parks can play a significant role in reducing the climate change effects. This paper identifies the development of public parks in the east African region, particularly in the country of Rwanda Kigali city. The paper argues that the continual growth of Kigali city should not be a hindrance to the development of parks. A number of factors are important to consider when building efficient parks, these include park accessibility, park usability and park sustainability. The paper concludes by offering policy suggestions as to how to resolve the dearth of parks and green spaces in the city region.

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Volume: Issue: 1

Article: Study on the Quality Standard of Rhubarb Qushang Pabu

Nongzhang Xu, Min Chen, Cuihong Wang, Hongyang Tan, Qiyuan Wu
Vol 5, Issue 1; January 2022
North American Academic Research, 5(1) 16-24, January 2022, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7490275

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Abstract: Establish the quality control standard of rhubarb anti-trauma cataplasm. The qualitative analysis of rhubarb, angelica, and affective components of aloe-emodin, chrysophanol, and emodin has been done with thin-layer chromatography (TLC) and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), respectively. The TLC spots of rhubarb and angelica in rhubarb antisurgery papu were clear, and the negative control had no interference. HPLC results demonstrate that high intense hydrophilic compound peaks are observed on the lower side; however, low intense peaks are towards the higher side of the scale. The intensity of these peaks is decreased from mixed reference solution to test solution and negative reference solution.

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Volume: Issue: 12

Article: An efficient method to solve minimum spanning tree problem using graph theory and improved ant colony optimization algorithm

K.P.O.Niluminda, E.M.U.S.B.Ekanayake
Vol 5, Issue 12; December 2022
North American Academic Research, 5(12) 34-43 December 2022, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7459058

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Abstract: A specific type of graph G is a spanning tree. A spanning tree is produced when all of the vertices of a connected undirected graph G are connected by the fewest number of edges possible. For a graph, there may be several such spanning trees. However, the term "Minimum Spanning Tree" (MST) refers to a connected, edge-weighted, undirected network that has all of its vertices connected, is cycle-free, and has the least amount of total edge weight. Several algorithms have been developed by researchers to find MST. Prim’s and Kruskal's algorithms are famous algorithms developed to find the MST of an undirected connected graph. In 1990, the Ant Colony Opti-mization (ACO) approach developed and it has been solely motivated by the foraging behavior of ant colonies. Ants are eusocial insects that want to thrive and survive as a group rather than as a single species. Pheromones, touch, and sound are the main means of communication between them. The ants release pheromones, which are organic chem-ical substances that cause other members of their species to act socially. In this study, we proposed a new probability-based algorithm to find the MST of undirected connected graphs using an improved ACO algorithm. The proposed method is then shown using numerical examples and compared with existing MST algorithms. We get outcomes that are on par with those of the algorithms developed by Prim and Kruskal.

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Volume: Issue: 12

Article: A structural model for analyzing supply chain risks from the standpoint of the Chinese and Bangla-deshi apparel industries

Janiefer Jabbar Jesha, Ma Jiaqi, Jourge Shovon Biswas, Mahmuda Akter
Vol 5, Issue 12; December 2022
North American Academic Research, 5(12) 57-63 December 2022, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7469917

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Abstract: A structural model for analyzing supply chain risks from the perspectives of China and Bangladesh Supply chain networks are becoming more and more vulnerable to ambiguities and challenges in the current business envi-ronment. The global reach of the supply chain networks in China and Bangladesh for the ready-to-wear (RMG) busi-ness leaves it vulnerable to escalating risks and disruptions. This study aids in the creation of fresh methods for risk assessment in order to pinpoint implementation difficulties in the apparel and textile supply chain between China and Bangladesh. Focus on how risk assessment can be used in these two nations to control social risks at the supplier level. A hierarchical structural model was developed using an interpretive structural modeling (ISM) method to achieve this. Additionally, MICMAC (Matriced' Impacts Cruoses Multiplication Applique an un Classement) analy-sis was utilized to classify the dangers according to driving and dependency power. The results showed that disrup-tion risk was the most important risk in the RMG market. The results of this study will help industrial managers take the necessary remedial action to lower supply chain risks in the apparel industry.

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Volume: Issue: 11

Article: A few approaches in Encrypted Malware Classifications

RIDOY KUMAR ROY
Vol 5, Issue 11; November 2022
North American Academic Research, 5(11) 226-236 November 2022, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7456879

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Abstract: The classification of malware traffic is a critical component of network intrusion detection systems. Because of the recent surge in traffic encryption, it is no longer possible to categorize malware traffic using port-based or signature-based methods. Nowadays, academics and industry developers are turning to learning-based systems for encrypted malware traffic categorization, and mining statistical patterns of traffic behaviors. Machine learning has been increasingly researched for the detection of malicious network traffic during the last few decades; it is particularly tempting when the traffic is encrypted, as traditional pattern-matching algorithms are ineffective. Several approaches for traffic classification problems have recently been researched with excellent accuracy thanks to the advent of deep learning algorithms. In this research, I will investigate the efficacy of Random Forest, Logistic Regression, and Convolutional Neural Networks for classification tasks.

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Volume: Issue: 12

Article: The moderating effect of national culture on the nexus between green innovation and financial performance: Evidence from Nigeria

Ursule Yvanna Otek Ntsama, Chen Yan, Jean François Bakendakan Manga
Vol 5, Issue 12; December 2022
North American Academic Research, 5(12) 44-56 December 2022, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7459197

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Abstract: The main objective of this article is to study the possible presence of non-linear relationships between green innovation and the financial performance of companies by considering possible threshold effects that can be estab-lished by the national culture. Our empirical strategy consists in using the panel smooth transition regression model, developed by (1)(Gonzalez et al. 2017). The choice of this model is motivated by the advantages it offers over classical linear models, used in most existing studies assuming that green innovation has an invariable impact on financial performance. Based on the study of a sample of Nigerian companies, the empirical results reveal a U-shaped rela-tionship between green innovation and market value. Our study provides evidence that green product and process innovation is only financially profitable when a threshold level of national culture is achieved.

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Volume: Issue: 12

Article: Internal and external environment of Bangladesh textile industry strategy

Md Motaher Hossain
Vol 5, Issue 12; December 2022
North American Academic Research, 5(12) 01-16 December 2022, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7454443

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Abstract: Bangladesh's textile industry is a vital part of the Country's Economy. It's the world’s second exporter of apparel behind China, with a rapidly growing readymade western wear garment industry. Because of its vast popu-lation, high garment machinery, extended area, low labor cost, and government policy. The country maintains its position as the second-largest readymade apparel cloth exporter. For many years, various researchers have also adopted different methods and approaches to their research. This analysis can help you better understand your or-ganization’s environment. The research examined how information is perceived and used as a strategic resource for successful company performance and competitive advantage in Bangladesh’s high-performance textile sector. Fi-nally, this study sheds light on the possibility of addressing issues and enhancing Bangladesh's textile industry.

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Volume: Issue: 12

Article: Kruskal’s algorithm for solving the both balanced unbalanced acceptable and prohibited route transportation problems

K.P.O.Niluminda, E.M.U.S.B.Ekanayake
Vol 5, Issue 12; December 2022
North American Academic Research, 5(12) 17-33 December 2022, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7457110

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Abstract: A Transportation Problem (TP) involves figuring out how to effectively use the resources of “m” supply stations to meet the needs of “n” demand places while also maximizing efficiency. In general, a variable cost of de-livering the goods from one supply location to a demand point or a similar limitation should be taken into consider-ation while trying to discover the optimum solution. Products are manufactured by businesses at sources, which are then shipped to customers at destinations. Each supplier may only transport a certain amount of the goods, and each client destination must receive the minimum amount. Direct shipments from a source to a destination are the only feasible ones. In general, "Classical Transportation Problems (CTP)" are problems with the aforementioned criteria. These problems are due to the transportation of a homogenous good from several supply sites to various demand locations. Prohibited Route Transportation Problem (PRTP) is a special type of TP. Transporting things from one location to another may not be practicable if circumstances like traffic laws, hazardous conditions on the road, etc. occur.

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Volume: Issue: 10

Article: Performance evaluation of short-day onion (Allium cepa L.) germplasm

M. A. Khan, M. M. Rahman, S. N. Mozumder, M. A. Alam, M.N.A. Choudhury and M. I. Haque
Vol 5, Issue 10; October 2022
North American Academic Research, 5(10) 54-69 October 2022, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7410594

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Abstract: A field experiment was conducted at Spices Research Sub-Centre (SRSC), Bangladesh Agricultural Research Institute (BARI), Faridpur, Bangladesh during 2019-2020 to find out promising onion line/s. Twenty-five onion germplasm with BARI Piaz-1 and BARI Piaz-4 (as check) were evaluated in a randomized complete block design in the trial. The results revealed that onion lines/varieties studied differed significantly on yield attributes, yield and quality of onion. The genotype AC Bog 413 had superior performance in incidence of bolting (2.36%), disease severity (13.66%), bulb diameter (BD-4.98 cm), individual bulb weight (IBW-36.76 g), multiplier bulb (0.22%), days to maturity (103.33 days) and yield (25.37 t/ha) over the recommended varieties-BARI Piaz-1 and BARI Piaz-4. The AC Bog 413 gave 66.33 & 22.57% higher IBW, 72.70 & 27.04% higher bulb yield, 98.33 & 98.29% lower split bulb and 90.74 & 91.03% lower bolting than those of BARI Piaz-1 and BARI Piaz-4, respectively.

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Volume: Issue: 11

Article: China’s foreign aid and its impact on poverty, unemployment, infrastructure, economic development, and bilateral trade in Nigeria: Using a regression model

Florence Ego Eneze, Mintah Clement, Nwabueze Ekenechukwu Chibuike, Eneze Anthony, Okolie Stephen
Vol 5, Issue 11; November 2022
North American Academic Research, 5(11) 112-133 November 2022, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7422450

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Abstract: For the past few decades, China has provided constant development assistance to Africa of which Nigeria is not an exception. This assistance has been one of the most contentious issues in the continent. Notwithstanding, whether foreign aids are sufficient or insufficient, foreign aid has the potential in accelerating economic development, alleviating poverty, reducing unemployment, and increasing industrialization and infrastructural development. For-eign Aid and economic development, on the other hand, are inextricably linked. Foreign aid has an enormous impact on the recipient's economy and prosperity. However, proper utilization and appropriation of foreign assistance received matters in this regard, on how it will inure positive economic benefits is a course of concern. The research considers first-hand information on the kind of Foreign Aid sourcing from China and its significant impact on alle-viating poverty, reducing unemployment, increasing industrialization and infrastructural development in Nigeria. Because proper utilization of Aid received and its management is a means to successful economic development and the deepening of bilateral ties between countries. Foreign aid received help in saving the lives of citizens, rebuilding the livelihood of people, providing medical care, developing agriculture for food security and export, encouraging the development of industry and technology, and proper exploration of natural resources for export, especially solids minerals. Besides, the country still needs further aid from other developed nations to support its economic develop-ment activities because issues of poverty, unemployment, and lack of social and economic infrastructures persist in the country.

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Volume: Issue: 11

Article: Effect of boron on second phases and mechanical properties in stainless steel S31254 after solution treatment

Sikander Sharif , Yasir Hashmi , Muhammad Saqlain Qurashi , Burhan Hashmi , Sania Hanif
Vol 5, Issue 11; November 2022
North American Academic Research, 5(11) 164-177, November 2022, doi: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7411226

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Abstract: The effect of boron content on the microstructures and mechanical properties of S31254 precipitates were studied after heat treatments. The time and temperature of second phase of S31254 solution under different solid solution time and temperature were obtained. The results show that with the boron content in steel is 0.002 %, affected positively and decreased the formation of second phases significantly. The solid solution temperature of precipitation phase is 1200 C,and the relatively pure austenite structure can be obtained after 4 hours of solution treatment. The second phase precipitated in and outside the grain boundaries has been re-solidified into the matrix during the hot working process. In the solution treatment, the second phase in the grain boundary dissolves gradually with the time increases. Hardness and UTS both were found higher in S31254-2 samples solid solution at 1200 C for 1 and 4 hours.

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Volume: Issue: 11

Article: Automatic mapping of lineaments and analysis for groundwater targeting using shaded relief images derived from a digital elevation model (DEM) in the Akure North Area of Ondo State, Southwest Nigeria

Onibudo Oluwasegun Oluwaseun, Chen Yuhua, Zhao Zhibo, Mei Guinan, and Sun Yuanya, Amartey Ernest Nii Laryea
Vol 5, Issue 11; November 2022
North American Academic Research, 5(11) 186-197 November 2022, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7411346

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Abstract: The study of geological structures (such as lineaments) is one of the most important factors, which gives indications about the locations of ore deposits, landslides, and groundwater propensities. This work involves the mapping of lineaments as an indication of groundwater occurrence using remote sensing and geographic information system. Shaded relief images created from digital elevation models (DEMs) help identify lineaments in different distinct relief and topography. By simulating topographic illumination under varying light directions, the method can enhance lineaments at diverse orientations. Lineaments within the four sun azimuth directions are improved when four shaded relief images are integrated into a single image. Two shaded relief images with multi-directional light were created, the first image with the four azimuth angles of the light sources were 0°, 45°, 90°, and 135°, and the second image with the four azimuth angles of the light sources were 180°, 225°, 270°, and 315°. Both images have been used for lineament extraction using the LINE Algorithm of PCI Geomatica. The results of the analysis show that the longer the lineament, the less frequency at which it appears. In total, 1410 and 1400 lineaments were extracted from the two superimposed images for this investigation. The lowest and maximum lengths of these lineaments are 920.99 and 921.08 meters, respectively, while their total lengths are 2639041.50 and 2607749.35 meters, respectively. The lineaments extracted were analyzed in terms of the total length, the number of lineaments, and orientation. The results of analyses from the extracted lineament map of the area indicate areas of groundwater occurrence. Various analyses were carried out on the extracted lineaments based on the length, density of lineament length, and orienta-tion of lineaments. This study demonstrated the use of shaded relief images created from digital elevation models (DEMs) to extract lineaments. It also led to the delineation of areas where groundwater occurrence can be encoun-tered. A concentration of geophysical surveys can be carried out in the indicated areas with the findings obtained.

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Volume: Issue: 11

Article: Exploring English language teachers’ perception of teaching the critical reading skills at college level, Hyderabad, Pakistan

Sania Mughal, Shoukat Ali Lohar
Vol 5, Issue 11; November 2022
North American Academic Research, 5(11) 178-185 November 2022, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7411290

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Abstract: This study attempts to investigate the perceptions of English Language Teachers about teaching the critical reading skills. Critical reading is considered one of the essential skills for students in today’s world. One of the main objectives of teaching English subject at college level, Hyderabad, is also to promote critical reading skills. Therefore, this study sought to explore the perceptions of ELT teachers have about critical reading and also tried to investigate their understanding level about teaching critical reading skills. Qualitative research method was adopted to conduct this inquiry in which the techniques of classroom ethnography were used as research design. Data was collected into two phases. In first phase, the semi-structured interviews were taken from the twelve (12) English language Teachers who were teaching English at public colleges of Hyderabad, Pakistan. In second phase, classes of five (05) English language teachers were observed. Findings of this study reveals that most teachers had unclear about critical reading which indicates that they were not able to properly implement critical reading skills in their language classrooms. Result of this study suggests that reforms should be made at pre-service teachers training programs about teaching the critical reading skills so that ELT teachers can develop better understanding of this notion.

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Volume: Issue: 11

Article: Ecological discourse analysis of green content in English language textbooks in Pakistan

Sidra Iqbal, Shoukat Ali Lohar
Vol 5, Issue 11; November 2022
North American Academic Research, 5(11) 154-163 November 2022, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7410664

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Abstract: This study has explored the constructive and destructive discourse of green content in the textbooks, designed by the Sindh Textbook Board, and taught in public schools of Sindh, Pakistan. English textbooks for Grades 6 to 10 were selected to carry out the process of data collection and analysis. The data were analyzed by using the categorization framework of Ecological discourse analysis (EDA). The constructive discourse, related to the environment, was categorized into themes and the categorization of eco-lexicons was made to identify the destructive discourse in the textbook. The results found that the constructive discourse related to the environment was present in the textbook; Eco-centric actions and ecological themes. Apart from this, linguistic elements; Euphemism, passive Voices, and nominalization were also identified in the textbooks which encourage destructive behavior by missing the agents or concealing the real culprits behind ecological degradation. Additionally, green content in the textbooks represents a human-centered approach rather than an eco-centric approach in English textbooks. The findings of the study suggest that there is a need of evaluating ecological areas in ELT textbooks to incorporate positive ecological discourse so that constructive change must be brought through education in ELT textbooks.

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Volume: Issue: 11

Article: Seroprevalence of Transfusion – Transmissible Infections (T.T.Is) among prospective blood donors in Ambrose Alli University, Ekpoma, Nigeria

Babatope Isaac O., Iyevhobu Kenneth O., Orukotan Rosannah I., Ukhurebor Godstime O.
Vol 5, Issue 11; November 2022
North American Academic Research, 5(11) 142-153 November 2022, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7392373

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Abstract: Blood transfusion is an effective treatment for saving millions of lives worldwide each year. But unsafe blood has the potential to transmit adverse of infections to blood recipients. This study was therefore aimed at inves-tigating the seroprevalence of transfusion – transmitted infections (TTIs) among prospective blood donors in Am-brose Alli University, Ekpoma, Nigeria. A total of 400 apparently healthy young prospective donors within the age range of 17 – 30 years and of both sexes were recruited for this study. The prospective blood donors were screened for HIV I & II, HBV, HCV and VDRL using Determine HIV 1/2 (Alere Medical Co Ltd, Chiba, Japan), Diaspot one step hepatitis B surface antigen (Diaspot Diagnostics Inc., U.S.A.), Diaspot one step hepatitis C virus (Diaspot Diag-nostics Inc., U.S.A.), and Diaspot one step VDRL (Diaspot Diagnostics Inc., U.S.A.) test kits respectively. From the results obtained, the overall seroprevalence of TTIs in the study area was 10.5%. Distribution of TTIs according to HIV I & II, HBsAg, HCV and VDRL were 1%, 7%. 1.5% and 1% respectively. Sex-wise distribution revealed that more females were infected with HBV and HCV compared to males. With respect to TTIs distribution and age, TTIs were variably affected by age. In conclusion, the results of this study though relatively low compared to earlier studies in Nigeria emphasizes the urgent need for all stakeholders to ensure that WHO’s blood donor screening algorithm is strictly adhered to with a view of promoting blood safety in the study area.

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Volume: Issue: 11

Article: Analysis and optimization on the transport infrastructure management in Bangladesh

Md Akram Ullah
Vol 5, Issue 11; November 2022
North American Academic Research, 5(11) 198-225 November 2022, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7320393

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Abstract: Drawing upon Inter-organizational relations theory and cognitive theories, this study builds a research framework in which to examine how financial support and government support shape the transport infrastructure of Bangladesh. Using survey data from Bangladeshi firms with two key informants, we find that financial support and government support both serve as critical drivers for the transportation infrastructure. This research is divided into six stages, research background, literature re-view, conceptual framework, research methodology, results, and conclusion. This study comprises the preliminary research ex-ploring the mechanism by which government support, and financial support influence the transportation infrastructure of Bang-ladesh. International collaboration is used as a moderator in this research to check whether it positively enhances the relationship between financial support and government support with transportation infrastructure or not

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Volume: Issue: 11

Article: Analysis and selection of borehole composite length for accurate and optimal geological resource reserve calculation: A case study of timulike iron deposit

Koulibaly Mohamed, Zhou Rongfu, Onibudo Oluwasegun Oluwaseun
Vol 5, Issue 11; November 2022
North American Academic Research, 5(11) 70-90 November 2022, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7339703

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Abstract: Standardizing the length of borehole samples is one of the essential steps in the estimation and calculation of geological resource reserves with contemporary software such as Surpac. This standardization resulting in a com-posite chain file has a significant impact on the accuracy and optimization of the estimate. Unsuitable composite lengths can lead to underestimating or overestimating these resource reserves. This article helps remedy this problem in the case of the Timulike iron deposit in China. The geological data are first processed in Microsoft Excel using standard mathematical computation and the iron content curve to rectify, filter, rearrange, and readjust them in files in the Surpac format. After that, the anomalous results were checked and corrected using the histogram analysis and cumulative frequency of the iron contents. Afterward, 30 composites with lengths ranging from 0.5 meters to 10 meters are constructed using the Surpac software's composite construction approach and data from the study area's sampling lengths as well as lengths that were often employed in previous research. Their statistical results, which are extracted and listed in a table, include variance, mean, standard deviation, and coefficient of variation. These statis-tical results can now be represented and interpreted more effectively thanks to the statistical approach of examining the histograms of the data in Microsoft Excel. According to the statistical analysis of these results, three groups of composites are identified: those with short lengths (between 0.5 and 1 meters), those with long lengths (5 and 10 meters), and those with lengths that are very near to the average length of the drill samples (from 1.7 to 2 meters). These results also show that the iron resource reserves will be overestimated by short-length composites and under-estimated by long-length composites. On the other hand, composites with lengths that are extremely close to the average length of the samples will result in more accurate estimations. The length of 2 meters was determined to be the composite length best suited to make an optimal estimate and an accurate calculation of the Timulike iron deposit resource reserves through a more thorough investigation of this last group of composites utilizing Microsoft Excel's conditional formatting method.

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Volume: Issue: 11

Article: Blockchain effects in Latin America and the Caribbean trade, A Gravity Model approach

Eric Merino-Burbano
Vol 5, Issue 11; November 2022
North American Academic Research, 5(11) 91-111 November 2022, doi: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7369385

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Abstract: In international trade, the effect of non-tariff barriers has been widely studied, and several proposed solu-tions have been given either to reduce these types of barriers and its effects. A revolutionary new technology arises with the potential to propose innovative methods in facilitating trade and reducing or removing significantly trade barriers; this technology is called Blockchain or Distributed Ledger Technology. This research proposes a set of vari-ables based on specific trade facilitation indicators that are directly relevant to the potential of the Blockchain tech-nology and performs an econometrical analysis founded on the Gravity Model to study the explanatory significance and potential effects of these variables in the case of Latin America and the Caribbean with the rest of the world. The results suggest a significant relationship between most of the proposed trade facilitation variables with trade volumes in bilateral trade; indicating, therefore, the potential Blockchain technology could have in boosting international trade.

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Volume: Issue: 11

Article: Design and development of electromagnetic control valve hydraulic coupler for scraper conveyor

Khandaker Shanin Ahmed, Shuxin Du, Hongyi Xu
Vol 5, Issue 11; November 2022
North American Academic Research, 5(11) 135-141, November 2022, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7387781

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Abstract: Scraper conveyor is an important equipment for excavating and transporting materials in fully mechanized mining face. With the continuous development of computer technology and fluid mechanics, the research of hydraulic coupling has gone deep into all levels, not only limited to the structural characteristics of the hydraulic coupling itself, three-dimensional liquid electromagnetic calculation, three-dimensional design methods, but also involved in the optimization of the characteristic parameters of the hydraulic coupling. This topic is the technical design of the electromagnetic control valve of the hydraulic coupling, including the structural design of the main valve, the structural design of the pilot valve, and the three-dimensional modeling of the main valve. The research on the solenoid valve technology of hydraulic coupling conforms to the development concept and trend and has broad prospects.

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Volume: Issue: 7

Article: Critical analysis of the purchasing power and be-havior of consumers in marketing management

Dossa Jean-Tychique S Gbeliho, Oscar Chijioke Nkwazema, Ibrahim Sangare, Jervis Owusu Ansah, Sakinatu Issaka, Guy Herve Germain Sonan, Melaine Emmanuel Kouame, Mariama Janneh, Ketsia Kindja Matetu, Marie-Elisabeth Gnahoua
Volume: 5 Issue: 7; July 2022
North American Academic Research, 5(7) 195-217 July 2022, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7338288

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Abstract: To design a product or service that satisfies a customer's needs, producers must first understand their wants and needs. Besides that, it is also essential to know what makes consumers choose one thing over another. When you know a customer's personality and the environment in which they work, it's easier to change their behavior and help them make good purchases. In a business setting, consumer behavior refers to how an individual responds. Research on customer behavior is a wide-ranging endeavor. It aims to connect with people deeper using primary needs, psy-chology, emotions, and feelings. An analysis of the client's behavior determines how a customer responds to a set of stimuli that support the relationship with him. We need to know what makes customers buy in-store or online, what makes them feel, and how they react and act. What factors influence a customer's decision to use one company's goods or services over another? The answer to this issue is not immediately apparent. When finding the best deal, rational logic does not always apply to consumer behavior. Many other things come into play concerning how people think, feel, and act. A critical analysis was carried out on consumer behavior and their purchasing power using the "people-product-situation" approach, in which several factors were considered. Internal and external factors are the primary categories used to categorize the influences on consumer decisions. Internal considerations influence the consumer's unique decision-making process; consumer needs, motivation, personality, and perception are the vital factors. A variety of external influences can influence an individual's decisions; social, economic, and cultural forces are important factors. From these research findings, the result showed that certain specific requirements, consumer activities, the purchasing process, internal and external factors, and consumer roles are critical factors in various forms and have significant influence on consumer choices, which is very important for marketing management. Therefore, understanding what makes people buy, use, or stop using a product or service helps companies better meet their needs, improve the customer's experience, boost sales, and strengthen the overall marketing management system for the organization.

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Volume: Issue: 11

Article: Characteristics and influencing factors of gas explo-sion propagation in pipelines (ducts) – A review

Amartey Ernest Nii Laryea, Nkansah Benjamin Oduro, Ahiahonu Desmond Senanu Loveridge, Anamor Samuel Kofi
Vol 5, Issue 11; November 2022
North American Academic Research, 5(11) 54-69 November 2022, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7331822

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Abstract: In an attempt to satisfy the energy demand in a world with depleting levels of fossil-fuels, coal exploitation will remain even though attempts to reduce CO2 emission is discussed across the length and breadth of the world and with the increasing depths in countries like China and Australia the direct challenge of catastrophic explosions are inevitable. Similarly, municipal sewage system and urban public infrastructure are a ticking time bomb if oil and gas leakages are taken into consideration. With these scenarios research have discovered that, a number of character-istic factors including obstacles, vents, bends, ignition features, explosion/flammable limits, fuel concentration, gas concentration and composition, overpressure etc., influence the flame propagation that bring about gas explosions in pipelines. Understanding these influencing factors provide comprehensive ways of mitigating the gas explosion in pipeline (ducts). From various researches a considerable number of suppression, venting and isolation technologies have been discovered to mitigate the gas explosion in ducts. Examples of such discoveries include the use of water mist and its derivatives, ultrafine water fog, side/size/end venting and porous solids.

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Volume: Issue: 11

Article: Corporate social responsibility of bank : The gaps

Shake Shakil Ahmed, Jyoti Biswas, Sazid Ahsan Pranto, Md Mahade Hasan Shanto, Nikol Janszky-Máriás, Xiaochao Shen, Dzhumaliyeva Sahyjemal
Vol 5, Issue 11; November 2022
North American Academic Research, 5(11) 16-21 November 2022, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7324513

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Abstract: As a result of the widespread use of public funds by nations throughout the world in an effort to mitigate the effects of the global financial crisis that began in 2008, the level of public debt in many of these nations has reached unsustainable propor-tions. As a result of the downturn in the real economy, various nations were confronted with high unemployment rates and economic setbacks, both of which remain unsolved to this day. After the financial crisis, many people were concerned about how to rebuild faith in financial institutions and how banks may better contribute to socially responsible and economically sound growth. This article examines corporate social responsibility, also known as CSR, which is a mentality that places an emphasis on ethical standards. The CSR pyramid delineates distinct tiers of responsibility for corporate social responsibility. Taking responsi-bility for one's company's financial situation is the first step, as this is the basis upon which the pyramid is built; however, busi-nesses must also adhere to the rules and regulations that have been established. The requirement to act justly and morally at all times is what we mean when we talk about having ethical responsibility. After the crisis, the responsibility for ensuring continued financial stability was passed on to the central banks of several nations. In order to accomplish this goal, central banks have estab-lished their very own policies for corporate social responsibility. Research is

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Volume: Issue: 11

Article: Critical investigation on the role of corporate social responsibility in business expansion: The case study of Grameen Bank

Shake Shakil Ahmed, Jyoti Biswas, Sazid Ahsan Pranto, Md Mahade Hasan Shanto, Nikol Janszky-Máriás, Xiaochao Shen, Dzhumaliyeva Sahyjemal
Vol 5, Issue 11; November 2022
North American Academic Research, 5(11) 22-53 November 2022, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7296476

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Abstract: CSR has become a hot topic in academic and business circles. This discussion acknowledges CSR's im-portance in the first world but challenges whether developing-world organizations have CSR commitments. CSR is increasingly relevant to corporations in developed countries due to higher public expectations of responsible behav-ior. In poor countries, social expectations are based on financial success, hence CSR is of minimal importance to individuals and enterprises. CSR is a new concept in Bangladesh, and many organizations try to balance it with other duties. The banking sector in Bangladesh has a long history of engaging in CSR activities like assisting various or-ganizations, beautifying the state, and sponsoring cultural events. In recent years, this envelopment has made great progress since 2008, when the Bangladesh Bank Guideline recommended banks to be more organized. Business exists to make money. Profit-seeking is sometimes considered immoral since it emphasizes self-interest. Self-interest is not selfishness, which prioritizes one's own well-being over others'. Self-interest is only concerned with monetary gain and is vital for society's productivity and asset management (Safety & Rights Society, 2014). Profit rewards hard labor and ingenuity, which most people want because it would be illogical to save and invest otherwise. Business organi-zations can't function properly without society's help. Businesses should assume social duties because they have the resources to do so. Business has some of the world's brightest ideas and great financial resources. Businesses should produce social and economic capital to "improve the world."In recent years, several businesses have suffered setbacks and even banks have gone bankrupt due to inadequate shareholder supervision. Shareholders and other stakeholders are increasingly looking for increased transparency and accountability of their businesses to ensure growth and that the business will continue to exist in the foreseeable future, not only in terms of maximizing shareholder wealth but also taking into account the needs of other stakeholders (consumers, employees, suppliers, government, etc.).Corpo-rate Social Responsibility (CSR) is an intrinsic aspect of long-term company and sustainable growth and success. It promotes values locally and globally and is a developed-country phenomenon.

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Volume: Issue: 10

Article: The impact of Nano-ZnO micronutrient fertilizer on growth and yield parameters of commercially-cultivated traditional rice varieties (Oryza sativa L.) in Sri Lanka

Sandanayake CLT, Weerakoon SR
Vol 5, Issue 10; October 2022
North American Academic Research, 5(10) 43-53 October 2022 , https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7272000

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Abstract: Inbred rice varieties are popular among Sri Lankan paddy farmers owing to their high performance related to yield, nutrition, biotic and abiotic resistance. Though traditional rice varieties offer high nutritional value and medicinal properties than the inbred versions, their characteristic low yield tends to discourage paddy farmers. This choice of one variety over the other is also affected by cereal-grown soils which show micronutrient deficiency such as Zn and Cu, which adversely affects the growth and yield performance of rice.

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Volume: Issue: 11

Article: The Impact of Non-Bank Financial Institutions on Economic Growth in Mongolia

Zou Zongfeng, Bolor-Erdene Gankhuu
Vol 5, Issue 11; November 2022
North American Academic Research, 5(11) 1-15, November 2022, doi: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7293856

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Abstract: In recent decades, the structure of financial intermediation has changed dramatically. Banks' stake in the financial system is decreasing, while non-banks' involvement is expanding, and this tendency is particularly noticeable in Mongolia. The shifting structure of financial intermediation has piqued monetary authorities' interest, as it has the potential to alter the way monetary policy is conveyed to the economy. The purpose of this study is to look at the impact of non-banking financial institutions on Mongolian monetary policy transmission. Using time series data from 2000 to 2022 (https://thedocs.worldbank.org/en/doc/af1a0293254ac2e448cafa165c669d88-0070012022/original/MEU-2022-April-ENG .pdf ), this research intends to empirically investigate the development impact of Non-Bank Financial Intermediaries on Mongolian economic growth.Non-bank financial activities are defined as services provided by a business entity that has secured a license from the Bank of Mongolia, as defined in article 7.1 of the present law. The study investigates the existence of a long run equilibrium link between NBFIs and economic development using a limited testing technique to cointegration and an error correcting mechanism. The analysis discovers that NBFIs and real per capita income have a long-run cointegrating connection. According to economic theory, solid and efficient financial systems—banks, equities markets, and bond markets—that route capital to its most productive uses promote economic growth. Since the early 1990s, the financial systems of the region have developed deeper and more diversified, according to the data. Financial development has a strong beneficial effect on growth, especially in emerging nations, according to a more rigorous econometric analysis of 125 countries' panel data. The findings also show that the influence of financial development on regional growth is similar to that of other regions, and that the impact has reduced since the Asian financial crisis. Overall, our research supports the assumption that continued financial sector development is important for developing Asia's post-crisis growth. However, the primary role of financial sector development in growth is likely to change away from mobilizing funds and so increasing investment volume and toward improving investment efficiency and thereby contributing to improved overall productivity. The study suggests that the role of NBFIs and their value to the economic growth process are more pronounced in countries with more developed financial systems. As a result, strategies aimed at strengthening the NBFI sector are required, considering their ability to contribute to economic growth.

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Volume: Issue: 10

Article: Invalidity of a fraud’s treaty within the implications for the maritime boundary negotiations between Australia and Timor-Leste

Dr R. Herman Katimin, S.Sos., S.H., M.Si., M.H., Rakotoarivelo Tiana Nantenaina, S.H., M.H.
Vol 5, Issue 10; October 2022
North American Academic Research, 5(10) 34-42 October 2022, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7268860

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Abstract: n 2006, Australia and Timor Leste agreed on Treaty on Certain Maritime Arrangements in the Timor Sea (CMATS) as a provisional arrangement concerning resources management in the Greater Sunrise field. However, six years later, a former agent of the Australian Secret Intelligence Service provided some information to the govern-ment of Timor Leste that Australia had intercepted the internal discussion of the CMATS negotiation in 2004. The act of espionage during the CMATS negotiation can be deemed a breach of the good faith principle according to the UN Convention on the Law of the Sea and the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties 1969 (VCLT). This article aims to analyze interception as a breach of the duty of performing good faith principles in the negotiation process, which can serve as the basis to invalidate the arrangement. Espionage as a form of deceitful proceedings can be assumed as an element of fraudulent conduct derived from fraud under Article 49 of VCLT. The establishment of permanent maritime boundaries can be applied as a solution for both countries to achieve legal assurance for disputed resource field management, as well as involving the third party as a solution to Timor Sea dispute resolution. Timor now argues that the 2006 treaty is invalid because Australia spied on its treaty negotiators, thus gaining an unfair ad-vantage. While spying alone does not invalidate a treaty, fraud can. It is untested whether espionage constitutes fraud.

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Volume: Issue: 10

Article: Maintenance technologies for roads and its prioritization

Shuwen Zhang, Akram Alhelyani
Vol 5, Issue 10; October 2022
North American Academic Research, 5(10) 26-33 October 2022, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7264113

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Abstract: The road network is the lifeblood and evidence of the progress of countries, as the road infrastructure has many benefits on the economic and social front. After completing the construction of roads and starting their opera-tion, the roads are exposed to a decrease in structural and functional quality as a result of traffic loads and the influ-ence of weather factors. Therefore, in order to maintain the efficiency of the roads, ensure their quality, and continue to provide the services for which they were established, those roads must be maintained using various maintenance techniques to immediately eliminate various safety risks to ensure the safety of the road and pedestrians on it. The major challenge in keeping highways in good condition is that there will never be enough money to maintain the whole road network. This article discusses the significance of the maintenance of roads and the current problems in the maintenance of roads. The second part discusses the objective of prioritization, and the roles of prioritization in road maintenance. As a result, this article can be used as a reference for future road maintenance and to assist decision makers in allocating limited resources in an efficient and effective manner.

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Volume: Issue: 8

Article: Thermal performance analysis of thermal energy storage tank using solid rocks with HITEC salt

Md. Ali Azam, H. B. Muhammad Zukaul Islam, Md. Mostofa Hossain, Mohammad Arif Hasan Mamun
Vol 5, Issue 8; August 2022
North American Academic Research, 5(8) 107-118 August 2022, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7263948

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Abstract: A thermocline thermal energy storage (TES) tank is the key element in storing thermal energy for concen-trated solar power (CSP) plants. This paper focuses on the thermal analysis of the single-stage thermal energy storage (TES) tank by using molten Hitec salt, which is a eutectic mixture of 7 wt% NaNO3, 40 wt% NaNO2 and 53 wt% KNO3. This molten salt is used as heat transfer media and solid quartzite rock is used as filler materials. The Disper-sion-Concentric model, based on energy equations and solved by the finite element method, is used to study the heat transfer module for the computational domain. The research presents the 3D temperature domain for heat transfer fluid (HTF) and filler materials inside the TES tank. The temperature profile of HTF and solid materials are also plotted as a tank height and time function. As the value of thermal conductivity and specific heat capacity of HTF is higher than that of the solid filler materials, we found that the temperature of HTF is greater than that of the solid rock at the same time at a specific tank height.

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Volume: Issue: 9

Article: Extraction and purification of protein from orange seeds

Samra Zahra, Syed Babar hussain, Raza Faqeer Muhammad, Shabab hussain, Nokhaiz Irshad, Nadir Abbas
Vol 5, Issue 9; September 2022
North American Academic Research, 5(9) 176-191 September 2022, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7264093

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Abstract: Orange is a nutrient rich Fruit. The research on Orange showed that it can be used to treat many diseases or the daily intake of orange extracts prevents the development of many diseases besides this aspect all parts of Orange are rich in protein contents thus used as protein source in many developing countries. The proteins of Orange seed have many useful applications. The present work describes extraction and purification of protein from Orange seed. The crude proteins were extracted by using six extraction solutions and the purification of protein from the crude extract was done using ammonium sulfate precipitation method. The purity of the protein was analyzed by SDS-PAGE. The quantification of extracted protein was done with spectrophotometer. The results showed that the pure protein was obtained with 50% ammonium sulfate saturation. The pure protein was further characterized for its antibacterial activity. The protein did not kill the bacterial strains which were used in this study indicating that this protein is not antibacterial against these particular strains.

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Volume: Issue: 10

Article: Use Of Neuro-linguistic Programming (NLP) tech-niques in the perspectives of college teachers to help learners deal with anxiety issues

Qirat Baloch, Shoukat Ali Lohar, Dr. Habibullah Pathan
Vol 5, Issue 10; October 2022
North American Academic Research, 5(10) 10-17 October 2022, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7226354

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Abstract: The study aims to answer how far is Neurolinguistic Programming (NLP) known to college teachers and based on teachers’ perspectives; if its techniques are effective in dealing with anxiety issues of college learners at APSACS, Petaro, Sindh, Pakistan. NLP is an interdisciplinary approach that is studied to analyse its strategies to reach a personal objective, it involves thoughts, language and patterns of behaviour learned by experiencing a particular outcome. Firstly, the researcher has identified the NLP techniques that are used to deal with the anxiety of learners that becomes a hindrance in the classroom learning and reaching learning outcomes, for which, Zeb and Hameed (2020)’s study is adopted. Secondly, qualitative method of research is followed with an interview protocol which posed questions to college teachers about the awareness of the NLP, the NLP strategies used by them and the effectiveness of these strategies. The researcher has applied following steps to reach at the conclusion; identifying NLP strategies; conducting workshop for college teachers for their awareness of the field, interviewing the college teachers and lastly, analysing the data. Findings show that teachers were not aware of the field or strategies by their actual terms before the workshop provided by the researcher but agreed to be using them effectively for years in the classes subconsciously when dealing with learners who suffer with anxiety.

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Volume: Issue: 4

Article: Investigation of Skylight Polarization Mode at Different Surface Albedo

Yan Cui, Muhammad Mubashir Naveed, Ye Zhou, Hafiz Muhammad Awais, Ran Zhan, Dexian Li
Vol 5, Issue 4; April 2022
North American Academic Research, 5(4) 89-101 April 2022, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7234810

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Abstract: The sky polarization mode contains the location information for polarization navigation, which plays a vital role in realizing polarization navigation. It is formed by various internal and external factors such as atmospheric mode, gas molecules, aerosols, clouds, ground surface, time, and geographic location when sunlight passes through the atmosphere. It provides prominent information of directions, solar meridian, neutral points, and polarization azimuth, these are critical in navigation. Therefore, it is imperative to establish a theoretical model closer to the actual atmosphere for simulation analysis and conduct quantitative testing research on the sky polarization mode in the actual environment. Herein, the LibRadtran software is used to simulate and analyze the effect of different surface albedo at different surface types on the polarization degree and polarization azimuth. The actual tests are carried out on concrete, ocean, and asphalt surfaces. It is found that the surface albedo has a weakening effect on the polarization degree value on the same day and at the same time. In conclusion, the average reduction of the maximum polarization decreases with the increase of albedo size. Furthermore, the surface albedo has no evident effect on the polarization azimuth.

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Volume: Issue: 8

Article: Hydrochemical Evaluation of the spring water suitability for drinking purpose at Sheringal, Khy-ber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan

Obaidullah, Arifullah, Masood Shah , Navid Anjum, Wakeel Hussain, Ja-vid Hussain, Nafees Ali, Waseem Akram
Vol 5, Issue 8; August 2022
North American Academic Research, 5(8) 134-153 May 2022, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7216442

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Abstract: The objective of this study was to explore lake and land breezes over the Lake Victoria basin based on 2 years (2019 to 2020). Hourly and daily data of wind speed and direction, precipitation, 2-meter air temperature over land, and Lake mix-layer depth obtained from Era 5 re-analysis were utilized. The method employed was based on the characteristics of the lake breeze with the elimination of the days with strong synoptic winds. According to the results, the main drivers for the breeze development at the meteorological stations were the thermal gradient be-tween the lake and the surroundings and the low-level winds. The breezes mainly occur between 9:00 h and 15:00 h characterized by divergence over the lake and reduction in temperature and they move over land. The study calls for a look at the factors that may contribute to the formation of the breezes.

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Volume: Issue: 9

Article: Corporate governance reforms and investment efficiency: evidence from an emerging economy

Iftikhar Ahmad, Sanna
Vol 5, Issue 9; September 2022
North American Academic Research, 5(9) 144-175 September 2022, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7226388

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Abstract: This study examines the effect of reforms in corporate governance code on investment efficiency in the emerging economy. The study uses quarterly financial data of non-financial firms listed on the Pakistan Stock Ex-change. This study finds that reforms in corporate governance code improve investment efficiency by mitigating agency problems. In addition, corporate governance reforms are more helpful in curbing overinvestment than un-derinvestment. The study further divides the sample into politically connected and non-political connected firms for additional analysis and finds that corporate governance reforms have no role in improving the investment efficiency for politically connected firms. The study also finds that corporate governance reforms effectively mitigate overin-vestment for non-political connected firms than politically connected firms. Overall, these findings imply that in-creasing the monitoring role by corporate governance mechanisms can reduce agency conflicts and improve corpo-rate investment decisions. Further, Legal restrictions are required on political connections as overinvestment is not good for the economy.

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Volume: Issue: 10

Article: Optimising the life cycle costs in defence industry

Z. b. Junaid, Rashid Asif, PhD
Vol 5, Issue 10; October 2022
North American Academic Research, 5(10) 18-25 October 2022, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7226371

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Abstract: The focus of this study is to highlight the importance of managing Life Cycle Costs (LCC) in defence acqui- sition and contracting. Acquisition & contracting is an important yet under explored area especially in the public sector domain. In public sector acquisitions where the amount and effort involved in executing compete process of a single high-end equipment is so high, it makes it an imperative area to be explored in detail. Furthermore, there is a dire need to find out a suitable framework which allows the organisation to optimise the life cycle cost in these acquisitions.

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Volume: Issue: 10

Article: Non-operative management of anal fissure: success vs failure

Rajesh Kumar Sah, Rupesh Verma
Vol 5, Issue 10; October 2022
North American Academic Research, 5(10) 60-64, October 2022, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7262376

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Abstract: Anal fissure is a linear rip or ulcer in the anal mucosa. Defecation causes a searing agony, "like passing shattered glass," according to patients, followed by hours of scorching sensation in the anus. The most common presenting symptoms are distress during and after defecation. Women of childbearing age and beyond, as well as those who have just given birth, are the most likely to experience fissures. Anal fissure occurs in around 11% of people during the course of their lives. In this article, we analyze the available data to determine if non-surgical therapies for anal fissure are effective and safe. Due to the danger of incontinence and the handicap that comes along with anal fissure surgery, non-invasive medical solutions have been researched. Recently, pharmaceutical approaches have been em-ployed to obtain fissure healing by relaxing the anal smooth muscle, thereby accomplishing reversibly what occurs during surgery.

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Volume: Issue: 10

Article: Hypergraph-based laplacian score for feature selection

Hasan Md Monim, Wenjun Hu, Ke Zhang
Vol 5, Issue 10; October 2022
North American Academic Research, 5(10) 01-09 February 2022, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7220069

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Abstract: The dimensionality reduction problem is introduced as a challenging topic in machine learning when working with high-dimensional data. This issue features a number of notable achievements from recent years. Subspace learning and feature selection approaches are two major kinds of dimensionality reduction methods in this context. Indeed, the effectiveness and efficiency of these algorithms are the distinguishing features that have made them so popular. Subspace learning methods are critical in translating a high-dimensional space into a smaller subspace in the context of dimensionality reduction. Dimensionality reduction has two parts. These two parts are feature selection and feature extraction. Here I have worked with the feature selection. Feature selection method is normally classified into three categories: wrapper feature selection, filter feature selection and embedded feature selection methods. Selecting a set of features by making a use of a learning method in a way that the performance of the classification becomes better in a wrapper method. In order to discover irrelevant features and select a subset of characteristics, the filter methods make use of some ranking criteria and statistical qualities of data. Searching on the relevant features within the learning model being applied in the process of feature selection. Feature Selection through Hypergraph Embedding we can describe here. Here using the representations and where - dimensional vector and its elements represent the samples separately in the th dimension of the low dimensional feature space. Based on the hypergraph transformation described and the scheme of Laplacian eigen-decomposition, the hypergraph spectral embedding can be easily conducted as follows. Laplacian feature selection is a novel feature selection filter that is unaffected by the learning task. It may be done with or without supervision. The new method is based on the fact that local geometric structure is important for discrimination. Experiments with the Iris and PIE face datasets show that our approach is successful. Laplacian feature selection uses normal 2D correlation graphs to present their score. This graph is not so efficient to determine the complex features. This feature selection may lose some features of the data. To remedy the information loss issue occurring in the above methodology is to represent the data as a hypergraph.

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Volume: Issue: 9

Article: Enhancing the security of ATM transaction “an architecture approach”

Opul Sorker, Prof. Jahanara Akhtar
Vol 5, Issue 9; September 2022
North American Academic Research, 5(9) 138-143 September 2022, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7221750

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Abstract: Nowadays banking service is increasing rapidly day by day. Though the bank renders us plenty of good services, there are also some problems there. Automated Teller Machine (ATM) cards are the good things of the banking system. It is an easy way to withdraw money from the ATM machine by using an ATM card. Even though there is a possibility to hack the ATM card password (PIN) and lose the ATM card. Besides, there are many frauds in our societies especially in banking sectors. The fraudsters can hack our ATM card password or PIN to withdraw money illegally. In this paper, we did full palm scanning to withdraw money without using an ATM card and send a text message to the customer or original bank account holder. In addition, we have also used the password or PIN number of the customer to withdraw money. Full palm scanning, sending a text message, password and not using an ATM card will ensure high security of the bank customer to authenticate the original customer or account holder as well as exchange money.

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Volume: Issue: 10

Article: The Role of Gender, Socioeconomic Factors and its Impact on Students’ English as a Second Language (ESL) Performance

Hafiz Muhammad Ihsan Zafeer, Li Yanping, Samra Maqbool
Vol 5, Issue 10; October 2022
North American Academic Research, 5(10) 52-59, October 2022, 9. doi: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7216780

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Abstract: The present study aimed to compare the gender differences among ESL students’ performance and determine the socioeconomic factors that impact ESL undergraduate students’ success in Pakistan. A quantitative survey method was used. 380 participants were taken part in the survey questionnaire currently enrolled in bachelor's degrees at various Universities in Punjab, Pakistan. Two hypotheses were formulated, and the data was collected on a socioeconomic questionnaire consisting of 18 items and divided into three sub-factors. Exploratory factor analysis was conducted to determine the factors; K treatment Kruskal–Wallis (Friedman statistics test) was used to know the statistically significant impact, while an independent sample t-test was used to compare the gender differences. The study findings were made up of a three-factor model through EFA; the Friedman test indicated a statistically significant impact of socioeconomic factors on ESL students’ performance, while independent sample t-test results revealed that there was no statistically significant difference in gender between socioeconomic factors and ESL students’ performance. Based on the results finding's conclusion has been made.

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Volume: Issue: 9

Article: Molecular dynamics simulation to evaluate flexural properties of Cu nanowires under different loading conditions

Mohammad Din Al Amin, Mohammad Minhaz Uddin, Md Alamgir Hossain
Vol 5, Issue 9; September 2022
North American Academic Research, 5(9) 124-137 September 2022, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7185179

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Abstract: An extensive study of mechanical properties on the Copper nanowire is conducted in this paper. A three-point bending method, based on AFM bending experiment, has employed in order to obtain mechanical properties of Cu NWs. Tensile test by means of strain rate is a well-known method to evaluate mechanical properties in Molec-ular Dynamics (MD) simulations. A comparisional analysis between young’s modulus gain through tensile test and bending test, employed in this paper, has shown that mechanical strength is slightly more in axial loading than lateral loading direction. Also, study on different loading rate is done here to evaluate which loading rate should be indi-cated as impact load rather than bending load. For any nanomaterial, their superior mechanical properties are evident due to their large surface-to-volume ratio. In this paper to evaluate this phenomenon, a study of bending effect on various Cu NWs depth has shown that with the decrement of depth of the material, and so by increasing surface-to-volume ratio, mechanical properties of the material increases. Additionally, an effect of various indenter size is stud-ied to gain insight on its effect on mechanical properties of Cu NWs.

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Volume: Issue: 9

Article: A relative study of clustering data mining in the education sector of Bangladesh

Bondhon Das
Vol 5, Issue 9; September 2022
North American Academic Research, 5(9) 97-109 Septrmber 2022, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6039306

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Abstract: Clustering Data mining is extracting knowledge from data using data analysis tools to conduct pattern recognition and predictive modeling tasks. It is a common technique for statistical data, machine learning, and computer-science analysis. Clustering is a kind of unsupervised data mining technique that describes general working behavior and pattern extraction and extracts valuable information from electricity price time series. This article explains data mining technology to analyze educational data from Bangladesh universities' using various types of clustering data mining techniques- Partitioning Clustering, Hierarchical Clustering, Grid-based clustering, Model-based clustering, and Density-based clustering. The event logs acquired from the natural e-course e-learning environment were used for the analysis. This investigation used cluster analysis and decision trees as data mining approaches. Cluster analysis divided the students into groups based on their behavior when using the material. It was a method that I was interested in generating a decision expression that could define a class of objects for a detailed analysis of how the decision tree students learned.

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Volume: Issue: 9

Article: An observational study of Lake Breeze over the Victoria basin in Uganda

Ronald Inguula Odongo, Bob Alex Ogwang, Jesse Kisembe, Hamida N. Ngoma
Vol 5, Issue 9; September 2022
North American Academic Research, 5(9) 109-123 September 2022, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7158583

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Abstract: The objective of this study was to explore lake and land breezes over the Lake Victoria basin based on 2 years (2019 to 2020). Hourly and daily data of wind speed and direction, precipitation, 2-meter air temperature over land, and Lake mix-layer depth obtained from Era 5 re-analysis were utilized. The method employed was based on the characteristics of the lake breeze with the elimination of the days with strong synoptic winds. According to the results, the main drivers for the breeze development at the meteorological stations were the thermal gradient between the lake and the surroundings and the low-level winds. The breezes mainly occur between 9:00 h and 15:00 h characterized by divergence over the lake and reduction in temperature and they move over land. The study calls for a look at the factors that may contribute to the formation of the breezes.

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Volume: Issue: 7

Article: Real-time obstacle avoidance algorithm and coordination motion strategy for a redundant dual-arm robot

Li Tiejun, Eugloire Charden Goma, Liu Jinyue, Liu Liyuan, Cynelle Medza-M’Akue
Vol 5, Issue 7; July 2022
North American Academic Research, 5(7) 175-194 July 2022, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7150132

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Abstract: Redundant dual-arm robots provide an effective strategy for the automated achievement of complex as-sembly operations. Moreover, being kinematically redundant, they simultaneously perform numerous tasks with different priorities. The principal task, obstacle avoidance is generally used as a subtask mainly when the robot is interacting with humans. This paper presents a real-time obstacle avoidance algorithm based on the self-motion char-acteristic of a redundant dual-arm robot, solving the problem of collision between environmental obstacles and ma-nipulators during operation. The method leans on the gradient “projection method’’, obtaining the shortest distance between the middle of the obstacle and the connecting rod axis of the two arms in the environment. Moreover, two obstacle avoidance factors are introduced to change the manipulator avoidance speed in real-time; then, the worka-bility of the dual-arm robot is ameliorated increasing the robot’s efficiency. By establishing the absolute and relative pose variables, the stability of the two arms during the cooperative task operation is defined, making the problem of self-collision avoidance in the working environment continuous and smooth. The simulation experiment verifies the practicability and efficacy of the proposed algorithm

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Volume: Issue: 8

Article: A spatial-temporal model to predict the amount of energy generated by solar vehicles

C.A. Karandana, Lin Li
Vol 5, Issue 8; August 2022
North American Academic Research, 5(8) 119-133 august 2022, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7148107

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Abstract: Solar-powered vehicles will be extensively used for transportation in near future with the development of the solar energy harvesting technology. However, there are certain aspects that need to be addressed to make solar-powered vehicles a reality, such as ‘energy generation forecasting’. It is essential to forecast the amount of energy that can be generated during each journey in order to ensure the uninterrupted running of a solar-powered vehicle. Unfortunately, the existing energy generation forecasting methods have been developed for stationary solar panels, therefore, they cannot be used to forecast the amount of energy generated by a solar-powered vehicle. The Energy generation of a solar cell depends on ‘spatial-temporal variables’ that change rapidly. This study introduces a work-around to forecast the energy generated by solar-powered vehicles while they are on the move, and a computerized user interface to output the related information. All the factors for solar energy production were identified and real-time data was captured using the ‘application programming interface (API)’ services. It is a method that can be ap-plied globally using route, terrain and weather data, while its accuracy has been tested on different routes, days, times, speeds, and precisions within a selected area in Sri Lanka using local route, terrain and weather data. The global application of the method achieves significant accuracy in a shorter computation time, while the local appli-cation achieves a similar accuracy in a comparatively longer computation time.

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Volume: Issue: 9

Article: Neoliberal ideology in O-levels English language textbooks in Pakistan

Asma Nizamani, Shoukat Ali Lohar, Nuzhat Baladi
Vol 5, Issue 9; September 2022
North American Academic Research, 5(9) 78-87 September 2022, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7121255

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Abstract: The current study explored the neoliberal ideology in O-levels English textbooks, published by Oxford University Press, taught in elite schools of Pakistan. Using Fairclough’s three-dimensional model of Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) (1989, 2002, 2015) as a theoretical and analytical framework, neoliberal themes in two the textbooks were analyzed. The results show that both the textbooks were rife with neoliberal ideological themes of marketiza-tion, self-entrepreneurship, celebrity and popular culture, competition, and individualism. These market-based themes promote a culture of excessive competition and turn every act into transaction. There is a need to explore this area of research further in Pakistani context and teachers need to be more critical of the messages ingrained in these imported textbooks being transmitted to the students.

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Volume: Issue: 9

Article: Book Review on Crosslinguistic Influence and Second Language Learning

Merve Kekeç
Vol 5, Issue 9; September 2022
North American Academic Research, 5(9) 501-503, September 2022, doi: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7121609

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Abstract: Language learning is forming the language knowledge with the exposure of language. Language knowledge is continuous, and experience-driven. So practice is necessary to develop this new knowledge in L2 learning. Crosslinguistic influence refers to the effect of a language on another (Alonso,2019). The influence is dynamic, and mutual. Because L2 learning requires the creation of the new knowledge and selection mechanism between L1 and L2. Experience can either facilitate L2 learning process or slow down it depending on the similarities and differences in L1 and L2.

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Volume: Issue: 8

Article: A descriptive study on stroke in provincial hospital Janakpur, Nepal

Manish Pandey, Shwena Thakur , Gautam Kumar Sah , Ajay Kumar Pajiyar , Mahesh Mahaseth , Sanjeet Kumar Jha
Vol 5, Issue 8; August 2022
North American Academic Research, 5(8) 300-307, August 2022, 7. doi: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7111388

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Abstract: Sub-Asian countries lack basic stroke data, and Nepal has none. To describe Janakpur provincial hospital stroke admissions epidemiologic description, patients with confirmed stroke from 1 July to 30 November 2019 had risk factor assessments. 127 stroke patients got a non-contrast head CT scan; 12 died before the scan. 85 patients suffered stroke, 42 had non-stroke lesions. 77.6% of stroke victims had ischemic stroke, while 22.4% had hemorrhagic. All stroke patients were 62.2 and 51.8% were men. Ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke increased with age. Atherosclerotic stroke was the most prevalent ischemic stroke etiology, seen in 43.5% of patients, and intraparenchymal hemorrhage was the most common hemorrhagic stroke etiology, seen in 78.9% of patients. More than 50% of stroke patients reported a history of hypertension, and more than half had blood pressure over 140/90 mm Hg. 36% and 30% of ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke patients had inactivity and hypercholesterolemia. Hypertension was the greatest risk factor for ischemic and hemorrhagic strokes. This study highlights the importance of CT scan in stroke diagnosis in Nepalese population.

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Volume: Issue: 9

Article: Study of consumers’ satisfaction regarding Fast-food restaurants in Cameroon

Bomi Sama Juliet, Liu Yan, Thomas Bilaliib Udimal, Sissoko Bourema
Vol 5, Issue 9; September 2022
North American Academic Research, 5(9) 47-60 September 2022, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7090971

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Abstract: The main objective of this research is to investigate consumer satisfaction in the context of the booming fast-food industry of Cameroon. More precisely, we break the satisfaction concept into different constructs, atmosphere satisfaction, menu satisfaction, and global satisfaction, based on the different drivers of satisfaction; we then evaluate the influence of atmosphere satisfaction and menu satisfaction on global satisfaction as well as the impact of the three dimensions of satisfaction on consumers’ loyalty. Furthermore, we evaluated the moderator role of global satisfaction on the relationship linking atmosphere and menu satisfaction to loyalty. The study results indicated that fast-food menus and atmosphere satisfaction have a positive effect on global satisfaction. As well, out of the three dimensions of satisfaction, global and menu satisfaction proved to have a positive impact on consumer loyalty, but the effect of the atmosphere satisfaction proves to be not determinant. In addition, the mediator role of global satisfaction proved to be relevant.

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Volume: Issue: 9

Article: Designing of a web-based application “The Smart Book Store” that allows online shopping

Rehan Rafique, Burhan Hashmi, Aleena Ashraf, Sania Hanif
Vol 5, Issue 9; September 2022
North American Academic Research, 5(9) 61-78 September 2022, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7090991

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Abstract: Designing a web store that work properly and fulfil all the demands of the customers is remained a chal-lenge for developers. The increasing importance of e-commerce lead the word to build online shopping centers. In our project, we developed a web-based application. As per a survey, most consumers of online stores are impulsive and usually decide to stay on a site within the first few seconds. “Website design is like a shop interior. If the shop looks poor or like hundreds of other shops the customer is most likely to skip to the other site. Hence, we have designed the project to provide the user with easy navigation, retrieval of data and necessary feedback as much as possible. Our designed web based “The Smart Book Store” application that provides facilities/options to the public like free home delivery, add to Wishlist, can give feedback about website services and relation/service of Client and User.

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Volume: Issue: 8

Article: A study on adverse effects induced by chemotherapy drugs used for colorectal cancer and their management in Nepal cancer hospital and research center

Bijen Man Shrestha, Ayushi Awale, Bilash Poudel, Ayushma Shahi, Durga Bista, Rajani Shakya, Sushmita Sharma
Vol 5, Issue 8; August 2022
North American Academic Research, 5(8) 91-106 August 2022, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7087003

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Abstract: Aim: To study the prevalence of adverse effects when chemotherapy is administered in colorectal cancer and the management of reported ADR. Methodology: This was a retrospective observational study con-ducted in Nepal Cancer Hospital and Research Centre visited from January 2020 to December 2021 for treatment of colorectal cancer. The patient who met the study criteria were enrolled in the study and the data were collected from their case records. Management given to the patient was recorded. Results: A total of 90 patients received chemotherapy, out of which 81 (90%) reported ADR. 5FU/LV, FOLFOX, CAPOX, and Oral capecitabine were administered as adjuvant therapy and FOLFORI as palliative. There were 381 ADRs reported in 81 patients. Infection (55.6%) and Diarrhea (51.9%) were the most prevalent ADRs. The older population showed more ADR compared to the younger (P=0.05) and oral capecitabine reported less ADR compared to another chemo regimen. Diarrhea and Sepsis accounted for most of the severe ADR requiring prolonged hospitalization. Most of the ADRs were managed Symptomatically and only in severe or hypersensitivity cases the chemotherapy regimen was changed or stopped. Conclusion: The results of the study reveal the hat most prevalent ADR is an infection (myelosuppression) and diarrhea. Severe Diarrhea and Sepsis were the most common cause of prolonged hos-pital stay. Most of the ADRs were resolved symptomatically in clinical care.

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Volume: Issue: 9

Article: A short overview of reinforced concrete frame structure design methodology and problems

Mehboob Hussain Tabasum, Laraib Noor, Abdul Rehman
Vol 5, Issue 9; September 2022
North American Academic Research, 5(9) 201-207, September 2022, doi: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7098483

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Abstract: Reinforced concrete frame structure is a kind of seismic, wind resistance performance which is a decent structure with flexible building layout. It uses space, good ductility and other characteristics that are not only can meet the re-quirements of building to set up a large room, but also can reduce the weight of the building. It is obvious that con-crete frame structure is widely used in modern industrial and civil buildings. Considering to mind public safety, peo-ple's property, and so on, the norm concerning design of structures that can withstand progressive collapse should be adopted early. Nevertheless, keeping in mind the mechanical qualities of steel in building material and effectiveness of concrete is different from the performance of European nations. European and American rules may not be em-ployed directly to the design of home building constructions. This study proposes a critical short demonstration about reinforced concrete frame structure design methodology and problems.

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Volume: Issue: 9

Article: Dust Sources and Impact: A Review

Amartey Ernest Nii Laryea, Onibudo Oluwasegun Oluwaseun, Anamor Samuel Kofi, Nkansah Benjamin Oduro
Vol 5, Issue 9; September 2022
North American Academic Research, 5(9) 17-37 September 2022, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7068922

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Abstract: Dust from coal and rocks takes more life than the obvious accidents recorded in the mining and construc-tion industry do. Among all proven fossil fuel reserves, coal accounts for 94%, whereas oil and natural gas account for 6% only. With the constant population growth, urbanization, industrialization, and the current technology age, the demand for power would continue to surge, thus coal use would remain inevitable and so would Coal Workers’ Pneumoconiosis (CWP) persist. Also, with the high demand for rocks and their related products, coupled with pol-ishing and tilling from the construction and real estate developers silicosis would be a setback that needs to be looked at more keenly. Research has identified specific factors such as duration of dust exposure, coal rank, stages of CWP, and types of work and coal mining categories, to be significantly associated with the high risk for CWP. Arid and semi-arid regions are the main global dust sources, where particles can be lifted into the atmosphere, transported, and deposited far away from their sources. The Sahara and the Sahel regions of Africa, Arabian Peninsula, Gobi Desert, Inner Mongolia Plateau, Alxa Plateau, Hexi Corridor, Tarim Basin, Taklimakan Desert, and the edge of deserts are the main sources of fugitive dust. The coordinates 351-541N and 731-1351E located in Northern China is the second largest source of atmospheric dust in the world. Dust particles influence the cloud formation processes, optical properties, precipitation rates by behaving as cloud condensation nuclei with the altered chemical properties affect-ing climate through modified direct radioactive forcing properties and therefore, indirectly influence the global at-mospheric radiation budget. Conversely, atmospheric mineral dust rich in especially Phosphorus (P) and Iron (Fe) is transported from the Bodélé Depression in Chad to the deficient Amazon rainforest and contributes considerably to the fertilization of its soils.

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Volume: Issue: 9

Article: Application of optimized generic algorithm in UAV route planning

Uzair Shoaib; Lianxu Gang
Vol 5, Issue 9; September 2022
North American Academic Research, 5(9) 38-46 September 2022 , https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7087033

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Abstract: The flight path planning method of UAV is studied to establish a more objective and reasonable flight path planning method that can integrate the real digital terrain. Because immune algorithm is easy to fall into the local optimum and the convergence speed is too slow, an improved immune algorithm based on Tabu criteria is proposed and applied to UAV track planning. It determines the individual evaluation criteria, crossover and high-frequency variation through gene coding, and optimizes the initial track of UAV on the digital elevation map established by the real geographical environment information, so that the track can meet various constraint conditions. Compared with the ant colony algorithm, the results show that the algorithm accelerates the convergence process and can obtain a better solution.

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Volume: Issue: 8

Article: Numerical investigation of performance evaluation of Remotely Operated Vehicles (ROV) using CFD approach

Sohaib Arshad Mayo1, Qiao Hu
Vol 5, Issue 8; August 2022
North American Academic Research, 5(8) 68-90 August 2022, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7068998

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Abstract: Remotely Operated Vehicle (ROV) is mainly used for many tasks and applications, such as exploration of the sea. The designing and optimization of ROV systems have great potential to enhance performance and working mechanisms. In this research work, Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) analyses of five different ROV underwater vehicles were performed for the model modification. In addition, CFD analysis of the best suitable thruster model was also conducted in order to examine the flow behavior around the thruster body. Moreover, the performance of ROV systems and thruster were also conducted in order to select an optimized ROV model. For this purpose, Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) analyses of five different ROV models and one modified thruster model were performed using ANSYS FLUENT.

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Volume: Issue: 7

Article: Lineaments mapping and digital analysis using remote sensing and geographic information system (GIS) in Erusu-Akoko area of Akoko North-West, Southwest Nigeria

Onibudo Oluwasegun Oluwaseun, Amartey Ernest Nii Laryea, Kadiri Simi-loluwa Abiodun, Onibudo Olabamidele, Ajayi Seun A, Abdulkadir Sakari-yau Babatunde, Ahiahonu Desmond Senanu Loveridge
Vol 5, Issue 7; July 2022
North American Academic Research, 5(7) 88-100 July 2022, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6970677

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Abstract: Lineament analysis constitutes an interesting approach in geological studies, and it is considered as a very important structural and geological indicator used to determine regional, local tectonic trends and fracture zones in the rocks. Lineament extraction from satellite data has been the most widely used application in geology with several techniques. This study was carried out to illustrate the application and importance of remote sensing and geographic information system (GIS) techniques for lineaments mapping and digital analysis. The study demonstrates the use of NigeriaSat-X imagery for mapping and analysis of lineaments in the Basement Complex region of Akoko North-West area of Ondo State, Nigeria. Digital image processing techniques involving linear/edge enhancements, pan-sharpening and principal component analysis (PCA) were applied on the image to enhance the edges of the linear features using ENVI 5.3.

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Volume: Issue: 8

Article: Effects of green vegetation’s and organic waste on the productivity vis-à-vis nutrient status of vermicompost

Kanij Fatema Tuz Zohora, Ashim Kumar Saha, Naim Mustafa Ali, Nasrin Chowdhury, Apu Biswas, Shuva Das
Vol 5, Issue 8; August 2022
North American Academic Research, 5(8) 48-63 August 2022, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7065667

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Abstract: Excessive and continuous use of chemical fertilizers and no use or less use of organic matter in to soil leads to the decline in productivity and soil health. Vermicompost, produced from industrial byproducts and local bio waste materials, could be an ideal supplement for chemical fertilizers in the tea industry of Bangladesh. The research was carried out at Luskerpore Tea Estate, Habiganj to assess their potential and effects on the qualitative characteristics of vermicompost. Different raw materials along with the cow-dung andEisenia foetida were applied in seven dissimilar treatments with three replications. The productivity, as well as physicochemical properties pH, organic carbon (OC), nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), zinc (Zn), sulfur (S) of the finished product were evaluated. The nutrient properties were found high with the treatment T4 as well as the highest productivity 71.80% was found with treatment T4 wherecow-dung, kitchen residues and Eisenia foetida were applied.

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Volume: Issue: 8

Article: Impact of leasehold forestry on livelihood improvement of local poor and restoration of degraded forests in Makwanpur district, Bagmati province, Nepal

Keshav Raj Acharya, Raksha Adhikari
Vol 5, Issue 8; August 2022
North American Academic Research, 5(8) 16-22 August 2022, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7032812

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Abstract: Nepal has adopted different community based forest management models for sustainable management of forest resources and fulfilling the forest products need of the local people that ultimately contribute to poverty re-duction goal of the country. Leasehold forestry is among them that focus on people below the poverty line to sup-port them for livelihood improvement through diversified income generating activities on leased degraded forest land. Apart from the livelihood improvement, leasehold has also the aim of restoration of degraded forest land through plantation of multipurpose tree species. Present study was carried out in two leasehold forest user groups in Bagmati Rural Municipality of Makwanpur district, Bangmati Province Nepal focusing on the research ques-tions; whether leasehold forests being success to bring a significant change on local people’s livelihood and restora-tion of the degraded forest areas? Relevant information was collected through household survey (n= 18), key in-formant interviews (n=5) and direct field observation in both leasehold forest user group during September-October, 20220. The result revealed that leasehold forest has contributed positively for the restoration of degraded forest land through plantation of broom grass, fruit trees and other multipurpose tree crops. Similarly, livelihood capitals have been generated in both of the leasehold forest and found effective for livelihood improvement of local poor.

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Volume: Issue: 9

Article: A blockchain-based lightweight access control solution in the healthcare sector for developing countries: A case from Conakry

Bah Raguiata, Jihui Shi , Barry Dialikhatou
Vol 5, Issue 9; September 2022
North American Academic Research, 5(9) 1-16, September 2022, . doi: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7062937

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Abstract: Medical data protection has always been a primary concern in the healthcare sector. As information technologies improve over the years, medical records management approaches are shifting to prominent and fully automated systems. The common issues in medical service provision within most developing countries are primarily associated with data availability among healthcare providers, doctors' referral process, privacy protection, and portals for patients to conveniently access their medical information history. Practical implications arise from these issues, such as patients' improper identification that may lead to records inconsistency across healthcare providers with weak security systems. To address these issues, Blockchain-based electronic medical records (EMRs) systems show particular benefits, providing a secured healthcare environment where involved stakeholders can collaborate. In this paper, we adopted a fit-for-purpose approach to propose a Hyperledger Fabric-based design for electronic medical records management, adaptable in developing countries using Conakry as a case study. Our approach focuses on the hypotheses of privacy protection and data accessibility among involved stakeholders. This approach presents a decentralized, immutable medical environment, where patients have easy access to their medical information across different healthcare providers in Conakry. Finally, we conducted a qualitative evaluation to illustrate the portability and efficiency of the solution. Our design is presented to contribute to EMRs solutions adaptable in developing countries for future in-depth analysis.

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Volume: Issue: 8

Article: Remote control system for unipolar stepper motor

Petru Livinti
Vol 5, Issue 8; August 2022
North American Academic Research, 5(8) 40-47 August 2022, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7048879

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Abstract: In this work, a remote control system for the unipolar stepper motor was presented. The remote control of the unipolar stepper motor was realized by radio waves on the frequency of 2.4 GHz. For the remote transmission of commands, two circuits were used: a transmitter circuit and a receiver circuit. The two circuits include a developing board each, of type Arduino Uno and a shield NRF24L01. For generating the reference signal a potentiometer in the transmitter circuit has been used and for supplying the stepping motor a driver of type ULN 2003A has been used in the receiver circuit. The author’s contributions are: - elaboration of two programs in the Arduino IDE programming environment for the two circuits – transmitter and receiver- elaboration of the electrical diagrams of the two circuits with the help of the Fritzing program. The experimental results have proved the exact functioning of the remote control system of the unipolar stepper motor.

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Volume: Issue: 8

Article: Psychotropic medication adherence among psychiatric patients in Nepal

Aliza Sigdel, Bilash Poudel, Ayushma Shahi, Bijen Man Shrestha, Durga Bista, Manij Joshi, Jyoti Gurung
Vol 5, Issue 8; August 2022
North American Academic Research, 5(8) 23-39 August 2022, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7044994

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Abstract: Introduction: Non-adherence is a common problem that directly affects the outcome. Therefore, to achieve the desired treatment outcomes, it is necessary to consider the factors affecting non-adherence to medication. Furthermore, there seems to be a dearth of information regarding non-adherence to psychotropic drug therapy. Thus, this study was designed to assess non-adherence to psychotropic drug therapy. Data and Methods: For three months, 384 patients visited the outpatient department (O.P.D.) of the mental hospital in Lagankhel, Nepal. Two sets of questionnaires were used, and the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (S.P.S.S) was used for data analysis. Results: 31.5% of the 384 patients adhered strongly to their drug therapy, and the non-adherence rate was 68.4%. Patients without a family history of mental illness and those with family involvement had higher adherence rates. Low adherence was seen in people who had a low income, a perception of good and bad health, were diagnosed with depression along with another disorder, or had a history of attempted suicide. Conclusion: Nonadherence to psychotropic medications was found to be widespread. Additionally, it was associated with multiple factors. Therefore, comprehensive strategies should be developed to address the factors associated with non-adherence to psychotropic medication.

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Volume: Issue: 7

Article: Incidence and risk factor for intrauterine growth restriction in Chattogram District, Bangladesh: A population-based retrospective study, 2018–2019

Faiza Shareen; Sahin Akter; Sadia Nasrin
Vol 5, Issue 7; July 2022
North American Academic Research, 5(7) 101-122 July 2022, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6983571

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Abstract: The aim of this research was to evaluate the incidence and risk factors for IUGR in Chattogram District, Bangladesh. The population-based retrospective study had a focus on women aged between 13 and 65 years living in Chattogram District, Bangladesh from January 2018 to December 2019. There is an urgent public health need to address IUGR in Bangladesh. The main research question was: What is the incidence and risk factor(s) related to intrauterine growth restriction in Chattogram District, Bangladesh? Firstly, the incidence of IUGR in all newborns at the Chittagong Medical College Hospital and the Red Crescent Maternity Hospital was studied. Secondly, a total of 400 IUGR cases and 400 non-IUGR controls were randomly selected in this study.

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Volume: Issue: 3

Article: A Blockchain-based Lightweight Access Control Solution in the Healthcare Sector for Developing countries: A case from Conakry

Bah Raguiata, Jihui Shi, Barry Dialikhatou
Vol 5, Issue 3; March 2022
North American Academic Research, 5(3) 402-418, March 2022, doi: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7030387

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Abstract: Medical data protection has always been a primary concern in the healthcare sector. As information technologies improve over the years, medical records management approaches are shifting to prominent and fully automated systems. The common issues in medical service provision within most developing countries are primarily associated with data availability among healthcare providers, doctors' referral process, privacy protection, and portals for patients to conveniently access their medical information history. Practical implications arise from these issues, such as patients' improper identification that may lead to records inconsistency across healthcare providers with weak security systems. To address these issues, Blockchain-based electronic medical records (EMRs) systems show particular benefits, providing a secured healthcare environment where involved stakeholders can collaborate. In this paper, we adopted a fit-for-purpose approach to propose a Hyperledger Fabric-based design for electronic medical records management, adaptable in developing countries using Conakry as a case study. Our approach focuses on the hypotheses of privacy protection and data accessibility among involved stakeholders. This approach presents a decentralized, immutable medical environment, where patients have easy access to their medical information across different healthcare providers in Conakry. Finally, we conducted a qualitative evaluation to illustrate the portability and efficiency of the solution. Our design is presented to contribute to EMRs solutions adaptable in developing countries for future in-depth analysis.

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Volume: Issue: 7

Article: MA-CNN: Multi-augmented data classification using 2D-CNN with kaiming initialization for environmental sound classification

Muhammad Abdul Basit, Chanjuan Liu
Vol 5, Issue 7; July 2022
North American Academic Research, 5(7) 167-174 July 2022, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7013788

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Abstract: In the field of audio classification, speech recognition or environmental sound classification, the perfor-mance has been greatly improved using deep learning based systems, but is still a challenge where comes small scale corpora training as the deep learning based systems need a huge amount of training data and it is not easy to get that much data. For this problem, this paper proposed a solution of multi-augmented data classification using convolu-tional neural network with kaiming initialization for limited resources (MA-CNN). The contributions of this work are twofold. First we propose a 2-dimension convolutional neural network with kaiming initialization, using only convolutional and fully connected layers. This prevent the neural network from exploding in the forward pass pro-cess. Secondly, to avoid data scarcity, over-fitting and to improve model robustness, we used multiple data augmen-tation techniques that increased training data quantity. The proposed methodology outperformed CNN without data augmentation technique.

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Volume: Issue: 8

Article: US and Them - Ethnic tensions and nationalism in Latvia

LIVINS Rolands
Vol 5, Issue 8; August 2022
North American Academic Research, 5(8) 01-15 August 2022, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7013802

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Abstract: Nationalism in Latvia has played a very important role in the history of the country and continues to be a driving force in domestic and foreign politics today. Modern day politics and decisions are often justified with unre-lated historical context and certain interpretations of historical events. The Soviet period in Latvia resulted in a high ratio of ethnic Russians, as much as 40% of the entire population by some estimates, and has over time produced a highly split society along these ethnic lines. These ethnic lines are often also politically dividing. With increasing radicalization and potential conflicts in the post-Soviet era due to ethnic tensions, it is highly likely to see societal and political tensions grow over time. As it stands, the trends in society, politics and academia are not conducive to any attempts to consolidate the society by compromise or understanding, nor does there appear to be any will to do so. This presages an uncertain future for Latvia and the region as a whole.

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Volume: Issue: 8

Article: Study of outcome of pediatric shaft of femur fracture treated with Titanium elastic nailing system

Amit Ranjan Mishra, Praveen Timalsina, Prakash Chand Yadav
Vol 5, Issue 8; August 2022
North American Academic Research, 5(8) 160-167, August 2022, doi: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7008832

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Abstract: Femoral shaft fractures account for 1.6% of all infant skeletal injuries and are incapacitating. The treatment of these fractures is mostly determined by the patient's age, fracture pattern, related traumas, physique, and family's financial situation. We assessed the use of the elastic stable intramedullary nail (ESIN) and its consequences in the surgical therapy of femoral shaft fractures in children. From June 2018 to June 2019, fifty-two youngsters were treated with titanium elastic nails (TEN) at our Janaki Medical College Teaching Hospital, Janakpur, Nepal. At the conclusion of the investigation, 48 children were present. According to Winquest and Hansen's classification, fractures were classified as Grade I (n=32), Grade II (n=10), and Grade III (n=6); compound fractures were classified as Grade I (n=5) and Grade II (n=3). 36 midshaft fractures, 7 proximal third shaft fractures, and 5 distal third shaft fractures were observed. The final results were analyzed clinically using Flynn's criteria and radiologically using the criteria of Anthony et al. The average length of follow-up was 20 months (range 12 – 40 months). Radiologically, all fractures healed with grade III callus production between 9 and 12 weeks (mean 9.7 weeks). Using Flynn's criteria, the findings were determined to be excellent for 40 children (83%) and satisfactory for 8 children (17%). Nail end-caused soreness in the soft tissues close to the knee was the most common condition in our study (25%). Other problems include limb amputation (n=5), Varus malunion (n=4), infection at the nail protrusion site (n=4), and nail migration (n=2). No delayed union, non-union, or refractures occurred. In appropriately selected youngsters, TEN is a minimally invasive, safe, and relatively simple treatment for fracture shaft of femur.

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Volume: Issue: 8

Article: Outcome of distal radius fracture treated with external fixation

Amit Ranjan Mishra, Sharad Yadav, Prakash Chand Yadav
Vol 5, Issue 8; August 2022
North American Academic Research, 5(8) 150-158, August 2022, doi: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7008321

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Abstract: Nearly one-sixth of all fractures in a casualty environment are distal radius fractures. Restoring the function of the wrist joint, of which the distal radius is a crucial component, is typically the goal of treatment for distal radius frac-tures. There does not appear to be agreement on the best course of action for treating distal radius fractures, particu-larly when they are accompanied by instability of the distal radioulnar joint. In patients who initially have displaced distal radius fractures, to define the functional prognosis. 75 working-age (18 to 55 years) patients who presented with unilateral displaced distal radius fractures (apart from volar displacement) and were subsequently treated with fixation participated in observational research. At six months and a year after the surgery, the results of the patients were evaluated using the Green and O'Brien Scoring System as modified by Cooney et al. Additionally, radiographs were collected after surgery and throughout follow-up. The data were examined in terms of the percentage of patients who had satisfactory clinical and radiological results (using IBM SPSS software version 22 and Microsoft Excel). In 78.1% of the study group, acceptable functional outcomes (good and outstanding scores in the Green and O'Brien Scoring System) were seen. Although the younger age group had higher functional outcome scores, a statistically sig-nificant difference could not be found. Infection of the pin tracts complicated 9.4% of the cases, and 96.9% of the pa-tients had acceptable radiological reductions. The difference between the outcome ratings at six months and one year following surgery showed a statistically significant improvement (p-value 0.0001). For treating displaced distal radi-us fractures, external fixation is a quick and efficient way to get good to excellent clinical results. Younger age groups and male patients had superior functional outcome scores, but there was no statistically significant difference be-tween them.

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Volume: Issue: 6

Article: Breach of psychological contract and employee’s learned helplessness: Insider identity perception and the role of collectivist atmosphere

Enkhmurun Moss
Vol 5, Issue 6; June 2021
North American Academic Research, 5(6) 20-25 June 2022, https://doi.org/10.5281/ze-nodo.6635492

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Abstract: With the acceleration of global economic integration and the intensification of market competition in various industries, enterprises are faced with a more severe and complex business environment, and enterprises are more dependent on the new generation of knowledge-based employees to give full play to their ability to quickly meet market demand. However, at present, the creative ideas and problem solutions of most knowledge-based employees are not adopted, and the space for creativity is limited. Difficulty in developing one's talents in a hierarchical organizational climate and in truly integrating into the organization, resulting in learned helplessness. In previous studies, employees' motivation, cognition, and emotion are important situational factors that affect employees' learned helplessness. Among them, Breach of psychological contracts, as an important cognitive factor of employees, is becoming the focus of scholars' research.

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Volume: Issue: 7

Article: Exploring the impacts of international trade piracy on the oil and gas sector

Ndeshipanda Albertina Naudili
Vol 5, Issue 7; July 2022
North American Academic Research, 5(7) 155-169 July 2022, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6965225

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Abstract: The study's goal is to look into the effects of piracy on the oil and gas industry in Ghana. Oil exploration in Ghana began in the late 1800s with onshore drilling in the Tano Basin, which is now part of the Western Region, during British colonial authority. Piracy and robbery at sea, are anticipated to rise to an alarming degree in the Gulf of Guinea (GoG) region (IMB, 2018), exceeding that in Africa's Horn. The crews of ships, cargo, and other valuables are frequently the targets of these pirates and robbers. Since 2007, piracy (including armed robbery at sea) has in-creased at an alarming rate in the Gulf of Guinea (GoG), with incidents reaching a fourth of all documented incidents worldwide. Ghana, like every other country in the Gulf of Guinea (GoG), is facing rising marine security and safety issues, the most visible of which is piracy (Dalaklis, 2012). The impact on operations’ environment related to the production of oil (oil contamination), unlawful dumping, and unlawful releases from ships has been identified as a major hazard in Ghana's oil and gas sector, and it requires immediate attention. Inadvertent releases into the sea, oil spills into the sea, and the process of oil spills are all examples of environmental pollution caused by oil exploration and drilling. Finally, toxic waste disposal must be factored into the overall environmental protection calculation. The study's goal identify elements assisting gas and oil piracy in Ghana, examine the impact of piracy on the oil and gas industry, examine the impact of piracy on the cost of oil shipping and insurance, and examine the impact of piracy’s economic impact on gas and oil in Ghana. The study concentrates on descriptive research. The study employed both qualitative and quantitative research methodologies. A total of 150 working staff in the gas and oil businesses in Ghana were chosen as a sample. The researcher used convenience sampling and purposive sampling as non-proba-bility methodologies. A questionnaire was used to collect data as the study instrument. The Statistical Package for Social Scientists was used to analyze the data. According to the data collected and analyzed, the majority of respond-ents are men. When asked what causes facilitate oil and gas piracy, the respondents’ majority agreed on legal (court adjudication on gas and oil disputes) and geographical (climate change) aspects, as well as pitifully low incomes, environmental suffering, and poverty. The respondents’ majority agreed that consistent increases in commodity prices, costs of security incurred in the fight against piracy, and commercial activities’ income being undermined were contributing gas and oil piracy factors when asked about the piracy’s economic influence on gas and oil. The theft occurs as a result of piracy in the port area; some crew members are abducted while others are killed, and the hijacking may indicate a shift in the pirates' objectives and ambitions. Premiums and coverage are affected by the rise in pirate assaults, and war risk insurance must be purchased by ships to mitigate the impact of piracy on the cost of oil shipping and insurance.

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Volume: Issue: 7

Article: A short overview of recycling and treatment of spent LiFePO4 battery

Noor Fatima, Nizamuddin Solangi, Faiza Safdar, Jai Kumar
Vol 5, Issue 7; July 2022
North American Academic Research, 5(7) 76-87 July 2022, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6970023

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Abstract: Development in the field of electric vehicles brought great interest in recycling the spent Li-ion batteries. In particular, the value of LiFePO4 (LFP)-type batteries have enhanced in energy market owing to its longer life span, improved discharge and charge efficiency, and safe handling. The rising utilization of such batteries has enhanced concern about their proper disposal, where improper handling could consequence in toxic material entering the en-vironment. Consequently, waste LFP battery recycling is receiving a lot of attention. So far, two common methods have been acknowledged for battery recycling: 1) Hydrometallurgy; 2) Pyrometallurgy. The high temperature utili-zation in Pyrometallurgy process, limited their further application. On the other hand, hydrometallurgy process is known as promising method for precious metal digestion and regeneration. Herein, we have provided an overview about LiFePO4 battery recycling. The recycling of cathode from its deactivation to metal recovery were sectioned. The current review article reports the problems related to the recycling process of batteries, the need to extract the metal, and possible routes for recycling. State of the art in preprocessing End-of-Life LiFePO4 batteries and the final batteries recovery is discussed. In last, the regeneration of spent battery via different approach were discussed shortly. It is believed the proposed review would be helpful to understand the overall waste battery recycling approach.

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Volume: Issue: 6

Article: Iot sensors for remote patient monitoring

Godwin Fusi
Vol 5, Issue 6; July 2022
North American Academic Research, 5(6) 170-176 July 2022, ttps://doi.org10.5281/zenodo.6812014

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Abstract: One of the sectors where the Internet of Things (IoT) technology has chosen to live is healthcare. Indeed, using this revolutionary paradigm known as IoT, a variety of platforms are being built to bring patients closer to doctors. Most patients experience mobility issues across the world, and this phenomena of IoT-based health monitoring has allowed these patients to obtain healthcare without having to attend a health center. The overall goal of IoT monitoring in healthcare is to bring patients and doctors closer together. As a result, a wide range of medical sensors and other IoT components are utilized to remotely monitor medical indicators, including body temperature, body position, blood glucose level, heart rate, and blood pressure. Sensor advancements, wireless connectivity, and data processing technologies are unquestionably driving forces for data processing. This article will provide an overview of the IoT ecosystem in the field of e-health, as well as the importance of IoT Sensors for Remote Patient Monitoring and different types of IoT Sensors for Remote Patient Monitoring, such as heartbeat sensors, temperature sensors, blood pressure sensors, blood glucose sensors, and electromyography sensors.

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Volume: Issue: 7

Article: Ghana’s path to sustainable development: Evading the middle-income trap (MIT)

Gabriel Owusu, Aikins Aglago
Vol 5, Issue 7; July 2022
North American Academic Research, 5(7) 57-75 July 2022, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6951166

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Abstract: This paper seeks to highlight the stumbling blocks on the path to Sustainable Development and suggest how Ghana could address these challenges it faces in order to avoid being caught in the middle-income trap. Ghana’s development agenda has been a priority for the country since its independence in 1957. At the time of independence, the Ghanaian economy was handed into the hands of indigenous leaders to drive the country towards prosperity. Ghana has since been on a continuum of slow advancement. Currently, the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) stands at USD 69.76 billion (2020), as the nation strives toward the attainment of the UN’s Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) adopted in 2015. Ghana was the first country to meet the 1st Millennium Development Goal (MDG1) in Sub-Saharan Africa by reducing poverty by half. That notwithstanding, people continue to live in abject poverty in most rural areas (especially in the northern regions of the country). This shows that Ghana must embrace sound policies and adjustments in order to overcome such developmental challenges. By reviewing the literature on what accounts for poor economic growth, the middle-income trap (MIT), and the plausible ways of escaping this trap, the paper seeks to provide an advisory note on how Ghana and other low-income countries (LICs) alike could achieve sustain-able growth and endeavor to avoid the middle-income trap (MIT). The paper argues that through good governance and institutions, Inclusive Growth, Infrastructural Investment, and economic transformation, Ghana could address her developmental challenges and avoid being caught up in the middle-income trap.

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Volume: Issue: 7

Article: Levamisole in SDNS(steroid-dependent nephrotic syndrome)/FRNS(frequently relapsing nephrotic syndrome) in Children

Krishna Kumar Sah, Vikash Kumar Sah, Prakash Chand Yadav
Vol 5, Issue 7; July 2022
North American Academic Research, 5(7) 144-153, July 2022, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6940683

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Abstract: The number of relapses in children with frequently relapsing and steroid-dependent nephrotic syndrome (FRNS/SDNS) may be reduced by levamisole, an antihelmintic drug with an immunomodulatory effect. The study's goal was to share the results of levamisole treatment at a single center for FRNS and SDNS. In the years 2021(Feb)-2022(Jan) in Janakpur Provincial Hospital, in Nephrology department. In our department 72 children were treated with FRNS/SDNS with levamisole and tracked the progress of 53 of them (mean age: 6.5 years) for at least six months. Our study included a total of 53 individuals with a history of renal disease, renal biopsy results, drugs taken and prednisone doses, duration of levamisole treatment, time to first relapse and number of relapses on levamisole, and levamisole side effects. Before levamisole treatment, there had been a total of 6.0 3.4 relapses over the 3.4 2.9 years of nephrotic syndrome. Prednisone was administered at a rate of 1.2 - 0.6 mg/kg/24 h when levamisole treatment was first started, and the course of treatment was 1.5.0- 7.3 months. The first-time proteinuria returned was 8.8 - 8.1 months after starting levamisole medication in 34/53 (64.2 percent) children. Levamisole therapy reduced illness re-lapses 2.7 - 2.0 relapses/year, p = 0.02) considerably. During the course of treatment with levamisole, the number of relapses and the number of relapses within one year were found to be inversely associated (R = –0.59, p0.001). In chil-dren with recurrent and steroid-dependent nephrotic syndrome, levamisole reduces the number of relapses. Prelimi-nary evidence suggests that continued treatment is unlikely to improve proteinuria recurrence in children with FRNS/SDNS.

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Volume: Issue: 7

Article: Application of single factor and L9 taguchi experimental design analysis based on different ratio of enzyme washing properties of denim fabric

Md. Iusuf Khan, Abhi Mishra Das, Afroza Rahman, Saniath Wahab, Shariar Alom Arafat Khan, Md. Taibur Rahman Apu
Vol 5, Issue 7; July 2022
North American Academic Research, 5(7) 36-56 July2022, https://doi.org10.5281/zenodo.6941493

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Abstract: This paper aims with Enzyme wash effect on Denim fabric. Denim washing is the vital part of finishing process to provide aged look and comfort by reducing the stiffness of garments. It is found that a garments construc-tion is affected largely by washing especially GSM, on the other hand, physical properties in terms of tearing strength. The main objects of washing are to remove size materials to remove starch presents in fabric for soft feeling to wear the garments. The effect of Enzyme is decrease the fabric strength and increases the color fastness and rubbing fast-ness. A Denim Fabric of twill 3/1 construction was selected for this experiment. Then the Desizing process and then Enzyme wash process was done. Then some Physical and Mechanical tests were taken to compare the differences between the fabric properties before and after Enzyme wash. After Desizing and Enzyme wash we got GSM, Tensile strength and Color rating of the fabric. The Tensile Strength of the fabrics are decreased and increased the GSM by increasing enzyme ratio.

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Volume: Issue: 7

Article: Difficulties faced by students in large classes at University of Sindh Jamshoro, Pakistan

Ms. Naila Baloch, Ms. Shamshad Junejo
Vol 5, Issue 7; July 2022
North American Academic Research, 5(7) 30-35 July 2022, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6915911

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Abstract: The current study focuses on the difficulties faced by students in their learning and class participation, while sitting in the large classrooms. The present study follows qualitative methodology to dig out the students’ difficulties. The research tool that is used in this study for data collection is semi-structured interviews with the convenient sampling. Participants were undergrad students from two different departments of University of Sindh, Jamshoro Pakistan. Analysis and examination of data was through Thematic Analysis

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Volume: Issue: 12

Article: Incidence of AKI after burn injury in pediatric population

Vikash Kumar Sah, Krishna Kumar Sah, Prakash Chand Yadav
Vol 2, Issue 12; December 2019
North American Academic Research, 2(12) 372-379, December 2019, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6940043

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Abstract: The purpose of this study was to determine the overall incidence of acute kidney injury (AKI), risk factors for AKI, and the influence of AKI on outcome in pediatric burn patients. Additionally, the modified pediatric criteria for the severi-ty of acute kidney injury (AKI) were applied to these patients. All consecutive patients admitted between June 2016 and May 2018 who were diagnosed with a burn injury that affected 10 percent or more of their total body surface area as a percentage (TBSA, percent) (a 2-year period). The information from 123 different patients was analyzed. It was shown that 45.5 percent of patients had AKI. Patients who were diagnosed with AKI were more likely to pass away than those who did not have AKI (p = 0.057). The combination of serum creatinine and urine output criteria deter-mined that all of the patients who did not survive had pRIFLE AKI. Patients who were diagnosed with a more severe type of AKI (Failure and Injury) as well as patients who were diagnosed with late AKI had a greater number of epi-sodes of sepsis in comparison to patients who were diagnosed with early AKI and the Risk category of AKI. Accord-ing to the findings of a logistic regression analysis, the presence of sepsis and septic shock as well as the PRISM score and TBSA were independent risk factors for the Failure class of acute renal injury in pediatric burn patients. Within the burn population, we noticed a somewhat significant prevalence of AKI. There is some evidence that sepsis has a role in the progression of AKI to the Failure class. A high risk of death is connected with having an AKI class of maximum failure.

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Volume: Issue: 7

Article: Acute appendicitis: accuracy of Alvarado Score in the diagnosis

Rabin Pratap Shah, Sharad Yadav, Prakash Chand Yadav
Vol 5, Issue 7; July 2022
North American Academic Research, 5(7) 135-144, July 2022, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6926434

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Abstract: Acute appendicitis causes acute abdomen in surgical patients. The Alvarado score (AS) is used to diagnose acute ap-pendicitis. This study comprised 180 patients with acute appendicitis. Alvarado scores were determined for patients 12 years and older of both sexes. AS 1-4, 5-6, and 7-10 were the patient groups. AA and non-AA rates were compared using different parameters. We analyzed each patient's signs, symptoms, lab results, surgical procedures, and pa-thology reports. Histopathology confirmed diagnosis. Diagnostic accuracy, sensitivity, specificity, positive and nega-tive predictive values were calculated. Data analysis utilized SPSS 16. 180 cases were studied, 72 men (40%) and 108 women (60 %). 129 patients (76.6%) were under 30 years of age. 20 percent of patients with Alvarado score 1-4 had acute appendicitis, 35.29 percent with 5-6, and 96% with 7-10. AS increased negative appendicectomy rate. AS was 90% accurate in diagnosing acute appendicitis. This study demonstrated no variation in AS reliability by gender, age, or BMI. Alvarado scoring system helps diagnose acute appendicitis before surgery, especially in resource-limited set-tings.

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Volume: Issue: 5

Article: Comparative Study on Automatic Fabric Cutting Machine and Straight Knife Cutting Machine

Sadia Mehrin, Dr. Md. Mahadi Hasan, Md. Lutfar Rahman Azad, Md.Masud Rana Shahin
Vol 5, Issue 5; May 2022
North American Academic Research, 5(5) 103-111 May 2022, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6615342

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Abstract: Development of any manufacturing industry highly depends on the employment of the latest technology and well trained manpower. Likewise, automation plays a significant role in every sector of modern industry includ-ing Textile. Textile industry is one of the fastest growing manufacturing industries of the new era all around the world where technological development of automated machineries can be seen in almost every section to maintain the better quality product. Higher production with greater efficiency, lower labor cost and minimized wastage per-centage with better quality products in each section of pro- duction can lead one to the front line of the competitive market. Cutting section of this sector is a very important section where precise cutting with higher accuracy must be maintained to meet the lead time and on time shipment. In Bangladesh, most of the factories use semi-automatic machine to accomplish the cutting process. But with the increasing demand of automated technology, the automatic fabric cutting machine is also being used gradually in some factories because of the higher efficiency and reduced production time. In this paper, the cutting process for same fabric has been studied by using both semi-automatic and full-automatic machine to evaluate the various cutting parameters. This study helps to determine the effective-ness and usefulness of both machines from various perspective of production. The significance and viability of using automatic cutting machines have been reported to cope up with the evaluation of Industry 4.0.

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Volume: Issue: 7

Article: Covid-19 and diabetes mellitus management

Dr. Gautam Kumar Sah,Dr. Sharad Yadav, Dr. Shwena Thakur, Dr. Mahesh Mahaseth, Dr. Sanjeet Kumar Jha, Dr. Gyanendra Yadav
Vol 5, Issue 7; July 2022
North American Academic Research, 5(7) 121-134, July 2022, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6914972

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Abstract: In COVID-19, diabetes mellitus is a common comorbidity. For those individuals with COVID-19 and diabetes melli-tus, the effect of BG control on treatment requirements and death is still unknown. To that end, we conducted a retro-spective analysis involving 7 337 COVID-19 patients from Janakpur Provincial Hospital, Janakpur Dham, Nepal, during April 2021- March 2022, of which 952 already had type 2 diabetes. A greater mortality rate (7.8% versus 2.7%; adjusted hazard ratio [HR], 1.49] and multiple organ injury were detected in patients with diabetes mellitus, as were more medical interventions. For those with well-managed BG (glycemic variability between 3.0 and 10.0 mmol/L), mortality was considerably lower than in those with poorly controlled BG (glycemic variability greater than 10.0 mmol/L) during hospitalization (adjusted HR, 0.14). Patients with COVID-19 and preexisting diabetes mellitus bene-fit from better glycemic management, according to these data.

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Volume: Issue: 7

Article: Exploration of rural revitalization in areas rich in historical and cultural resources

Yu Yao, Han Weicheng
Vol 5, Issue 7; July 2022
North American Academic Research, 5(7) 20-29 July 2022, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6885952

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Abstract: Many of China's villages are found in regions with a wealth of cultural assets but a weak economy. In Chinese social theory and practice, the vitality and revitalization of these villages is a contentious and contentious issue. This essay uses the West Shanxi traditional area as its research subject, summarizing the opportunities and difficulties of rural development while also examining the inner force behind it. These villages, in our opinion, must find solutions to the major issues of industry, population, and style. These villages can only regain their vitality and follow the development path of a virtuous cycle by developing strategies from a development perspective.

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Volume: Issue: 4

Article: In the emergency department, lung ultrasound is an accurate diagnostic tool for diagnosing pneumonia : Cases on Children

Sharad Yadav, Prakash Chand Yadav, Vishwanath Sharma, Shambhu Shah
Vol 1, Issue 4; September 2022
North American Academic Research, 1(4) 138-152, September 2018, doi: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6891573

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Abstract: Pneumonia is a major cause of illness and mortality in children all over the world, but diagnosing it can be difficult, particularly in places without access to trained doctors or conventional imaging. We wanted to know how well lung ultrasonography could diagnose clinical pediatric pneumonia when compared to radiographically proven pneumo-nia. Between May 1, 2017 and April 30, 2018, we enrolled 2–59-month-olds with primary respiratory symptoms at the Janaki Medical College and Teaching Hospital (JMCTH), Janakpur Dham, Nepal. All subjects got a pediatrician's exam and a GP's lung ultrasound. We enrolled consecutively healthy children. Children with respiratory complaints were x-rayed. A fraction underwent auxiliary lab tests.453 children had pneumonia, 133 asthma, 103 bronchiolitis, and 143 upper respiratory infections. 191 (42%) of 453 children with clinical pneumonia had CXR confirmation. A consolidation on lung ultrasonography, our key outcome for pneumonia, exhibited 88.5% sensitivity, 100% specifici-ty, and an area under-the-curve of 0.94 (95 percent CI 0.92–0.97). When lung ultrasound abnormalities were com-pared to radiographically-confirmed clinical pneumonia, sensitivity improved to 92.2% and specificity declined to 95.2%, with an AUC of 0.94 (95% CI 0.91–0.96). This study provides further evidence that LUS has a higher diagnostic accuracy than CXR for identifying acute pneumonia. Nevertheless, the accuracy of PLUS, which is a diagnostic tool that is easy to use and is generated from biomarkers, was greater to that of LUS independent of the degree to which patients were fragile.

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Volume: Issue: 7

Article: Study of profile, pattern and outcomes of oral poisoning cases admitted in emergency department of Janakpur provincial hospital, Nepal

Sharad Yadav, Gautam Kumar Sah, Dharmesh Verma, Prakash Chand Yadav
Vol 5, Issue 7; July 2022
North American Academic Research, 5(7) 61-70, July 2022, doi: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6879818

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Abstract: Oral poisoning patients admitted to our emergency department between December 16, 2021 and June 15, 2022 at the Emergency department of the Provincial Hospital in Janakpur Dham, Nepal were the subject of a retrospective study. The patient files contained information regarding age, gender, occupation, type of agent, route of poisoning, clinical effects of cholinergic overactivity, laboratory findings, and mortality rate. During the study period, 220 patients were admitted to the ED with oral poisoning caused by a known agent. The estimated mean time of admission to the emergency department after exposure was 3.9 3.1 (1-14) hours. There were 131 female patients (59.5%) and 89 male patients (40.5%). 40.5% of both males and females between the ages of 15-24 were affected. Oral ingestion was found to be the most common route of poisoning (86.5%). attempted suicide was the most frequent cause of poisoning (75.9 %). The most frequently encountered oral compounds were dichlorvos, diazinon, and parathion-methyl. Miosis, res-piratory system findings, tachycardia, loss of consciousness, and hypertension were the most common clinical man-ifestations. Twenty patients (9.1 percent) perished as a result of respiratory and cardiac arrest (45%), respiratory fail-ure (25%), CNS depression (5%) and septic shock (25%).

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Volume: Issue: 7

Article: Design & fabrication of bismuth telluride (Bi2Te3) based small capacity peltier effect refrigerator

Muhammad Imran Lashari, Hamza Naseer, Muhammad Bilal, Zohaib Ali, Quratulann Ilyas, Zakim Hussain, Hina farooq
Vol 5, Issue 7; July 2022
North American Academic Research, 5(7) 01-16 July 2022, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6812204

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Abstract: The most energy-consuming home appliances are refrigeration and air conditioner and for that reason, many researchers had carried out the performance of the refrigeration system. The main focus of this study is to obtain low energy consumption and enhancement of green refrigeration by using the thermoelectric effect tech-nique. In this small capacity refrigerator, the Peltier effect technique is used to reduce the internal temperature. A thermoelectric plate of lightweight material Bismuth Telluride (Bi2Te3) material, strengthen and had lower thermal- conductivity of 0.02 W/m K, is used having one hot side and another cold side. Heat moved from the internal hot side to the external cold side, resulting in temperature reduction in the internal volume of the refrigerator with help of the Peltier effect. In this thermoelectric refrigerator, a volume of 125L cooled and maintained the temperature range from 35°C to 20°C in near about 4 minutes and 35°C to 23°C in approximately 22 minutes without using in-ternal load and without using internal load respectively. Furthermore, it is environmentally friendly and has low energy consumption. In addition, globally demand for refrigeration is increasing day by day and it is a great threat because the concentration of CO2 has been increased in the atmosphere for a few years and it caused global warm-ing and enhanced the effects of the other climate change.

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Volume: Issue: 6

Article: 3D mineralization modeling and mineral resource estimation of the CMA-North prospect (Yaoure gold project, Côte d’Ivoire)

Kablan Or Aimon Brou Koffi, Nasir Siddique, Ahoutou Noba Wilfried
Vol 5, Issue 6; June 2022
North American Academic Research, 5(6) 187-206 June 2022, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6812071

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Abstract: The aim of this study is to model the mineralization and estimate the mineral resources of the CMA-North prospect of the Yaoure gold project, in order to understand the reality of the subsurface and the mineral potential of the prospect.To achieve this objective, a drilling campaign was carried out, following which data were collected and compiled in a database. Methodology: The first step consisted of modelling the cross-sections of the 119 drill holes, then digitizing the mineralized zones and finally triangularization was used to construct the 3D solids of the mineralization on the basis of a cut-off grade of 0.4 g/t imposed for the present study. Subsequently, the resource estimate was carried out using several statistical analyses and the block model, which allowed the deposit to be divided into several blocks. On these blocks were applied the inverse distance weighting method which was verified by comparison with the nearest neighbor method. Results: The mineralization model of the CMA-Nord prospect has mainly a North-South orientation for both oxide and sulphide. It appears in a lenticular form, more visible with the sulphide and plunging towards the east. Resources were estimated and classified according to the constraints applied to the solid blocks. Resources were estimated using the 0.4 g/t cut-off grade imposed for this study; final block models were used for estimation and resources were calculated by material type (oxidized and sulphide).The results showed that on the CMA-North prospect, the mineralization is mainly in the sulphide zone and it is oriented North-South. The block model was used to estimate the mineral resources. The geostatistical method of inverse weighting was applied to this block model and verified by comparison with the nearest neighbor method. Conclusion: The construction of wireframes by digitizing and triangularizing the zones of importance allowed the establishment of the mineralization model. This model shows that the mineralization has a north-south extension and a large thickness of the envelope of the sulphide mineralization compared to the oxide mineralization.

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Volume: Issue: 6

Article: End-user participation in the conceptualization, planning, design, and development of marketing processes

Dossa Jean-Tychique S Gbeliho, Oscar Chijioke Nkwazema, Ibrahim Sangare, Jay Ansah Owusu, Mariama Janneh
Vol 5, Issue 6; June 2022
North American Academic Research, 5(6) 177-186 June 2022, https://doi.org10.5281/zenodo.6812049

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Abstract: This paper aims to show the benefit of firms marketing strategy in the integration of customers at various stages of the marketing mix. Studies from the past demonstrate that businesses can profit from incorporating con-sumers into the creation of new products. But by examining how various elements of a company's marketing plan can raise or lower the likelihood that customers will be involved, this research advances understanding in the area. The advent of digital technology has made it possible for a multitude of businesses to provide their clients with a more individualised level of service and even include them in the marketing process itself. Through many real-world examples, this article demonstrates how consumers may engage in the marketing approach stages; product, price, communication, and distribution of goods and services. The consumers are the firm’s customers, and the areas of customer participation methods that were used in this paper were specific client, modifying client, assembly customer, pricing co-decision maker, customer perception, customer co-creator customers, seller customer, and delivery customer. Following a review of the pros and disadvantages of co-marketing, we stress that the conditions for success must maximise its potential advantages. Some of these re-quirements include sending customers signals that encourage them to talk to each other, telling the difference be-tween relational skills, making an interactive information system, and listening to what customers say. From these adopted methods, we were able to deduce that the end-user involvement in the firm’s marketing strategy helps in customer enhancement, adaptation to needs, product differentiation, deeper customer engagement, valuation of the customer, adaptation to needs, and determination of new uses. Hence, customer involvement increases customer profitability, reduces production costs, and adapts to the client's budget.

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Volume: Issue: 6

Article: Color hue controlling of blue ceramic pigments with low cobalt contents via crystal field engineering

BAH ALPHA AMADOU
Vol 5, Issue 6; June 2022
North American Academic Research, 5(6) 147-152 May 2022, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6784529

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Abstract: Ceramic pigment is the most basic chromogenic substance introduced into all ceramic coloring materials. In recent years, the development of ceramic pigments has been able to keep the quality and color stability of ceramics even after 1300 °C. Studies have proved that these ceramic pigments have good color performance under the tests of high temperature and acid and alkali resistance.

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Volume: Issue: 6

Article: Thoughts on the development of cultural tourism industry under the background of normalization of epidemic prevention and control

Bat-Ulzii Tsendsuren
Vol 5, Issue 6; June 2022
North American Academic Research, 5(6) 161-169 June 2022, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6800126

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Abstract: The full outbreak of the COVID-19 in 2020 has plunged the global tourism industry into temporary difficulties. After the normalization of epidemic prevention and control, the development of the tourism industry is facing new problems. How to effectively reform and innovate the tourism industry to adapt to the post epidemic era has become an important topic of public concern. Taking the development of cultural tourism industry as the research object, the normalization of epidemic prevention and control as the background, and China's cultural tourism industry as an example, this paper analyzes the problems encountered in the development of cultural tourism industry, and puts forward suggestions and measures in combination with the actual situation, so as to improve the development capacity of cultural tourism industry under the normalization of epidemic prevention and control.

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Volume: Issue: 6

Article: The application of IoT in smart homes

Godwin Fusi
Vol 5, Issue 6; June 2022
North American Academic Research, 5(6) 153-160 June 2022, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6794076

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Abstract: The Internet of Things (IoT) has been heralded as the next technology revolution in recent decades since it has made everything inherently linked. Our household items may now be connected to the internet and operated from anywhere on the planet. This is made possible by specialized sensors, actuators, and switches that are connected to network-enabled home appliances like lights, televisions, refrigerators, doors, gates, and air conditioning systems, to mention a few. Connectivity technologies such as 3G/4G/5G, Bluetooth, Wi-Fi, high-speed packet access (HSPA), general packet radio service (GPRS), Long-Term Evolution (LTE), and others are used to connect these sensors, actuators, and switches to the internet. Apps on our smartphones, tablets, laptops, and desktops may then be used to operate these home appliances from anywhere on the planet. A "smart home" or "smart house" is a house with lighting, heating, and technological gadgets that can be controlled remotely by a smartphone or computer. This article explains how Internet of Things (IoT) technology may be used to remotely operate network-capable household appliances. The entire smart home system will be displayed with the smart home's component parts, such as smart gadgets with interoperability capabilities, a smart home gateway or central control box, a smart home network, mobile apps, and online applications for remote access. Additionally, a smart home system's benefits and drawbacks will be discussed.

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Volume: Issue: 6

Article: Factors of prolong stay in hospital after surgery of laparoscopic cholescystectomy

Dr.Muhammad Yaqoob, Dr.Maheen Zahoor, Dr.Sami ul Haq Niazi, Professor Dr. Dong Xia
Vol 5, Issue 6; June 2022
North American Academic Research, 5(6) 117-122 June 2022, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6759208

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Abstract: Objective: The aim of this study is to identify different factors which are accountable for prolong stay after surgery after the LC (Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy). Methodology: This was an observational research work conducted in a period of five years from April 2016 to March 2021 in affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou China. There were total five hundred and eighty patients suffering from symptomatic cholelithiasis, who got admission in the hospital and underwent LC. We observed all the patients on the 1st day after surgery to the discharge day from the hospital and we recorded the various intra-operative, postoperative & variables related to patients which were accountable for the prolong stay of the patients in the hospital on a well-organized Performa. Forty-eight hours was the duration decided for short hospital stay and duration of more than two days was the prolong stay. Results: Out of total five hundred and eighty patients, 32.24% (n: 87) patients were available with prolonged stay in the hospital from three to twenty-eight days. Most of the patients (58.790%) in their 4th and 5th decade of life was suffering from pain in their right hypochondria & pain in right hypochondria in addition with the pain in epigastrium (27.60%) were available as the major clinical aspects. We identified total 28 variables comprising ten patients associated (15.860%), 12 related to surgery (16.55%) & six related to after surgery (16.380%) which gave their full contribution in the prolong stay of the patients in the hospital. Patients available with co-morbid conditions, complicate procedure of operation and main complication after surgery were the important factors for the prolong stay in the hospital. Conclusion: The reduction in the prolong stay in the hospital is possible with the extreme care during assessment of the patients before surgery. Proper management after the surgery and meticulous surgery are other important factors which can reduce the prolonged hospital stay of the patients.

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Volume: Issue: 6

Article: Internet service quality, customer satisfaction and customer loyalty assessment in Burundian banking industry

Balthazar Itangishaka, Dr. Orpha Jane, S. Sos., M.M
Vol 5, Issue 6; June 2022
North American Academic Research, 5(6) 133-146 June 2022, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6762215

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Abstract: The objective of this study is to examine web benefit quality in Burundi and analyse its effect on client fulfilment. The thought of working on this specific venture came from the reality that web managing an account is not so prevalent to Burundian clients, but moreover it comprises a segment which appears incredible advancement in Africa and tends to induce more far reaching within the following few a long time. It is genuine that within the close future, exchanges and other keeping money activities will get accessory for the most part through web. This has too made the clients well mindful of the benefit level accessible around the world and hence anticipates the leading from his bank. In this advanced client-centric competitive field, fulfilment and quality demonstrate to be key components and are interrelated. To endeavour in a market characterized by worldwide competition, and mechanical progressions, banks must be more customer focused. Useful challenging methods have been used to get 125 respondents from customer of banking services in different banks within Bujumbura city. Data was processed using a quantitative technique and was gathered through the use of a well-structured questionnaire. After that, the data was examined employing SmartPLS 3.0 and SPSS V.26 software. The outcomes revealed that, in general, the quality of e-services offered by Burundian banking sector does not meet customer expectations.

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Volume: Issue: 6

Article: Role of standard chartered bank in community development in Bangladesh during Covid-19 pandemic

Musbitul Mostafiz Pranto
Vol 5, Issue 6; June 2022
North American Academic Research, 5(6) 100-116 June 2022, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6710888

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Abstract: The covid-19 pandemic has affected the lives and livelihood of all sectors in Bangladesh. The Standard Chartered Bank in Bangladesh is one of those banks whose aim is to invest in community services and support equity and social causes. The bank has many contributions in the country’s economy like- providing entrepreneurship programs, donating oxygen plants, creating employment for pandemic affected people, empowering rural areas, and providing emergency supports. The main function of SCB is to provide short term loans. Their another function is to support our garments industry. SCB provides foreign currency to support Bangladesh’s EPZ. The purpose of this thesis is to review the role of Standard Chartered Bank in community development in Bangladesh during the Covid-19 Pandemic. The study has explored the depth and nature of Standard Chartered Banks Community Services in Bangladesh, their portfolio, their social works in Bangladesh, and their problems and risks before doing so. A constructive input and output model was prepared with the help of government data in order to ascertain objectivity. A two rating based survey were done among 20 participants to find out how satisfied people were with the community services of SCB during pandemic. According to the survey, 80% of respondents were satisfied with Standard Chartered Banks's community services, and according to the people, it helped the Bangladesh government a lot at the time of the pandemic. To do their functions correctly in the future, Standard Chartered bank must prepare lengthy resolutions, follow their stakeholders, and prepare proactive capital divination.

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Volume: Issue: 6

Article: Investigate spelling errors in writing composition of engineering students (A case study of MUET)

Ms. Komal Unar, Ms. Shazia Moheodin
Vol 5, Issue 6; June 2022
North American Academic Research, 5(6) 123-132 June 2022, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6762114

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Abstract: This research aims to determine the factors related to causes impacts of spelling errors along with implica-tions to help first semester students of engineering to overcome their spelling errors in writing composition. It was done in Mehran University of Engineering and Technology academic year 2022/ 2023. The researcher finds some causes, impacts of spelling errors. This problem is caused by some factors such as: English language has more sounds than letters, it has many spellings rule it makes the researcher interested in conducting research. This research focuses on students’ spelling error as main component of writing skill. This research was mixed in nature; however, data collection technique was done through writing composition, online survey, semi structured interviews. The research subject was first year Engineering students enrolled during Functional English and teachers teaching them this course, the number of students were 205 and 4 teachers. The data was collected from students and teachers in which types of errors from writing composition were analyzed through Cook’s model and pie chart while online survey related to causes and impacts was analyzed through SPSS, lastly interviews were analyzed with the help of Clark’s model of thematic analysis. The results of this research show English orthography is based on irregular patterns and there is no correspondence between sounds and letters which leads to spelling errors. Meanwhile, spelling errors leave negative impact of student on examiner.

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Volume: Issue: 6

Article: IoT monitoring in healthcare: A review of systems

Godwin Fusi
Vol 5, Issue 6; June 2022
North American Academic Research, 5(6) 75-99 June 2022, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6710672

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Abstract: One of the sectors where the Internet of Things (IoT) technology has chosen to live is healthcare. Indeed, using this revolutionary paradigm known as IoT, a variety of platforms are being built to bring patients closer to doctors. Most patients experience mobility issues across the world, and this phenomena of IoT-based health monitoring has allowed these patients to obtain healthcare without having to attend a health center. The overall goal of IoT monitoring in healthcare is to bring patients and doctors closer together. As a result, a wide range of medical sensors and other IoT components are utilized to remotely monitor medical indicators, including body temperature, body position, blood glucose level, heart rate, and blood pressure. Sensor advancements, wireless connectivity, and data processing technologies are unquestionably driving forces for data processing.

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Volume: Issue: 6

Article: Investigating Challenges Faced by English Language Teachers in Implementing Outcome Based Education (OBE) System in Engineering Universities of Sindh

Mr. Fayaz Ali Chandio, Prof. Dr. Habibullah Pathan
Vol 5, Issue 6; June 2022
North American Academic Research, 5(6) 67-74 June 2022, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6687294

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Abstract: Outcome Based Education (OBE) is learner-centered approach which ensures learners’ learning at each stage to enable learners know what is expected to learn at the end of course. Pakistan is full signatory member of Washington Accord, Pakistan Engineering Council (PEC) has implemented OBE system in its member institutions to promote quality and meet worldwide standards of professional engineers. In this regards, this present study aims to investigate the challenges faced by English language teachers in implementing OBE model in English language courses in engineering universities of Sindh. Following qualitative approach to meet the objectives of the study 16 documents containing 80 statements were analyzed, semi-structured interviews from same 16 English language teachers were taken from whom the documents were collected. The teachers’ understanding was examined through provided documents which showed inadequate understanding to implement OBE. The challenges of teachers were revealed through semi-structured interviews including assessment, evaluation, pedagogical, lack of OBE training and lack of administrative support. This study can be helpful to cope with problems faced by English language teachers who are teaching English language courses in engineering universities on OBE system.

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Volume: Issue: 6

Article: A Comparison Study on Trade Development and Comparative Advantages of BRICS Countries

Pak Yuliya
Vol 5, Issue 6; June 2022
North American Academic Research, 5(6) 54-64, June 2022, doi: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6653746

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Abstract: This study implements a comparison analysis on trade development of BRICS union, focusing on comparative advantages of each participant. The Balassa index is employed for calculation of RCA values of BRICS participants for certain commodities so to identify their comparative advantages. The RCA calculations are conducted on HS2 and HS4 digit level data for the five BRICS countries. In order to maintain a track of changes in RCA` values of BRICS countries across different time series, the years 2010, 2012, 2014, 2016 and 2019 are examined. The results of the article showed that all BRICS countries have a potential to expand trade relations between each other in the future. China will be able to expand trade relations with Russia, India and Brazil even more, if it will export to these countries such products as articles of apparel, new pneumatic tires, articles of wood and glassware. While, Brazil will be able to improve trade relations with Russia, China, India and South Africa by exporting to these countries copper, aluminum, zinc, oil seeds&oleaginous fruits, meat & edible meat offal and copper. It is suggested for Russia to export coal, petroleum oils, natural gas, copper and wood to India, Brazil and China. While, India has to focus more on exporting mostly pharmaceuticals to Russia, Brazil, China and South Africa. Finally,South Africa has potential to trade more with India, Brazil and China, if it will export there edible fruit and nuts, coal, iron&steel, pearls and coal.

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Volume: Issue: 4

Article: A Trustworthy Local Email System Based on Exchange Server

Sajjad Hussain, Nouman Hassan, Mustafa Nawaz, Shakir Ullah
Vol 5, Issue 4; April 2022
North American Academic Research, 5(4) 350-368 April 2022, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6632564

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Abstract: In the modern era of communication, electronic communication systems play a significant role. There have been numerous advancements in this domain. Electronic communication is used by both business and non-commercial groups. For sensitive communication, the messaging system must be secure. Many organizations provide messaging services on a rental basis, however, there are many hazards associated. In this paper, we developed a messaging system based on Exchange Server 2019. Microsoft Exchange Server 2019 is a powerful and secure communications service. The university's administrative personnel, teaching staff, and students can use the local messaging system for a variety of purposes. Every employee and student will have an email account that they may use to communicate with one another within the organization without having to use the internet. Our local messaging system provides excellent accountability and monitoring services, or even the ability to keep track of each conversation. Administrative meetings can be convened, university resources such as classrooms, computer labs, or laboratories can be managed, and students can submit assignments through our system.

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Volume: Issue: 6

Article: Fabric Hand Evaluation Based on PhabrO meter

Md Kamruzzaman, Md. Ittehadul Islam Nafi , Md. Mehadi Hasan
Vol 5, Issue 6; June 2022
North American Academic Research, 5(6) 41-63, June 2022, doi: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6637033

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Abstract: The first step in any performance review is to break down a large number of items into smaller, more homogenous, more akin groups. Any scientific research begins with classification or sorting, and it is only within a group of similar items that a valid comparison of product quality can be made. This paper is the first to propose a new criterion, fabric linear, density, for classifying fabrics. This parameter’s elicitation and validation are described in detail. As obvious as it may seem, there are currently no practical methods for measuring the drape of cloth. Limited repeatedly and low sensitivity limit the usefulness of a few existing devices like the CusickDrapemeter. In this work, the PhabrOmeterand fabric linear density are used to offer a more efficient alternative to fabric drape testing. These principles, procedures, and findings were gleaned from the actual testing of 40 different textiles.

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Volume: Issue: 4

Article: High Foreign Debt and the Economic Development of Benin

Abdel Akbar Ademola O T Sanni, Zhenan Xie, Abdel Wadoud Fadikpe, Jean-Emmanuel Romaric Mahu-Se Sossoukpe, Mahu Wetin Houenali Mathias Toho, Ehouma Jacques Allou
Vol 5, Issue 4; April 2022
North American Academic Research, 5(4) 369-376 April 2022, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6635450

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Abstract: Benin is a country with high foreign debt. Its geographical advantages are not obvious and its own resources are also limited. However, its economy has continued to develop for 26 years and has gained a good reputation internationally. In addition to the unremitting efforts of the Benin government and people; the external debt also plays an important role. Since 1990, the country’s external debt has continued to increase, but there has been no debt crisis. In recent years, it has been recognized by more and more countries because of the early repayment of debt, and it has a good national reputation. In 2016, President Talon launched the "Reveal Benin Plan" and continued his re-election in 2021, which shows that the implementation of the plan has achieved certain results. The “Reveal of the Benin Plan” requires a large amount of funds to obtain foreign debt with the country’s credibility, obtain the right to issue international bonds with stable economic development and social order, and carry out financing in various ways to bring vitality to the development of Benin. Even with outstanding results, the Benin government is soberly aware that countries with high external debt are prone to debt crises, and debt crises are likely to spread throughout the world. Therefore, after "revealing the Benin plan," some adjustments have been made and new plans are under preparation.

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Volume: Issue: 6

Article: Analyzing the core health system challenges associated with health workforce, financing and governance in achieving universal health coverage in Bangladesh

Faojia Sultana
Vol 5, Issue 6; June 2022
North American Academic Research, 5(6) 36-52 June 2022, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6638935

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Abstract: Achieving Universal Health Coverage (UHC) in a country refers to the state of having equitable access to essential healthcare services by their entire population without them suffering any financial adversities associated with the healthcare cost. Bangladesh has not yet been successful in establishing UHC due to numerous health system weaknesses. The aim of this review was to explore the challenges associated with three key health system building blocks (i.e., health workforce, healthcare financing, and health sector governance), and demonstrate how they were hindering Bangladesh’s progress towards achieving UHC. As the theoretical framework, the health systems framework by WHO was used here in conjunction with the evidence generated by Reich et al. (2016) on how certain countries have successfully adopted and implemented UHC. Accordingly, an extensive literature search was conducted on PubMed, Web of Science, Google Scholar, and relevant organizational websites. Findings from this review identified shortage, skill-mix imbalance, and inequitable geographical distribution as the most critical health workforce challenges in Bangladesh. Secondly, low health budget, absence of national health insurance, and high out-of-pocket expenditure were evident as some crucial health financing barriers. Finally, the lack of a strong regulatory framework and well-defined chain of accountability coupled with their highly centralized healthcare system created some grave governance issues in health sector of Bangladesh. Their cumulative impact is weakening the health system and deterring the country’s attainment of UHC.

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Volume: Issue: 6

Article: Experiments And Simulations of Drilling Titanium Alloy with Varying Process Parameters

Md Shohimuddin; Changyi Liu; Md Rahatuzzaman Rahat; Umayar Ahmed; Md Musanur Islam
Vol 5, Issue 6; June 2022
North American Academic Research, 5(6) 01-19 June 2022, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6635454

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Abstract: Machining is an important material removal manufacturing process. Drilling is a kind of machining oper-ation where a multipoint cutting tool is utilized to make holes in the workpiece. There is still an absence of research to understand the procedure of titanium alloy drilling completely. A 3D FEM model of drilling titanium alloys is developed to review the influence of cutting parameters on thrust force and torque. Simulations are done under different Spindle Speeds and feed to analyze the result of drilling parameters on machining performance. Experi-ments are performed to approve the outcomes from simulations.

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Volume: Issue: 5

Article: Image Forgery Detection Using Machine Learning Algorithm

Abdullah Muhammod Nasir, Razzak Ali Bissash, Md Ebnul Hasan
Vol 5, Issue 5; May 2022
North American Academic Research, 5(5) 95-102 May 2022, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6632751

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Abstract: In the fight against digital picture counterfeiting, powerful PCs, advanced image processing software, and high-resolution recording equipment have all proven ineffectual. Verifying picture integrity and detecting change indicators without the need for additional pre-embedded image information, as required by implanted watermarks, is a hot research issue. A comprehensive reference index on passive counterfeit detection methods has been published, and attempts are currently being made to examine current advances in advanced image fraud detection. Counterfeit images are becoming a global problem that is primarily spread through social media networks. As a result of image manipulation, users' trust in digitally created images has been eroded. Recent events of current techniques to combat daily attacks have been subjected to in-depth investigation.

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Volume: Issue: 6

Article: A prospective study on evaluating the clinical and functional outcome of limb salvage surgery and amputation in distal femoral osteosarcoma patients

Manhas Abdul Khader , Sripur Manandhar , Zhang Yan , Li Jia Zhen , Lu Xin Chang , Zhang Yi , Liu Yong Kui , Li Long Qing, Cinderella Sager , R Venugopal
Vol 5, Issue 6; June 2022
North American Academic Research, 5(6) 21-35, June 2022, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6620468

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Abstract: Aim: The main aim of this study was to assess the survival, recurrence, complications and also the quality of life (QOL) in distal femoral osteosarcoma (OSA) patients managed by limb salvage surgery (LSS), either by a prosthesis, resection or graft and by amputation or disarticulation.Methods and Materials:44 distal femoral osteosarcoma patients were enrolled, where 20 patients were managed by custom- designed endoprosthetic arthroplasty (LSS1), 16 patients only by resection and bone graft (LSS2), while only 8 patients were managed by amputation. A comparison was made between the patients undergoing LSSs and amputation/disarticulation based on postoperative survival rates, postoperative recurrence, and complications. The impact of the patient’s QOL was also evaluated based on standard SF-36 form and MSTS scoring system.Results:The results of our study showed that the incidence of femoral OSA was higher in <20 years (65.91%), where M: F was 1.44:1 (p=0.512). We had 44 distal femoral OSA patients included in this study. The mean survival of patients with LSS1 was 0.85 years, 1.48 years for LSS2 patients (1.165 years in LSS, which is LSS1 + LSS2) and 1.6 years for amputees respectively by means of Kaplan Meier survival analysis (P = 0.0218). The total complication free patients was 36.36 %( LSS1+ LSS2 43.18%, amputation group 2.27% %, p = 0.0096). The mean MSTS score was 62% (range, 46%-83%) with significantly lower results in amputations (p = 0.0001). The QOL assessment done by SF-36 revealed a better state of LSS patients. The sarcoma led to emotional and functional disturbances in patients who underwent amputation (p < 0.05).Conclusion:LSS for distal femoral osteosarcoma is superior to amputation due to its better emotional and functional outcome.

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Volume: Issue: 5

Article: The COVID-19 Crisis Reaction as a Catalyst for a Shift in Italy’s Economic Status within the European Union

Alice Colantoni
Vol 5, Issue 5; May 2022
North American Academic Research, 5(5) 79-93 May 2022, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6613995

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Abstract: COVID-19 crisis presents an opportunity leading to Italy’s rejuvenation and rehabilitation as a key EU member. Italy will receive 209 billion euros of the 750 billion euros allocated by the European Commission. They will be injected through the PNRR, allowing it to overcome structural challenges and addressing the main research questions: Does the coronavirus crisis response entail a shift in Italy’s political and financial position within the European Union? The thesis uses a chronological and progressive method to allow a clear and detailed understanding and analysis of facts and data. Moreover, analyzing a country like Italy serves as a symptomatic model for so-called peripheral countries in the European Union. Differentiated Integration (DI) Theory is adopted in this study since it provides a systematic and relevant theoretical framework to analyze and assess the origins and effectiveness of the PNRR, which rest upon the concept of differentiation, and which will allocate resources based on the needs of each member state. I argue that the PNRR has all the necessary characteristics and requisites to allow Italy’s economic rejuvenation and rehabilitation in the EU. It also supports the relevance of DI theory to analyzing and understanding the contem-porary EU.

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Volume: Issue: 5

Article: An Analysis of the Safety and Occupational health in Oil and Gas Drilling sites in Yemen

Taha Omar Yaaqob Alssarhi; Zhao Dong; Jourge Shovon Biswas
Vol 5, Issue 5; May 2022
North American Academic Research, 5(5) 70-78 May 2022, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6604244

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Abstract: Occupational health has been defined as "enabling people to engage in their occupation in a way that causes the least harm to their health," but the World Health Organization has attempted to broaden this definition, stating that "health is a state of complete physical, mental, and social wellbeing, not simply the absence of disease or infir-mity." Putting employees' health first is certainly the most important factor in achieving a productive and efficient workplace culture; this has been shown to increase efficiency and improve employee mental health. Energy has evolved as a vital strategic resource for national development, given the fast-increasing global economy and urgent social requirements. Despite the efforts of various countries to develop renewable energy sources such as wind, nu-clear, hydro, and solar, petroleum and natural gas continue to dominate global energy consumption. The goal of this study is to look at the current standards of occupational health and safety in Yemeni oil and gas drilling projects.

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Volume: Issue: 5

Article: A blockchain-based electronic voting system without third parties

Islam Khandaker Sajidul, Jungang Lou
Vol 5, Issue 5; May 2022
North American Academic Research, 5(5) 58-69 May 2022, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6600587

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Abstract: Voting is one of the fundamental pillars of modern democracy. Continuous efforts have been made to strengthen the processes and methods involved to achieve verifiable, transparent voting systems. In recent years, block chain has been increasingly used to address multi-dimensional challenges across widespread application do-mains including healthcare, finance and e-voting. However, achieving an efficient solution via use of block chain requires consideration of a range of factors such as block generation rate, transaction speed, and block size which have a profound role in determining the overall performance of the solution. Current research into this aspect of block chain is focused on Bit coin with the objective to achieve comparable performance as of existing online payment systems such as VISA. However, there exists a gap in literature with respect to investigating performance constraints for wider application domains. In this paper, we present our efforts to address this gap by presenting a detailed study into performance and scalability constraints for an e-voting system. Specifically, we conducted rigorous experimen-tation with permissioned and permission less block chain settings across different scenarios with respect to voting population, block size, block generation rate and transaction speed. The experiments highlighted interesting obser-vations with respect to the impact of these parameters on the overall efficiency and scalability of the e-voting model including trade-offs between different parameters as well as security and performance.

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Volume: Issue: 5

Article: A Review of IoT Trends and Usage in Developing Economies: The Case of Sub-Saharan Africa

Godwin Fusi, Victor Mbarika
Vol 5, Issue 5; May 2022
North American Academic Research, 5(5) 48-57 May 2022, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6595705

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Abstract: The Internet of Things (IoT) technology has unarguably infiltrated almost all sectors of life the world over. This infiltration has revolutionized the internet, making it possible for heterogeneous objects to be connected to the internet and communicate, thereby showcasing a new form of ICT and giving birth to the concept of smart cities, smart agriculture, smart farming, smart homes, smart healthcare, and what have you.

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Volume: Issue: 5

Article: The Internet of Things (IoT): A Review of Essential Concepts

Godwin Fusi
Vol 5, Issue 5; May 2022
North American Academic Research, 5(5) 38-47 May 2022, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6595690

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Abstract: The Internet of Things, with its acronym (IoT), is a term that has come to stay since 1999, when it was coined by Kevin Ashton. Prior to this new paradigm, only computing devices such as desktops, laptops, tablets, or smartphones could be connected to the internet and exchange information. With the advent of the IoT, the things that make up our physical world have the possibility of being connected to the internet and exchanging information. In this configuration, humans can remotely monitor and control things from anywhere in the world. Consequently, this research article aims at throwing more light on the most essential concepts hovering around the Internet of Things technology. Therefore, this research article will consist of an introduction to IoT; the concept and evolution of IoT; the architecture of IoT comprising the sensing or perception layer, the network layer, the middleware layer, and the application layer; and the research paper will be finalized with some discussions and a conclusion.

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Volume: Issue: 2

Article: Prospective Review of Mining Effects on Hydrology in a Water-scarce Eco-Environment

Ntigurirwa Jean Damascene, Moesi Dithebe, Amartey Ernest Nii Laryea, Javier Alejandro Marin Medina, Zhentao Bian, MASENGO Gilbert
Vol 5, Issue 2; February 2022
North American Academic Research, 5(2) 352-365 February 2022, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6600081

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Abstract: Water scarcity has become one of the most challenging problems in many countries around the world, and many aspects can be attributed to economic development activities including the emerging industrial operations and competition associated with such activities among companies in the mining industry. The effects of drought due to the uneven seasonal distribution of water resources also play an important role in water scarcity. The main objective of this review is to discuss the eco-environmental problems associated with mining in water-scarce mining area, and to propose a system that can provide the best solution to the scarcity-associated issues in different water-scarce environments, taking an example of the north-western region of China. Existing literature on water scarcity and its associated problems, environmental damages induced by mining activities such as drawdown of water level and reduced or dried up surface water, dried up soil, dead vegetation and desertification were consulted and summarized. A Four-Set-up System (4-SuS) is proposed as a future prospect, and was designed using different Software such as Adobe Illustrator, CAD and GIMP. The system is composed of water trading, the use of traded water in the underground space in synergy with pumping filtrated water back to the surface, backfilling the dried-up aquifers, and then the use of stonelayer-trapped water (SLTW) for different activities on the surface. The 4-SuS system is convertible to a Three-Set-up System (3-SuS) in case the area is too arid to possess SLTW or when the stone layer lies deep underground in such a way that it is not easy to drill for SLTW. The proposed 4-SuS system proves that, if correctly implemented considering all necessary aspects of the water-scarce environment, it is possible to trade water from phreatic zone to the water-scarce mining area, and may serve as the best solution to water scarcity challenges around the world.

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Volume: Issue: 4

Article: Comparison of Transvaginal Ultrasonography and Hysteroscopy for Evaluation of Postmenopausal Bleeding: A Cross Sectional Study

Sah Reena Kumari, Basnet Pritha, Manandhar Tara, Prakash Chand Yadav, Sujeet Kumar Shah
Vol 5, Issue 4; April 2022
North American Academic Research, 5(4) 339-349 April 2022, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6600349

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Abstract: Aim: To compare the sensitivity and specificity of transvaginal ultrasonography (TVS) and hysteroscopy with endometrial biopsy in patients of postmenopausal bleeding. Methods: A hospital-based cross-sectional study was performed among 40 postmenopausal women with a history of amenorrhea for more than one year. The enrolled patients underwent TVS and hysteroscopy along with hysteroscopy-guided endometrial biopsy. Histopathological findings were considered as definitive diagnosis; which was compared with presumptive diagnosis of TVS and hysteroscopic findings. Data entry and statistical analysis were performed using SPSS v21.

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Volume: Issue: 5

Article: Comparison of German, British, and French colonial education policies in Cameroon and impacts

Donkeng Nazo Armel, Lou Shizhou
Vol 5, Issue 5; May 2022
North American Academic Research, 5(5) 318-330, May 2022, doi: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6591992

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Abstract: This paper focuses on Colonial education policies that were launched by the colonial powers in the colonial era in Cameroon. Using a historical methodology and a critical analysis of various empirical material and empirical literature, this paper investigates the different orientations that were given to Western education in Cameroon by the German, the British, and the French administrations in their respective colonial administration periods. It also compared them to expose their differences and common points. The investigation showed that the colonial education that was imposed on Cameroonians by these three countries was a poor content educational system for basic skills development, oriented toward a Christianization for domination or assimilation, and exploitation purposes. The colonial education has not only deeply affected the local culture and epistemology but succeeded in attaching local people to the Eurocentric paradigm to the detriment of their values and culture. As a consequence, there has been an abandonment of local paradigms and educational principles, and also divisions regarding the different colonial master’s heritage difference which has participated in the ongoing Cameroon secessionist crisis. In terms of governance, the French system was more direct, compared to the British and the German colonial administrations which charged the Christian Missionaries to conduct the education mission; but overall, the objective and the curriculum content were the same: introducing a western-style education that can help the exploitation of the colony.

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Volume: Issue: 5

Article: Preparation and Properties of 3D Printing High Per-formance Polymer Composite for Aerospace Appli-cation

Haque Md Imdadul, Rana Ruhul Amin, Sarkar Md Sajib
Vol 5, Issue 5; May 2022
North American Academic Research, 5(5) 20-29 May 2022, https://doi.org/10.5281/ze-nodo.6570494

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Abstract: Composite materials are essential material for aircraft structures. Their main advantage is connected to the possibility of deeply reducing weight and costs by maintaining high performances in terms of strength and security. In this study, dumbbell shaped nylon-6 (PA-6)/carbon nanotube (CNT) composite wires were prepared using nylon as matrix and carbon nanotubes as reinforcement by twin-screw extruder. The prepared PA-6/CNT composite wires were printed into dumbbell shaped spline test pieces using a raised 3D printer through melt deposition molding. The properties of nylon-carbon nanotube composite were tested, and the effects of different proportions of carbon nano-tubes on the properties of nylon-carbon nanotube composite were studied. The experimental results reveled that CNTs effectively enhanced the mechanical properties of nylon-6, such as the tensile strength and Young's modulus. When the mass fraction of CNTs is 0.2%, the tensile strength is the highest, which is 165% higher than pure nylon. When the mass fraction of CNTs is 1%, the Young's modulus is the highest, which is 83% higher than pure nylon. The addition of carbon nanotubes also increased the melting point of nylon-6. This study has important theoretical significance and engineering value for the application of non-metallic matrix composite in the aerospace industry.

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Volume: Issue: 5

Article: Strategic Factor Analysis for Payra Seaport Construction: A Case Study Bangladesh Perspective

Sheuly Aktar
Vol 5, Issue 5; May 2022
North American Academic Research, 5(5) 11-19 May 2022, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6569953

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Abstract: Megaprojects are becoming more widespread across the world. An infrastructure project is a massive, ex-pensive, and complicated project that often takes many years to complete in addition most of the mega projects are facing schedule delay and also cost overrun to completion projects. Payra Sea Port is Bangladesh's third seaport, created with the intention of boosting the country's international maritime trade. It is important to note that a coun-try's international marine trade and commerce rely heavily on the locational advantage and operational capacity of its seaports. In addition, the capabilities and capacity of a port are contingent on the port's strategic development. For the development of Payra Sea Port, a strategic analysis has been undertaken in this study. This work utilizes both primary and secondary data obtained from various publications, journals, articles, books, newspapers, and the an-nual report of a linked organization in order to conduct qualitative research. A non-probability sampling approach was used to select respondents for open discussion format interviews. Various strategic methods, including PEST analysis, SWOT analysis, etc., were used to analyze collected data in order to identify obstacles and devise strategies for the growth of Payra Sea Port. It has been determined that drought restrictions, capital and maintenance dredging, political instability, hinterland connectivity, huge capital investments, private engagement, and industrial diversifi-cation are the most significant obstacles to the development of Payra Sea Port. It also has the potential to become a deep-sea port through careful planning. Possessing significant internal advantages, such as a large channel, river connectivity, 11-kilometer-long bank jetty, and land availability in the Payra Sea Port region, could be a possible advantage over foreign threats. In this paper, distinct management entity has been recommended to reduce the po-litical influences and to create an internal competitive environment that could help to the development of Payra Sea Port. This report also identifies four fundamental strategic determinants at the operational, functional, management, and corporate levels. To obtain competitive advantages, it is necessary to expand private participation so that the port may be developed strategically using the landlord model.

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Volume: Issue: 5

Article: Achieving Access to Mental Health Care for School-Aged Children in Rwandan rural communities

Pièrre IYAMUREMYE, Callixte NZARIKURIKIZA, Etienne BIKORIMANA
Vol 5, Issue 5; May 2022
North American Academic Research, 5(5) 30-37 May 2022, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6570558

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Abstract: With reference to creativity and collaboration, children in rural communities who have the same mental health needs as children in urban areas can get access to mental health care. This review of the literature explores barriers to mental health services facing school-aged children living in Rwanda rural communities, and focuses on how challenges unique to rural communities affect the type of care rural children ultimately receive. This review aligns with the Research Agenda focus area “access to counseling and mental health services” (2018). The discussion in-corporates national trends in the treatment of children with mental health concerns and highlights some unex-pected facts about the state of mental health care in rural school and examines the following factors: (1) low family capacity (2) school support, (3) environmental resources, and (4) awareness. The review concludes low family ca-pacity by outlining opportunities for advocacy and intended solutions for improving mental health care access for rural children and suggesting directions for future research.

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Volume: Issue: 5

Article: Comparison of NCP with famous RNNs on specific datasets

Atabay Bashimov, Xu Cheng
Vol 5, Issue 5; May 2022
North American Academic Research, 5(5) 1-10, May 2022, doi: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6569909

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Abstract: A wide range of issues involving sequence data have been solved using recurrent neural networks with various types of hidden units. One of the most recent proposals, neural circuit policies (NCP), has shown comparable promising results on our example datasets. In this paper, we compare three model variants of recurrent neural networks (RNN) with neural circuit policies (NCP), which is a subclass of continuous-time RNNs, with varying neuronal time-constant realized by their nonlinear synaptic transmission model. These four model variants, Deep RNN, LSTM, GRU, and NCP, were tested on synthetic sinusoidal training example sequences and the navigation of a robot dataset. The NCP model has shown similar performance to the SimpleRNN model while using fewer parameters and thus lowering training expense, and thus may be used as an alternate to the SimpleRNN recurrent neural network. However, in terms of lowest loss, LSTM and GRU performed slightly better than SimpleRNN and NCP on the datasets considered.

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Volume: Issue: 2

Article: Prevalence of Ectoparasites and Endoparasites in Tilapia (Oreochromis Niloticus) from Ureje River in Ado Ekiti

Adelowo O. E., Odeleye A.A., Obameso J.O. and Ologunde C.A.
Vol 5, Issue 2; February 2022
North American Academic Research, 5(2) 230-351 February 2022, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6549160

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Abstract: This study provides the first investigation on parasites of O. niloticus in Ureje River. A total of sixty samples of O. niloticus were purchased from a fish farm around Ureje River over a period of six (6) months and subjected to parasitological examinations. 33 (55%) of the total sample were infected with parasites. In all, nine genera of Protozoa, three species of Nematode and one species of Trematode were isolated from different organs of O. niloticus.

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Volume: Issue: 4

Article: The Effects of Social Media to Enhance Employees' Intention in Organizations in Vietnam: Through Motivation, Knowledge Management and Employees’ Performance

Tran Thi Tuyet, Fu Weizhong, Md Mizanur Rahman
Vol 5, Issue 4; April 2022
North American Academic Research, 5(4) 218-234 April 2022, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6522780

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Abstract: The purpose of this study is to investigate how social media (SM) effects on organizational employees’ motivation, knowledge management (KM), employees’ performance (EP) and how does these effects on employees’ intention. A theoretical model is integrating with the help of Self-determination (motivational) theory through KM, EP and employees’ intention. A questionnaire-based study was designed to test the aforementioned model. The quantitative data (n=349) is collected from different organization of Vietnam and analyzed through Partial Least Squares-Structural Equation Modeling. The results indicated that SM has positive and significant effect on employees' motivation, KM and their intention. However, this has not significance effect on their performance. Additionally, all the factors' moderating effects are positive and significant. The findings have some theoretical enlightenment and practical implications. Originality: This is one of the few studies, which investigate the interrelationships among SM, KM, employees’ performance on their intention and the first to test the model with self-determination theory factors on organizations in Vietnam.

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Volume: Issue: 4

Article: Impact of Youth Violence on Security: An Analysis of Political Vigilantism, Kidnapping and Violent Protests in Ghana

Augustina Adzo Bansah
Vol 5, Issue 4; April 2022
North American Academic Research, 5(4) 321-338 April 2022, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6540007

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Abstract: “When we talk about youth violence, I believe we're talking about kids who do not have opportunities, and as a result, they're engaging in some form of lawlessness because we, as a society, have failed them.” – Matt Gonzalez Because one of the most necessities of any human community is peace, stability, and a secure environment, the topic of violence has received much attention in world politics. Leaders of countries spend huge budgets annually maintaining security in their countries and the world as a whole, but the fact remains that global violence is at a high record. With a majority of the world’s population being young people, they are the largest group of people affected by violence, either as victims or perpetrators. Young people are at the heart of social change, technological advancements, and globalization, but their engagement in conflicts, violence, and wars presents a major threat to human life and property, obstructs business operations, and discourages both domestic and foreign investment. Several attempts have been made to understand the reasons why and how violence occurs to find solutions to reduce its occurrence. Ghana's population is primarily made up of young people aged 15 to 35 years. Even though the country is praised as a haven of peace located in a region characterized by large-scale violence, violence among young people engaging in political vigilantism, kidnapping, and violent protests tends to distract peace and could pose future security threats if not properly addressed. This is in light of the past and recent happenings in its neighbouring countries within the West African subregion. Thus, the research aims to qualitatively review the literature on youth and violence in analyzing the impact of youth violence on the security of the country.

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Volume: Issue: 4

Article: Methodological Comparison of Genomic Selection for Several Traits in Arabidopsis and Soybean

Medrine Mmayi Odinga, Jian-Ying Feng, Yuan-li Ni, Xiu-li Yue, Yuan-Ming Zhang
Vol 5, Issue 4; April 2022
North American Academic Research, 5(4) April February 2022, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6539949

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Abstract: Evidence from previous studies has confirmed the advantages of genomic selection (GS) in animal and plant breeding. Although many GS approaches are available, the knowledge about which is the best approach is limited. In this study, we evaluated six parametric and two non-parametric GS methods using the Arabidopsis datasets and soybean datasets with salt and water treatment in 2014 and 2015. Cross-validation experiments, along with all markers and related markers at the 0.05, 0.10 and 0.20 levels of significance in each of the datasets were carried out. Prediction accuracies were obtained, indicated by R2 and Mean Absolute Error (MAE) between actual and predicted values, for all the methods in each dataset. As a result, the average R2 across various traits and different numbers of related markers in Arabidopsis thaliana datasets for BayesA, BayesB, BayesC, BRR, BLASSO, GBLUP, RKHS, and BLUP were between 0.644 and 0.668, 0.700 suggesting that GBLUP and BLUP are the best GS approaches. The same trend was replicated in all the other datasets. EMMA model was used to estimate polygenic and residual variances. The average heritabilities for all markers and part of markers correlated at the 0.05 significance level were 0.758 and 0.741, 0.434 and 0.511 respectively, for Arabidopsis thaliana, soybean 2014 and 2015 water-treatment datasets. The same trend was repeated in salt treatment datasets. This indicates that using markers related to the trait can also capture the genetic variation in the natural population. In summary GBLUP, RKHS and BLUP are the superior GS approaches.

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Volume: Issue: 3

Article: Blockchain Based-Student Credit Bank Records in Guinea Education System

Barry Dialikhatou, Jihui Shi, Bah Raguiata
Vol 5, Issue 3; March 2022
North American Academic Research, 5(3) 416-433, March 2022, doi: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6374477

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Abstract: Nowadays, despite the continuous advancement of digital technologies, several countries in sub-Saharan Africa, notably Guinea, face several challenges in managing academic records (main units of the educational ecosystem). Issues are mainly related to storage, availability, privacy, sharing, integrity, access control, and interoperability of data across stakeholders, leading to additional difficulties, namely data loss, security breaches, lack of data continuity, and a high profile of fraud cases. Our goal is to take advantage of blockchain technology's potential to address these issues. As a result, this approach presents novel blockchain-based system architecture for the secure storage, issuance, sharing and efficient access control of student academic records among relevant stakeholders while protecting student privacy. In the proposed framework, student academic records are stored securely, scalable, immutable, and authenticated using Hyperledger fabric, IPFS, chain codes, and encryption techniques with specific access control mechanisms involving only authorized stakeholders. The study carried out a system design starting from the aspects of the registration of the users, the management of the academic records attributed to the students, access control to other functionalities. It also uses UML Diagrams to grasp and depict the concept of the proposed solutio

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Volume: Issue: 3

Article: Developing an Improved UMS (United Mining Supply) E-Payment System to Boost Customer Satisfaction

Balde Mariama Dian, Jiang Linhua
Vol 5, Issue 3; March 2022
North American Academic Research, 5(3) 434-457, March 2022, doi: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6374922

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Abstract: The ICT and digital innovation era has caused dynamic corporate environment changes, with cash to electronic transactions shifting. The e-payment system was developed to complement, not replace, currency and trade barter. The reality that man cannot meet his wants has compelled trade. Trading has evolved from a rudimentary form to a sophisticated one. Bartering is a primordial type of trading. Barter trade is an essential answer to the problem of exchange, but it has several flaws. Man's inability to meet his own needs has compelled commerce. Trading has evolved from a rudimentary form to a sophisticated one. Electronic payments can be defined as a payment technique that uses electronic media and does not require currency. E-payment is a key part of e-commerce. We will analyze the literature on e-payment systems in e-commerce to emphasize the scope of the e-payment system and prior research methodologies to identify research gaps and suggest future studies. With the advent of the internet, electronic payments and transactions have exploded. Consumers could buy goods and services online and transfer unencrypted credit card details, compromising security and privacy. As consumers became more mindful of their privacy and security, new secure network payment solutions emerged. Unquantifiable benefits of e-payment include a cashless society and removing the fear of the unknown. With the effective utilization of e-payment technology, corruption in the government arena will be comprehensively tackled.

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Volume: Issue: 4

Article: Few-Shot Learning: A Step for Cash Crops Disease Classification

Fidel Essuan Nyameke, Shao Bin, Raphael K.M Ahiaklo-Kuz, Rene Owusu Peprah
Vol 5, Issue 4; April 2022
North American Academic Research, 5(4) 283-294 April 2022, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6533778

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Abstract: Humans' ability to extract information from images is more accessible than machines. The ability of human vision is extraordinary because they have little or no supervision when recognizing objects regardless of the similarity of images. Early studies of visual recognition have shown that machines perform better than humans when there is enough information for prediction and classification. This is less efficient for machines. In this paper, we propose a new way to solve this problem using the provided plant dataset, which will use visualization techniques to solve the problem when the model finds itself in a limited data scenario. Our approach yields more promising results than state-of-the-art models. We used three different types of datasets, including benchmarking Plant Village and Plant Doc. These datasets have controlled, uncontrolled, and downloaded images from the internet. Each dataset is used for our model, resulting in better performance than state-of-the-art results.

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Volume: Issue: 4

Article: Comparison of the Efficacy of Three Treatment Methods for Advanced Osteoarthritis of the Knee

Dahir Hussein, Abass Mahamoud Ahmed, Md Ariful Haque, Zhao Gang, Yang Kang, Touna Abdelkerim Barh
Vol 5, Issue 4; April 2022
North American Academic Research, 5(4) 269-282 April 2022, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6529213

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Abstract: Objective: To compare, analyze and evaluate the clinical efficacy of the combination of Total knee arthroplasty (TKA) only, TKA with anti-osteoporosis medicine, and KOA with anti-osteoporosis for the patients with severe osteoarthritis and osteoporosis. Methods: A retrospective study was conducted Between September 2019 and April 2021; 90 patients with advanced Osteoarthritis or rheumatoid arthritis 60 of them underwent total knee arthroplasty. The total patients were divided into three groups based on the treatment options: 30 patients underwent total knee arthroplasty (TKA)only, and another 30 patients had undergone total knee arthroplasty (TKA) with anti-osteoporosis medicine (calcium, VitD3, Elcatonin, Diacerein) for treatment.

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Volume: Issue: 4

Article: In the Age of Media Convergence; News Literacy and News Consumption Behavior of Undergraduates in Sri Lanka

Ahallya David, E.W.M.S. Boyagoda
Vol 5, Issue 4; April 2022
North American Academic Research, 5(4) 235-248 April 2022, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6525514

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Abstract: This research seeks to find the news literacy ability and news consumption behaviours of undergraduates in Sri Lanka. In addition to that, the research explores the ability of young undergraduates to distinguish between reliable and authentic news sources from falsehood and misinformation. In order to collect the data, survey methodology was employed and primary data was collected through questionnaires.The research revealed that undergraduates consume news for various purposes and situations. Majority of them consume more news during pandemic especially in Covid-19 period and during election periods. Moreover, the research concluded that undergraduates also consume news to know national incidents and natural disasters. But few respondents do not have any specific reason to describe why they consume news. Significantly, it is revealed that social media is the main source of news consumption, Television is the Second and News website is the Third. Majority of undergraduates prefer Facebook, and YouTube. Majority of undergraduates have a habit to use media on a daily basis and consume around 45 minutes to 1 hour of news media a day. Furthermore, the study concluded that few but significant number of undergraduates do not use any kind of news media. This study revealed that most of the undergraduates have fake news experience and are not aware about the news media ecosystem in Sri Lanka. Hence significantly, they do not have the ability to distinguish news from other information neighborhoods to detect newsworthy content. Therefore, it is interpreted that undergraduates are able to get affected by fake news and more than half of the undergraduates are not news literate enough.

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Volume: Issue: 4

Article: Functional Finishing of Viscose Fiber

Md Mahbubur Rahman, Di Youbo
Vol 5, Issue 4; April 2022
North American Academic Research, 5(4) 249-257 April 2022, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6525556

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Abstract: The aim of this work is to improve the smoothness of the fiber surfaces and improving the fire resistance and antibacterial effect of viscose fiber with antibacterial, flame retardant and protein finishing agent. The viscose fiber had a higher LOI value after flame retardant treatment than the original fiber samples. This demonstrates that flame resistance is improved by using a flame retardant finishing on viscose fiber. The adequacy of the microstructure was researched utilizing electron magnifying scanning (SEM). The antimicrobial properties of the fibre in the coating plate are superior to the phenomenon of chitosan viscose fibers, and the microstructure of the fibrous film under electrical microscope is considered to have a porous cavity structure of the nanofibrillary membrane obtained by the liquid spun. The large specific surface area and a higher type of curling increases the contact area of chitosan and bacteria and can be bonded or adsorbed into the nano-fiber surface, thereby converting the amino group in chitosan into ammonium root ions. More contact bacteria to inhibit bacterial growth. Protein content of cellulose fibers were measured before dyeing and after dyeing, found that the protein content of the cellulose fibers were increased 4% after dyeing & washing. The SEM images showed that longitudinal surfaces of the chitosan viscose fiber, silkworm chrysalis protein viscose fiber, and protein viscose fiber were smooth more than the common viscose fiber and having grooves of different shades.

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Volume: Issue: 4

Article: The Influence of Worker’s Trust and Motivation on Enterprises Performance

Oludu Victoria Omoladun, Weizhong Fu, Olorunfemi Christianah, Alademomi Richard Oluwole
Vol 5, Issue 4; April 2022
North American Academic Research, 5(4) 170-187 April 2022, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6502680

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Abstract: The primary goal of this academic study was to determine the factors that influence worker motivation in the enterprise. The following research questions guided the study: (i) What are the new strategies that are capable of motivating workers in the enterprises? (ii) How does motivation affect worker’s performance? (iii) What is the way forward for utilizing these new strategies effectively? A primary data research plan was adopted, focusing majorly on enterprises. The populations for the study were workers across enterprises in Nigeria, considering her as one of the largest economies in Africa. The study population comprised a total of 356 respondents in which 400 was the initial target and comprises of workers from several enterprises. A sample size of 356 respondents was obtained using a stratified random selection procedure. The data assembly tool was standardizing online questionnaire developed by the scholar, explicitly for this study. It was subjected to comprehensive pretesting proceeding to execution. A set of quantitative empirical method was adopted to test the hypothesis which predicted motivation of workers in an enterprise positively influence enterprises performance. (1) used the Statistical Package for Social Scientists (SPSS) to calculate the correlations between the variables. The study's main findings were that the relationship between independent variables (perceived job satisfaction, perceived training, and development) and trust in the enterprises was positive and significant except perceived job appraisal which was showing a negative relationship with trust in the enterprises. Promotion, compensation, fringe benefits, and the work are examples of extrinsic factors that motivate workers. Furthermore, the extrinsic factor is critical in persuading workers to strive for the set goals by quickly performing the required tasks at work. The research also discovered several intrinsic factors that influence worker’s motivation. These included, among other things, worker accomplishments, commendation, the job itself, wage structure, commitment and promotion, the level of gratitude workers experience, and worker conception of their work. The study also discovered that worker motivation has an impact on worker performance in the enterprise, which has a psychological impact as well as a beneficial role for enterprises. The study also discovered that motivated workers have the potential to create a positive work environment, which in turn increases worker loyalty to the enterprise and, as a result, increases productivity. The main results are that worker motivation is a highly delicate concept that is affected by a variety of factors. Few of these basic factors are unfamiliar in the sense that they emerge from within the organization and impose external discipline on the worker. The study also assertions that the concept of motivation as an individual or intrinsic characteristic in a person predisposes them to have a particular mindset towards their jobs.

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Volume: Issue: 4

Article: ‘The Hammer of God’ by Arthur C. Clarke as an Eschatological Reading

S.P.Ayesha Sewwandi Jayarathne
Vol 5, Issue 4; April 2022
North American Academic Research, 5(4) 210-217 April 2022, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6506207

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Abstract: As human curiosity commenced from the Garden of Eden, it would never stop because every human being is a child of Adam and Eve. By now, this curiosity has come up to the level of exploring other planets. Even the end of this world and its’ living being is doubted now. This concept is called ‘Eschatology’; a part of theology, and talks about the end of the world or the final fate of humankind. Every religion has peeped into Eschatology. In Christianity, the Bible reveals about the End Time. Many literature corpora have been written about the end of this world. Arthur C. Clarke as a Science Fiction writer has begotten seminal trajectories to the literature world. His Science Fiction depicts future events filled with imagination to inspire readers and accompany them where they have never been before. The Hammer of God by Arthur C. Clarke reveals the technological, physical, and intellectual advancements by 2190 (22nd century world). It unfolds the story of an asteroid called ‘Kali’ which can destroy entire Earth and how the crew deflects it using technology with the help of an invisible hand. Wilkinson has denoted that ‘History was pregnant with the future’ (1). This statement can be proved because the Biblical representations are juxtaposed with the Science Fiction ‘The Hammer of God’. This research paper streamlines the chain of biblical prophecies with the human accomplishments, and pathetic situations which can be seen in the 22nd century. This article is a content analysis and primary data was collected from the printed book. Collected data then were analyzed qualitatively with respect to the Eschatological representation of the Science Fiction ‘The Hammer of God’.

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Volume: Issue: 4

Article: Man at the Crossroads: the clash between the Rockefeller family and Mexican artist Diego Rivera in 1933

Georgina Marcela Pagola Rodríguez
Vol 5, Issue 4; April 2022
North American Academic Research, 5(4) 188-209 April 2022, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6506180

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Abstract: In the late 1920s and 1930s, a rapprochement between the United States and Mexico occurred through the artistic movement of muralism, which was accompanied by an appreciation of Mexican culture and nationalist sentiments. The Rockefeller family, primarily associated with entrepreneurship, had begun to approach Latin American art and planned to include artists from around the world for their Rockefeller Center project, which focused on the importance and valorization of technological progress for the future of humanity. The commission of Diego Rivera to paint a mural in 1932, the inclusion of the portrait of Vladimir Lenin, and his refusal to remove it led to a conflict in 1933 that revealed the scope of free speech in art and the boundaries between the aesthetic and political significance of a work of art. The purpose of this paper is to explore the motives that led the Rockefellers to hire such a controversial and politically engaged figure as Diego Rivera –in an environment where socialist ideas were met with public disapproval– and the reasons why the artist accepted the commission, coming from a family that was the epitome of capitalism. Through the use of primary sources and scholarly literature and the application of a qualitative approach, this thesis argues that the vision that the Rockefeller family and Diego Rivera had for the mural was similar in terms of the role of technology in the development of human society. What was at odds, however, was the ideological standpoint from which each took the commission and their vision of the future society. Rivera was not willing to give up his political beliefs, and the Rockefellers believed that the artist could separate his political goals from the aesthetic project. The divergence was thus inevitable, but at the same time this episode served to reassure both sides of their importance in their respective contexts and to reflect on the paradoxes in the relationship between art interests and business advantages.

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Volume: Issue: 4

Article: Effect of Loop Length Variation in a Plain Circular Knitting Machine on the Properties of Plain Single Jersey Fabric

Mohammad Mobarak Hossain, Md. Merajur Rahman, Md. Razib Sheikh, Mohammad Mahmudur Rahman Khan, Iqbal Mahmud, Md. Elius Uddin, Md. Imran Hossain, Eshita Datta
Vol 5, Issue 4; April 2022
North American Academic Research, 5(4) 102-114 April 2022, https://doi.org/ 10.5281/zenodo.6485000

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Abstract: The study focuses on stitch length variation in the weft-knitted fabrics to the fabric properties like air permeability, bursting strength, tightness, and geometry due to its divergence. The yarn of 30 Ne of 100% cotton fiber, 22 Ne of 80% polyester and 20% cotton (PC) blend, and 28 Ne of 76% cotton and 24% polyester (CVC) are used for the study. Fabric is produced with the same stitch length and necessary parameters are tested in the dry state and relaxed state after relaxation in standard conditions. This study supports that stitch length variation of single jersey weft knitted fabric influences GSM, values of geometric constants at the relaxed state and bursting strength positively, dimensional change, air permeability, and tightness of the fabric negatively.

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Volume: Issue: 4

Article: Basic Factors Affecting the Project Success among Industrial Companies in Yemen

Abdullah Abduljlil Shaalan Dahan Al-boraihi, Guo Bin, Hashem Musaed Ahmed Al-Qarwaei, Hesham Mohammed Mohammed Hasan Al-yaaburi
Vol 5, Issue 4; April 2022
North American Academic Research, 5(4) 132-143 April 2022, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6499023

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Abstract: The reason for this study is to examine the basic factors that impact a successful project among industrial companies in Yemen. In expansion, this study is additionally pointed to investigate in case of project alter control play a part in directing the relationship between the independent factors and dependent variable distinguished in this investigation. Through the writing audit preparation, it was found that project mission, best administration back, client discussion, specialized mission, personnel competency, client acknowledgment, inconvenience shooting, project arrange observing and successful communication are among the basic factors distinguished. The primary data of this study was collected by questionnaire, this questionnaire was designed and distributed to respondents by several ways like email, fax, post, social media such as WhatsApp and Facebook and hand by hand to some of respondents, the 67 respondents only who reacted to 67 effectively completed projects. This study revealed that project success within the industrial setting was in two measurements which this study classified as smaller scale and large scale project success. This study is illustrated experimentally that project staff competency and project mission are basic factors impacting the small scale project success and as for large scale project success, best administration bolster and project mission are two fundamental basic factors.

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Volume: Issue: 4

Article: Assessment of Groundwater Geochemistry and Its Suitability for Drinking and Irrigation Practices in the Chakwal District, Punjab, Pakistan

Arifullah, Huang Changsheng, Nafees Ali, Abdur Rashid, Syed Asim Hussain, Meer Muhammad Sajjad, Oscar Chijioke Nkwazema
Vol 5, Issue 4; April 2022
North American Academic Research, 5(4) 144-169 April 2022, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6499073

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Abstract: Groundwater is considered a potential water source for both human use and irrigation. It contributes to the sustainability of semi-arid and arid zones around the globe. Pakistan is enlisted in the world's lack of access to safe potable water. In the Chakwal district, groundwater quality has deteriorated during the last few decades due to climatic changes and anthropogenic sources. Therefore, 123 groundwater samples were examined for the presence of trace elements and significant ions to examine the water's acceptability for human consumption and agricultural usage. The Gibbs plot demonstrated that rock dominance and precipitation are the primary controlling processes governing groundwater chemistry. The Piper plot identified three water types in the research area: calcium type, chloride type, and no dominant type.

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Volume: Issue: 4

Article: The Establishment of Diplomatic Relations Between Cuba and the People's Republic of China (1960-1962)

Liber Simón Di Paulo Torterolo
Vol 5, Issue 4; April 2022
North American Academic Research, 5(4) 115-131 April 2022, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6495922

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Abstract: The following article examines the origins of diplomatic relations between Cuba and the People's Republic of China (P.R.C.), focusing on the period from 1960 to 1962, while discussing the facts that made the relationship possible in the context of the Cold War, and its implications. It also identifies the main similarities between the two countries, taking into account the ideas, the vision of the revolutionary processes, and the geopolitics. The objective of this work has been to describe and analyze the historical period to understand the reasons that led these two countries to establish formal relations beyond the founding of the revolutionary government in Cuba in 1959. At the same time, other aspects have been considered which influenced this process, such as the increasingly hostile relations between Cuba and the United States. In order to explain the facts, historical documents and articles related to the subject have been approached through a qualitative analysis, taking into consideration the diplomatic positions that both countries had with each other. This article argues that, while the P.R.C. was in a process of development of informal relations with the rest of the Latin American region –known as People´s Diplomacy–, Cuba was the first Latin American country to establish formal relations with the Asian country, for which the bond between governments was much more direct. By the same token, it asserts that there was an agreement between them regarding ideas such as anti-imperialism and revolutionary methods, a meeting point which brought them closer even before the ideological component of communism.

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Volume: Issue: 4

Article: Between Power and Principle: The Neo-Neo Debate in the International Relations

Piaget MPOTO BALEBO
Vol 5, Issue 4; April 2022
North American Academic Research, 5(4) 76-88 April 2022, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6480514

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Abstract: This paper aims to analyze and compare the both international relations paradigms: Neorealism and Neoliberalism. In order to do so, will be debated the interpretations of the role of states in the international system and the different concepts of international society and international relations for those theories. Ultimately, these paradigms are somehow juxtaposed, which will allow a critical analysis of its principles and its main contributions to the Theory of International Relations.

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Volume: Issue: 4

Article: The Debate about the Peaceful Rise of China

Piaget MPOTO BALEBO
Vol 5, Issue 4; April 2022
North American Academic Research, 5(4) 63-75 April 2022, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6480512

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Abstract: When Chairman Hu Jintao stepped down as state president in March 2013, China’s position in the world had been changed after his ten years in office. Above all, Chinese membership of the World Trade Organization (WTO) from December 2001 had stroked up a milestone of incredible development that exceeded all expectations, inside as well as outside the country. As matter of fact, what happens today in China has an enormous impact on other countries. This paper focus on the discussion weather China raised peacefully or not.

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Volume: Issue: 4

Article: The Potential Role of Information and Communication Technologies in improving Education quality in Sub-Saharan Africa

Abah Bidias Alain Stève , Liu Hongwu
Vol 5, Issue 4; April 2022
North American Academic Research, 5(4) 320-331, April 2022, doi: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6480721

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Abstract: Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) is one of the least developed regions in the world. In an attempt to catch up in the long term, those countries need to rely upon several factors simultaneously. Factors among which economy, governance and education occupy the first places. Concerning education, the situation remains worrying and most SSA countries are still far from achieving quality education, which is a prerequisite for the developmental goals targeted by most of these countries by 2050. In this documentary research, authors analyze the major problems faced by the education sector in SSA. The analysis has revealed that the education sector in SSA is disrupted by critical issues including the inactive education system, the limited access to education, the inadequate educational infrastructure, the problem of teachers training, the mismatch between training and employment, the low household income, the political instability and insecurity. They therefore posit the harmonious integration of ICT as having a crucial role to play for the effective improvement of quality education worldwide. ICT integration has become an asset to improving education and achieving sustainable development. Several countries have implemented ICT and gradually integrated new technologies in curricula, pedagogy, equipment and training. Authors conclude the analysis by recommending political and educational leaders in SSA countries invest more energy and resources in the effective integration of ICT into education systems. This requires a critical analysis of education problems and problems of integrating technologies into education. Analysis which must absolutely lead to the implementation of strategies for resolving these problems in the medium and long term.

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Volume: Issue: 4

Article: Understanding the Sahel Crisis: An Environmental Approach

Reine Christelle Komel Neatobeye
Vol 5, Issue 4; April 2022
North American Academic Research, 5(4) 45-62 April 2022, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6459473

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Abstract: The Sahel region has faced various conflicts for many years and has defied several peacekeeping strategies. Since 2012, the crisis continues to cost the lives of many and destroy valuable property in the region. Between 2012 and 2019, the region, comprising Mali, Burkina Faso, and Niger has experienced 1,463 armed clashes, with 4,723 civilians killed at the hands of 195 violent armed groups in 1,263 separate locations, most of whom were civilians. This article employs the Human Needs Theory as the framework for understanding the issue, helps to explain why people behave in certain ways when their needs are not available. This theory assumes that all humans have certain basic universal needs and when these are not met conflict is likely to occur. With this theoretical lens, the article seeks to examine the environmental factors of human needs and how they propel the crisis in the region. The research found that environmental need and the crisis are positively related. Thus, the more the environmental needs are not met, the more difficult it is to end the crisis.

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Volume: Issue: 4

Article: Investigating the impacts of infrastructure on foreign direct investment in flow to Nigeria

Edo Okaro, Adegboyega Ayodeji Temitayo, Li Xinwu
Vol 5, Issue 4; April 2022
North American Academic Research, 5(4) 450-460, April 2022, doi: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6466477

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Abstract: This study’s primary objective is to empirically investigate the impacts of infrastructure on foreign direct investment inflow to Nigeria from 1996 to 2018. Specifically, it seeks to determine if there exists a long run relationship between infrastructure and FDI inflow in Nigeria or if these two macroeconomic variables converge in the long run. The understanding of the determinants of foreign direct investment (FDI) is an important issue of economy literature because of increasing investment requirements of the economies. Infrastructure has a vital role for economic development through promoting productivity, costs and trade. In this regard, the purpose of this paper is to investigate the impact of infrastructure of a country on foreign direct investment (FDI) level in that particular country by using five infrastructure indicators, including mobile cellular subscribers, railways rail lines, air transport and seaport infrastructure, by using Ordinary Least Square models with data covering the 1996-2018 period. The Eclectic Paradigm formed the theoretical background of this research with emphasis on the Location advantage of the OLI framework which pinpoints the role of infrastructure in attracting FDI. The results indicate that only two infrastructure variables, mobile cellular subscribers and seaport infrastructure quality causes an increases in FDI inflows. A close analysis of the results generally highlight the fact that Nigeria though a big market of about 200 million people and rich in resources, such as crude oil and natural gas, is still lagging behind its peers in terms of infrastructure and this has made it difficult for foreign investors to come into the country to invest as expected. Power Infrastructure, which has recurring transmission and distribution challenges, and Rail infrastructure, which has very low spread across the country in particular, showed poor results and considering the role of these two sub-sectors in the growth of any economy it becomes imperative that they must be resuscitated urgently to ensure that Nigeria can gain more inflow of Foreign Direct Investment.

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Volume: Issue: 3

Article: Research of the influence of Pedagogical Game-Based on Student Mathematics Learning

Yende Moussa Mohamed
Vol 5, Issue 3; March 2022
North American Academic Research, 5(3) 310-328 March 2022, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6459310

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Abstract: The study sought to investigate the perceptions of Mathematics teachers and students on the implementation of the Pedagogical Game-based Learning model; how the use of Pedagogical Game-based Learning mode enhances teaching primary students’ mathematics, and the challenges associated with the performance of Pedagogical Game-based Learning model practices in teaching primary students in the Yaoundé Metropolis in Cameroon. The study adopted a descriptive case study approach to involve eight mathematics teachers and forty primary students in the study. A semi-interview guide was the primary research instrument that was adopted for data collection. This enabled an in-depth description of the context and use of pedagogical game-based teaching strategies in teaching mathematics. The thematic analysis was adopted in analyzing the transcribed data from the interview sessions with both teachers and students. The study found that both teachers and students have a positive perception and experience demonstrated a high level of understanding of the role and value of digital technologies in terms of supporting learning and teaching. Mathematics teachers used the Pedagogical Game-based Learning model in various ways to help primary students’ education, including offering rich learning resources, multimodal tools, game scenarios, and in-built instruction and feedback. Digital gameplay, when used once daily over the teaching period, was found to enhance student engagement and interest in learning; many students, however, we're concerned about its effect on academic achievement and eyesight. Teachers indicated some of the obstacles they faced, such as large class size, difficulty evaluating learning outcomes, balancing fun and learning, and compelling game–classroom integration. They further added that minimal faculty interest, ambiguous instructional goals, and indeterminate strategies should be addressed to sustain successful results when utilizing the pedagogical game-based learning model.

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Volume: Issue: 4

Article: Contribution of Education in Restoring National Identity: Example Tunisia: 1956 - 1987

Larby Foued, Liu Hong Wu
Vol 5, Issue 4; April 2022
North American Academic Research, 5(4) 14-20 April 2022, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6459223

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Abstract: Several African countries have been subjected to colonialism, which has had a negative impact on their environment, economy, and society. Their independence has resulted in the nation-state building process approving self-determination in the accomplishment of state sovereignty and sustainable development. The establishment of national identity is regarded as an important aspect of creating national unity, ensuring social stability, and long-term continuity of the state's mission. Many mechanisms, such as education, have played an important role in shaping and establishing this identity. The Tunisian government has always prioritized education and sought to expand it and support it by investment as well as development and implementation of relevant plans to modernize it and improve its quality and profitability. Following independence, education became a state priority due to the importance of its role in forming national identity and future generations to continue the country's march of progress and advancement.

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Volume: Issue: 4

Article: Women Empowerment’s Mechanism, Case Study Tunisia

Larby Foued, Liu Hong Wu
Vol 5, Issue 4; April 2022
North American Academic Research, 5(4) 21-29 April 2022, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6459288

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Abstract: The woman is the family’s backbone. She brings life to the world and contributes to the education of future generations. In ancient times, the woman, in the Arab world, had a narrow role based on gender and physical abilities. The woman has to carry out Household Chores which has included resources management, cleaning, washing, and cooking, to provide a comfortable and healthy environment for her children and husband. Meanwhile, to provide for his family’s needs, the man must work a job that generally requires physical skills. As societies have evolved, the Women's roles have gradually changed. Today’s Women are directly involved in the socio-economic cycle and contribute to their country's development. Furthermore, several women have influenced societies, held high positions, and demonstrated strong leadership and management abilities. In response to the needs of the times, leaders and decision-makers have seized the opportunity to change history. However, the path of modernizing societies and liberating women was challenging. Arab Governments needed to conciliate between the cultural Islamic tradition and the modern civic social concepts. Furthermore, they were required to establish new civic values, cultivate a particular social mindset based on justice and fairness, implement the necessary measures, and perform changes. In this context, we attempt to examine the situation of women in Tunisia and analyze the mechanisms that contributed to women's liberation following independence.

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Volume: Issue: 10

Article: A Case Study of Causes and Injury Pattern on Road Accident in Dhaka

Md Elias Chowdhury
Vol 4, Issue 10; October 2021
North American Academic Research, 4(10) 257-270 October 2021, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6423378

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Abstract: Bangladesh is a typical country for the car crash study among the developing nations due to the unique complex traffic environment. The aim of this study is to investigate the causes of road accidents and the injury pattern of road accidents in Dhaka for the last 11 years. The secondary data were first collected and investigated, then the primary parameters of the traffic accident like the accident time and crash types were analyzed through the comparison and main factor analysis. Results show that the human factor is the main cause of the car crash, which accounts for more than 95% of the whole accidents. This means the traffic rule education should be further improved to reduce the influence of human. Meanwhile, the noontime is not suitable for road users throughout the week in terms of the accident risk. Though the injury consequence is not much, the rear impact occupies the most percentage. This study can be a reference for the follow-up road accident researches for statistical analysis.

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Volume: Issue: 3

Article: A Study on Teacher’s Job Satisfaction in Singapore Secondary Schools

Jasmin Omary Chunga
Vol 5, Issue 3; March 2022
North American Academic Research, 5(3) 294-308 March 2022, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6412958

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Abstract: Teacher job satisfaction is vivacious area of study which signpost different variables and its influence on teachers working performance. Using the 2018 Teaching and Learning International Survey data shown that Singapore is among the countries were teachers job satisfaction is higher compared to other countries. Little is known on what are the variables that contribute to the teacher’s job satisfaction in Singapore secondary schools which can be drawn as a lesson to other countries. This study investigated teacher’s job satisfaction with working environment and teachers job satisfaction with profession. The study found that teachers are satisfied with both working environment and teaching profession. Furthermore, there was a statistical mean difference of gender in both teacher’s job satisfaction working environment and teacher’s job satisfaction with profession. In case of multiple linear regression, the study found that two independent variables selected such as satisfaction with working environment and with profession has equal significant contribution on the teacher’s job satisfaction in Singapore secondary schools.

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Volume: Issue: 12

Article: The influence of stress mindset on health among genocide adult survivors in Rwanda: A moderated mediation model of perceived stress and coping style

Pièrre IYAMUREMYE, Callixte NZARIKURIKIZA
Vol 4, Issue 12; December 2021
North American Academic Research, 4(12) 283-306 December 2021, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6416076

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Abstract: Evidence indicates that holding particular stress mindsets has favorable insinuations for peoples’ health as well as survivors under stress. Previous studies have depicted the relationship between Stress mindset (SMM) and Physical well-being. However, they are no studies that have investigated the relationship between SMM and Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), even less is revealed on the side of mediating and moderating processes based on this relationship. The present study surveyed the relationship between SMM and PTSD, and tested the mediating impact of perceived stress and the moderating impact of coping strategies that included approach and avoidant coping. A total of 1000 participants including college genocide survivors and graduated ones who are ranged between 26-35 and 36-45 years old from The Northern province of Rwanda completed an online questionnaire regarding SMM, PSS, Brief cope, and PTSD. Findings showed that SMM was negatively related to genocide survivors’ PTSD symptoms, and perceived stress mediated this relationship. The direct relation between SMM and PTSD, including the relationship between SMM and perceived stress were both moderated by Approach and avoidant coping style. The relationships between SMM and PTSD symptoms, as well as between SMM and PSS were stronger in genocide survivors who experience higher levels of coping style. These results contribute to a comprehensive understanding of when and in which ways SMM may be associated with genocide survivors’ PTSD symptoms, and enrich new outlook for the enhancement of genocide survivor’s mental health 27 years after the 1994 Genocide against Tutsi in Rwanda.

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Volume: Issue: 2

Article: Modelling and Forecasting Volatility of Returns on the Nairobi Stock Market using Arch Models

Medrine Mmayi Odinga, Islam Ali Salim, Pan Junchang
Vol 5, Issue 2; February 2022
North American Academic Research, 5(2) 309-319 February 2022, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6369283

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Abstract: This study empirically models and forecasts volatility (conditional variance) on the Nairobi Stock Market using the ARCH models namely; GARCH-M (1,1), EGARCH-M (1,1) and TGARCH-M (1,1). The daily NSE 20-share index data over a period of 10-years was used in the analysis. The competing volatility models were estimated and their specification and forecast performance compared using RMSE, MAE, MAPE, TIC and R2 . The NSE stock returns exhibits volatility clustering, asymmetric effects, leptokurtosis which are common characteristics for most financial time series data. Overally, the EGARCH-M (1,1) emerged the best model with the t-distribution over the GARCH-M (1,1) and TGARCH-M (1,1) due to it’s lower values of the RMSE, MAE and MAPE. Comparison using the R2 also gave the same results in that the EGARCH-M (1,1) emerged the best due to its highest value of R2 (0.187010) unlike the TGARCH-M and GARCH-M.

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Volume: Issue: 3

Article: Research on the development of foreign students in Egypt based on the perspective of attribution theory

AMRO EL SAID IBRAHIM ZAGHLOUL , YANG TIAN PING
Vol 5, Issue 3; March 2022
North American Academic Research, 5(3) 174-179, March 2022,doi: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6391506

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Abstract: As one of the ancient civilizations with a long history, Egypt plays an extremely important role in the development of education in the world. As early as the ancient Egyptian period, Egypt has been born court school this special education mode. With its unique educational philosophy and long educational history, Egypt has become an important hub of cultural exchanges between the East and the West. Since then, after the founding of Egypt in 1953, in order to strengthen ties with the international community and promote international cultural exchanges, the Egyptian government has sent students to study abroad for many times to strengthen academic exchanges with different countries. The large number of Egyptian students also made great contributions to the social development of Egypt, promoted the development of the Egyptian bourgeoisie to a certain extent, and made the educational reform in Egypt gradually achieve results. In view of the current situation of the development of Egyptian international students, from the perspective of internal and external causes of the theory of in-depth research, hoping to promote the development of Egyptian international students to a certain extent.

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Volume: Issue: 3

Article: Chinese Investment Impact on the South Asian Sustainable Infrastructure Development: A Case of Bangladesh Study

Md Alamin Sarkar (BBA,MIB), Professor Xie Jiaping(Ph.D.), Li-Qing lin
Vol 5, Issue 3; March 2022
North American Academic Research, 5(3) 205-237 March 2022, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6399217

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Abstract: The importance of sustainable infrastructure investment plays a key role in promoting and maintaining economic growth. Designed suitable and sustainable infrastructure can also make growth more inclusive by sharing its benefits with poorer units, communities, especially by connecting remote areas, small and landlocked countries with major business centers. Although the South Asia region has made progress in infrastructure development, its growth still can't meet the sustainable international standard for quantity and quality. Insufficient sustainable infrastructure could hinder the potential economic growth of South Asian countries, weaken their international competitiveness and disadvantageously affect their poverty reduction efforts. Based on the recent estimation of financial demand for sustainable infrastructure in South Asian countries, this paper analyzes the sustainable infrastructure and estimates the external effects of its investments, then research the investment development in South Asia as well Bangladesh. It also quantitatively assessed the welfare impact of regional sustainable infrastructure development on the overall economy of South Asian countries. The situation and impact of the recent economic and financial crisis provide several reasons for the further development of sustainable infrastructure in South Asian regions, especially Bangladesh. This paper also estimates the need for sustainable infrastructure investment, including transport, electricity, etc. during 2010-2020, to meet growing demands for services and facilitate further rapid growth in the south Asian regions.

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Volume: Issue: 3

Article: What Factors Influence the Increasing Dependency on Mobile Banking in Bangladesh - A Quantitative Study

Abdus Samad Azad, Md. Mesbahul Hasan
Vol 5, Issue 3; March 2022
North American Academic Research, 5(3) 238-291 March 2022, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6399334

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Abstract: Mobile Banking is a groundbreaking innovation yet new and surging sector that is expanding rapidly in Bangladesh. Financial service providers have introduced this pioneering innovation. It's important to understand what factors may play a vital role for individuals to use mobile banking in Bangladesh; however, the related research is still limited. The study aims to identify influential factors of Bangladesh's rapidly growing M-banking sectors. A quantitative study based on a survey was adopted with 200 mobile banking users in Dhaka city was selected as participants for the scientific study. The statistical analysis method using SPSS software initiated the result. Participants think a wide variety of m-banking features with easy access and availability plays a significant role in surging the system. The Covid-19 pandemic has also increased people's dependency on m-banking. Apart from that, m-banking authorities have no direct contact with its customers. More safety, the large number of money transactions, prohibiting money laundering and simple deposit and profit limit features and reduced charges are all factors that would attract more customers in the coming days.

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Volume: Issue: 4

Article: Use of Telemedicine in Bangladesh: Current Status and Future Prospects

Habibur Rahman, Mojibul Hoque Rubel, Bushra Sadia, Naifa Enam Sarker, Md. Shahriar Kabir, Anika Jamal Sreya, Tahsin Monaem, Raisul Hasan, Sourav Nath Mitun, S.M. Tareq Rahman, Ratan Ali, Md. Al-Imran , Md. Al Hasan Ibneh Fahad
Vol 5, Issue 4; April 2022
North American Academic Research, 5(4) 1-13, April 2022, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6407570

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Abstract: Health and medical systems are poised to benefit significantly from advances in digital health. One of the digitalization that has gained great attention in Bangladesh over the last several years is mobile health (mHealth). In developing nations such as Bangladesh, the application of mobile health technologies in the health industry has immense potential to improve the quality, accessibility, and cost of healthcare. A significant percentage of people in the developing world, particularly those who live in rural or remote areas, still do not have or have only access to essential services. The business, social, and non-governmental organizations have all committed to investing a large amount of money in the development of mobile healthcare infrastructure throughout the United States. In Bangladesh, the use of information and communications technology (ICT) in healthcare, particularly mobile health, is rapidly rising. But what is the present situation of health, or what is the best course of action for its further development in the future? Providing an introduction of mobile health, identifying unmet needs for health, outlining motion wellbeing in Bangladesh, and analyzing ethical issues and hurdles in the growth of mobile health are the goals of this study. The results of our study demonstrated that, while e-health in Bangladesh remains a problem, it is doable. Given the view of the existing circumstances and problems, greater progress is required in several areas within the field of mHealth. The findings of this study will be beneficial to a wide range of stakeholders. to make informed choices about e-services- services and capital growth in Bangladesh's health sector.

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Volume: Issue: 3

Article: “Research on the Context of Trustee at Public Private Partnerships (PPP) Realization. Evidence from Colombia”

Telismar Salazar, Professor Liu Yang
Vol 5, Issue 3; March 2022
North American Academic Research, 5(3) 180-204 March 2022, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6391545

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Abstract: In the last decades Colombia has introduced several institutional arrangements in order to attract investment at infrastructure facilities and installations, so that this research is aimed to compare and clarify the different frames in reference to the introduction of trustee as a fair investment vehicle for Public Private Partnerships (PPP) realization in Colombia. Additionally, in order to attract investment from China to Colombia, this research depicts the realization of Public Private Partnerships (PPP) through the use of trustee as special investment vehicle. The study aims to identify advantages and disadvantages exploring the Special Purpose Vehicle (SPV) as mechanism of PPP realization based on the case of Colombia introducing trustee as a complementary SPV cooperation tool. This study seeks contributions to creditors, investors, policy makers, governmental entities, to encourage its use by clarifying the difference within the application and realization of PPP projects depicting necessarily through the PPP context in Colombia served by New Institutional Economic Perspective (NIEP) whose main direction is demonstrating and assuring through trustee a fair treatment among its counterparts involved at executing complex infrastructure projects and to take the case of Colombia as an example that could be applied in other countries.

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Volume: Issue: 3

Article: Advanced Study of Software-Defined Networking (SDN): Benefits, Recent Works, Challenges (Use Case for SDN-OpenFlow)

SARR Cheikh Ahmed Tidiane, Jinhe WANG
Vol 5, Issue 3; March 2022
North American Academic Research, 5(3) 174-184 March 2022, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6385667

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Abstract: The Software Defined Networking (SDN) concept could be a means to deal with the demands and requirements of a rapidly increasing computer network infrastructure. Companies interested in expanding their network infrastructures are intrigued by the concept, but it's critical to consider the consequences of converting from a standard network to an SDN network. One strategy to mitigate the effects is to make a gradual transition from a traditional IP network to an SDN, resulting in a heterogeneous network. Rather than completely replacing the network infrastructure and dealing with the consequences, the soft migration concept is to replace a portion of it with an SDN environment and evaluate its performance. The efficiency of a network consisting of a traditional IP network mixed with SDN will be examined in this study. Identifying the variations in performance between having a heterogeneous network and having a specialized standard IP network is critical during this process. As a result, the problems addressed in this work will be how to construct such a heterogeneous network and how to quantify its performance in terms of throughput, latency, and packet drop. We hope to achieve our objectives with this study work by employing an experimental approach and analyzing relevant works on SDN fundamentals to provide us and the audience with a better understanding.

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Volume: Issue: 3

Article: Speed Control of Induction Motor using Plc Through VFD

Keita Fode Bangaly, Cai Zhiduan
Vol 5, Issue 3; March 2022
North American Academic Research, 5(3) 165-173 March 2022, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6385632

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Abstract: How to regulate the speed of a three-phase induction motor using a PLC (programmable logic controller) and a variable frequency drive (VFD) is discussed in this article (variable frequency drive). As a result, programmable logic controllers (PLCs) are primarily used in the automation sector as process control devices, and as a result, they are highly popular. PLCs are also used in a variety of other industries. In this article, we will illustrate how to control the output (the speed of a three-phase induction motor) by changing the input of a variable frequency drive (VFD) using a programmable logic controller (PLC). As a consequence, the VFD's input will vary, and as a result, the speed of the induction motor will change in accordance with that change. When it comes to the VFD, it's based on the V/f approach, which refers to a system in which voltage represents voltage and frequency represents frequency, with the flux being constant throughout the process

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Volume: Issue: 3

Article: The Rise of Facebook Marketing in Chinese Companies

Papa Demba YORA
Vol 5, Issue 3; March 2022
North American Academic Research, 5(3) 138-151 March 2022, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6383169

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Abstract: The use of Facebook as a social media handle for marketing is getting increasingly common. These platforms are used for not just communication, but also to promote business operations in society. China is one of the world's fastest-growing economies, and its corporate operations have embraced social media technology as a means of selling their products both domestically and worldwide. The purpose of this article is to discuss how Chinese businesses use Facebook social media to their brands awareness. By sampling a few social media sites aside the main focus, Facebook, the author examined how social media platforms can be used as marketing tools in China. The author discovered that social media has developed a significant relationship between firms in china and customers around the world, and that social media is an important role in the success of businesses because of its ability to offer information and wild audience.

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Volume: Issue: 3

Article: Analysis on the Transition Zone of Deformation in Sheet & Plate Bending Processes While Using FEA

Khan Muhammad Idrees, Xi Chen
Vol 5, Issue 3; March 2022
North American Academic Research, 5(3) 152-163 March 2022, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6383187

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Abstract: The aim of the paper is to research the variation laws of transition zone of V-shape bending in sheet and plate. According to the previous theory, the bending sheet is divided into two parts, deformation area which is distorted by punch loading, and non-deformation area where the rest of the specimen is undistorted, but we always ignore that the deformation area cannot transform into non-deformation area. We consider that there is no distortion in nondeformation area, while there is distortion with high value in the deformation area in the width direction. The transition area, which appears between deformation area and nondeformation area, is discussed in this paper. Distortion occurs in transition area and its value does not keep constant neither change with high values, it changes slowly and with very small values. Here I explore the position, interval and distortion value of transition area of bending sheet & plate by finite element analysis. When I simulate the process of narrow sheet & plate bending, the Finite Element software ANSYS is employed. As for the simulation, I use aluminum alloy 7075-0 in the V-shape bending simulation, and I label all the transition area of all the workpieces after the simulation with the help of nodal displacement measurement. Then I select several workpieces as a group and divide them into five layers and measure the distortion values on each layer in the transition zone. Therefore, I can conclude the variation laws of width of transition area from the inner layer to outer layer bases on these values. After all the simulations, a comprehensive analysis was performed with the help of various initial widths and punch radii to compare different width changes in the transition area.

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Volume: Issue: 1

Article: Drivers and Value-pertinence of CSR in Africa: The Case of African Logistics Sector

Cudjoe Abbew Raynous, Wang Hong
Vol 5, Issue 1; January 2022
North American Academic Research, 5(1) 199-233 January 2022, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6370605

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Abstract: Following the limited literature on CSR in the logistics sector in Africa, this study is conducted to explore the relevance of CSR performance in the logistics sector, focusing on the firm's board characteristics and ownership structure. The purpose of the study is achieved by measuring CSR with composite ESG (Environmental, Social and Governance) score and other three sub-dimensions from the period of 2011-2018. The study used fixed-effect regression analysis and OLS regression to test the hypotheses and robustness. Some of the results fall in line with the hypotheses; therefore, they are accepted, the contradictory ones are rejected. Based on the results, conclusions are drawn, and recommendations are made on how logistics firms in Africa could structure their board rooms to benefit CSR, thus increasing its competitiveness and value. According to the findings, board gender diversity is positively related to overall corporate social responsibility and governance performance. Firms with sustainability committees have higher CSR performance than those that do not. Firms with diffused ownership structures show more outstanding performance in the Social Pillar of CSR. The analysis result showed a limited relationship between board independence and governance performance. There was a surprising result as CSR performance negatively correlated with the firm's value. The results stipulate that the percentage of women's inclusion in the company's board of directors and corporate social responsibility committees is essential in achieving CSR goals. However, the negative relationship between board characteristics and the Environmental Pillar of CSR performance is quite surprising and raises various questions that need further research. The research presents significant contributions in the academic, business, and policy fields. The academy domain challenges the conventional way of conducting CSR and firm value analysis. The business domain provides an overview of how a firm should structure its board to achieve a higher CSR score that transcends its value. Finally, in the policy domain, recommendations are made to the regulatory institutions of the logistics sector in Africa to enforce operational environmental standards.

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Volume: Issue: 3

Article: The Effect of Environmental Disaster on International Politics

Tania Sultana, Sheikh Sultan Ahmed
Vol 5, Issue 3; March 2022
North American Academic Research, 5(3) March 2022, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6367107

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Abstract: Today, "global environmental issues have attracted an increasing amount of attention from the international community," introducing new topics for international politics. The rise of global environmental issues has raised the status of scientists in international politics, "challenging the traditional concept of national sovereignty, national security, and national interests." "International organizations are required to play a greater role, but the current anarchy of the international community makes it very difficult to solve global environmental problems."

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Volume: Issue: 3

Article: The Effect of External Debt on The Economic Growth of Ghana

Baidoo Emmanuel Ato Kwamina, Tunde-Bello Abiola, Prof. Qu Linchi
Vol 5, Issue 3; March 2022
North American Academic Research, 5(3) 01-18 March 2022, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6371575

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Abstract: This article investigates the relationship between external debt and Ghana’s economic growth using multiple regression analysis with data spanning from 1983 to 2019. Various experimental tests were used to confirm the primary hypothesis in the multiple regression analysis (OLS model). Augmented Dickey fuller test to check for the variables’ stationarity. CUSUM test was used to check the residual stability of the model. Granger causality test and the Johansen co-integration test revealed short run causal effect and long run relationship respectively between the dependent variable (GDP) and the independent variable (External debt). The OLS regression results revealed that external debt has significant negative impact on the economy of Ghana. The substantial adverse impact may be linked to Ghana's weak macroeconomic framework, as well as improperly managed sectors with government bureaucracy and a high level of corruption among government officials. The study recommends that, external debt should be used for the reason for which it was acquired, which is infrastructural development to help enhance the business setting and productive capacity, thereby making repayment easier and also lessen the need of foreign loans to support government programmes.

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Volume: Issue: 3

Article: Implementing Virtual Synchronous Generators for Renewable Integration

Djendo Djemble Severin, Shuai Zhikang, Wen Huang, Xia Shen
Vol 5, Issue 3; March 2022
North American Academic Research, 5(3) 70-80 March 2022, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6369174

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Abstract: In older centralized power systems, power is often generated by massive synchronous generators (SGs), with the grid frequency defined by the prime mover's rotational frequency. The rotor inertia attribute prevents the frequency from shifting and keeps the system stable if the load changes quickly. During transient times, the rotor kinetic energy is delivered into the grid to balance power supply between generating and load. Because of the recent high penetration of renewable energy sources, the power grid is undergoing structural changes because of more inverter-based distributed generation (RES). Because inverter-based power sources lack the inertia of classic synchronous machines (SM), a high level of inverter penetration in the grid could generate grid instability and significant voltage variations. This paper looks at the mathematical modeling and control of VSGs to replicate the inertia and damping properties of SMs.

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Volume: Issue: 2

Article: Challenges Faced by United Nations Peacekeeping Missions in the Democratic Republic of Congo and the Way Forward

Bethsheba Beth Rebagamang
Vol 5, Issue 2; February 2022
North American Academic Research, 5(2) 320-339 February 2022, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6369317

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Abstract: Over the years, a plethora of problems bedevilling the African continent attracted academic interest with many inquiries on the causes and possible solutions. Countries such as the Democratic Republic of Congo ( DRC), since independence, have experienced ceaseless spectre of instability leading to the presence of the United Nations peacekeeping mission for several years till present. The DRC, just like any other African country, is confronted by several issues which have contributed to the numerous threats to the country's peace and security over the years. Today, the country hosts one of the most significant, longest, and most expensive UN peacekeeping operations. Using the case of DRC, the research analyses the role UN peacekeeping operations play in maintaining peace and stability in DRC using qualitative analysis. The study aims to uncover the actions taken by the African states and regional organizations towards assisting DRC to attain relative stability. The study observes that many factors impede the UN peacekeeping operations from achieving their tasked mandate in DRC. Therefore, the challenges and future prospects of the UN peacekeeping missions in DRC are also thoroughly examined. Almost invariably, in the international intellectual discourse, contemporary challenges in DRC and the African continent are attributed to colonial legacy, lack of good governance compounded by weak institutions and corrupt leadership, scramble for the continent's natural resources, and external interference mention but the most common.

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Volume: Issue: 3

Article: Assessing the Impact of The Non- Oil Export Sector on the Economic Growth of Nigeria

Tunde-Bello Abiola Ibrahim, Baidoo Emmanuel Ato Kwamina
Vol 5, Issue 3; March 2022
North American Academic Research, 5(3) 100-119 March 2022, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6370671

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Abstract: Before the oil boom of the 1970’s, Nigeria’s export trade was largely dominated by non-oil products such as groundnuts, palm kernel, palm oil, cocoa, rubber, cotton, coffee, amongst others. Since the 1980s, the monolithic nature of Nigeria’s economy has been continuously threatened by the volatility in crude oil prices on the international market and there has been urgent need for the government to diversify the economy away from oil to non-oil sectors This thesis conducted an investigation on the impact non-oil exports has on the economic growth of Nigeria. The econometric techniques employed to achieve the research objective includes the Ordinary Least Square technique, Johansen cointegration approach, and Granger causality test was adopted by testing the annual data of GDP, Non-oil exports, Foreign direct investment, Government expenditure, Exchange rate, inflation rate and Trade openness all from 1981 to 2019. The model was observed to be statistically significant, with some of the variables exhibiting the expected results. The study showed that a statistically significant long run and positive relationship between non-oil exports and economic growth in Nigeria exists. The results indicated that a 1 percent increase in non-oil exports increases GDP growth by 0.21 percent at 1 percent significant level. The Granger Causality test also confirms a short-run causal relationship indicating that nonoil export causes an increase in the economic growth of Nigeria. The implication of the results is that non-oil export is effective in diversifying the productive base of Nigerian economy and that export-led-growth hypothesis is valid in Nigeria context. The study also recommended diversification as a tool for government and policy maker to broadened the revenue base of the country using non-oil sectors to safeguard the nation from further devastating effects of oil shock and enhance a path to everlasting prosperity.

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Volume: Issue: 3

Article: Prevent and Control Gray Mold in the Plant

Mohammad Shafiqul Islam, Md. Walid Hossain, Weibo Jin
Vol 5, Issue 3; March 2022
North American Academic Research, 5(3) 81-90 March 2022, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6369207

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Abstract: Botrytis cinerea is a fungus that causes a huge loss of crop production. There is no specific permanent solution for this problem. With various side effects, there are few techniques for reducing this problem. Among all the solutions, chemical fungicide is the main solution for getting rid of this destroyer with a huge side effect. The new approach, transgenic plant production, is a new and effective method compared to any other. This study will focus on the best and most useful properties of transgenic plants compared with other fungicides.

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Volume: Issue: 3

Article: Analysis of Ghanaian Political Sentiments using Deep Learning and Machine Learning Approaches

Charles Jnr. Asiedu, Qian Cao, Xiulan Hao
Vol 5, Issue 3; March 2022
North American Academic Research, 5(3) 91-99 March 2022, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6369297

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Abstract: Over the past decade, with the growth of social media platforms such as Twitter, Instagram, and Facebook, the volume of data gathered from users worldwide has increased substantially, leading to the publishing and collecting of micro-opinion pieces. These help people modify or document their feelings about objects, individuals, and events. Most political parties in Africa use the Twitter platform to communicate. This paper attempts to mine tweets, capture political sentiments, and analyze them by performing deep learning and machine learning models on the tweets. Specific hashtags are used to aid the collection of tweets. The extraction of tweets about the Ghanaian Government and Elections is carried out along with the study of sentiments among Ghanaian Twitter users towards the current government of Ghana to predict its faith in the next general elections. Subsequently, the performance of the deep learning and machine learning approaches will be evaluated.

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Volume: Issue: 3

Article: Effect of Row Arrangement and Integrated Nutrient Management on the Growth of Aromatic Fine Rice cv. BRRI dhan 34

Razia Marzia, Farhana Najnine
Vol 5, Issue 3; March 2022
North American Academic Research, 5(3) 47-60 March 2022, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6367070

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Abstract: A field experiment was conducted at the Agronomy Field Laboratory, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, during the period from June to December 2014 to study the growth of aromatic fine rice (cv. BRRI dhan34) as affected by row arrangement and integrated nutrient management. The experiment was laid out in a randomized complete block design with three replications consisting of the following treatments- a) three row arrangement namely, (i) single row, (ii) double row, (iii) triple row; and b) six nutrient managements viz. (i) control (no manures and fertilizers), (ii) recommended dose of inorganic fertilizers (i.e 150, 100, 70, 60 and 10 kg Urea, TSP, MoP, Gypsum and ZnSO4 respectively

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Volume: Issue: 3

Article: Research On Impact of Brand on Buyers’ Behavior in Benin

Mahu Wetin Houenali Mathias Toho, Weizhong Fu, Jimmy Georges Harerimana, Abdel Akbar Ademola O T Sanni
Vol 5, Issue 3; March 2022
North American Academic Research, 5(3) 30-46 March 2022, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6367036

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Abstract: Branding is one of the most important factors influencing client decisions in today's environment. Customers are more likely to buy items and services from companies that have effective branding. When customers have access to positively branded products, they have a higher level of brand loyalty. It's much more exciting to try to figure out how the mechanism of branding influences consumer behavior and buying decisions. One of the key goals of this study is to better understand the branding variables that influence consumer purchasing decisions. Brand image, price, brand awareness, advertisement, and brand loyalty all have a significant impact on the purchase of various products and items. The study will concentrate its efforts in Benin, collecting data from customers and evaluating the elements that consumers value when purchasing items such as clothing. The regression experimental results indicated; psychological and social factors have a significant positive effect on the buyer's buying behavior of a brand, as well as there is a positive and significant effect of a brand factor on a buyer's buying behavior of a brand. Lastly, that the country of origin does not influence the buyers buying behavior.

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Volume: Issue: 3

Article: Difficulties and Challenges Facing Egypt's Education from a Diversified Perspective

AMRO EL SAID IBRAHIM ZAGHLOUL, YANG TIAN PING
Vol 5, Issue 3; March 2022
North American Academic Research, 5(3) 341-346, March 2022, doi: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6363834

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Abstract: With the continuous development of the current world economy, new requirements are put forward in the field of education. Egypt, as a relatively developed country of higher education in the Arab world, has made outstanding contributions to the development of higher education and has cultivated many Nobel Prize winners. After the 20th century, the development of Higher education in Egypt is not ideal. In the process of its development, it faces many problems, such as the contradiction between the centralized management of higher education and the autonomous management of colleges and universities, and a series of serious social problems caused by the development of dual-track education system. In view of this, the Egyptian government has explored countermeasures for the development of Education in Egypt from a diversified perspective and tried to get rid of the educational dilemma. However, how to promote the synchronous progress of education and social development in Egypt is still a difficult problem for the Egyptian government.

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Volume: Issue: 2

Article: Overview of Sri Lankan Publishing

Kumesh Prabhashini Gamage
Vol 5, Issue 2; February 2022
North American Academic Research, 5(2) 260-272, February 2022, doi: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6333628

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Abstract: The field of print publishing in Sri Lanka is exclusively for books, magazines and newspapers. Those expressions are categorized according to language, culture and religion. This paper explores the overview of Sri Lankan publishing history from Magazine history, book history, and Newspaper history. This study driven by the secondary data from the historical resources. It was revealed that Sri Lankan publishing historically developed for communicate the religious, cultural, political and human life communicate and according to impact of the Dutch and British colonial era formal publishing methods like books, magazines and newspapers came to the Sri Lankan society and it focused to communicate their empower rules and colonial politics. After the colonial era came the commercial publishing and it changed on time to time from the content and format.

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Volume: Issue: 3

Article: A TV Recommender System Using Ratings

Sergio-francis Essien, Long Wei, Charles Jnr Asiedu, Upendo Richard
Vol 5, Issue 3; March 2022
North American Academic Research, 5(3) 07-19 March 2022, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6360638

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Abstract: Over the past few years, technology has impacted heavily in the distribution of television content. Users have been treated with an overload of content easily accessible on many platforms such as TV, PC’s, phones or any hand-held devices. However, these overloaded contents have presented a challenge where viewers are unable to make informed content selections. Unfortunately, TV content providers do not pay too much attention to serving tailor-made contents as much as they do to content listing. The user’s viewing experience will be much greater with systems that suggest contents best suited for every user. Researchers have adopted sentiment analysis, content-based filtering and collaborative filtering for personalized TV. Even though these approaches make content selection easier, they do not yield same results with their recommendations. As a result, one approach will not work perfectly for different group of users. In this article, content recommendation system is proposed to provide a better viewing experience for TV viewers using three main solutions. A rating system that allows viewers express their opinions about a show, a content-based recommendation filtering, and a collaborative filtering. The fusion of these three solutions is to ensure that all viewers queries are satisfied once and for all. The proposed content assistant algorithm will form the main part of this article where the system is discussed in detail. The results show that centered cosine similarity identifies and performs recommendations accurately. The system evaluation and testing is provided to support the concept. And finally, a conclusion is drawn to prove why this method serves customers needs better.

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Volume: Issue: 1

Article: China–Latin America Relations in the Modern Day; Economic Perspective

Marion Makaria Massaquoi
Vol 5, Issue 1; January 2022
North American Academic Research, 5(1) 137-161 January 2022, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6110930

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Abstract: Notwithstanding the emergence of a rich literature on the upsurge of China in Latin America (LAC) since 2000, we are still grappling with this marvel. In this article we seek to theorize this expanding South–South relationship from two vantage points. First, from the perspective of China, we argue that, by necessity, the PRC has had to internationalize its development strategy in order to compensate for its serious natural resource deficit, feed the world’s largest domestic population, and fuel the soon-to-be largest economy in the world. LAC has been just one slice of China’s ‘go out’ strategy. Our second perspective probes the effect of China’s entry into the region. Through the lens of development economics, we identify three separate political economy scenarios that have been accentuated within those countries that have the strongest economic ties with China. We rely on measures of institutional performance and macro-economic trends to illustrate the variable effects of China on LAC.

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Volume: Issue: 12

Article: Economic Challenges of COVID 19 in Developing Countries. (Case study Landlocked Countries)

Nakibuuka Noor
Vol 4, Issue 12; December 2021
North American Academic Research, 4(12) 259-275 December 2021, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5920791

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Abstract: World over the assurance over developing countries in avoiding the worst of the worst Pandemic by the virtual of isolation. The epidemic has hit developing countries very hard underscoring the urgent need for renewed world action. No country has spared the pandemic result. Particular challenges in Landlocked countries and corruption, governance which factors of singular ill-equipped to deal with the pandemic crisis most of these countries need to withstand a COVID 19 precisely what many states lack. A government with institutional capacity to deliver an action plan. Adequate security enforces rules, social programs, and care for infected people.

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Volume: Issue: 2

Article: Agricultural Biodiversity and its Contribution to Food Security: A Case Study in Tharu Community, Chitwan, Nepal

Madhavi Parajuli, Krishna Kumar Pant, Rabindra Adhikari
Vol 5, Issue 2; February 2022
North American Academic Research, 5(2) 236-245 February 2022, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6332018

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Abstract: This study aims to study the contribution of household agricultural diversity on food security in ethnic Tharu community of Terai, Nepal. Household (HH) surveys including field observations, key informant interviews and focus group discussions were conducted in four Village Development Committees (VDCs) (Khairahani, Meghauli, Gardi and Baghauda) to study agricultural biodiversity and its contribution to food security at HH levels. Out of 160 HHs, 40 HHs from each VDCs were surveyed by random sampling method. Structured and semi-structured questionnaires were used to conduct HH survey. The percentages of HHs involved in the study were 84% (Khairahani), 85% (Meghauli), 81% (Gardi) and 84% (Baghauda). Agriculture was the main occupation and 85% (Khairahani), 75.5% (Meghauli), 80% (Gardi) and 82% (Baghauda) had kitchen garden in their HHs. The number of diverse crops (crop biodiversity) per year in Tharu communities on-farm were the highest in Khairahani (54) followed by Baghauda (52), Gardi (50) and Meghauli (47). Positive linear correlation was observed between the number of months fulfilled by own production and the agricultural biodiversity was documented on farm and in the kitchen garden. The percentages of HHs that could feed for 12 months were 43% (Khairahani), 28% (Meghauli), 35% (Gardi) and 38% (Baghauda). Likewise, the percentage of HHs that could feed for >12 months were 50% (Khairahani), 45% (Meghauli) and 53% each in Gardi and Baghauda. The highest (70%) of the HHs consumed food thrice a day in Khairahani with the highest percentage of satisfaction (90%). The percentage of hunger satisfaction then decreased in the order; Baghauda (86%), Gardi (80%) and Meghauli (73%). More than 80% of the HHs in Khairahani, Gardi and Baghauda and more than 70% of HHs in Meghauli had food sufficiency. Hence, all the Tharu communities in the study areas were food secured.

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Volume: Issue: 3

Article: Impact of Infrastructure on FDI In Nigeria

Edo Okaro, Adegboyega Ayodeji Temitayo, Li Xinwu
Vol 5, Issue 3; March 2022
North American Academic Research, 5(3) 201-212 March 2022, ), 201-212. doi: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6350754

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Abstract: Nigeria's infrastructure is the primary focus of this study, which examines FDI inflows from 1996 to 2018. The long-term relationship between Nigeria's infrastructure and FDI is now being studied. To keep up with the growing investment demand, economic researchers must understand what drives FDI. Infrastructure improves productivity, decreases costs, and enables trade. From 1996 to 2018, five infrastructure variables were used to examine the impact of a country's infrastructure on the level of foreign direct investment (FDI). The Eclectic Paradigm served as the theoretical foundation for this study, emphasizing the importance of infrastructure in luring foreign direct investment (FDI). Mobile cellular users and the quality of port infrastructure were found to promote FDI inflows. Nigeria's infrastructure lags behind its competitors due to its large population (200 million people), making it harder for international investors to invest as they had hoped. In order to ensure that Nigeria can attract more foreign direct investment, the resuscitation of these two subsectors is essential.

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Volume: Issue: 2

Article: Treatment of Adult Humeral Shaft Fractures Using Titanium Elastic Nail System

DC Gopal Sagar, Shriwastav Ravi, Prakash Chand Yadav, Sujeet Kumar
Vol 5, Issue 2; February 2022
North American Academic Research, 5(2) 302-308, February 2022, doi: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6335846

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Abstract: Introduction: Humeral shaft fractures can be treated both conservatively and surgically, options being plate osteosynthesis and intramedullary nailing. Titanium elastic nail system (TENS) that act as load sharing and stress shielding devices has advantages in terms of being minimally invasive, no risk of radial nerve palsy, preserving fracture hematoma and avoids complications like malunion, delayed union, rotational problems and joint stiffness seen with fractures managed non-operatively. We studied the rate and time of union along with the functional outcome and advantages/shortcomings of such fractures using TENS in our center. Methods: This prospective study was done in Nepalgunj Medical College Hospital, Nepalgunj between January 2018 to January 2019. It included 43 patients (age >18 years) with closed or open (grade 1) acute traumatic diaphyseal fractures of humerus. All fractures were fixed with two titanium elastic nails of appropriate size in a retrograde fashion from distal humerus using C-arm under general anesthesia. Cases were followed up at 2, 4, 8 weeks and 3, 6, 12 months after surgery and functional outcome was evaluated using Constant shoulder score and Mayo elbow performance score at 6 months. Data were entered in structured pro forma and statistical analysis was carried out using SPPS 20.0. Results: Out of 43 cases, mean age of patient was 35.39 years (range 21-61 years). 23 (53.5%) were males and 20 (46.5%) were females. 35 (81.4%) cases had closed fracture and 8 (18.6%) had grade I open fracture. Fractures were of proximal 3rd in 13 (30.23%) cases, middle 3rd in 19 (44.18%) and distal 3rd in 11 (25.58%) cases. All 43 (100%) cases were operated by closed technique. Average duration of surgery was 15.48±5.5 minutes (ranging 9-31 minutes). Average hospital stay was 1.9±0.6 days (ranging 1-3 days). Radiological union was achieved in 12.4±2.7 weeks (8-24weeks). Functional outcome in final follows up at 6 month using Constant Shoulder Score was excellent in 40 (93.02%) cases, good in 2 (4.6%) and fair in 1 (2.3%) case. Mayo elbow score was excellent in 41 (95.34%) cases and DC Gopal Sagar1* , Shriwastav Ravi1 , Prakash Chand Yadav2 , Sujeet Kumar shah3 1 Department of Orthopedics Nepalgunj Medical College, Nepal 2 Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, P.R china 3 Nepalgunj Medical College, Nepal RESEARCH ARTICLE North American Academic Research, 5(2) | February 2022 | https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6335846 Monthly Journal by TWASP, USA | 303 good in 2 (4.6%) cases. Superficial surgical site infection was seen in 2 cases (4.6%) and exposure of nail tip and neuropraxia was seen in 1 case. Radiological union was seen in 100% patients at final follow up after 1 year. Conclusion: TENS is a superb minimally invasive option in treatment of adult diaphyseal humerus fractures with excellent and timely union with minimal complications and preserving joint function.

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Volume: Issue: 2

Article: Determination of Market Efficiency, Volatility and Asymmetric Effect Using Time Series Models at Nairobi Stock Market

Medrine Mmayi Odinga, Islam Ali Salim, Pan Junchang
Vol 5, Issue 2; February 2022
North American Academic Research, 5(2) 274-291 February 2022, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6335739

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Abstract: Stock market efficiency is an important concept, especially in a growing economy like the Kenyan one. This study empirically determines the form of market efficiency, time-varying volatility effect, and asymmetric or leverage effect of the Nairobi Stock Exchange (NSE) market. Secondary data at the daily NSE 20-share index for the period spanning from January 2001 to December 2010 was used. The market efficiency was determined basing on unit root tests, ADF test, PP test and the non-parametric Runs test. The results indicated that stock returns follow an ARMA (2,1) stochastic process with significant positive serial correlation. The ADF test and PP test clearly gave evidence that the NSE index were non-stationary (random) at level and stationary (non-random) for the first and second differences.

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Volume: Issue: 2

Article: The Development of Advanced Aerospace Composite Using Additive Manufacturing

HAQUE MD IMDADUL, RANA RUHUL AMIN, SARKAR MD SAJIB
Volume: 5 Issue: 2
North American Academic Research, 5(2) 292-301 February 2022, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6335762

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Abstract: Moving to digital manufacturing based on additive manufacturing (3D printing) is a key focus of modern aerospace technologies. The unique physical properties of graphene and its composites, combined with the capability of additive manufacturing, promise to open up a plethora of new opportunities and challenges. There are some parts in aerospace structures made by 3D printing such as rocket engine nozzles (Lockheed Martin), parts of F35 fighter engine (Northrop Grumman), and a fuel tank (RedEye and Lockheed Martin). Boeing Company uses numerically controlled machines to produce more than 200 parts for ten different aircraft. This work investigated the mechanical properties of graphene/nylon-6 composite material. Different mass fractions of composite molded parts were selected to test the properties. As of the time of this report, 0 wt%, 0.1 wt% and 1 wt% graphene/nylon composite drawing parts have been made. After analyzing the test data, the tensile strength, young modulus, shear strength, and fracture toughness curves have been obtained. According to the existing data, the strength of raw materials has obviously improved when the composition is 0.1 wt%, but the strength has decreased when the composition is too high.

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Volume: Issue: 3

Article: Art in Denim Fashion: Impacts on Youth in Bangladesh

Juhan Md Shabbir Hussain, Lui Fang, Mostakim Md Masrur Ammar
Vol 5, Issue 3; March 2022
North American Academic Research, 5(3) 01-06 March 2022, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6338264

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Abstract: Denim fashion and art collaborations have been increasing popular in recent years. While these collaborations have strategic importance and are unique from previous collaborations, recent literature implies that there are is a gap, in the context of such collaborations, this hunt for target to figure out what’s causing the problem is ongoing. From the point of view of a modern partnership between denim fashion and artwork, the customer, the retailer, brand and the youth. The goal of today s research is to establish a new norm of limitless reuse by reducing denim fabric at all levels of art and education. This research for dreams to discover the intent of the contemporary collaboration of denim fashion and artwork from the perspective of business and have an impact on the youth in Bangladesh. Discover more about examples of denim trend structure and art collaborations from the past and present, investigate the contemporary and business company magnitude of the denim trend and collaborative artwork work. Consider the numerous denim vogue and art collaborative products available. From the designers, customers and the youth perspective, managerial insights are generated. On the implementation of fashion and the promotion of appropriate trend-setting techniques designers/brands who want to be a part of such collaborative arrangement, special guidelines for Bangladesh marketers, have an impact on the youth of Bangladesh. We begin to realize that labeling a style of art as inferior and frivolous is far too glib, let alone inaccurate and unfair. Since the beginning of the twentieth century, style has played a central role in popularizing art. In many instances, "Denim fashion" is to grant structure or shape to; alter, transform; make, or collect in many instances with the use creativity and ingenuity; the dominant fashion trend (as in clothing) for a specific period of time; a garment in such a style. The definitions of "art" and "denim fashion" are similar. Yet, in present day years, the denim style is no longer regarded as a work of art, but rather as a regular and beneficial quality of clothing. Apparel or as a style and youth of Bangladesh accepting and carry out art in Denim fashion.

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Volume: Issue: 3

Article: Consumer Acceptance, Trust, and Perceived Risk Regarding Genetically Modified (GM) Foods: A Survey-Based Study in Bangkok, Thailand

Pornpimon Tayaborworn, Puttalucksa Chainuwat, Kanjana Tayaborworn
Vol 5, Issue 3; March 2022
North American Academic Research, 5(3) 123-130, March 2022, doi: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6349372

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Abstract: Genetic modified (GM) is a rapidly evolving technique that can help farmers increase their production and profitability. The study looked at consumer acceptance of genetically modified foods in Bangkok, Thailand. The effect of several parameters on consumer acceptance of GM foods was estimated using a qualitative choice (Logit) model. The findings revealed that over 90% of respondents had heard or read anything about genetically modified foods, showing a high degree of awareness among respondents in Bangkok. The findings also revealed that 72% of those polled were willing to accept genetically modified goods. According to the logit model, consumers in the study area between the ages of 31 and 50 were more likely to accept GM foods, whereas male respondents were less likely to accept GMFs. Furthermore, individuals with a secondary or university degree were more likely to embrace genetically modified goods. Consumer acceptance of genetically modified foods in Bangkok was also influenced by household size (ranging from 1 to 5 members), product label reading, and knowledge of science and technology. Public awareness and education are required conditions for GM food acceptance. This study's recommendation is to enhance effective education about the benefits of GM foods to raise the likelihood of adoption.

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Volume: Issue: 2

Article: Analysis of the Public Space in the Old Sana’a City

Manal Abdulwali Saeed Al-Jabali, Prof. Gao Jing
Vol 5, Issue 2; February 2022
North American Academic Research, 5(2) 92-104 February 2022, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6218353

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Abstract: The formation of public spaces contributes to improving the quality of urban life to achieve comfort and health for urban communities. public spaces are an important component of any urban formation because they contain the various activities of the inhabitants. They are among the elements that reflect the overall image of the city and the relationship between humans and the environment in which they live. This study aims to describe the significance of public spaces as places for social interaction and cultural activities and their benefits from several social, economic, and environmental aspects in the old Sana'a city as a case study. This study relied on analytical and descriptive methodologies to reach the research objective. This study concluded the balanced distribution between public spaces and buildings in the city, and the diversity of their functions to suit the needs of the city's residents. It also contributed to raising the economic and social level and improving the climate among the residential neighborhoods by providing shades and reducing the temperature through narrow, curved streets.

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Volume: Issue: 2

Article: An Analysis on the Relationship between Art and Science and Technology on the Twenty-eight Constellation of Yuhuang Temple in Zezhou

Yao Yu, Yan Peng
Vol 5, Issue 2; February 2022
North American Academic Research, 5(2) 246-259 February 2022, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6332219

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Abstract: In Jincheng, the Zezhou Yuhuang temple is a ritual sacrificial structure. Its plane layout and architectural form reflect Chinese traditional religious beliefs' etiquette and sacrificial practices. In terms of decorative statues, the portraits of the Yuan Dynasty's 28th constellation are the most classic. Furthermore, the colored glaze art of the Yuhuang temple exemplifies the organic relationship between art, science, and technology. The religious structures in southeastern Shanxi represented by Zezhou Yuhuang temple have realized the unity of colored glaze art, science, and technology from this perspective. The colored glaze shape of the twenty-eight nights burned on the main ridge of the Yuhuang temple in the Jin Dynasty is of great artistic value, and the character color and artistic features of its costumes are astounding. The 28th clay sculpture at the Yuhuang temple's main ridge is mainly reflected in its production background, the increase of types, the enrichment of content, the preservation of color, and so on in art, science, and technology.

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Volume: Issue: 2

Article: Role of Foreign Remittance in Rural Poverty Reduction

Panthee Anjana
Vol 5, Issue 2; February 2022
North American Academic Research, 5(2) 130-146 February 2022, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6261411

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Abstract: There has been a rapid increase in remittance inflows in Nepal since the last decade. Contribution of remittance to foreign exchange earning exceeds export, foreign direct investment (FDI) and foreign aid and economic growth is also improving simultaneously. The practice of remitting money by foreign workers to the home country has a significant history in Nepal. The ability to make these remittances allowed the remitter’s families to buy land, educate their children and improve their standard of living and that of their village as a whole. The increased global integration and the enhancement in communication technology have facilitated migration of youths from Nepal to foreign countries; as a result, the flow of remittances started growing at a higher pace from gulf and other countries to Nepal. Consequently, remittance has become an important contributor to Nepalese economy. This study adopted the descriptive and analytical method. It was found that remittance has increased their household economic and social indicators after returning from foreign employment. It was found that majority of households improved the conditions of housing, provided good education of their children, improved the health of their family members. Moreover, they have started to wear good clothes and increased the savings. It has been concluded that the economic and social condition of all families who have involved in foreign employment have been increased. It was in both aspects i.e. economic as well as social. This study has been carried out to analyze the role of foreign remittance in rural poverty reduction of the study area.

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Volume: Issue: 2

Article: Methodological Comparison in Genomic-Wide Association Studies for Several Traits in Arabidopsis and Soybean

Medrine Mmayi Odinga, Jian-Ying Feng, Yuan-li Ni, Xiu-li Yue, Yuan-Ming Zhang
Vol 5, Issue 2; February 2022
North American Academic Research, 5(2) 147-220 February 2022, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6320996

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Abstract: In genome-wide association studies (GWAS), hundreds of thousands single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) are genotyped for several hundreds of individuals. Usually, only a very smaller subset of these markers is associated with the trait. Existing methods require Bonferroni correction for multiple tests, which often is too conservative when the number of markers is extremely broad. To address this concern, a series of methods have been proposed in previous studies. However, the knowledge about how to select these methods is limited. Five multi-locus GWAS methods (pLARmEB, pKWmEB, mrMLM, FASTmrEMMA and ISIS EM-BLASSO) and one single-locus GWAS method (GEMMA) were evaluated using five traits in Arabidopsis thaliana, including LN10, LN16, and LN22 (leaf number at a flowering time at 10 0C, 16 0C, and 22 0C, respectively), fresh and dry weights (FW and DW) and five quantitative traits in Soybean including LR (length of main root), LH (length of hypocotyls), BS (biomass of seedlings), fresh and dry weights of root (FWR and DWR). As a result, 482 SNPs were found to be associated with the above five traits. Among these SNPs detected, sixty-seven (13.9%) SNPs were common across six methods. Around these significantly associated SNPs, sixty-six previously reported genes had been found to be associated with the above five traits. Among these known genes, twelve (18.2%) were common across the five methods. Approximately 10 to 20 % SNPs or genes were common. With the water treatment, LR, LH, FWR, DWR and BS in 286 soybean accessions were measured in 2014 and 2015. These phenotypic values along with 106013 SNPs were analyzed by the above six methods. As a result, 460 SNPs were found in the two years to be associated with the above five traits. Among these SNPs detected, 159 (34.57%) SNPs were common across various methods. Approximately 35% SNPs were common. With the salt (NaCl) treatment, the above five soybean traits were also measured in 2014 and 2015. These phenotypic values were also analyzed by the above six GWAS approaches. As a result, 718 SNPs were found to be associated with the above five traits. Among these SNPs detected, 189 (26.32%) SNPs were common across six methods. Around these significantly associated SNPs, eighty-three previously reported genes were found to be associated with the above five traits. Among these known genes, ten (12.05%) were common across the five methods. Approximately 12 to 30% SNPs or genes were common. In summary, approximately 10 to 35 % SNPs or genes were common across the six GWAS methods in Arabidopsis thaliana and soybean datasets. It means that GWAS methods are complimentary in nature. Therefore, this study provides evidence that multiple GWAS methods can be adopted simultaneously in real data analysis. These results provide useful information in crop genetics and breeding.

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Volume: Issue: 2

Article: Crack Damage Detection and Size Assessment in CFRP Plate Based on Magneto-Strictive Transducer

Muhammad Qaisar Abbas, Xiaoyu Wang, Jiajing Song, Muhammad Saqlain Qurashi, Shusen Zhang
Vol 5, Issue 2; February 2022
North American Academic Research, 5(2) 221-235 February 2022, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6321225

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Abstract: Carbon fiber reinforced plastics (CFRP) plates are gradually replacing steel in the aerospace and automotive sectors due to their high specific gravity and strength. In service, the material is assembled in the form of a shell riveted or bolted to the selected substrate to ensure that the material is firmly connected to the surface. In this paper, we present detection of hole-cracks phenomenon by using low-frequency ultrasonic guided wave to monitor the health state of CFRP plate structure. The excellent magneto-strictive (transducer) coupling characteristics of Galfenol material and the dispersion equations for Lamb and SH0 wave were solved by using COMSOL software. The ultrasonic transducer was designed for excitation of low-frequency guided wave. Thus, convected wave equation simulation and experiment verified that super transducer and stimulate the Lamb wave (S0), mode wave (A0), feasibility wave (SH0). Then, based on the magnetic circuit Ohm's law and the driving magnetic field required by Galfenol, the sizes of each component and the relevant parameters have been designed. In order to improve the propagation energy of Lamb wave in the crack damage detection, an optimization convected wave method is used for defect determination. Simulation results show that the particle displacement in CFRP plate is increased by 65.3% after optimization, which proves the effectiveness of the proposed convected wave method. Using ultrasonic guided wave and mechanical magneto-strictive technology to monitor the structure strength of the hole, the position and degree of damage can be obtained effectively. Lastly, the experiments were completed which determined that the defect position was critical and improved. The coordinate error is controlled fewer than 11.09%.

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Volume: Issue: 2

Article: Integration of Supply Chain Management in Tunisian Small Scale Farmers

Firas Trabelsi, Yuan Yanhong
Vol 5, Issue 2; February 2022
North American Academic Research, 5(2) 116-126 February 2022, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6260864

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Abstract: The goal of this article is to show how supply chain management knowledge may be acquired and incorporated in a small or medium-sized organization to improve existing business efficiency while also creating new business opportunities. The case study method has been selected. The thesis' findings corroborate the traits and challenges identified in earlier SME literature. Furthermore, this research adds to the body of knowledge by delving into the development process of supply chain management adoption in small and medium-sized businesses. It is proposed that the solution be adjusted to the demands of a small or medium-sized business to account for time and resource restrictions. Continuous improvement is described in the thesis as a method for managing change and embedding collaboration in a small business. Furthermore, it has been demonstrated that internal integration must be established before external integration and collaboration may take place, even in small businesses.

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Volume: Issue: 2

Article: Sightless Photo-book Design

MD Rahat Kabir
Vol 5, Issue 2; February 2022
North American Academic Research, 5(2) 127-129 February 2022, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6261158

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Abstract: This paper will show how braille photo book can help sightless people to develop their art skill. If a blind person has proper training and opportunity, blindness can be reduced to a physical nuisance. The problem of Braille literacy is creating a major hurdle in enabling the visually disabled people in achieving a rightful place in the society. The use of Braille system photo-book is inevitable for such people. My project emphasizes on the use of photo-book to make sure that sightless people can feel the nature of art and photograph, and as they can use their four senses properly even better than an ordinary human being they can feel this far more better than our ability. Whether or not it is valid, individuals who are outwardly weakened are regularly involving a greater number of hints in their current circumstance than located individuals. It can incorporate non-visual pieces of information, for example, wind course, smell of the bread shop, hotness of the sun yet these things are likewise more conflicting and in this manner additionally viewed as less solid. To build the dependability of the pieces of information utilized, vision weakened regularly join the utilization of various faculties. For instance they might involve a Designing for outwardly hindered material milestone followed by a hear-able sign to affirm that they are moving toward a milestone.

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Volume: Issue: 2

Article: Variability of Tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum L.) Genotypes for Higher Yield and Yield Contributing Traits

Sharmin Akhter, Farhana Najnine
Vol 5, Issue 2; February 2022
North American Academic Research, 5(2) 48-64 February 2022, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6190236

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Abstract: Experiments were conducted with 25 tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum L.) genotypes to study the field performance and genetic variability for yield and yield contributing characters in the field laboratory of Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh. The design was laid out following Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with three replications. The duration of the experiment was started from October 2016 to April 2017. The analysis of variances showed a high degree of variation existed among the genotypes of the studied traits. The experiment showed the highest plant height and the minimum days required for flowering was World Champion (101.2cm). The highest number of primary branches (9.76 cm) and the highest number of fruits (30.48) recorded in Joint Hybrid. Early maturity found in genotype Binatomato-9 (110 days) and the highest yield obtained from Binatomato-8 (606.80g).

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Volume: Issue: 1

Article: Effects of Packaging Materials on Shelf Life and Post-harvest Quality of Bell Peppers (Capsicum annum cv Indra) under Ambient Conditions

Nisha Paneru
Vol 5, Issue 1; January 2022
North American Academic Research, 5(1) 174-189 January 2022, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6210385

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Abstract: Even though capsicum is considered non-climacteric fruit, it still progresses through a normal ripening process and undergoes high respiration and transpiration rate after harvest. The physiological weight loss, shortened shelf life, and quality deterioration during storage have become a serious predicament to many capsicum stakeholders. The study was conducted to determine the best packaging material to expand shelf life and improve the quality of capsicum.

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Volume: Issue: 2

Article: Design and Application of Trenchless Drill Rig Manipulator for Automatic Drill Pipe Loading and Unloading from the Soil

Oscar Chijioke Nkwazema, Liu Yin, Long Wen, Franklin Nkwazema, Mariama Janneh
Vol 5, Issue 2; February 2022
North American Academic Research, 5(2) 36-46 February 2022, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6111230

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Abstract: The objective of this article is to analyze the design parameters related to a trenchless drill rig manipulator as material handling equipment for automatic drill pipe loading and unloading from the soil. Trenchless technology was explained using directional drilling (horizontal directional drilling) and certain criteria for this design to be achieved were stated. This article also covered the working principle of a trenchless rig. A great deal of literature was used to back up this design, describing the trenchless drilling rig and the various stresses experienced by pipelines during installation. The interaction of pipe material with the soil was studied, and with the aid of structural mechanics’ equations, mathematical relations were formulated and used to estimate vital properties required for subsurface construction, like the bending radius of the material (pipe) and pullback force under a certain soil component, which aided the system design and analysis. The findings in this article show that the principal loading experienced by pipelines during installation and operation is bending, and the application of a trenchless drill rig manipulator under different soil types can help workers lift, maneuver, load, and unload heavy and large drill pipes as it has the ability to reach into tight spaces and carry out various functions.

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Volume: Issue: 2

Article: Chord: A distributed Overlay Network Mechanism for Peer-to-Peer Systems

TUNAZZINA TAFANNUM, SANJIDA AFRIN JISAN
Vol 5, Issue 2; February 2022
North American Academic Research, 5(2) 65-77 February 2022, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6190665

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Abstract: This research is based on “Chord: A distributed overlay network mechanism for Peer-to-Peer Systems”. The chord algorithm is implementation of logarithmic complexity for structured peer-to-peer network. An essential issue that goes up against peer-to-peer applications is the efficient area of the node that stores a suitable data item. For this issue, Chord provides support to fix it. Chord algorithm is best for designing Peer-to-Peer network and application. Chord is based on consistent hashing. It supports one operation which is Given a key, determines which node is responsible for storing the key value. We analyze the algorithm for both peer join and peer failure. When we analyze the algorithm it gives some insight into the behaviour of the system. This paper is mainly focused on how Chord is working for peer-to-peer networks.

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Volume: Issue: 2

Article: Strain Measurement and Numerical Analysis of Composite Plate under Laser Irradiation

Ahmed Muhammad Rehan, Wang Gao, Li Wenzhe
Vol 5, Issue 2; February 2022
North American Academic Research, 5(2) 78-91 February 2022, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6191641

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Abstract: With the extensive use of lasers in industries and the military, composite materials are becoming increasingly relevant in the field of laser protection. The huge quantity of heat energy produced by laser irradiation is the primary cause of material plate failure. The temperature field and strain field of the material plate must be examined under laser irradiation. In this article, the damage process of T300/AG80, a carbon fiber epoxy composite material, was observed and investigated at normal, high, and laser irradiation temperatures. The modulation of the strain field on the surface of composite materials during laser irradiation was investigated using numerical modeling and test comparison. The strain field distribution is consistent with the numerically computed temperature and strain field distributions. The numerical model's accuracy has been proved, and the calculation results are valuable for engineering reference.

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Volume: Issue: 1

Article: Study of the Interior Style between the Palace Museum and the Hui Style Architecture

Assenga Gasper Emmanuel , Adjei Isaac
Vol 5, Issue 1; January 2022
North American Academic Research, 5(1) 129-136 January 2022, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6066184

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Abstract: This study focuses on the architectural style and features of the Palace Museum and the Hui-style. It also analyze and compare the similarities and differences of interior style between the palace museum and the Hui style architecture. The Hui-style architecture takes brick, wood, and stone as raw materials, and mainly uses a wooden frame. The beam is always built on a big scale and pays attention to decoration. However, in 1925, after the former emperor Puyi of the Qing dynasty was moved out, the Palace Museum was formally established. Many of the halls surrounding the museum are presented as they would have appeared in dynastic times. The main buildings of the museum include the Hall of Supreme Harmony, one of the largest wooden buildings in China

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Volume: Issue: 1

Article: Among All Other Biopsy for Suspected Pancreatic Cancer, How Efficient Is EUS-FNA and EUS-FNB. A Meta-Analysis

Stemy Kuttamparambil Simon, Chao Liu , Yanxin He, Cunjing Fan, Xiaohui Gu
Vol 5, Issue 1; January 2022
North American Academic Research, 5(1) 78-89, January 2022, doi: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6213899

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Abstract: Background: EUS guided tissue acquisition is the gold standard technique for sampling pancreatic masses. Even though EUS guided fine needle aspiration and fine needle biopsy are still under dispute. Method: A computerized bibliographic search was conducted on main medical databases updated from 2017 to 2021 for including relevant RCTs in the Meta-analysis. The outcome measurements were diagnostic accuracy, specimen adequacy, adverse events, technical success (OR and 95%CI) and number of needle passes (MD and 95%CI). Result: A total of 1167 cases were included in the study from 11 RCTs. Diagnostic accuracy (OR: 0.43, 95%CI: 0.30-0.61) and specimen adequacy (OR: 0.50, 95%CI: 0.33-0.76) is higher in FNB group compared to FNA group. Technical success and adverse events shows no significant difference between two groups. Number of needle passes to acquire adequate tissue sample is comparatively less in FNB group than in FNA group. Conclusion: FNB is ideal choice over FNA for suspected pancreatic cancer masses. Abbreviation: EUS-FNA = Endoscopic ultrasound guided fine needle aspiration, EUS-FNB = Endoscopic ultrasound guided fine needle biopsy, RCTs = Randomized control trials, OR = Odds ratio, CI = Confidence interval, MD = Mean difference.

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Volume: Issue: 2

Article: Spatial-Temporal Analysis of Drought Characteristics in Tanzania from 1978 to 2018

Hashimu Shaibu Zuberi, Lou Yunsheng, Moses. A, Ojara
Vol 5, Issue 2; February 2022
North American Academic Research, 5(2) 19-34 February 2022, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6110605

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Abstract: The economy of the United Republic of Tanzania (URT) relies on rain-fed agriculture; thus, climate variability has strong impacts on crop production, and yet the country ability to adapt to climate extremes such as drought or floods is low. In this regard, the spatial-temporal drought characteristics in Tanzania from 1978 to 2018 were analyzed by comprehensively looking at the effect of temperature on drought severity, duration, occurrence and magnitude using the monthly precipitation and temperature datasets from the Climatic Research Unit (CRU).Statistical values from Standardized precipitation Index (SPI) and Standardized Precipitation Evapotranspiration Index (SPEI) analysis were subjected to statistical tests such as Mann Kendall and Sen’s slope estimator, Pearson correlation, root mean squared error and cross-wavelet transform to determine their performance and strength. Results showed SPI and SPEI indices are significantly correlated at 99% confidence level, despite that SPEI performed better than SPI which implies that temperature has positive impacts on evaporation which help to define drought events in Tanzania. Temporal analysis indicated short-term extreme drought events in the year 1997,1999,2000,2004,2010 and severe drought occurred in 1979, 1986,1992,1998, 2000, 2003, 2005, 2006, 2010, 2012, 2013. While using a long-time scale, extreme drought events were detected in 1997, 2000, 2005, and 2006 and severe drought events were observed in 1997, 1999,2000,2003,2004, and 2011.

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Volume: Issue: 2

Article: Effects of Stress on Growth, Behaviour and Physiological Activity in Fish

Asare Derrick, Salifu Ibrahim
Vol 5, Issue 2; February 2022
North American Academic Research, 5(2) 01-18 February 2022, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6039306

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Abstract: The purpose of this paper is to investigate the stresses that aquatic faunae specifically fish face and how these affect their production. Most animals experience stress, which triggers a variety of reactions involving all three regulating systems: neurological, endocrine, and immunological. Internal and environmental stresses expose fish to aquaculture settings, increasing their vulnerability to mortality and morbidity. The autonomic or limbic system is activated when the brain accumulates stress signals and processes them according to the severity, frequency, duration, and kind of stress. When the stressor is acute and short-term, the fish immune response is stimulatory, with an activation phase that specifically enhances innate responses. When a stressor is chronic, the immune response shows suppressive effects increasing the odds of infection. In general, species living close their environmental tolerance limits proved to be more susceptible to extra chemical stress. Toxicity usually increases by raising the temperature and lowering the food or nutrient levels. However, dealing with the stressor has an allostatic cost that may conflict with the immune response's requirements. The mechanisms underlying these immune regulatory changes are discussed in this paper, as well as the role of the main neuroendocrine mechanisms directly influencing the development of the immune response to stress on growth, behaviour, and physiological activity in aquatic animals, as well as their consequences.

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Volume: Issue: 1

Article: Functional Antimicrobial Finishes for Textile

Md Mahbubur Rahman, Romen Chakma, Md. Arifuzzaman
Vol 5, Issue 1; January 2022
North American Academic Research, 5(1) 115-127 January 2022, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6013609

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Abstract: Microbial cross-infection is aided by microbe invasions, and the fragrance creates a texture that comes into direct touch with the skin. Microbial deterioration also causes discoloration, color change, and a loss of material's functional qualities. Antibacterial finishing materials are an important field for clinical and sterile applications, and there is a great need for non-harmful and environmentally friendly antimicrobial specialists. Polyhexamethylenebiguanide (PHMB), quaternary ammonium compounds (QACs), metals (including metal oxides and salts), triclosan, and n-halamines are among the most commonly discovered manmade biocides. The most prevalent plant-based concentrations were normal basis biocides (sweet-smelling compounds, colors, and fundamental oil), chitosan, and antimicrobial peptides (AMPs).This study will swiftly examine recent research on antimicrobial completing, types of finish specialists, and other recent breakthroughs in antimicrobial completing to reduce the risks associated with the usage of natural, inorganic, and plant-based antimicrobial completions.

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Volume: Issue: 1

Article: Sheraton Moon Hotel: A Rigorous Design in Dynamic Huzhou

Adjei Isaac, Yang Ziqi, Ahiave Seyram Edem, Sylla Mamadama, Soumah Aminata, Diallo Fatoumata Diaraye Ousmane
Vol 5, Issue 1; January 2022
North American Academic Research, 5(1) 108-114 January 2022, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5979547

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Abstract: This study highlights the rigorous design of the Sheraton Moon Hotel of Huzhou city in the People’s Republic of China. It was designed by architect Ma Yansong by MAD Architects and built by Shanghai Feizhou Group. It is the first five-star hotel in mainland China for the prosperous and influential “business class”, oozing wealth and extravagance. Its construction took about 6 years that is from 2007 to 2013. This rigorous design has contributed immensely to the beautiful China and dynamic Huzhou agenda. The study reveals the design concepts, structural design and several specifications of the skyscraper. Its designer, architect Ma Yansong states that the shape is inspired by traditional bridges represented in ancient Chinese paintings. Throughout Chinese history, people have always sought a harmonious relationship with nature and this has become an important part of Chinese culture and tradition. Huzhou is a famous place for traditional ink paintings and splendid views of the water and the arch bridge is one of the key elements of traditional architecture.

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Volume: Issue: 1

Article: The Contribution of Art and Design to the Leather Handicrafts of Bangladesh and Its Production Oriented Process

Mostakim Md Masrur Ammar, Guo Gongmin, Mahmuda Akter, Juhan Md Shabbir Hussain
Vol 5, Issue 1; January 2022
North American Academic Research, 5(1) 72-77 January 2022, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5931391

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Abstract: Leather technology has a lot of potential in Bangladesh which is why I am thinking about its development projects and trying to find some ways and solutions. So that in the future Bangladesh will be in a stronger position in leather technology and will be able to earn domestic and foreign exchange. I have taken a plan to work with Erato Nolji in Bangladesh motivated by some purpose. The raw material of leather product that is available in our country from developed countries is much cheaper and the chances are much higher here. When the raw material of a product becomes very cheap, it is very easy to produce that product and sell it at a good price, but there are also many obstacles that my main purpose is to solve. Below are some of the motives I have set for our potential leather industry products business in Bangladesh.

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Volume: Issue: 12

Article: New Education Technology Application Status and Dilemma in Primary School: A Bangladesh School Perspective in Context to China

Mahmuda Akter; Feng Wang; Mostakim Md. Masrur Ammar, Jesha Janiefer Jabbar
Vol 4, Issue 12; December 2021
North American Academic Research, 4(12) 276-283 December 2021, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5949824

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Abstract: Perhaps the most powerful influence on today's educational landscape is technology. Many schools are supporting increased levels of technology in the classroom by providing hardware like tablets and computers, improving internet connectivity, and implementing computer literacy programs for both teachers and students. Although most teachers recognize the value of educational technology, they often find it difficult to integrate new technologies smoothly and effectively. Technology integration presents significant challenges to educators at all levels of school systems, from the acquisition of new technology equipment to the adaptation of curricula and teaching techniques to incorporate new educational tools. The goal of this chapter is to present common challenges that educators face when attempting to integrate technology into the classroom, as well as potential solutions. Current and future educators, school administrators, and educational technology researchers should all benefit from a closer look at these issues.

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Volume: Issue: 1

Article: Exploring the Prevalence and Determinants of COVID-19 Vaccine Acceptance among the Urban Slum Dwellers of Bangladesh: A Cross-Sectional Study

Md. Mehedi Hasan, Rasedul Islam Rasel, Dr. Faojia Sultana
Vol 5, Issue 1; January 2022
North American Academic Research, 5(1) 89-107 January 2022 , https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5961873

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Abstract: Background: Despite the COVID-19 vaccine being proven safe and effective against the novel SARS CoV-2 virus, it has been challenging to bring the socio-economically disadvantaged urban slum dwellers of Bangladesh under vaccination coverage. Therefore, this study was conducted with the aim to determine the extent and determinants of COVID-19 vaccine acceptance among the urban slum-dwellers of Bangladesh. Methodology: This cross-sectional study was conducted in seven urban slums of Dhaka city (capital of Bangladesh) in July 2021 with 318 participants via face-to-face interview using a semi-structured questionnaire. The association of various socio-demographic, economic, religious, knowledge, and health service-related factors with the COVID-19 vaccine acceptance was analyzed using a multivariate regression method. Result: The majority of the participants were day-laborers (32.02%), and 58.49% were male. Only 8% of the household of slum dwellers earned above 25000 Tk, and 35.85% received no education. Almost 40% of the participants had elderly (>60 years old) family members in their households, and only 16 participants received a dose of COVID-19 vaccination at the study. Among the 302 participants who had not received the vaccination, 62.58% of participants stated their willingness to receive the COVID-19 vaccine in the future. The majority (58%) preferred local vaccine camps to receive vaccines rather than going to the designated healthcare facilities. The results from the multivariate logistic regression revealed that the participants who were 60 years or older (aOR: 1.78, CI: 0.56-5.68), had adequate knowledge regarding COVID-19 symptoms (aOR: 4.49, CI: 2.14 – 9.39), had comorbid patients in their households (aOR: 2.56, CI: 1.13 – 5.83), had no religious misconceptions ((aOR:6.38, CI: 3.31 - 12.29), and did not doubt the safety of the vaccine (aOR: 2.56, CI: 1.00 – 6.57) showed higher odds of COVID-19 vaccine acceptance. Conclusion: Appropriate measures should be taken to enhance the knowledge and dispel the misconceptions of the urban slum-dwellers regarding the COVID-19 vaccine. Also, local vaccination camps should be set up in the slum areas to increase the vaccination coverage among the slum-dwellers to bring them under vaccination coverage as soon as possible.

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Volume: Issue: 1

Article: Hypertension and Parathyroid Hormones Relationship between the Populations of Pakistan and China

Zarmina Mamtaz
Vol 5, Issue 1; January 2022
North American Academic Research, 5(1) 25-35, January 2022, doi: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5960884

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Abstract: Depression is major issue nowadays. Around the world depression is main factor that affects over 0.35 billion people with 7% of lifetime risk. In this study a questionnaire-based survey was performed in the medical wards of different hospitals with the permission and signature of patients in Pakistan. In this survey of 80% patients were unemployed and 95% were married.

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Volume: Issue: 1

Article: Impact of Modern Guidance Information Systems in Socio-Economic Development: A Case Study of Huzhou City, China

Soumah Aminata, Han Chao, Adjei Isaac, Sylla Mamadama
Vol 5, Issue 1; January 2022
North American Academic Research, 5(1) 53-61 January 2022, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5930360

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Abstract: This paper describes the key technology and implementation tools involved in the guidance information systems, outlines the operational processes, designs, and executes the relevant role. It emphasizes on the modern systems that are used in the social and economic development in recent times. This includes visual-purchase building of the guidance systems, being similar to the design of the space collection in the building environment, which plays an important role in guiding, instructing, and evacuating people. The key design methods of the guide system are defined from the point of view of the transmission of knowledge. From the various needs of visitors, the tourism management departments and the tourism related companies, and from the main to the branch, the tasks of the intelligent scenic spot information. This research idea is relevant to be applied in specific cases to provide tourists with a set of fast, convenient and practical tourism programs.

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Volume: Issue: 1

Article: The Utilization of Narrative in Teaching of Moral Education in the Kindergartens

Siddiq Shahriyori, Li Mengxia
Vol 5, Issue 1; January 2022
North American Academic Research, 5(1) 62-71 January 2022, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5931186

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Abstract: The article reports on research into the use of storytelling (narratives) by kindergarten teachers in educating and learning of moral education. The study raised the question: Why do kindergarten teachers use narratives in teaching and learning of moral education for preschool children? The study took place at. A total of 15 teachers were selected based on a targeted sample. Participants were selected for their sensitivity, knowledge and understanding of their experiences. The kindergartens were chosen for their use of storytelling in teaching. Primary data collection was carried out through semi-structured in-depth interviews and focus group discussions. Additional data was collected through observation and document analysis. The topics were derived from the coding and categorization of interview transcripts and document analysis. The results highlighted three reasons why teachers use narratives in teaching and learning: they believe storytelling inspires children to behave prosaically; they believe that storytelling motivates children to have good characters; and they believe storytelling can hell to improve children’s language communication manner and skills. The study has summarized that, teachers play an important role in the success of moral education in kindergartens, and the quality of moral education through the use of narratives can be improved by improving teachers' understanding of moral education and the goals of moral education in the curriculum.

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Volume: Issue: 11

Article: Analysis of Brick Masonry Infill Frame with Opening Using ANN

Dinesh Kumar Gupta, Raghabendra Yadav
Vol 4, Issue 11; November 2021
North American Academic Research, 4(11) 239-247 November 2021, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5918778

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Abstract: The FEM Models normally consume lots of human effort and time to consider all the effecting factors such as non-linear behavior of the infill materials, lack of fit, non-homogeneity of the materials, etc. The tentative design parameters can be predicted using the Artificial Intelligence and this computing power of the modern-day computers has been used extensively in modern era to fulfill the intended purpose. The computer is trained with the data sets generated from the simulation of the infill-frame structure done in sophisticated software capable of non-linear analysis (ANSYS). The trained Artificial Neural Network is used for the validation of the data. The results of the test set of data obtained from the trained ANN compared with results obtained from software exhibited errors from 0.65% to 13.33%.

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Volume: Issue: 1

Article: The Business Factors on Weapons Trade from The US To Saudi Arabia from 1995-2015

Adegboyega Ayodeji Temitayo, Edo Okaro , Yanze Li
Vol 5, Issue 1; January 2022
North American Academic Research, 5(1) 1-15, January 2022, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5939857

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Abstract: Economic factors, also known as factors of a business, are the critical information provided about a specific market and which affect how a company performs. Official relations between Saudi Arabia and the US began in the 1940s, and the US administrations over the years have termed the Saudi Kingdom as an essential partner. Arms sales and other related security co-operations between the US and Saudi Arabia are conducted under the supervision of both the Congress and the Congressional opposition (Congressional Research Service, 2020). Consequently, the executive branch of the US government has made Congress aware of over $139 Billion worth of military sales proposals since 2009. There have been successfully concluded arms sales of $76 billion between the US and Saudi Arabia between 2009 and the 2017 financial years (Congressional Research Service, 2020). This being the case, it can be conclusively agreed that the US and Saudi Arabia have a successful business relationship as far as the export of arms is concerned. In the first chapter, this paper will present an introductory review into the business factors that affect trade in the global market. The next chapter is a literature review of past and current works to narrow down how these factors have affected the global arms trade between the two countries. Factors such as the effect of exchange rates on the importation of American weapons by Saudi Arabia, the GDP of the US and Saudi Arabia, the cultures of the respective countries, government policies and the relationship between the two countries has played an active role in the success of the exportation of weapons from the US. Also, the profitable and lasting relationship between the US and Saudi Arabia will be mentioned due to its significance in the global weapons industry. For the methodology, this research study was conducted using the target population of stakeholders concerned with the export of weapons between the US and Saudi Arabia. This study uses a J-Curve model to show the interaction between the dependent variable (Number of weapons transferred and yearly amount) and the independent variables (Security, Technology, ICT, Population, Natural resource, Exchange rates, GDP, Transport, etc.) to measure the impact on arms trade. Through the interpretation of the available data sources, relevant information was found and have been presented in this paper. The purpose of this research is to provide better insights for business stakeholders to project the business performance of the industry in the long run, to show that business factors have played a key role in the arms trade between the US and Saudi Arabia to support the arm for access school of thought and finally, to identify possible challenges.

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Volume: Issue: 1

Article: Designing Feedback Using 360-Degree Feedback for Era Ascot

Cindy Belarosa Trivena
Vol 5, Issue 1; January 2022
North American Academic Research, 5(1) 36-52 January 2022, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5903653

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Abstract: This research aims to provide feedback using 360-Degree Feedback for each position in the Era Ascot. Era Ascot is a property brokerage company engaged in property agent services. Due to the company being engaged in property agent services, agents (marketing associates) are a critical aspect of the company's survival. Therefore, to produce high-quality agents, one of the methods that can be done is to provide feedback on performance as evaluation and development material. In this study, the researcher used a case study method. The data collection techniques used were interviews and literature studies. The type of research used is descriptive analysis with a qualitative approach. This research results in the application design of 360-degree feedback in providing feedback presented in the assessment form. This form consists of setting objectives, assessment instruments, number of assessor sources, rating scale, period, assessment form, assessment standards, feedback provider, and feedback period. The assessment instrument used in this study was competency. Competencies are designed based on derivative vision and mission, competency architecture, competency dictionary, and competency profile. Produce core competencies and managerial competencies. The suggestions filed by the researcher for Era Ascot are to do some socialization about the 360-degree feedback method, conduct trials, and evaluate the process of providing feedback using 360-degree feedback

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Volume: Issue: 12

Article: The Influence of Entrepreneurial Characteristics on Innovation Capability through Organizational Learning Capability as an Intervening Variable

Rika Fitriani
Vol 4, Issue 12; December 2021
North American Academic Research, 4(12) 241-249 December 2021, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5918878

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Abstract: This research can provide a paradigm shift for business people, in order to develop a business so that it can be managed properly. This study aims to determine the effect of entrepreneurial characteristics on innovation capability through organizational learning capability. The research was conducted on small and medium enterprises (SMEs) which are cafe owners in the city of Bandung. The data collection technique used in this research is primary data through questionnaires. The sampling technique used is non- probability sampling, with a convenience sampling technique obtained as many as 60 cafe owners spread across the city of Bandung, while the analysis technique used is descriptive verification with structural equation modeling (SEM) analysis method with partial least squares (PLS). Based on the results of data research, it was found that the level of entrepreneurial characteristics, learning capability and innovation capability were in the fairly good category. The results of hypothesis testing show that there is an influence of entrepreneurial characteristics on organizational learning capability, there is an influence of entrepreneurial characteristics on innovation capability, there is an influence of organizational learning capability on innovation capability and there is an influence of entrepreneurial characteristics on innovation capability through organizational learning capability. This proves that organizational learning capability is an intervening variable that can mediate the effect of entrepreneurial characteristics on innovation capability in Cafe Owners in Bandung City.

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Volume: Issue: 12

Article: The Impact of Business Factors on Weapons Trade from the US to Saudi Arabia

Adegboyega Ayodeji Temitayo, Edo Okaro, Yanze Li
Vol 4, Issue 12; December 2021
North American Academic Research, 4(12) 543-554, December 2021, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5894841

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Abstract: The ongoing economic interactions between the United States and Saudi Arabia regarding the export of oil to the United States indicate that the relationship will only get stronger in the future. Consequently, the exportation of weapons between the two countries implies that the two countries are constantly striving to create favorable working environments in which the transactions might flourish, thereby increasing the volume of weapons traded between the two countries. At the end of the day, it is correct to assume that when countries have a positive relationship with one another, the likelihood of economic transactions between the two countries is secured. Countries that are tense or have poor relations with one another, on the other hand, suffer from unpleasant working conditions, which means they are unable to provide positive working environments for one another, ultimately resulting in little or no trade between the two economies.

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Volume: Issue: 12

Article: Illustration Design Based on Local Cultural Elements: Case study of Nimba Mask Guinea Conakry

Sylla Mamadama , Han Chao , Adjei Isaac , Soumah Aminata
Vol 4, Issue 12; December 2021
North American Academic Research, 4(12) 347-352, December 2021, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5894801

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Abstract: This research paper responds to the associated research problem in illustration Design, based on local culture element specifically how to improve Nimba mask Illustration in my country. According to the poor art illustration, so many domains but basically creativity which helps improve culture, entertainment, economic and social side, has been an issue and a big challenge for Guineans citizen. This framework is then used to undertake a close analysis of its improvement based the research questions. The introduction will talk about the generality of our art object (Nimba Mask) in my country I mean the overview, then I’ll move to the study purpose which can make clear the goal that need to be reached at the end of the research and so far the research objectives and questions will be based on summarizing the accomplishment and those questions that I need to wonder so that the article will be completed efficiently. The opinion of people about the improvement of Nimba Mask analyzing it’s by using the qualitative method of design and conclude through what I have above afterward.

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Volume: Issue: 12

Article: Dyeing of Cotton Fabric with Different Shade% of Reactive Dyes and Different Stripping Condition to Find out the Maximum –Minimum Percentage of Strength Loss, Weight Loss, and Pilling Resistance of Stripped Fabric

Md. Iusuf Khan , Nazia Hosne , Mohammad Yeasin , Hasan At Turabi , Md. Asibul Hasan Raihan , Himu Biswas
Vol 4, Issue 12; December 2021
North American Academic Research, 4(12) 163-179, December 2021, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5822854

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Abstract: There are lots of key and slight problems of textile dyeing industries such as shade variation or dyeing faults and establishment of hue spots on the cloth external through coloring and downstreamtreating of textiles materials. Such problems in the delivery quality of fabric are generally attacked through a Hydrose and Caustic chemical stripping process which is a common practice in dyeing industries for the medium to dark shade batches. However, reactive dyes cannot be stripped satisfactorily from cellulosic materials due to the development of co-valent bonds between dye and fiber. This research was undertaken using 1.5% and 3% reactive dyes on R.F.D cotton fabric and dye sample stripping was carried out in different time and Temperature alkali reductive stripping process. The main objective of the work was to find the best stripping quality of cotton fabric. To find out the Strength loss, weight loss, and pilling resistance of stripped fabric were considered. When the increase of Time, temperature & concentration (Hydrose & Caustic) of stripping chemicals, the stripping percentages were improved; if stripping chemicals, processing time and temperature will much higher than the fibre or fabric damage will be occurred. So, we need to select optimum or suitable stripping Chemical, time and temperature.

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Volume: Issue: 12

Article: Comparative Historic Studies of Guinean and Chinese Art

Sylla Mamadama , Han Chao , Adjei Isaac , Soumah Aminata
Vol 4, Issue 12; December 2021
North American Academic Research, 4(12) 311-320, December 2021, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5888257

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Abstract: This research paper responds to the associated research problem in Art history by making a comparative study between two countries’ (Guinea and China) art history. One of the attractive aspects of Africa art is knowing its diversity and the complementary of its natural ecosystems, the intermingling of populations originally from different social and cultural activities and practices and a unique political history explain the exceptional richness of Guinean culture. This richness reflect our love for each other and the union through our different Art and culture which gave us power to stand the value of our art object no matter you ethnics or your beliefs because this art history put us together as one in order to help each one us in need and outsider as well. Chinese art has arguably the oldest continuous tradition in the world, and is marked by an unusual degree of continuity within, and consciousness of, that tradition, lacking an equivalent to the Western collapse and gradual recovery of classical styles. Through our political diplomacy relationship with China (one of the greatest country in Art and cultural history), we have to realize the greatness of the culture as well as their Art history. China has the biggest art history in the all Asia, knowing their ability of reproducing the past into design to remind their future generation about the past of their country history. More than thousand arts objects in their possession which painting, sculpture, poetry and so on. The objects such as Nimba mask, Sosso Bala, for Guinea, jade stone and Pipa for china will be compare through method mention below all so talking about the study purpose which can make clear the goal needed for this project. The opinion of people about this comparative study is analyzing it by using the formal analysis method and comparative method by concluding with the observation.

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Volume: Issue: 12

Article: Environment Quality, FDI and Economic Growth in Sub–Saharan Africa

Yasin Kuso, Jiajun Qiao
Vol 4, Issue 12; December 2021
North American Academic Research, 4(12) 182-199 December 2021, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5846632

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Abstract: The primary objective of this paper was to examine the dynamic interactions of foreign direct investments, environmental quality and economic growth among sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) countries. To test long-run relationship the study employed the Panel Vector Auto regression (PVAR) and Panel Vector Error Correction (PVEC) methods. Results from the empirical model indicated that, there existed a dynamic interaction between our variables.

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Volume: Issue: 12

Article: Evaluation of Skeletal and Extra-Skeletal Tuberculosis by FDG-PET/CT with Clinical Correlation

Ravi Shriwastav, Ravi Kant Gupta, Ravi Mittal, Rakesh Kumar, Sagar Poudel, Prakash Chand Yadav
Vol 4, Issue 12; December 2021
North American Academic Research, 4(12) 219-231 December 2021, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5866467

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Abstract: Purpose: Prospective observational study to determine the role of 18FFDG-PET/CT in evaluation of musculoskeletal tuberculosis Methods: 15 patients diagnosed with primary musculoskeletal tuberculosis clinico-radiologically or histopathologically underwent whole body 18F-FDG-PET/CT prior to start of ATT, after 6 and 12 months of ATT along with clinical assessment and clinical parameter (pain, swelling, tenderness and overall clinical score including these three) was compared to disease response on 18F-FDG-PET/CT after continuation of ATT at 6- and 12-months follow-up. Also, response of disease (both skeletal and extra skeletal lesions) was compared on subsequent follow-up on 18F-FDG-PET/CT quantitatively. Results: After 6 months of treatment, response in pain was high however high metabolic activity persisted on 18F-FDG-PET/CT (kappa value 0.191). However, when metabolic activity compared with overall clinical score, there was a fair agreement (kappa value 0.271) between these two. Similarly, when it was compared after 12 months, there were a total disagreement (kappa value - 0.024) between the responses of pain, tenderness and overall assessment with metabolic activity on 18F-FDGPET/CT. There was significant decrease in disease activity of extra skeletal lesions after 6 months of ATT (p value 0.024) with response noted in more than 80% lesions. Conclusion: 18F-FDG-PET/CT can detect early response and residual disease in skeletal and extra-skeletal tuberculosis in comparatively asymptomatic patient even up to 18 months treatment and can be used to modify treatment period. It has high ability to detect extra-skeletal lesions in skeletal tuberculosis and so can be used for extent of disease.

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Volume: Issue: 12

Article: Recent Variation/Advancement and Changes in Asian Rhinoplasty and a comparative study with Non-Asian population

Farooqi Sharifullah , Farooqi Nasarullah , Feng Shaoshan , Lu Lixin
Vol 4, Issue 12; December 2021
North American Academic Research, 4(12) 250-256, December 2021, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5885996

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Abstract: Background and Aim: Rhinoplasty is highly popular in both the East and the West. However, due to the differences in anatomy and culture between the East and the West, the rhinoplasty has different connotations in the East and the West. This study intends to explore the differences of rhinoplasty between Asian population and non-Asian population, and report the new progress of rhinoplasty for Asian population, and provide reference for clarifying rhinoplasty techniques which is suitable for Asian population. Method: PubMed was searched in December 2020 attempting to find all articles describing Rhinoplasty in Asians and Non-Asians from April 2003 to December 2020. The Search terms used were "rhinoplasty in Asians" or "rhinoplasty in Caucasians" or "rhinoplasty in "Asian-Americans" or "rhinoplasty" or "rhinoplasty variations". The reference lists of identified papers were searched for further leads. The search results were sorted out and selected papers that provided comprehensive technical description of rhinoplasty procedures in different populations were included for further review. We excluded single case reports and non-Englishlanguage articles to facilitate the review process. Results: Fifty-three articles meet the inclusion criteria and were included in this study. The literature shows that European population prefers smaller noses, while Asian populations have the opposite. The nose structure and preferences of Middle Eastern population are significantly different from the other two. This requires the surgeon to fully communicate with the patient before the operation and carefully evaluate the patient's nasal anatomical characteristics and the patient's own preferences, and be ready for anticipatory management. Conclusions: In comparison to rhinoplasty for white people, dorsal augmentation using alloplastic implants is more common in Asian. Multi-layer cartilage tip grafting, modified vertical dome division and simple nose tip grafting are of great value to the improvement of Asian nose tips. In Asian rhinoplasty, the treatment of crooked nose, humps, and nasal septum requires careful attention. The anatomical characteristics of the patient's nose and face must be carefully explored.

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Volume: Issue: 1

Article: Assessment of Contrapositive Behavior Towards Physical Activity Among Obese Adolescent Girl Students in Dhaka city, Bangladesh

Kazi Khaled Shams Chisty, Mohammad Mahbub Alam Talukder, Md. Ahmedul Islam Sohan
Vol 5, Issue 1; January 2022
North American Academic Research, 5(1) 1-15, January 2022, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5879043

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Abstract: Purpose – Obese adolescent girls have determined the expanded danger for cardio-metabolic problems, such as hypertension, dyslipidemia, insulin opposition, depression, social anxiety, anger, feeling dismissed by peers, or seeing themselves as casualties’ nicknames, prejudices, or hostile jokes from them peers. By now, it is a proven fact that unhealthy eating practices and non-participant in physical activity are the significant reasons for obesity worldwide. Considerable research gap has been found left to examine the intention of contrapositive behavior towards physical activity among obese adolescent girl students in Dhaka, Bangladesh. This research aims to uncover a gap by looking into the intention of obese adolescent girl students, in Dhaka city Bangladesh for contrapositive behavior towards physical activity. Design/methodology/approach – A survey was carried out in Dhaka, Bangladesh, where the participants were 384 obese adolescent girl students from different schools, and colleges. SMART PLS-SEM- 3.0 programming were used for analyzing the information gathered from the survey. Findings – The investigation has uncovered that attitude, subjective norm, and perceived behavior control emphatically influence obese adolescent girl students in Dhaka, Bangladesh, for intention towards contrapositive behavior to physical activities. Originality/value – Although plenty of studies had been executed into the sector of adolescent’s obesity and its causes to control issues around the globe. However, plenty of research area is still found uncovered to address. Therefore, this study tried to contribute by exploring the intention of obese adolescent girl students, in Dhaka city Bangladesh for grabbing contrapositive behavior towards physical activity.

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Volume: Issue: 12

Article: Visual Simulation of Motion and Force Analysis of the Gear Linkage Mechanism

Md Nadimul Akram, Abdullah Al Mamun
Vol 4, Issue 12; December 2021
North American Academic Research, 4(12) 112-127, December 2021, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5862024

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Abstract: The visualized input of geared linkage mechanism and visualization simulation on structural decomposition, kinematics and force analysis were mainly studied in this dissertation based on basic composition of the mechanism and general type transformation theory. The geared linkage component was normally deteriorated by take over the idea and innovation of subject Oriented, right off the bat, the article and classes needed in examination stent of system were determinate. Dimensional modeling and motion pair definition system, which realizes the visual input of the mechanism and the automatic identification of the structure information of the mechanism and the automation of structural decomposition. According to the analysis algorithm of type transformation method movement and force analysis, the mechanism movement analysis and / J points W baron automation. The dynamic simulation of the mechanism is realized in combination with the drawn mechanism I. Through the visual interface phantom drawing (including modification), input of simulation system parameters, dynamic simulation of mechanism, motion and force parameters of mechanism. The simulation graphics output is set in different windows on the same screen, so that users can simultaneously view from different levels: data, graphics wait to observe the operation of the organization. The model and unequivocal arrangement of the change primary investigation unit of the gear link mechanism are given , and the force of the gear-link mechanism is improved.

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Volume: Issue: 12

Article: Teaching Programming in Primary Schools in Morocco

EL-BEHJA HIND
Vol 4, Issue 12; December 2021
North American Academic Research, 4(12) 200-211 December 2021, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5849637

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Abstract: Computer science, code, programming, or even computational thinking are some of the terms recently used from elementary school to high school to accompany the arrival of a new discipline that sees its initiation planned from elementary school (MEN, 2015). Designed to introduce children and teenagers to programming, Scratch is a software program that helps children develop programming skills and learn the skills underlying computer thinking. This paper presents the results of a survey sent to teachers and students in Morocco. The goal of the survey was to find out the opinion of Moroccan people toward programming teaching in Primary Education. 114 respondents filled and returned the survey showing that: 85.1% (51.8% strongly agree, 33.3% agree) out of the respondents consider that teaching programming in Primary Education is functional. Moreover, 71.9% out of 51 respondents use Scratch as specialized software for introducing programming in primary schools.

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Volume: Issue: 12

Article: Impact of Foliar Boron Sprays on Seed Yield and Seed Quality of Sweet Pepper

MARIA ISLAM, APURBA SAHA, MD. REJAUL KARIM, MD SADIKUR RAHMAN, APURBA KANTI CHOUDHURY & MD. MUSFIQUR RAHMAN
Vol 4, Issue 12; December 2021
North American Academic Research, 4(12) 212-218 December 2021, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5854868

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Abstract: An experiment was conducted under pot culture and laboratory of Seed Technology Division, BARI, Gazipur during rabi season 2020-21 to find out the effect of foliar application of Boron on plant growth, seed yield, and quality of sweet pepper. The doses of Boron were 0ppm (control), 150ppm, 200ppm, 250ppm, 300ppm and 350ppm. Boron was applied as Boric acid (17.5% B) according to treatments spraying at the pre-flowering and flowering stage in the sweet pepper plant. Maximum number of fruits per plant (4.50), fresh weight of fruit (80.25g), seeds per fruit (161), number of seeds per plant (727.25), % germination (78.25%), root length (2.75cm) of seedling, shoot length (2.94cm) of seedling, vigor index (1.833) were found when plants were supposed to foliar spraying of Boron @250ppm. The tallest plant was found from 150ppm spray. Seed quality parameters were found better in the treatment of 200 ppm boron in the case of root length, shoot length and seedling length and vigor index of the seedling. Maximum fruit length (7.70cm) with an average fresh weight of fruit (75.25g) was obtained from 350ppm spray of Boron in sweet pepper.

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Volume: Issue: 12

Article: Research on Design of Invisible Lighting Effect in Residential Area

NYAK EDOUARD, ZHANG XINJIANG, MAFOUBOUE LARISSA MICHELE
Vol 4, Issue 12; December 2021
North American Academic Research, 4(12) 128-134 December 2021, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5812100

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Abstract: Light was once designed only to improve eyesight, but now designers are paying more attention to the impact of lighting on the environment. A high quality indoor lighting environment should not only ensure the visual lighting needs of users, safety and energy saving, but also adapt to People's Daily life, provide lighting level required to adjust human rhythm at different times, so as to improve human physiological conditions and sensory ability. The body's periodic rhythms are regulated by non-visual effects. Different rhythm systems can have adverse effects on health. Different types of lighting designed for different times of day can help people believe they are in different times and places, according to the time division principle. The light is natural and changes dynamically throughout the day to match the rhythms of the human body. Lighting should create a more comfortable and healthy environment when the corresponding movement takes place.

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Volume: Issue: 12

Article: Malya Indonesia's Digital Transformation Design in Business Development

Alya Mutiara Fadillah
Vol 4, Issue 12; December 2021
North American Academic Research, 4(12) 150-162 December 2021, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5812267

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Abstract: Fashion industry is one of the sub-sectors of the creative economy in Indonesia. Currently, the fashion industry ranks second in the number of creative economy businesses or companies with a contribution of 18.01% or around Rp. 116 trillion annually for the creative economy in Indonesia. Besides being one of the worships in fulfilling Islamic sharia in covering aurat for Muslim women, hijab is one of the fashion trends that interest modern society. The market and Muslim population in Indonesia have the potential to encourage entrepreneurs to take a significant part in the hijab fashion business. The digital transformation will include strategy context, strategy content, and strategy process. Malya Indonesia is one of the creative economy sub-sectors in the fashion sector that focuses on the hijab commodity. There are a few aspects that drive Malya Indonesia to transform digitally. Therefore, the company needs to change several components and its business model. This research is qualitative descriptive-analytical. Data collection techniques were done using interviews, observation, and documents study. By identifying the components of digital transformation, namely strategy context, content, and process the researcher will be able to create a new digital-based business model.

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Volume: Issue: 12

Article: Effects of Biochar and Silicate Application on Soil Enzyme Activities under Nighttime Warming in Paddy Soil

Du Zeyun, Zhu Huaiwei , Lou Yunsheng, Tao Simin, Xing Yuyuan, Wang Kun, Liu Jian
Vol 4, Issue 12; December 2021
North American Academic Research, 4(12) 135-149 December 2021, https://doi.org/10.5281/ze nodo.5812233

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Abstract: Climate warming has one of important characteristics that the temperature increase at night is greater than that during the day. Many reports have been available regarding the effects of nighttime warming, silicate or biochar application on the growth, physiology and yield in rice, but it is unclear regarding the effects of the three factors on soil enzyme activities in paddy fields. A field simulation experiment was carried out to investigate the effects of biochar and silicate supply on soil enzyme activities in rice soil under nighttime warming. The orthogonal experimental design with three-factor and three-level was adopted in the experiment. The nighttime warming was treated by covering the rice canopy with aluminum foil reflective film at night (19:00~6:00). The nighttime warming was set at three levels, ambient temperature control (W0), covering rice canopy with 5mm aluminum foil film (W1), and with 11 mm aluminum foil film (W2); biochar supply was designed with 3 levels, i.e., control (B0), 7.5 t·hm-2 biochar (B1) and 17.5 t·hm-2 (B2); silicate application had three levels, i.e., control (Si0), steel slag powder (Si1, 200 kg·hm-2 ), and ore powder (Si2, 200 kg·hm-2 ). Root bag method was used to separate rhizospheric soil from non-rhizospheric soil. The soil samples were collected at rice main growth periods (elongation, booting, flowering and filling) to determine the activities of urease, invertase, cellulase and protease in the soil. The results showed that, the activities of urease, invertase and cellulase in non-rhizospheric soil increased under nighttime warming with 5 mm reflective film (W1). Soil invertase and protease activities increased in the treatment without biochar application (B0), while urease and cellulase activities enhanced in the treatment with biochar application (B1 and B2). Silicate application increased the activities of soil enzymes mentioned above. This study suggests the treatment with W2B1Si0 is the optimal combination. Soil enzyme activities were inhibited in the treatment with W2B1Si0, implying that the decomposition of organic carbon and nitrogen in paddy soil will be likely decreased with applying biochar without silicate supply under climate warming.

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Volume: Issue: 12

Article: Factors Affecting Green Purchase Behavior of Bangladeshi Consumers

Shofiqul Islam
Vol 4, Issue 12; December 2021
North American Academic Research, 4(12) 87-102 December 2021, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5799810

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Abstract: The severe environmental pollution and its harmful effects on mankind are intensely due to the unsustainable consumption of products and services supplied by the business firms. The main purpose of this study is to identify the factors affecting the green purchase behavior of ecofriendly products. The study is of exploratory in nature and focuses on hypothesis testing using structured questionnaire and interviews. Structured questionnaire is used to collect primary data from a sample size of hundred respondents in convenience sampling methods. The survey population represents the people who go for shopping; data have also been collected from the point of purchase of the shopping malls and other places. The Likert Scale question with five-scale rating was used to do the hypothesis testing. The questions included closed ended questions related to the green consumer behavior. The research explored that environmental attitude, perceived seriousness of environmental problems and government initiatives are the significant factors predicting the green consumer behavior in Bangladesh. Thus the government should play a proactive role in educating consumers as well as supporting green initiatives of business houses with extended cooperation and enforcement of policy actions.

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Volume: Issue: 12

Article: Improving the Management of Construction and Demolition Waste in Middle East

Hashem Musaed Ahemd Al-Qarwaei, Du Hong Xiu, Ammar Mohammed Hussain Al-Nahari, Mohamed Kadar Abdiaziz
Vol 4, Issue 12; December 2021
North American Academic Research, 4(12) 103-111 December 2021, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5800021

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Abstract: Rising population and urbanization have had a substantial influence on aging urban infrastructure in both developed and developing countries during the last three decades. As a result, in many cities around the world, sustainable urban rebuilding has become a key approach. As a result, policymakers have made it a priority to plan well for building and demolition waste management practices. Due to a growing awareness of sustainable construction methods in the Middle East, urban redevelopment projects are now obliged to be delivered in a sustainable manner. However, demolition waste management has yet to be effective due to a lack of understanding of how a sustainability policy is applied in practice, as well as a lack of expertise and information available to project stakeholders on demolition trash management. In this context, this study creates a decision-making framework with important decision-making elements and a database to aid in the demolition waste management decisionmaking process in urban redevelopment projects.

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Volume: Issue: 12

Article: Analysis Financial Performance of PT. Hensel Davest Indonesia, Tbk. Before and After the Initial Public Offering

Andrew Yesaya Lubis
Vol 4, Issue 12; December 2021
North American Academic Research, 4(12) 69-86 december 2021, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5799687

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Abstract: Financial performance is one of the most important instrument to overlook a company's financial condition in a certain period of time. This research analyzes and compares the financial performance of PT. Hensel Davest Indonesia, Tbk. before and after Initial Public Offering. The method used in this research is a descriptive analysis method. Financial data is processed using financial ratio analysis. Meanwhile, financial performance comparison was conducted using non-parametric statistical methods of different tests or usually known as Wilcoxon. The result shows differences on PT. Hensel Davest Indonesia, tbk financial performance before and after conducting Initial Public Offering. This difference is shown by the increasing and decreasing financial ratio before and after Initial Public Offering.This is supported by the results of statistical tests that show differences in financial performance before and after the Initial Public Offering. PT. Hensel Davest Indonesia, Tbk is expected to immediately evaluate and supervise the company's financial performance on a regular basis.

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Volume: Issue: 12

Article: Introduction of Palmyra Palm fiber as an Alternative Natural Fiber in Textile Industry

MT Rasnatun Ferdous, Eaty Rani Halder, Dr Lu Jianjun
Vol 4, Issue 12; December 2021
North American Academic Research, 4(12) 48-57 December 2021, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5789789

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Abstract: Nowadays, natural products are extremely preferred among the people. These natural products are produced by environment friendly sources. In case of textiles, bast fibers play significant role in producing natural products that are extracted from the stem of various plant and environment friendly in nature. The bast fibers can also improve the livelihood of the poor farmers who are involved in the cultivation of the plants and extraction and processing of the fibers. Palm fibre is one of the bast fiber which is a waste product from the fruit crushing-extracting process in local communities. Nonetheless, yarn is unique in its characteristic pattern and is stronger than cotton. The aim of this study is to introducing of palm fiber and some basic comparisons with other fibers (cotton, polyester, wool, viscose, silk), where palm fiber shows significant results. Results showed that, the strength percentage of palm fiber (4.2%) is less than polyester (6%) but more than cotton (4.1%). At the same way, the percentage of elongation shows for palm fiber as (21%) and cotton viscose, polyester shows (10% ,(13%), (30%) respectively. For moisture regain palm fiber shows remarkable performance with (13.25%) which is the highest one.

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Volume: Issue: 12

Article: Artch.id Competitive Strategy Analysis Based on the Theory of Five Generic Competitive Strategies

Kevin Pard Sihombing
Vol 4, Issue 12; December 2021
North American Academic Research, 4(12) 58-68 December 2021, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5790102

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Abstract: The development of technology is one of the main causes that changes people's consumption pattern in buying a product, for it offers more convenience in the transaction process. That ease ultimately creates a trend known as e-commerce and has a significant impact on various industrial sectors, including fashion. The fashion industry has the second largest growth rate after culinary. A large number of business actors that take part within the fashion industry has made the market competition even tighter, especially in Bandung. One of the industry's actors, who specifically focuses on bags, is Artch.id. In which Artch.id applies a strategy in order to continuously adjust on market demand. This research is a descriptive qualitative analysis, with the use of case study research methods. The focus of this research is aimed to review the implementation of Artch.id’s strategy, whether or not it refers to the five generic competitive strategies theory in meeting consumer’s demand and competing with its competitors by designing more specific programs. In analysing the data obtained, the author matches these data to the six dimensions that must be met based on the Five Generic Competitive Strategies. Based on the research results, it can be concluded that Artch.id has fulfilled the requirements in implementing the Best-Cost Provider Strategy dimension. Artch.id should evaluate the strategy and ensure that those dimensions can be maintained and developed so that service orientation to the consumers can be maximized

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Volume: Issue: 12

Article: Security Risk Assessment Framework for Offshore Gas and Oil Platform in East Africa

Mohamed Kadar Abdiaziz, Zi Jun Feng, Ammar Mohammed Hussain Al-Nahari, Hashem Musaed Ahemd Al-Qarwaei
Vol 4, Issue 12; December 2021
North American Academic Research, 4(12) 36-47 December 2021, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5787082

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Abstract: The global economy relies heavily on the offshore petroleum industry. Many nation-states regard offshore petroleum installations to be important national infrastructure, and their security could have substantial ramifications for national security and economic well-being. The major goal of this project is to develop a risk assessment technique for offshore platforms in order to help East African decision-makers. This is accomplished through a thorough evaluation of linked risks, as well as a review of relevant literature and traditional safety assessment methods, all of which lead to the development of a new knowledge-based risk assessment approach via the research methodology process. The study technique necessitates the gathering of data, which in this case was gathered from the industry. Surveys, visits, interviews, and questionnaires are among the data sources used to gather the information needed to test the model and conduct preliminary validation studies on offshore platform risk assessment in order to draw some conclusions.

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Volume: Issue: 12

Article: Analysis on the Elements of Modern Packaging Design

Diallo Fatoumata Diaraye Ousmane, Adjei Isaac
Vol 4, Issue 12; December 2021
North American Academic Research, 4(12) 22-30 December 2021, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5781273

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Abstract: Packaging is a concept of a brand, material characteristics, a full reflection of consumer psychology, has a direct impact on consumer purchases, consumer products and packaging is built to create a strong affinity instrument. China has a large landmass and a wealth of natural resources. Commodity package design has become an essential aspect of the social market economy in recent decades, especially as economic globalization has progressed. Unique packaging is the finest technique to attract customers by recognizing and reflecting the worth of goods and making them want to consume them. Packaging art design with regional cultural features has steadily become the focus of attention as regional culture has developed qualities in product packaging, which has some theoretical and practical research value. This study aims analyzes the element of design in modern packaging design; its application value is studied in combination with actual cases, and further discussed its application trend. It emphasizes on the fact that the elements of modern packaging can highlight the fun of packaging, accentuate the humanistic feelings of packaging, it is one of the driving factors for the construction of enterprise brand cultural competitiveness, and strategic importance to the development of enterprises.

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Volume: Issue: 11

Article: The Influence of Industry 4.0; A Case study of Injection Molding Machine, Drone, 3D, Automobile, Aeronautic Factory

Fomekong Fomekong RACHEL MERVEILLE, Hugejile
Vol 4, Issue 11; November 2021
North American Academic Research, 4(11) 221-238 November 2021, https://doi.org/10.5281/z enodo.5789895

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Abstract: Original equipment manufacturers (OEMs) are progressing toward smarter machines that can access more data when the factories are networked, thanks to the use of artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning. The machines are capable of talking with one another and transmitting instructions along the production line, which can result in more efficient automated manufacturing processes. In order to prepare for Industry 4.0, it is necessary to manage the short-term transfer of workplace skills while also developing a workforce with the futureproofed abilities that will be required. The fact that more young people are enrolling in tertiary education is encouraging, since it will ideally result in a greater interest in STEM (science, technology, engineering, and mathematics) professions as a result of Industry 4.0. Our ability to keep our curiosity and problem-solving mindset will be enhanced as we shift our work toward an emphasis on design as engineering. This move will pave the way for the emergence of new engineering positions. Many of these Industry 4.0 breakthroughs will continue to be driven by engineering, which will also help to solve some of the world's most intractable problems. The fourth industrial revolution, or Industry 4.0, refers to the present trend of increased automation, digitalization, and data interchange in manufacturing technologies. Among other technological assets, it comprises cyber-physical systems, IoT, and cloud computing. Modern aircraft engines, with over 5000 sensors, generate up to 10 GB of data every second, exemplify what digitization and the Internet of Things could bring to the aviation industry as part of the upcoming Industry 4.0 revolution. This new age may improve major performance areas of air transport. This new era may mean a shift in safety improvement, especially in an industry where safety standards are high and improvement margins are tight. That is, cyberphysical systems are designed to aid humans in harsh or risky jobs, make judgments, and accomplish tasks autonomously. It highlights existing and prospective applications of Aircraft 4.0 to improve aviation safety, and how they might do so.

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Volume: Issue: 12

Article: Workplace Interior Design and Employee Performance

Ahiave Seyram Edem, Adjei Isaac
Vol 4, Issue 12; December 2021
North American Academic Research, 4(12) 31-35 December 2021, https://doi.org/10.5281/z enodo.5781323

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Abstract: Corporations can no longer afford to waste their workforce's potential in today's competitive business climate. There are a number of essential aspects at work that have a big impact on an employee's motivation and performance. The study's major goal is to figure out how employees' performance is related to their job. The investigation's outcomes demonstrate that the design of a workplace has a significant influence on staff productivity. It's more about building workspaces that inspire employees and increase performance than it is about integrating marketing content and amplifying business culture. Employee motivation should be a primary consideration in workplace design. This is accomplished through balancing aesthetics with functionality, health, and performance in the workplace's interior design.

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Volume: Issue: 12

Article: Risk Assessment in Oil and Gas Construction in Yemen

Ammar Mohammed Hussain Al-Nahari, Du Hong Xiu, Hashem Musaed Ahemd Al-Qarwaei, Mohamed Kadar Abdiaziz
Vol 4, Issue 12; December 2021
North American Academic Research, 4(12) 01-10 December 2021, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5768123

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Abstract: Risk assessment is one of the most basic instruments utilized in the security building framework in oil and gas construction extends because of it giving the necessary insurance to the development activities, for example, pilling, materials manufacture, and structure establishment. In oil and gas construction ventures numerous chronicled oil slick and failures happened because of an absence of productive risk evaluation in the development stage, and human life misfortunes. There are different elements that add to the execution issue in the development stage, in this way, various perspectives ought to be broke down in the risk appraisal structures to decide how the framework is firmly connected. Numerous researchers attempt to break down the usage issue in the oil and gas division, alongside other substantial ventures, through hazard guidelines, chance arranging and human blunder. This examination uncovered the deformities and difficulties in the hazard evaluation in oil and gas development extends in Yemen through a poll study. The exploration shows a hole in the comprehension and practice of the hazard evaluation among the board and activity, especially in the behavioural effects. The present study shows the comparison between two big companies in Yemen

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Volume: Issue: 12

Article: Biomimetic Cilia-based MEMS Sensors for Underwater Applications - A Review

B. Abdul, S. Abdul, A. R. Asary
Vol 4, Issue 12; December 2021
North American Academic Research, 4(12) 11-21 December 2021, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5768208

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Abstract: Natural organisms such as fish, arthropods and ear have excellent sensory receptors like later line system, filiform hairs and basilar membrane respectively. Researchers have developed various type of mechanical sensors, inspired by nature creatures. A review on biomimetic cilia and Micro-Electro-Mechanical-Systems (MEMS) developments for underwater sensing robotics is presented. In this paper, MEMS technologies for building artificial hair cell sensors using representative material systems, briefly outlines of their fabrication method and performance have been explained. We categorize the developed artificial cilia-based sensors into different types according to their transduction mechanism to they based on, for example, piezo resistive and piezoelectric effects.

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Volume: Issue: 11

Article: The Place of Educational Robotics in Learner's Computational Thinking: A Qualitative Study

PENN MARIE MEZOH
Vol 4, Issue 11; November 2021
North American Academic Research, 4(11) 196-204 November 2021, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5750498

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Abstract: Owing to the impact created by Lego-robots based activities on learners, this study seeks to find out the place it holds in the development of young learners' computational thinking. Before embarking on this study, the author had the privilege to work with some Chinese grade five and six students as a volunteer. She reflected serially on the appropriate integration Lego robots implement to enhance computational thinking. Through these reflections, she realized that the Lego robot's use increases learners' ability to think, solve problems, and reason critically. One of the essential facets of her reflective practice was considering how students can extend this knowledge of building Lego-robot bricks to their daily lives and how their view of their environment will change. These compelled the research on educational robotics in learners' computational thinking. The researcher conducted this qualitative study in a community Training Center in Huzhou in Wuxing District Zhejiang Province, China. The research looked into how Lego-robot bricks develop students' computational thinking in problem-solving, critical thinking, creativity and what challenges teachers and students faced in the infusion of these Lego-robots bricks.

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Volume: Issue: 11

Article: Effects of Public Debt on Economic Growth with nonlinearity in Sub-Saharan Africa: Case of the Countries of the West African Economic and Monetary Union

Mamadou Aliou Diallo, Min Su, Ophelia Amankwah, Niyonzima Patrick
Vol 4, Issue 11; November 2021
North American Academic Research, 4(11) 205-220 November 2021, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5753317

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Abstract: This article examines the impact of public debt on economy growth in the West African Economic Monetary Union (WAEMU) region from 2010 to 2019. It does so using data from a panel of eight WAEMU member countries. Using a Panel Smooth Transition Regression (PSTR) model developed by González et al., we establish a non-linear relationship between the influence of public debt on economic growth and the evolution of the debt relative to GDP (2005). The findings show that changes in debt levels have an effect on economic development in both positive and negative directions. The average threshold for this transition is 60.3 %. Our conclusions are substantiated by elements relating to the business environment and the institutional quality.

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Volume: Issue: 11

Article: Novel Therapy and Diagnosis of Cervical Cancer Radio Resistance for the Future Development

Chanya Engsiridumrongkul, Lei Chang, Akbar Saeed Shah
Vol 4, Issue 11; November 2021
North American Academic Research, 4(11) 130-143 November 2021, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5717200

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Abstract: Background and introduction: Cervical cancer (CC) is the world's fourth most common malignancy in women, it is predicted that there will be roughly 798 thousand new cases per year during the next 20 years. In the developing world, to overcome this malignancy the standard treatment for cervical cancer is radiotherapy, either alone or in conjunction with chemotherapy. During their treatment, about 80% of cervical cancer patients got radiation therapy. Radio resistance, on the other hand, reduced overall survival. Method: The method of this study is used to conduct online and a regular exploration of data bank like NCBI, PubMed, Embase, SCI Hub, google scholar, cross ref, and the Cochrane Library, using medical terminology like cellular stress with radioresistence where Radiation-induced damage responses cooperate to cause cancer cell death, but radiotherapy also activates damage-repair and survival signaling in a small percentage of cancer cells, alleviating radiation-induced cytotoxicity, and these activations are responsible for tumor radio-resistance. For diagnosis it is critical to investigate and develop more sensitive and specific DNA methylation techniques in order to improve cervical cancer early detection hypermethylation of SEPT9 has a high sensitivity and specificity.it could also improve cell resistance to ionizing radiation by changing the polarization of tumor-associated macrophages. Conclusion: Traditional tumor therapy such as chemotherapy, targeted therapy, radiotherapy, surgery, and others, have been criticized in recent years for being slow and has limitations with side effects, to overcome these problems nanoparticles have the potential to not only address the inadequacies of traditional cancer diagnosis and treatment, but also to open entirely new avenues and develop cutting-edge technology for tumor detection and treatment. However, most nanoparticle research is conducted in vivo and in vitro, and only a few clinical studies on nanoparticles have been published.

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Volume: Issue: 11

Article: Future of E-Commerce in Bangladesh Fashion Industry and Customer Appreciation in E-Commerce

Mohammad Mehedi Hasan, Luo Ronglei
Vol 4, Issue 11; November 2021
North American Academic Research, 4(11) 183-195 November 2021, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5733255

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Abstract: Background: The future era is running towards the modern innovation that the world is giving every day to ensure a healthy and prosperous life for everyone. Any country nowadays wants to make life easy for the people of their own country well now they can due to E-commerce. Since the birth of fine E-commerce, the usability of the business through the internet it got increased highly within a year and two. With the help of purchasing, managing relationships within buyers and sellers, streaming through online the new products to bring attraction among buyers, developing new communications, and building new business line-up is done so far with the help of this E-commerce. Materials and Methods: In This article, which focuses on individual audiences, splits the variables that influence the distribution of Ecommerce apparel sector marketing into two groups, the ‘Internal factor’ and the ‘External factor’. The non-probability sampling methodology will be used to gather opinions from survey participants. The entire demographic is a social networking consumer group, but the compilation of successful sampling data is limited to the target population, such as young people, graduates, senior people between 18 and 55 years of age, and the sample questions were 37. Overall, it will be easy to justify the fashion E-commerce market for the upcoming generations in Bangladesh by comparing the two groups. Results: The internal & external factor 2 segment towards e-commerce was comparable and statistically proven significant on its contribution towards fashion e-commerce but ‘perceived Human Risk’ has its difficulties to set a breakthrough. Conclusion: To sum up the paper in one sentence consumers' appreciation towards E-commerce is quite positive rather than the old times and further studies can be possible to improve the fashion sectors via more research

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Volume: Issue: 11

Article: Examining the Influence of Electoral Gifts, Political Debates, Social Media Political Activism, and Patriotism on Voters’ Behavior

Lapologang Sebaka, Bame Romeo Gaonyadiwe, Sherifath Chinaza Tahirou, Miapeh Kous Gonlepa, Goabamang Lethugile
Vol 4, Issue 11; November 2021
North American Academic Research, 4(11) 166-182 November 2021, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5730406

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Abstract: The political landscape of Botswana has become more competitive and unpredictable in recent years. Elections are central to the functioning of any democratic nation. Given the turbulent political environment surrounding the 2019 General Elections, the factors influencing voters' behavior have aroused controversy. Bearing this in mind, the purpose of this study is to investigate the salience of electoral gifts, political debates, patriotism, and social media political activism as determinants of voters’ behavior using the Theory of Reasoned Action (TRA). A questionnaire was used to collect data from 640 individuals who participated in the 2019 General Elections. The Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) technique was used to analyze data. The study discovered that electoral gifts from political candidates significantly impacted voters' intent and attitude toward voting. Additionally, our study found that patriotism influenced voters’ attitudes and intention to vote in the 2019 General Elections despite the tumultuous political environment. The study further confirmed the relevance of social media political activism on voters’ intent and attitudes towards voting. The study also corroborated the influence of political debates on voters’ behavior. The implications of this study and future research directions are further discussed in light of these findings.

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Volume: Issue: 11

Article: Do Venture Capital Firms Spur Innovation: Investigating Venture Capital Firm’s Portfolio Companies in Karachi, Pakistan

Ishfaque Ahmed Lakhan, Dr. Arifa Bano Talpur
Vol 4, Issue 11; November 2021
North American Academic Research, 4(11) 144-165 October 2021, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5725482

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Abstract: The significance of venture capital in spurring innovation for venture backed entrepreneurial startups has been majorly emphasized in the literature. However, different processes or central theme for exploring the role of venture capitalists were identified and used. This research study is going to highlight the factors affecting the innovation process of the startups. In other words, the impact of innovation input by venture capitalist is on the innovation output of the portfolio firm investigated. This research study gathered the data from the founders of the venture backed startups and assumed that the role of venture capital and innovation is positively and significantly related. In order to validate this relationship, the participants were offered for a semi-structured interview based on 20 open-ended questions. In addition, by applying Thematic Analysis, this relationship is evaluated and examined. It has been concluded that the VC plays a significant and positive role in spurring innovation. Venture Capitalists add value to the company by playing a far more active role in helping businesses expand by providing additional competencies, contacts, expertise, and several more value-added services. The findings and conclusions of this research study would enable the entrepreneurial startups to recognize the importance, advantages, and the contribution of the VCs in fostering innovation for their new and risky startups.

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Volume: Issue: 11

Article: Creativity In Product Design

Mensavi Yvonne
Vol 4, Issue 11; November 2021
North American Academic Research, 4(11) 124-129 November 2021, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5717162

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Abstract: The aim of this paper is to examine the close relationship between design and creativity and how they depend on each other. The ability of humans to design has persisted over the years though ways and methods have changed, for the reason that organization, culture and technology have changed as well. From the time of the Stone Age where spears were carved out of woods to hunt animals and stones were sharpened to dig holes till today, creativity and design have persisted. It is argued that even though design is considered an unchanging and unique skill, it has showed itself in diverse ways over time. The production of products and services as well as the creative design process have evolved considerably over time as well. In today’s world of business, creativity in design has become so necessary and important. Based on the evaluation of products created by design companies, this paper looks at how creativity can be measured. As a result, it is discovered that for products to be commercially successful and draw the needed attention in the market place, the design should be creative or novel.

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Volume: Issue: 11

Article: Trade Openness and Economic Growth in the Central African Republic (CAR): Application of the VECM

Karl-Lesin BEBONA
Vol 4, Issue 11; November 2021
North American Academic Research, 4(10) 110-123 October 2021, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5715098

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Abstract: The purpose of this paper is to empirically analyze the relationship between trade openness and economic growth in Central African Republic for the period 1980-2020. To do this, the study applied time series techniques such as Augmented Dickey-Fuller (ADF) unit root test to check the stationarity of variables, the Johansen cointegration test for the long run relationship, the Vector Error Correction Model (VECM) for short run dynamics and to estimate the speed of adjustment towards long run equilibrium. We also carried out tests on the residuals to see the econometric robustness of the model. The study shows that GDP growth responds faster at a speed of 30.79% than all others variable (OPEN, LABOR and GFCF). The results of the cointegratng equation show that an increase of unit of trade openness leads to a decrease of 0.67 units of GDP. The main findings suggest there is negative long run relationship between trade openness and economic growth in the Central African Republic (CAR).

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Volume: Issue: 11

Article: Labour Migration, Remittance, and its Impacts on the Economic Growth of Nepal

Pragya Timilsina Neupane
Vol 4, Issue 11; November 2021
North American Academic Research, 4(11) 74-109 November 2021, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5708566

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Abstract: Nepal is one of the least developed, landlocked country in the world, which economy is heavily dependent on imports of basic materials and foreign markets for its forest and agricultural products. Economic growth rates are increasing after the promulgation of the constitution from the Constitutional Assembly in 2015, the ending of the political transition in Nepal, it opens the door to spend the nation’s energy on economic development. International labour migration, remittance has been regarded as one of the important factors to influence the economy where the country received remittances of foreign migrants, which contributes 28.6% (in 2018; the world Bank) of total GDP in the nation. This study applied empirical and descriptive analysis to know the effect of labour migration, remittance on the economic growth of Nepal, employing balanced panel data from 1994 to 2018. The descriptive data concluded that the real GDP, remittance has been increasing as compared to foreign labour migration over the period but the share of skilled labour is very low and remains about constant over the study period and the contribution of labour migration on real GDP has been low. The empirical regression analysis confirms a positive effect of remittances on economic growth in Nepal that are the similar result showing in India, however, the opposite results, remittances have a negative impact on economic growth, showing in other south Asian countries (e.g., Bangladesh, Pakistan and Sri Lanka).

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Volume: Issue: 10

Article: Quantitative Flow Ratio (QFR) Directed Revascularization Approach for Patients Receiving Primary Valve Surgery Having Coronary Artery Disease

Akbar Saeed Shah, Zhaoyun Cheng, Chanya Engsiridumrongkul, Noor Syed Shah
Vol 4, Issue 10; October 2021
North American Academic Research, 4(10) 194-207 October 2021, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5637317

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Abstract: Background: Diagnostic Coronary Angiography (DCA) is the gold standard for detecting coronary artery disease (CAD). Percutaneous Coronary Intervention (PCI) is being done more often in patient with multivessel coronary artery disease (CAD). This study describes the effectiveness of a QFR-directed revascularization procedure and a coronary angiography (CAG)-directed revascularization procedure in patients with scheduled primary valvular surgery having coronary artery lesions with diameter stenosis of 50%. Within 30 days of surgery, the combined outcome of (all-cause of death, non-fatal myocardial infarction, non-fatal stroke, unplanned coronary revascularization, new renal dysfunction involving dialysis). Methods: The study is conducted through QFR procedure along with heart disease like Aortic stenosis (AS), in patients receiving primary valve surgery, like Aortic valve replacements having coronary artery disease. So, the results of this method are to compare the usefulness and cost-effectiveness of a QFR-guided PCI strategy versus an angiography-guided PCI strategy in patients undergoing primary valve surgery having coronary artery disease. Result: It shows that QFR strategy is the new advanced method, where patients can save time and money at the same time and less invasive the effectiveness of a QFR-guided PCI strategy against an angiography-guided PCI strategy is that QFR-guided approach have better clinical results and more cost-effective than a conventional angiography-guided strategy, as shown by a lower prevalence of MACE (major adverse cardiac event) at one year. on the other side, coronary artery disease is often linked to valvular heart disease (VHD). In valve cardiac surgery patients, the CAD was detected in 27.75% of all severe VHD patients, for 32% of aortic valve disease isolated and for 15% of mitral valve of isolated patients. In patients with severe aortic stenosis there was a significant relationship between CAD and aortic valve disease. Larger studies are required in the future to determine the potential causal relationship. Conclusion: We come to know that QFR guided strategy is very effective the QFR-guided approach has better clinical results and be more cost-effective than a conventional angiography-guided strategy, as shown by a lower prevalence of MACE (major adverse cardiac event) at one year. On the other side, the TAVR and PCI will be the main driver in aortic stenosis and coronary artery disease (CAD) is significantly correlated with AS. remember that coronary artery disease (CAD) associated with valvular heart disease (VHD). SAS is the most common valve problem that necessitates surgical or percutaneous treatment. CAD, on the other hand, is one of the leading causes of death in developed countries. There are several risk factors for CAD and degenerative SAS, and they are usually identified jointly in clinical practice. Even though transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR) has drastically changed the therapeutic approach to SAS in recent years, the right treatment of patients with concomitant CAD remains a point of contention due to a shortage of data in the literature.

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Volume: Issue: 10

Article: Effects of Access to Formal Finance to the MSMEs on Sustainable Employment Generation in Bangladesh

Li Qi, Hero Rana Barua Mito, Mousumi Akter
Vol 4, Issue 10; October 2021
North American Academic Research, 4(10) 238-256 October 2021, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5669282

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Abstract: In recent years, MSMEs are playing very important role for the overall economic growth and development of Bangladesh. These MSMEs help distribute resources from macro level to micro levels of economy through employment generation and improved livelihood across the country. This study examines whether the access to formal finance has direct impact on the MSMEs in generating more employment opportunities in Bangladesh. The sample for this study contains data of local MSMEs which took formal finances in 2015 from private commercial banks. To understand the effect with relation sustainable employment, this study analyzes employment data of 2015 and that of 2018 for the same MSMEs regarding their full-time workers, full time skilled workers and full time low skilled workers by associating skill levels with worker information. The findings of the study clearly indicate that the access to formal finance to MSMEs in 2015 has aided to increase the employment generation in 2018 for full time workers. As for associating skill levels, access to formal finance has helped to increase employment for full time skilled workers whereas the effect is not significant for full time low skilled workers. Additionally, the study also suggests practical implications with regard to formal finance opportunities by private sector and its importance to uplift employment opportunities and provide training for sustainable employment and improved livelihood in Bangladesh’s economy.

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Volume: Issue: 11

Article: Global Value Chains Decomposition Analysis on The Sri Lankan Economy

Maduranga Pushpika Kumara Withanawasam, Wang Shaoyuan
Vol 4, Issue 11; November 2021
North American Academic Research, 4(11) 29-73 November 2021, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5651205

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Abstract: There has been a lot of upheaval in Sri Lanka recently. With the need to import so many items, export income is insufficient to cover Sri Lanka's import expenses. Therefore, decomposition Analysis in export must be implemented in conjunction with the global value chain. As a result, the primary goal of this paper is to investigate and quantify the impact of the Global Value Chain on the Sri Lankan economy. Thus, the following specific goals are expected to be met: comparing the Revealed Comparative Advantage indices of traditional and new trade approaches in Sri Lankan industries to determine a more efficient estimation of export success in the global value chain, assessing the upstreamness and average production length of Sri Lankan sectors to improve production efficiency, and investigating the This paper presents descriptive information about the industries using an analysis of the Asian Development Bank MIRO database. It covers the years 2000, 2007, and 2019. The main findings of this paper are that, compared to 2000, Primary Sectors have shifted to low-technology manufacturing in terms of domestic value-added (DVA). Furthermore, this is a turning point in the Sri Lankan economy because the country is transitioning from primary to low technology. Therefore, Sri Lanka must provide medium to high-technology manufacturing to satisfy the global value chain requirements.

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Volume: Issue: 11

Article: Probiotic screening and growth kinetics of Lactobacillus isolated from Channa punctata intestine

Abdus Samad Rana, Md. Serajul Islam, Forhad Karim Saikot, Dr. Wei Luo
Vol 4, Issue 11; November 2021
North American Academic Research, 4(11) 11-28 November 2021, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5651197

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Abstract: Expanded fish mortality because of contaminations has constrained most ranchers to resort the utilization of chemotherapeutic operators particularly anti-microbials. The proceeded with utilization of these medications in aquaculture is getting to be unsafe as pathogens create obstruction and deduces unpredicted long haul general wellbeing impacts. More research endeavors are working to recognize elective sickness anticipation techniques, among which the utilization of probiotics has been proposed. The motivation behind this investigation was to detach and distinguish lactic acid bacteria as potential probiotics from Channa punctata (Taki fish) digestive tract. To absolute best of our insight, this is the primary methodology of detaching probiotic from Channa punctata. The absolute bacterial check was 2.64×1014cfu/g in the digestive system. The selected strain was bar molded, gram positive, non-spore forming and along these lines affirmed as Lactobacillus. This strain showed significant development at pH 1, 2 and 3 and demonstrated to be acid tolerant; while it made due at 0.10% 0.15%, 0.20% and 0.25% bile salt fixation and they were found to tolerate in gastric juice. Result says it could be a potential probiotic since it would support in the antagonistic condition of fish digestive system and isolate have no any hostile impact. The isolate showed resistance to erythromycin, cefotaxime, chloramphenicol and antagonistic effect on Pseudomonas pathogen. Through disk diffusion method, 5.2×1013cfu/ml and 1.04×1014cfu/ml concentrated disk made of direct bacterial broth culture showed 20mm and 24mm zone respectively against Pseudomonas.

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Volume: Issue: 11

Article: Cyber Personhood

Abu Sadat Mohammad Salehin Amit, Md Nazmul Hasan Mojumder
Vol 4, Issue 11; November 2021
North American Academic Research, 4(11) 01-11 November 2021, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5648000

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Abstract: In early 2020, the rapid adoption of remote and communication tools by governments, businesses and individuals around the world increased their reliance on cyber infrastructure for the normal functioning of countries, businesses and businesses. And in some parts of society, the urgent need for communication, while protecting human life, takes precedence over ensuring that these communication tools are safe and resilient. However, the question is raised as to whether these tools should be considered important infrastructure or more important, depending on their tight inclusion in everyday life around the world. In many countries, the important importance of the environment to sustain human life has been recognized by extending the legal personality, or legal rights, to the environmental entity. Countries like Colombia, Ecuador, New Zealand and India have generally granted legal rights to various rivers, lakes, parks and nature. This article explores future possibilities and examples, allowing the country to consider granting legal rights to other very important institutions that are unrecognized. Human Life Looking to the future of becoming increasingly dependent on highly interdependent systems in cyberspace, could these systems be personalized? The impact of remote operations and cybersecurity can lead to a whole new perception of the importance of cyberspace dependence and, as a result, new legal treatment. Against the backdrop of extensive debate on cyberspace legislation, including the law of war, this is a more complex legal consideration, especially in the light of cross-border dependencies and systems affecting multiple jurisdictions. Is to raise. Through cyber biomimetics, this white paper adopts a blue-sky conceptual approach to study policy considerations and potential impacts when highly interdependent cyber systems in the distant future receive the same protection as environmental factors.

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Volume: Issue: 10

Article: Capabilities and Contribution of GeoGebra Software to secondary Mathematics Education

Hanane Niyoub, Professor Tongxiaomin
Vol 4, Issue 10; October 2021
North American Academic Research, 4(10) 208-219 October 2021, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5637343

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Abstract: Information and Communication Technologies are experiencing more and more observed developments, and are being introduced in all sectors. This vogue for use has made these technologies essential tools and obliges all countries to build policies for the generalization of these technologies to meet the challenges they are facing. For this reason, it would be interesting to conduct this research with mathematics teachers and high school students, to gather and analyze their views on the impact of these technologies on the teaching and learning of mathematics in the Moroccan educational context. In the framework of this research, our questions focus on the interest of the GeoGebra platform as perceived by students and the mathematics teachers who use these technologies in their teaching practices. The results from the opinions collected during interviews with 43 mathematics teachers and 242 students, highlight three main categories of impacts, namely: the improvement of the quality of teaching, the development of students' skills in analysis, reasoning, and problem-solving as well as the improvement of academic success and finally the affective impact of ICT on students concerning their learning.

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Volume: Issue: 10

Article: Application of DINA Model to Assess Omani and Iranian Fourth-Grade Students’ Mathematics’ Attributes

Aliasghar Rahman Doust, Waseem Ahmad Khan, Mohammed Said Alghafri
Vol 4, Issue 10; October 2021
North American Academic Research, 4(10) 220-237 October 2021, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5639812

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Abstract: The present research study aims to apply the deterministic input noisy output and gate (DINA) model for assessing Omani and Iranian fourth- grade students’ mathematics attributes. All Omani and Iranian students who participated in the TIMSS 2015 mathematics fourth-grade assessment were selected as the statistical sample. To analyze the statistical data, the CDM package by the R programming was applied. The findings of parameter estimation revealed that many items could not fit the model well. However, about 25% of items’ slipping index was higher than 0.50 which indicated the students who have possessed all attributes, have answered the items incorrectly. Furthermore, the RMSEA value for all items was below 0.05 excluding item 40. Hence, skill probabilities estimation specified that Iranian students’ attribute probabilities were greater than Omani students.

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Volume: Issue: 10

Article: Water Policy and Diplomacy in Jordan: Future Prospective

Rasheed. A. Shyyab, Xinhai Lu, Adnan Shiyyab
Vol 4, Issue 10; October 2021
North American Academic Research, 4(10) 140-156 October 2021, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5619360

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Abstract: Jordan is one of the poorest countries in water resources in the world that is needs of water for its population exceeds the supplies. However, in the summer of 2021 the Ministry of Water and Irrigation (MWI) issued a statement recommended the Jordanian people to save every drop of water and bought amounts of water from Tabrias Lake to recharge the dams. Despite the number of dams Jordan owes and groundwater basins, increasing problems are threatening the water sector including the scarcity of precipitation and hence, groundwater recharge. Moreover, most of surface and groundwater basins in Jordan are shared with surrounding countries, which in turns, decreases the uses of these resources. In the past decade the groundwater resources challenges have dramatically increased due to the flow of millions of refugees and the effect of climate change. Jordan witnessed one of the biggest refugee’s waves in the world from Syria, Iraq, Yemen and Palestinian territories that led to increasing pressure on many sectors, most importantly is the water sector. In this paper, we will evaluate, in one hand, the water strategies and policies took place in the period between 2000 – 2020 and its effect on the current situation. On the other hand, we will provide suggestions and recommendations to decision makers to maintain the water resources and increase the validity to develop the water sector in Jordan in front of all difficulties this important sector is facing which could be summarized in the following points: (a) intensive capturing the rainwater in the valleys and collect it in dams. (b) Finding alternative water resources such as desalination of seawater and treatment of the wastewater. (c) Considering the treated water to be used for non-drinking uses such as manufacturers and agricultural, and, (d) intensive monitoring of water and prevent any kind of illegal uses. The latter point is very important to keep the resources of water, that is, recent investigations led to huge attack on the water resources in the country. Finally, significant agreements must built with nearby countries to determine the water share for each country from the shared water basins. This will improve the strategies to build up a comprehensive and convenient water policy in the country and enhance our understanding of the effect of the water diplomacy in the future water strategy plans.

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Volume: Issue: 10

Article: Meta-Analysis the Prognosis of Surgical Treatment for Early-Stage Invasive Cervical Cancer

Prakash Chand Yadav, Shibendra Raj Pandey, Ankit Thapa, Deepak Kishor Chaudhary, Krishna Kumar Sah
Vol 4, Issue 10; October 2021
North American Academic Research, 4(10) 178-193 October 2021, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5626948

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Abstract: Background: The possible advantages of laparoscopic (LPR) and laparotomy (LPT) have not been systematically evaluated. The aim of this study was to systematically review the comparative efficacy between LPR and LPT to treatment cervical cancer, based on perioperative outcomes, complications and long-term outcomes. Materials and methods: Our research was conducted by searching PubMed, EMBASE and the Cochrane Library database. All the original studies comparing LPR with LPT were included in the critical assessment. Software Revman 5.3 was used for meta-analysis. Average difference and standard deviation (SD) and 95% confidence interval (CI), ratio (ORs), 95% CI and aggregate risk ratio (HRs) and 95% confidence interval (CIs) were used to estimate the association strength between laparoscopic and laparotomy patients. Results: A total of nine studies that compared LPR (n = 487) with LPT (n = 510) in patients with cervical cancer fulfilled quality criteria were selected for review and meta-analysis. LPR compared with LPT was associated with a significant reduction of intra operative blood loss (weighted mean difference =313.29 ml, 95% CI: -113.69 to 740.28; p=0.15). The mean blood loss was (555.8 ± 304.4) ml in LPT group compared with (180.34 ± 213.9) ml in LPR group. A reduced risk of postoperative complications was seen in LPR (9.72% LPR vs. 13.6% LPT; OR = 1.34; 95 % CI 0.83–2.15; p=0.23); wound infection rate (1.03% LPR vs 4.07% LPT, p = 0.009); fever morbidity (1.29% LPR vs 4.9% LPT, p = 0.004); wound dehiscence (1.55% LPR vs. 5.8% LPT, p = 0.003); The rates of wound infection, febrile morbidity and wound dehiscence were found in the patients of both groups and the results showed that the rate of LPT was higher in all the three complications as compared to the rates of LPR and the difference was statistically significant. The hospital stay was shorter (4.8 ± 2 days) in LPR group compare to LPT group (13.77 ± 4 days; 95% CI: 1.09 to 16.28; p=0.03). The mean operative time for the laparoscopic technique was (247.83 ± 200.45) min which was shorter than the laparotomy group (233.72 ± 139 min). The rate of intra operative complications was similar between two groups(LPR 8.97% versus LPT 6.12%; OR = 0.65; 95% CI 0.38-1.11; p= 0.12); Bladder injury occurred in 4.076% of LPR patients and 1.28% of LPT patients (p = 0.03); Patients with LPT showed less bladder injuries as compared to patients with LPR. The incidence of urethral injury was 2.4% in LPR group and 0.5% in LPT group (p = 0.06); Urethral injuries were also observed to be more in patients with LPR and less in patients with LPT. Vascular injury occurred in 1.63% of patients with LPR and 0.5% of patients with LPT (p = 0.16); vascular injury occurred more in patients with LPR as compared to patients with LPT. There were not significant differences in 5-year OS (hazard ratio [HR]=1.02; 95% CI:0. 60 to 1.70; p=0.95) and progression free survival (hazard ratio [HR]=1.17; 95% CI: 0.64 to 2.14; p=0.61) between two groups. Neither have higher risks of recurrence [hazard ratio (HR) = 0.73; 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.29–1.83; p=0.50] in LPR vs. LPT. Conclusions: LPR treatment for early invasive cervical cancer showed less blood loss and shorter hospital stay than patients receiving LPT. The incidence of intra operative complications was similar between the two groups, but the character was quiet different. There was no significant difference in the 5-year OS, PFS and recurrent risk between the two groups.

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Volume: Issue: 10

Article: Updates on Cervical Cancer

Prakash Chand Yadav, Shibendra Raj Pandey, Ankit Thapa, Deepak Kishor Chaudhary, Krishna Kumar Sah
Vol 4, Issue 10; October 2021
North American Academic Research, 4(10) 157-177 October 2021, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5626839

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Abstract: Cervical cancer is one of the major causes of cancer mortality in females globally, and its epidemiological behavior is similar to that of a low-infectious venereal illness. Early sexual contact and various sexual partners have been demonstrated to have a significant influence on risk. The significant disparities in incidence between nations are also a result of the adoption of screening. While the overall picture of declining incidence and death persists, there are indicators of an increased risk of cervical cancer, most likely related to changes in sexual activity. Tobacco use and human papillomavirus (HPV) 16/18 infection are presently major concerns in a multifactorial, stepwise carcinogenesis concept in the cervix uteri. As a result, it is advised that society-wide preventative and control measures, screening activities, and HPV vaccination be implemented. Cervical cancer screening techniques have advanced from observation of cell morphology to molecular testing. HPV genotyping at high risk and liquid-based cytology are both extensively recommended and utilized worldwide. In the future, procedures that are precise, inexpensive, quick, and simple to use will gain popularity. Cervical malignancies account for about 90% of all cancers in low- and middle-income countries that lack organized screening and HPV immunization programs. Cervical cancer incidence and death have more than halved in high-income nations in the 30 years after the establishment of comprehensive screening programs. Treatment is determined on the degree of the illness at diagnosis and the availability of resources locally, and may include radical hysterectomy, chemoradiation, or a combination of the two. For women with low-risk, early-stage illness, conservative, fertility-preserving surgical techniques have become the standard of therapy.

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Volume: Issue: 10

Article: Effects of Online Communication on Social Wellbeing among Generation Z in Asian Subcontinent

Xinyu Li
Vol 4, Issue 10; October 2021
North American Academic Research, 4(10) 122-139 October 2021, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5595260

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Abstract: The use of smartphones amongst Asians especially Gen-Z has increased with the outbreak of COVID-19. With the majority of people facing months of lockdowns, digital networks may become an especially crucial instrument in Asian people's fight against loneliness, alternative mode of communication and discrimination. This report, which is based on the multi-activity paradigm of social media usage, looked at whether mental wellbeing amongst the Gen-z and positive outcomes of experience was linked to higher social media use amongst the youth of Asia, as well as how adaptable social media use was for their mental health during COVID-19. This study presents a systematic literature review of the research, historical and contemporary insights, and knowledge of online communication patterns in Asia's Gen-Z, as well as a discussion of the substantial impact on mental health. This study also discusses the various features of online communication as a replacement for face-to-face interaction, as well as how it contributes to productivity, growth, and mental health. This research looked at a total of 15 publications. We presented a paradigm for assessing the impact of online connections on the mental health of Asia's Generation Z. In order to measure mental health and smartphone use, this research study used a systematic literature review methodology. Data was gathered from databases (ScienceDirect, Data Reportal, and Google Scholar). For this study, the Prisma framework was adopted to retrieve articles, and only solely journal articles were chosen for the literature review.The distinctive aspect of this study is that it combines two separate issues (social media use and social wellness) to create a framework for explaining the effects of online interactions on socializing variables among Gen-Z youth. Furthermore, this research adds to the body of knowledge in current disciplines.

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Volume: Issue: 10

Article: Regression Analysis of Foreign Direct Investment on Employment Creation in Nigeria

Ejiofor Nnaemeka Solomon, Guo Yan, Mintah Clement, Nwokebuife Onyinyechi Juliana, Abudu Kehinde Funmilayo
Vol 4, Issue 10; October 2021
North American Academic Research, 4(10) 98-120 October 2021, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5593143

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Abstract: FDI is very important for countries to reduce their rates of unemployment. Therefore, knowledge on foreign direct investment, economic growth, government revenue, increased tax, and living standard and its application will help determine its success on employment creation in every economy. The paper examines the impact of Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) on employment creation in Nigeria. The study was exploratory research, which was conducted using a survey design. Valid sample adequacy of 292 respondents was employed. We conducted a comprehensive investigation to determine the impact of each variable on employment. During the statistical analysis, we employed the multiple linear regression model and ANOVA test to establish the significant impact of the explanatory variables (foreign direct investment, economic growth, government revenue, increased tax, and living standard) on employment. Our test results suggest that hypotheses (H1, H2, H3, and H4) have established the following results: Foreign direct investment is statistically not significant on employment creation. Economic growth is not statistically significant in employment creation. Government revenue generation through foreign direct investment does not impact positively on employment creation and an increase in tax revenue does not impact positively on employment creation respectively. The test result is an indication that foreign direct investment received into the Nigerian economy is not impacting significantly on employment creation. However, H5 statistically established that whenever employment is created it will affect living standards positively. This indicates that a percentage change in employment creation will lead to a positive change or increase in the living standards of the people. A negative reverse of this result will widen the unemployment gap in the country which will consequently affect the living standard of the populace. The research is an important contribution to the existing knowledge on FDI. The application of these research findings will serve as a guide and the need to appropriately channel the foreign direct inflows received into employment creation to ease or close the unemployment gap in Nigeria. This is a means of boosting the economic growth and prosperity of nations.

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Volume: Issue: 10

Article: Disaster (Amphan) Impact Analysis and Proper Uses of Shelter during Covid-19

Md Ahasan Uddin Akanda, Plabon Kumar Das, Kazi Sumaiya Siddika
Vol 4, Issue 10; October 2021
North American Academic Research, 4(10) 30-49 October 2021, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5572602

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Abstract: Retracted for plagiarism and violation of publication policies.

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Volume: Issue: 10

Article: Optimal Hybrid Solar Photovoltaic and Concentrated Solar Power Design for Zimbabwe Baseload Generation

Allen G Njovana, Professor Yongsheng Liu
Vol 4, Issue 10; October 2021
North American Academic Research, 4(10) 85-97 October 2021, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5593093

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Abstract: For the past years until now, Zimbabwe is experiencing power outages that have a drastic impact on the nation’s economy, education and health system. The objective of this paper is to propose a scalable optimal solar photovoltaic and concentrated solar power (PV-CSP) hybrid system that can generate electricity to minimize load-shedding and improve electricity access to the nation’s population. Considering the geographical location and the availability of the renewable resources, Southern Africa experiences more sun hours in a day compared to wind and rainfall. The installed, hydropower and coal-fired power plants were able to sufficiently meet the energy demands in Zimbabwe, however urbanisation and the growth of the nation’s population as well as the increasing number of new energy consuming equipment in the recent years have promoted load-shedding within the country. Fossil fuels are continuously depleting, and climate change has a huge impact on the amount of rainfall which is affecting the hydro-power plants. Considering the decent number of unhindered sun-hours in Zimbabwe, the hybridization of CSP and PV technologies is a promising collaboration. The low cost of PV power production and the dispatchability of CSP, coupled with thermal energy storage (TES), can deliver electricity, stabilize the grid and meet the energy demands at a lower cost than what could be achieved with CSP alone or with PV alone. The integration of CSP and PV has a high possibility of reducing the levelized cost of electricity (LCOE) with the least greenhouse gas emission compared to other hybrids integrated with fossil-fuel. PV-CSP hybrid may have an increase in capital costs and sometimes the cost of electricity however, large scale integration of PV and CSP can have a slight increase in the cost of electricity at night as both the systems will be using their stored energy, but a guaranteed stable grid will be provided.

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Volume: Issue: 9

Article: Madagascar’s Claim for the Sovereignty over the Scattered Islands which Arbitrarily Occupied by France in the Perspective of International Law: A "war of the seas"

Rakotoarivelo Tiana Nantenaina, Dr. Idris, S.H., M.A., Raden Achmad Gusman Catur Siswandi, S.H, LL.M. Ph.D.
Vol 4, Issue 9; September 2021
North American Academic Research, 4(9) 194-207 September 2021, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5593191

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Abstract: The “Scattered Islands” comprises five islands or groups of islands located either in the Mozambique Channel west of the large island of Madagascar for the Glorieuses, Juan de Nova, Bassas da India, and Europa, or in the North East of Madagascar for the Tromelin islands. The islands In international law of the sea, especially UNCLOS 1982 and international law are of considerable importance. While their combined land area is only about 43km², their adjacent waters potentially represent 640,400km² of Exclusive Economic Zone. However, shortly before the independence of Madagascar, which took place on June 26, 1960, they were attached by Decree n° 60-555 of April 1, 1960, to the French Overseas Ministry, against the wishes of the Malagasy representatives. The legal aspect of the status of the Scattered Islands is interesting given the circumstances relating to the decolonization procedure and the attempts at conciliation that followed the Malagasy claim after this mentioned independence. Madagascar first claimed sovereignty over the Scattered Islands in 1973. It was not until 1978 that Madagascar brought official sovereignty claims to certain international organizations. These were related only to the Glorieuses, Europa, Juan de Nova, and Bassas da India, not including Tromelin

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Volume: Issue: 10

Article: Assessment of In-containment Accidental Source Term for Small Modular Reactor

Abdul Rab Asary, Abdul Basit, Abdul Samad, Atia Perveen
Vol 4, Issue 10; October 2021
North American Academic Research, 4(10) 67-84 October 2021, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5579189

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Abstract: Many studies have been completed for analysis of source terms for commercial and research nuclear reactors. No studies have been done for small modular reactors (SMR). Different fission products release from the reactor core into the containment during a nuclear accident like TMI2. Assessment of fission products in the containment is necessary for better design of future nuclear reactors. To evaluate the fission products, a MATLAB program is developed using Runge-Kutta 4th order method. This program evaluates four elements of each isotope in the containment air and on the containment surface. Results show that the activity of fission products in the containment air is high as compared to the surface. The activity in the containment air is an increase for some time then decrease gradually concerning time. The behavior of fission products on the containment surface is the same but different in activity level except for noble gases, their activity increases as time increase. Moreover, containment spray also helps to remove fission products up to 2 orders of magnitude which satisfied our results according to the NUREG-1465 report. In the end, a comparison of SMR is investigated with research reactor and commercial reactor. The model can also be used to evaluate the containment performance and other actinides fission products for SMR.

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Volume: Issue: 10

Article: Understanding of Disaster Risk Management in Madagascar

Rakotoarimanana Zy Misa Harivelo, Rakotoarimanana Zy Harifidy, Rakotovao Soatsitohaina Ravaonjalitera
Vol 4, Issue 10; October 2021
North American Academic Research, 4(10) 01-10, October 2021, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5562328

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Abstract: Madagascar (download paper to see full abstract)

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Volume: Issue: 9

Article: Chinese Investment in Bangladesh

Md Alamin Sarkar, Professor Xie Jiaping
Vol 4, Issue 9; September 2021
North American Academic Research, 4(9) 135-154 September 2021, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5550393

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Abstract: The COVID-19 is a global epidemic that has infected the world and killed millions of people. Apart from human expenses, the economic and societal consequences of COVID-19 are substantial for most countries on the globe. The persistence of the disease has generated worries about several economic and strategic problems that will significantly impact the world order. This article explores the potential for a global economic recession or depression. The research shows that there may be more effort in the world to minimize China's over- dependence on the global supply chain's operation and reverse globalization and restructure the industrialization strategy

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Volume: Issue: 9

Article: Proverbs or Idioms: A Cross-Cultural Analysis on How Proverbs or Idioms are Treated in Chinese and Bengali Language

Sheikh Sultan Ahmed, Kazi Nafisa Rashed, Kaniz Fatema
Vol 4, Issue 9; September 2021
North American Academic Research, 4(9) 166-193 September 2021, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5557683

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Abstract: The principle finding of this study is to examine some common proverbs that are used in Chinese and Bengali including their counterparts to shed light on significant socio-cultural differences. The study is also going to put some light on the Chinese idioms that are used with certain common elements in Bengali proverbs and Chinese Proverbs as Bengali idioms. The choice of sample proverbs and idioms are collected from random sources; Chinese proverbs and idioms same as Bengali collected from Chinese classmates, friends, some online resources and books. It would be more a cross-cultural comparative study.

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Volume: Issue: 10

Article: Investigation of Treacle’s Effects for Cohesive Soil Stabilization

Azhar Abbas, Xie Xiongyao, Ali Zar, Muhammad Yousaf, Muhammad Gul Nawaz
Vol 4, Issue 10; October 2021
North American Academic Research, 4(10) 11-29 October 2021, https://doi.org/10.5281/z enodo.5564387

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Abstract: Natural soils have flaws in terms of workability, so it's critical to implement experimental techniques to increase soil workability and meet construction demands. Stabilization is essential for construction objectives such as enhancing the soil's carrying capacity, overcoming swelling issues in expansive soil, and so on. In this paper, we look at how treacle can be used to strengthen cohesive soil. We evaluated the geotechnical parameters of stabilized and unsterilized soil to see if the stabilizer had an influence on cohesive soil. On both stabilized soil and native soil samples, the following tests were performed: Atterberg's limit test, shrinkage test, Unconfined Compressive Strength (UCS) test, California Bearing Ration (CBR) test, and swelling test. Cohesive soil with treacle, whether or not it can be used as a stabilizing agent for coherent soil, has been experimentally examined for determining soil strength properties. Finally, the amount of treacle that is effective as a stabilizing agent, treacle quality measures, soil stabilizing lab trials, and other requirements for further positive progress on this idea for cohesive soil improvements are explored.

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Volume: Issue: 9

Article: Effect of Date of Transplanting and Spacing under Raised Bed System on the Yield of Superamandhan

Md. Shahidul Islam, Farhana Najnine, Mst. Amina khaton, Md. Romij Uddin
Vol 4, Issue 9; September 2021
North American Academic Research, 4(9) 152-165 September 2021, https://doi.org/10.5281/z enodo.5554063

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Abstract: Field studies were carried out to investigate the effect of the date of transplanting and spacing on the yield and yield-related parameters of Superamandhan. The experimental treatments included four transplanting dates viz. 15 June, 30 June, 15 July, and 30 July 2014, and 6 spacings viz. 80 cm × 60 cm, single row (S1); 80 cm × 60 cm, double rows (S2); 80 cm × 50 cm, single row (S3); 80 cm × 50 cm, double rows (S4); 80 cm × 40 cm, single row (S5) and 80 cm × 40 cm, double rows (S6). The experiment was laid out in a Split-Plot Design with three replications assigning date of transplanting to the main plots and spacing to the sub plots. The size of the unit plot was 12.8 m2 (4.0 m × 3.2 m). Results of the study showed that the effect of date of transplanting and spacing had a significant effect on all the parameters, except 1000-grain. From the analysis of the yield data, it was observed that late transplanting decreased yield. The highest grain yield of 4.28 t ha-1 was obtained from transplanting on 15 June, while the lowest grain yield of 2.30 t ha-1 was found on 30 July transplanting. The results show that due to the higher number of plant densities on narrower spacing the yield was higher than the wider spacing. The highest grain yield (3.93 t ha-1 ) was obtained from 80 cm × 40 cm, double rows spacing, and the lowest grain yield (2.93 t ha-1 ) was obtained from 80 cm × 60 cm, single row spacing. The interaction effect of date of transplanting and spacing was also found significant for yield and plant characters of Superamandhan, except 1000-grain weight. Results of the present study revealed that transplanting on 15 June with 80 cm × 40 cm double rows spacing was found to be the best for obtaining maximum grain yield of Superamandhan.

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Volume: Issue: 9

Article: The Current Conditions that Need to Be Met by a Listed Company in Indonesia's Health Products (PT PMA) and the Applicable Laws and Business Management of Commerce

Dr. Amrih Patriotomo
Vol 4, Issue 9; September 2021
North American Academic Research, 4(9)124-134, September 2021, https://doi.org/10.5281/z enodo.5543873

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Abstract: So far, the development of direct selling in Indonesia has been around for more than 30 years. As a member of the World Direct Selling Association, the direct selling industry in Indonesia has made good progress. Whether it is laws and regulations, government management, or the operation of enterprises and distributors, as well as the development of company operations, they have reached a very mature stage. Direct selling is used in Indonesia to sell a variety of products. Direct selling companies that have done a good job in this regard include Amway, Tiens Group (health product company "MLM"), New Era, etc. These companies have a presence in the publicity and business model of Indonesian culture. With a certain degree of internal consistency, they have better promoted their own brands in Indonesia’s relatively open direct selling environment, and have gained good brand influence and huge wealth. Many Indonesian companies have also made gains by copying the business models of multinational direct selling companies

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Volume: Issue: 9

Article: Influence of Nutritional Requirement on Fish, Meat and Poultry Consumption

Bissih Fred
Vol 4, Issue 9; September 2021
North American Academic Research, 4(9) 110-123, September 2021, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5535312

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Abstract: Due to a growth in the consumption of mixed meals, it is becoming increasingly necessary to collect more exact quantitative data on specific food components. The purpose of this article is to evaluate the consumption of meat, chicken, and fish before and after the disaggregation of mixed meals, as well as the contribution of meat, poultry, and fish to energy and nutritional intakes in a representative sample of individuals. Following the disaggregation of mixed meals, reduced estimates of red meat (9 percent), chicken (25 percent), and fish (18 percent) intakes were obtained, while greater estimates of processed meat intakes were obtained (17 percent). After disaggregation, meat/poultry/fish contributed approximately 25% of total energy intake, 49% of protein intake, 29% saturated fat intake, 26% iron intake, and 38% zinc intake, which was significantly higher than their contributions reflected in survey data containing a variety of different dishes. Children consumed 118 g of meat/poultry/fish per day, while adults consumed 162 g per day, with chicken and beef accounting for the majority of the calories consumed by both groups. These findings give a thorough picture of meat, poultry, and fish consumption in Australia, and also highlight the need for more population studies to disaggregate reported dietary information in order to produce a more exact estimate of consumption in future years.

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Volume: Issue: 9

Article: Route Planning for Multiple AGV System Using Genetic Algorithm in Manufacturing Warehouse

AWAIS SULTAN, QIONG LIU, HUANG KAIKUN, XU XING
Vol 4, Issue 9; September 2021
North American Academic Research, 4(9) 53-62 September 2021, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5526817

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Abstract: Many scholars have proved that path planning in a multiple automated guided vehicle (AGV) system is an NP-Hard issue. Traditionally, numerous mathematical strategies have been used to complete this difficult task. Based on a genetic algorithm, this research provides an efficient path planning solution for many AGV systems. The constraint in the optimization task is that, each AGV starts and returns to his starting place, minimizing single path distance of each Agv.Travelling to a unique set of pick-up stations, each pick-up station is visited by exactly one AGV for goods picking up. The Cost Function is to search for the shortest path the least distance needed for each AGV to travel from the start location to individual points and back to the original starting place. The experimental results show that the total path distance of all AGVs and longest Single AGV path distance are shortened by using the modified genetic algorithm.

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Volume: Issue: 9

Article: Field Investigations and Organic Content Measurement of Cretaceous Chichali Shale, Chichali Gorge, Trans Indus Ranges, Pakistan

Ali Raza, Yiwen Ju, Azeem Shah, Salman Ahmed Khattak, Aamer Asghar, Peng Qiao, Lei Xiao
Vol 4, Issue 9; September 2021
North American Academic Research, 4(9) 78-91, September 2021, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5528787

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Abstract: The Cretaceous Chichali Formation in Chichali Gorge section, Trans Indus Ranges, is 60m thick. The Chichali Formation is divided into different members based on lithological variations, i.e., lower, middle, and upper members. The lower member ~25m comprises carbonaceous sandy shale inter-bedded with fine-grained glauconitic sandstone. The shales of this member are complete with Belemnites fossils. The middle member is ~20m thick, composed of thick fine bedded grained glauconitic sandstones with shale having few Belemnites. The upper ~25m thick member is comprised of dark green glauconitic sandstone, which lacks Belemnites. The results of the geochemical analysis of investigated shales samples show slight variations in TOC results, with the highest value of 0.41 wt% (CPC-1) and the lowest value of 0.12 wt% (CPC-10). The highest TOC value is reported in the dark black carbonaceous shales, full of Belemnites (lower member) of the Chichali Formation. In contrast, the lowest value of TOC is reported in the upper greenish shales, which lacks Belemnites (upper member) of the Chichali Formation. It has been observed that all the samples have less than 0.5 TOC wt%, which indicates that the Chichali Shale is below the minimum limit required for a rock to act as a potential source rock.

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Volume: Issue: 9

Article: College Students’ Online Buying Behavior: Identification of the Most Influencing Factors of Online Shopping Behavior in Pakistan

Aleena Ashraf, Alqa Ashraf, Burhan Hashmi
Vol 4, Issue 9; September 2021
North American Academic Research, 4(9) 92-109 September 2021, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5528809

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Abstract: Web based shopping is a moderately innovative type of retail trade. In the current era it is the most flourishing type of business throughout Pakistan. In Pakistan, electronic shopping is still not also acknowledged as famous as in many nations, and however the information of internet shopping in Pakistan is presently starting to increment quickly, the variables impacting web based shopping conduct of Pakistani buyers have not been researched. This examination expects to decide the variables influencing understudies purchasing conduct on the web. There is a need to understand if there is a relationship between independent factors like Low Price, Variety, Time Consciousness, Customer Service, Convenience, Promotion, perceived ease of use, Comparison, Trust, Attitude and availability with independent phenomena such as Purchase Intention Online. Descriptive research and a questionnaire are outlined as the information gathering technique and are utilized in the survey on work led at fifteen restaurants, 5 colleges and 5 shopping malls all over Pakistan in June and July, 2020 covering 300 sample respondents. To describe the respondents of the study Frequency measures are used. The other measures which are used to determine the relationship between above mentioned factors and online shopping intentions are; correlation and multiple regression analysis. The analysis of the statistics is performed using SPSS 20 software. The factors influencing purchase intention online are variety, convenience, time saving, and reasonable price, perceived ease of use, shoppers' Trust, customer service, promotions, and attitude. The findings suggests that all of the influencing factors such as; Price, Variety, Time Consciousness, Customer Service, Convenience, Promotion, perceived ease of use, Comparison, Trust, Attitude and availability have positive relation with students’ intention to purchase through internet.

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Volume: Issue: 9

Article: The Analysis of Kiwari Farmers Bandung’s Competitive Strategy

Vani Dwi Nurani
Vol 4, Issue 9; September 2021
North American Academic Research, 4(9) 63-77 September 2021, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5528771

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Abstract: The creative economy (EKRAF) is one of the strategic sectors in national development due to its significant contribution to the Indonesian economy. There are three EKRAF subsectors that grow rapidly and become prima donnas, they are, culinary, fashion, and craft. The culinary industry is the subsector of the creative economy with the fastest growth. The number of new competitors who moved into the same industry makes the competition in this market becomes too tight. One of the culinary industries focused on coffee commodities is Kiwari Farmers. Kiwari Farmers has its own concept in producing and packaging its products. This research is qualitative descriptive-analytical with case study research methods, which focus on evaluating the effectivity of the strategy used to see how that strategy can attract consumers by achieving the intended target market; the consumers with age range 18-28 years old and supporting the company's long-term goals, as well as designing future strategies by analysing the data obtained using the company's internal environmental analysis, namely value chain analysis, and external environmental analysis using PESTLE analysis and Porter's 5 Forces analysis combined to formulate advantages, disadvantages, opportunities, and threats (SWOT) for the company. This research shows that the differentiation strategy used so far is effective, while in anticipation of the upcoming competition the company can implement the new strategy namely best cost provider. This is aimed at the consumer response with the volume of product sales and reports of consumer visit volume. Then the results of this analysis show how to maximize the opportunity to focus on the company's long-term goals.

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Volume: Issue: 9

Article: Maillard Reaction: Food Processing Aspects

Akib Hosen, Abdullah Al-Mamun, Md. Ashadujjaman Robin, Umme Habiba, Rafia Sultana
Vol 4, Issue 9; September 2021
North American Academic Research, 4(9) 44-52 September 2021, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5516169

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Abstract: Maillard reaction is a very famous reaction in food science. This paper overviews some information on Maillard reaction which is relevant for easy learning and understanding the Maillard reaction chemistry. Depending on the previous (2000-2015) and latest (2021) information, this contribution is made. This paper shows some effect on food characteristics occurred by Maillard reaction. In this paper how food properties (flavor, color, texture, odor, etc.) are influenced and changed by Maillard reaction is discussed. This paper is also discussed some positive and negative effects of Maillard reaction on foods and on humans. This paper also shows how Maillard reaction products can affect the human health. Production of antioxidants, formation of flavor, browning, and anti-browning activity of Maillard reaction products are also reviewed here.

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Volume: Issue: 9

Article: Container-Throughput Forecasting in the Port of Pointe-Noire Using ARIMA Model

Dimitri D.H. Owassa, Jingbo Yin
Vol 4, Issue 9; September 2021
North American Academic Research, 4(9) 01-18 September 2021, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5516224

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Abstract: Because the Port of Pointe-Noire (POPN) is the economic lung of the Republic of Congo, its rapid development will help boost the national revenues. The port’s container terminal is a key element in the management of the port. Thus, an accurate estimation of the future container traffic is essential to the optimization of its performance. In this study, an ARIMA model was developed to forecast the port’s container throughput. Monthly data from 2011 to 2020 were collected, giving a total of 120 observations. The model performance was evaluated using three accuracy measuring indexes. The forecasted values fit well the actual values, demonstrating that the model performed quite well. Finally, the container throughput for the year 2021 was forecasted, and the results showed a slight increase in the container traffic compared to the year 2020, from 928,000 to 957,000 TEUs.

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Volume: Issue: 9

Article: Use of ICT Tools by Kinshasa Primary Schools Students both During and After Class: State of Places and Perspectives

MANDA BENJAMIN KISIMBA
Vol 4, Issue 9; September 2021
North American Academic Research, 4(9) 33-43 September 2021, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5512795

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Abstract: The field of ICT has profoundly changed the organization of traditional methods of teaching and learning in the world education systems; that largely affect daily habits in schools and in families. The key stakeholders, namely principals, teachers, parents and students are called to lead, teach and learn differently. A disgusting observation has already been deplored: the culture of the use of ICTs in school curricula in Democratic Republic of Congo is still considered as a luxury in certain regions of the country, and even in the capital city. The low investment in computing tools by the principals and parents, the inexistence and / or the relatively high costs of internet access, the lack of skills and training required to teachers and parents in this area, etc. are not promoting the good popularization of the importance of ICTs for the integral development of future executives of the Nation. It is within this framework that this paper had the objective to conduct a study on the use of ICT by the students in primary schools in Kinshasa during and after class, in order to assess the current situation, and to propose solutions, with the aim of contributing to the effectiveness of the integration of this field into the daily lives of students at school and at home. We opted for a mixed research method: quantitative and qualitative, administered by questionnaires, and semi-structured interviews to 108 participants including 3 principals, 45 parents and 60 teachers from 3 different primary schools. After analyzing data, the results reveal that the use is definitely palpable with the manipulation of computers (especially at school) and phones (on a large scale at home), but disparities are noted which prevent a good assimilation of ICT by the students: whether for teachers and parents, lack of resources, low level of knowledge and skills, are parameters that reduce the use of ICT by students.

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Volume: Issue: 9

Article: CO2 Removal from CH4 by using Cellulose Acetate (CA) Membrane in Comparison with Adsorption, Absorption and Cryogenic Processes: A Case Study

Mukhtiar Ahmed, Muhammad Nazim Lakhan, Abdul Hanan, Rizwan Ahmed, Altaf Hussain Shar, Irfan Ali, Shahjahan Mahesar, Muhammad Ahsan Latif, Atta Muhammad, Muhammad Azam Usto
Vol 4, Issue 9; September 2021
North American Academic Research, 4(9) 19-32, September 2021, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5512507

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Abstract: Natural gas is a homogenous liquid of low viscosity and low density or it may also be defined as a complex mixture of combustible hydrocarbon gases and impurities such as carbon dioxide, vapour, sulfur, hydrogen, and nitrogen. In order to fulfill the pipeline and environmental standards, these impurities must be removed. The major cause of climate change is carbon and sulphur emissions such as CO2 and H2S. For these impurities, the pipeline requirements are: <2% CO2, <4ppm H2S and <0.1g/m3 H2O. Based on disadvantages in conventional processes, such as high energy consumption, complex processing and high capital cost, the development of membrane separation technique is highly compact, energetic, environmentally friendly, flexible, and possibly cost-effective than already well-established technologies. This study recommends the separation of CO2 from CH4 through membrane technology and introduces the cellulose acetate (CA) membrane in comparison with other established separation techniques including as absorption, adsorption, and cryogenic techniques and also suggests some ideas about current signs of progress in CA membranes such as enhanced permeability and selectivity. This study also emphasizes the modification of the cellulose acetate membrane and also outlines the essential distinctions, characteristics, and conditions of operation for the membrane process and other CO2 removal approaches.

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Volume: Issue: 8

Article: Study on Physicochemical Properties of Sufu during Post-fermentation

Li Jianzhou, Li Dan, Jiang Dan, Lin Chenglan, Chen Xiaohua
Vol 4, Issue 8; August 2021
North American Academic Research, 4(8) 148-155, August 2021, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5501858

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Abstract: Sufu is a kind of soybean fermented food. In this experiment, the physical and chemical properties of seven commercial sufu and two kinds of self-made sufu were determined, and the changes of physicochemical indexes during post-fermentation were detected. The results showed that the physiochemical properties of the seven commercial sufu all meet the standard, while the total acid content of the two self-made sufu is not in line with the standard. Through the analysis of the physical and chemical indexes of two kinds of self-made fermented bean curd in different post fermentation periods, it was found that the content of amino acid nitrogen was positively correlated with the post fermentation time, while the content of water-soluble protein was negatively correlated with the post fermentation time.

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Volume: Issue: 8

Article: A Study on Nutritional Assessment and Adulteration of Raw and Pasteurized Milk Collected from Local Markets in Dhaka City

Tasnu Ara, M. N. Uddin, Ummey Hafsa Bithi, Kanika Mitra
Vol 4, Issue 8; August 2021
North American Academic Research, 4(8) 100-111, August 2021, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5387808

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Abstract: Milk is one of the most valuable and regularly consumable foods. Recently, raw milk adulteration is a burning issue in Bangladesh. The present investigation was an experimental study, conducted to evaluate the nutritional quality and qualitative detection of adulterants in both raw and pasteurized milk. A total number of 20 milk samples were collected from local markets of Dhaka and its nearest areas. Obtained data was compared with the standard values of BSTI and Food Composition Table for Bangladesh. The results revealed that proximate analysis such as Fat (3.17%, 4.37%, 3.53%), Protein (3.26%, 3.99%, 3.34%) and Lactose (4.17%, 4.23%, 4.30%) for milk samples collected from milkmen, dairy farm; and for pasteurized milk samples respectively. While the determination of other parameters gave the data that Titratable acidity (0.18%, 0.17%, 0.16%), Cholesterol (8.95 mg/100g, 7.95 mg/100g, 0.589 mg/100g) and Calcium (170.40 mg/100g, 328.09 mg/100g, 266.27 mg/100g) for milk samples collected from milkmen, dairy farm; and pasteurize milk samples respectively. Majority of the samples’ nutrient content were as per the standard values. About 70% samples were adulterated with neutralizers and 30% were adulterated with skimmed milk powder. Detergent and Starch showed no positive test result in all the samples. This study concluded that samples collected from dairy farm contained higher nutritive elements than pasteurize milk and the samples of milkmen. Samples collected from milkmen and pasteurize milks were similarly adulterated with neutralizers.

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Volume: Issue: 8

Article: An Empirical Investigation of Energy Productivity Determinants in Uganda, Kenya and Tanzania

Nakibuuka Noor
Vol 4, Issue 8; August 2021
North American Academic Research, 4(8) 133-147, August 2021, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5448967

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Abstract: This paper investigates energy productivity determinants for three of the East African countries for the period of 1992-2018. On application of Random effect analysis, Three-stage least-squares regression, G2SLS random-effects IV regression, Fixed-effects (within) IV regression and generalized estimate equation. The results indicate that energy sector productivity increase is primarily responsible for economy wide improvements. This should alleviate concerns that countries are becoming more energy productive due to structural economic shifts and growth in service sectors. Nations that are undergoing liberalization exhibit high levels of improvement, although they are still less energy production than developed Nations. In contrast, a more significant share of output from industry is associated with lower energy productivity levels and high energy prices on income levels are associated with improvement in energy sector productivity.

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Volume: Issue: 8

Article: Bag of Visual Words Techniques for Content- Based Image Retrieval and the Role Using in Computer Vision Major: A Survey

Abdullah MMA Al-Omari, Abdullah Noman
Vol 4, Issue 8; August 2021
North American Academic Research, 4(8) 81-89, August 2021, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5448763

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Abstract: The advancements in multimedia technologies have highlighted the demand to retrieve images among several images. Also, the need for accurate image retrieval is forced to development of more efficient methods. Nowadays, Content-Based Image Retrieval (CBIR) became an active research field, to produce typical solutions for similar images retrieval from image databases. Further, CBIR became the main direction for image retrieval, likewise the bag-of-visual- word model (BoVW), which is a popular helpful model for achieving CBIR goals. In this paper, a CBIR survey had been presented, the focus had pointed to the BoVW Model used for CBIR and a brief discussion about the different techniques of BOVW and the role it plays in computer vision technology and image enhancement systems. For the last three decades, the semantic gap between high-level semantic and low-level image features is an active research area in CBIR, hence, the BoVW model is one of the mechanizes utilized for reducing the semantic gap. Further, the BoVW model, as a significant CBIR model, is fused with many useful methods. CBIR popular methods, such as SIFT and SURF, are worked for general image types. Although, other specific methods are used either for medical images or for streaming images. In this work, various methods of different types have been presented. However, most CBIR researches had considered the BoVW model with general-purpose CBIR, specific purpose methods and benchmarks had been studied. Keywords: SEMANTIC GAP; BAG OF VISUAL

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Volume: Issue: 7

Article: Association between Psychosocial Needs, Negative Lust Behaviour with Sexual Risk Behaviours among Young Girls Living in Kigali, Rwanda

Callixte NZARIKURIKIZA, Francois Xavier NGABONZIMA
Vol 4, Issue 7; July 2021
North American Academic Research, 4(7) 01-13, July 2021, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5386603

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Abstract: Young girls living in shanty town experience life that may subject them to psychosocial needs (PNs), negative lust behavior (NLB), associated with sexual risk behaviors (SRBs). We aimed to understand how these variables not only independently affect girls who do not purposely use condom or abstain, but also how they shape antisocial behaviors that lead to unintended pregnancy (UP). Participants were 875 girls’ members of Young Girls Association (YGA) living in set barracks. We assessed the pitfall symptoms of NLB and SRB (who do not use condom, use condom, abstained) among 19500 sexually active girls as participants. Descriptive statistics and correlation among observed variables for left-behind girls and non left-behind girls were analyzed. The results showed that independent variables were significance to dependent variable, moreover, independent variables were insignificance status to predict SRB. These results provide novel evidence of girls who have had an UP and effectively were ready to change. Our findings provide important information for future researchers based on SRB. Poor relationship, poor mental perceptions, sense of satisfaction are targeted in unplanned pregnancies prevention programs in the key population.

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Volume: Issue: 8

Article: The Family and Social Change in Xiamen City An Anthropological Study of the Siming District

ZINGA Christian Amandin
Vol 4, Issue 8; August 2021
North American Academic Research, 4(8) 112-132, August 2021, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5389823

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Abstract: This ethnographic research addressed the city transformation and social change in a Chinese city. The case study focuses on Siming district. The Siming district is an old and contemporary city center of Xiamen (Amoy) city, the second capital of Fujian province. It can be identified as a major city center and a global center. The study aims to develop the specific perspective of urban anthropology about urban transformation and social change in a Chinese city in this period of globalization.

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Volume: Issue: 8

Article: Impact of Micro Finance on Agriculture Development in District Badin of Sindh Province of Pakistan

Aslam Memon, Zou Wei, M.I Kumbhar, Jumo Khan
Vol 4, Issue 8; August 2021
North American Academic Research, 4(8) 90-99, August 2021, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5283989

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Abstract: The impact assessment of micro finance on agriculture development in district Badin was performed. The results showed that the total credit disbursement by various commercial banks in Badin district was 103.97, 72.84, 90.33, 39.97, 139.44, 103.37 and 131.28 million rupees during the years 2010-11, 2011-12, 2012-13, 2013-14, 2014-15, 2015-16 and 2016-17; while total amount of loans under short and long term schemes during this period was 103.97, 72.84, 90.33, 39.97, 139.44, 103.37 and 131.28 million rupees, respectively. The cross partial correlation coefficient results suggested that total credit (TCR) is significantly correlated with GNP. This gives greater association of agricultural production with micro credit, where fertilizer is highly correlated with seed and production is highly correlated with cropping intensity. The seed is highly correlated with pesticides which are all important purchased inputs. The regression analysis indicates that the total institutional credit was a significant determinant of seed, fertilizer, pesticides, cropping intensity and GNP. In all cases, the total credit appears also to be highly significant. The flow of agricultural credit from institutional sources resulted in significant expansion after the participation of commercial banks which made appreciable efforts to accomplish the objectives and captured substantial market. The results of the present study show that the institutional credit proves to have more impact on farm productivity. It is suggestible that in Badin district, the credit availability and loan size, farmers’ education and landholding structure need to be improved for all farmers and farmers are not homogenous in their demand for credit and subsequently in their credit constraints, and this has important effect on their technical efficiency.

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Volume: Issue: 8

Article: A Study on Job Stress and Employee Performance in Afghanistan's Banking Sector

Sadat Said Redwan, Batoor Omaree, Sher Bano
Vol 4, Issue 8; August 2021
North American Academic Research, 4(8) 71-80, August 2021, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5236745

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Abstract: Employee health and well-being, as well as an organization's productivity and profits, have all been shown to be negatively impacted by workplace stress. Job stress can be caused by a lack of ability to meet job demands, job insecurity, mismatch with job profile, and relationships with coworkers, and other organizational factors. In today's fast-changing environment, employees face high levels of work stress, greater frustration, and higher job expectations. Individuals and businesses can take steps to lessen the negative effects of work stress. Employees, on the other hand, must learn to recognize the signs of stress, and employers must be aware of the negative effects stress has on both their employees' health and the bottom line. This paper investigates the impact of work stress on employee performance in the banking industry. The study's sample came from the banks of Kabul, Afghanistan's capital. To collect relevant primary data, a structured questionnaire was used. The end result revealed that work stress causes subjective reactions in employees such as fear, anger, and anxiety, resulting in poor mental health. Based on these findings, it was suggested that banks reduce mental stress, clear role ambiguity, and job insecurity by redesigning jobs, as well as organizing counseling sessions and workshops on stress management for employees.

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Volume: Issue: 8

Article: Application of Two Dip Two Pad Dyeing of Cotton Fabric with Reactive Dyes and Find Out the Suitable Condition Based on L9 Control- Level Factors Design

Md. Iusuf Khan, Rokaiya Hasan Mou, Md Asibul Hasan Raihan, Israt Khandaker Mim, Sagar Barua, Sharmin akter popy
Vol 4, Issue 8; August 2021
North American Academic Research, 4(8) 59-70, August 2021, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5233211

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Abstract: Dyeing of cotton fabrics with Reactive Red 2 using padding method (two dip two pad) was done; the fixation of dyeing fabric had been done using either thermo fixation technique. Different parameters such as dyeing time, dye concentration, drying temperature and PH were used. The controllable factors such as dyeing time, dye concentration, drying temperature and PH have been used as input variables and K/S value of the fabric (after dyeing and after soaping) to find out fixation percentage i.e. as response variable for the construction of Taguchi model and Single Factor model. An L9 orthogonal array design has been chosen and conducted 9 experiments for each experiment. The optimal parameters in the dyeing process of Reactive Red 2 have been identified as PH 10, dye concentration 5 g/L, drying time 3 min and drying temperature 70 °C. From Pareto Chart analysis we found the optimizing sequences are PH (A) (10) > Dyeing concentration (C) (5 gm/L) > Drying Temperature (B) (70°C) > Drying Time (D) (3 minute) for Reactive Red 2. ANOVA implies that PH & Drying time is the most significant factor of Reactive Red 2. The Taguchi model derived in this research has been verified via confirmation experiment and unseen experimental data. In addition, the confirmation experimental S/N ratio 38.7 under optimal conditions is found to be good agreement with the predicted S/N ratio 38.45 for Reactive Red 2.

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Volume: Issue: 8

Article: Research on Security and Vulnerabilities in Cloud Computing

Ahsanul Haque
Vol 4, Issue 8; August 2021
North American Academic Research, 4(8) 50-58, August 2021, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5218565

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Abstract: Cloud computing is a ground place for big enterprise companies that brings together companies' assets on a versatile stage to give customers the ability to store as much data as possible in cloud storage without any hassle, but apart from the positive sides. There have been a lot of data breaches & it’s still happening. This paper outlines what cloud computing is, the different cloud deployment models & the main security risks and issues currently present within the cloud computing industry. Cloud computing became such an important part of the technology industry that nowadays most companies are moving on to cloud platforms. Big companies have such good cloud storage and rates for other small companies for which a lot of small companies are moving to the cloud and not only because of the low rate but also the fact that they don't have to do anything for physical storage. Since everything from user data to local database is managed by the cloud companies, it saves a lot of money and space for smaller companies to move on to the cloud. But is the cloud safe as the big corporation suggests? According to my research, some matters are making the cloud vulnerable in terms of security for the users data and other personal information that might get into the hands of a hacker easily.

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Volume: Issue: 8

Article: Waste to Wealth..! Biogas Production from Food Waste

Narththanah Sajuran, Koodeswaran Sajuran
Vol 4, Issue 8; August 2021
North American Academic Research, 4(8) 47-49, August 2021, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5204441

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Abstract: The Up-flow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket Reactor (UASBR) is widely used due to its high potential in converting the food waste to bio-gas. Long start-up periods and inhibitions due to high ion concentrations are common issues of UASBRs. Therefore, a prototype UASBR was designed and developed by incorporating biofilter liner system to address these issues. This study was conducted for 40 days to evaluate the performance of UASBR with the modifications in the feeding system, recirculation system, and newly established sludge removal port. Food waste was prepared with the proper elemental composition based on the calculations done by solving the Linear Programming Problem (LPP). Reactor performance was evaluated daily by analysing the physical and bio-chemical parameters. Interventions such as addition of 1M KOH, inoculum and food waste, recirculation, and sludge removal were done to enhance the anaerobic digestion and to accelerate the start-up process. All the parameters fluctuated responding to the interventions. Even though, pH was low inside the reactor, the methane gas production showed steady increase because methanogenic bacteria have started to adapt and acclimatize in the low pH environment. The colour of permeate was also a colourless solution. Also, towards the end of test period, total nitrogen, nitrate-nitrogen, available phosphorous, and total potassium were detected in permeate. Thus, the composite liner system acts as a live biofilter providing optimum conditions in the anaerobic digestion process via reducing the inhibitions and accelerating the start-up process.

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Volume: Issue: 8

Article: Developing Position Profile for Insurance Broker in Indonesia

Giselle Abrian
Vol 4, Issue 8; August 2021
North American Academic Research, 4(8) 14-21, August 2021, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5189245

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Abstract: In an industry that is engaged in the sale of services, human resources who carry out these service activities are a determining factor for company performance. Therefore, human resources that meet the qualifications are needed in order to meet the specified targets and maintain consistency of service quality. This phenomenon is clearly seen in the Insurance Brokerage industry, where in 2016 the Indonesian government introduced a regulation that regulates the minimum qualification requirements for Insurance Brokers to operate. The purpose of this research is to create a position profile to help set standards when recruiting and selecting insurance brokers. In forming a position profile using the theory of recruitment and selection of workforce based on competence according to Dubois et al (2004). This research is a qualitative research using case study method. The data collection technique used is the result of interviews supported by secondary data both provided by the company and documents outside the relevant company internal data. Interview participants from this study were the company's President Director, Human Resources Manager, and recruitment and selection staff. The results of the research conducted are to form a position profile of the Insurance Broker position which is used as the basis for recruitment and selection. The recommendation given is to implement a position profile that has been made as a standard in the recruitment and selection process for Insurance Brokers, and the procedure for making this position profile can used to standardize other positions, and recommendations for future research provide a tool to identify the criteria in the position profile when conducting interviews.

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Volume: Issue: 8

Article: Servant Leadership and Employees' Motivation A Case Study of Public Education Department of Herat Province

Jalil Ahmad Sultani
Vol 4, Issue 8; August 2021
North American Academic Research, 4(8) 33-46, August 2021, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5196339

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Abstract: The current study aimed to investigate the relationship between servant leadership and employees’ motivations. The relationship of the servant leadership dimensions - service, trust, humility, and altruism- were analyzed with employees’ motivations at the public education department of Herat province. The researcher collected the data by standard questionnaire from 108 employees of the Herat public education department. The sample was selected based on a random sampling method. After applying the normality test, we used linear regression analysis. The research findings indicate that servant leadership has a positive correlation with employee motivation as the Pearson’s correlation coefficient was 0.461 and the P-value was 0.000. Moreover, the correlation was significant for service, trust, and altruism dimensions of servant leadership. the correlation coefficients for each dimension were 0.403, 0.483, 0.493 with P-value 0.000 respectively. However, the hypothesis for humility dimensions of servant leadership and employees’ motivations was not significant. The research findings show that the servant leadership style affects employees’ motivations at the public education department of Herat province. Therefore, the decision-makers in the department should widely apply this leadership style in all aspects of the organization because employees with higher motivation may have better performance. As a result, the citizens' trust for public service in this sector will improve.

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Volume: Issue: 8

Article: Formulating Technical Competency for General Affairs Department

Renata Ivana Ryantandi
Vol 4, Issue 8; August 2021
North American Academic Research, 4(8) 22-32, August 2021, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5189255

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Abstract: Human resource management in the company is one of the factors that can support the company's success. In human resource management, there are some important factors that can help each function run optimally, named competency. Competency is needed to support employees in doing their jobs within the company. Based on the research before the existence of competency, human resource management in the company is less optimal in carrying out their duties. The purpose of this study is to design competencies for the General Affairs Department by knowing the condition of the company's HR management without any competency and the suitable technical competency that the General Affairs Department must apply. This research mostly uses the Competency-Based Human Resource Management theory. This research is analyzed by using a qualitative research – case study method. Respondents’ data source in this study are involving managers and general affairs staff and HR staff of the company. The data is collected by interviewing the respondents and supported by the company’s documents. The result of this research is the design of eight technical competency for the Department of General Affairs. The recommendation from this research is that the company should implement this competency design and hopefully the company growth may be increasingly developed.

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Volume: Issue: 8

Article: The Effects of Green Brand Knowledge in Purchase Intention (Case Study from Indonesia)

Georgina Afrilia Conggo
Vol 4, Issue 8; August 2021
North American Academic Research, 4(8) 01-13, August 2021, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5182099

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Abstract: Lately, products concerning environmental sustainability are emerging in Indonesia. Many companies are involved in various forms of green marketing activities as part of their strategy. Among them is AQUALife. AQUALife is a brand of mineral water that is bottled in recycled plastic bottles. As of this research, AQUALife is only exclusively available in Bali. Considering the strong brand image of AQUA, it has drawn interest to compare and analyze the brand knowledge within green (environmentally friendly) areas of AQUALife of respondents in Bali, where the product exists and Bandung where the product is not available. Furthermore, this study also attempts to see whether the green brand knowledge has correlation with the purchase intention towards AQUALife. Questionnaires were distributed to 200 respondents coming from Bali and Bandung, and the data were processed using several tests to be analyzed. The result shows that the green brand knowledge of respondents from Bali and Bandung are within 3,36 range or moderate. The green brand knowledge of AQUAlife in Bandung has a high correlation to the purchasing intention, and it has affected 79.7% to purchasing intention. The green brand knowledge of AQUAlife in Bali has a high correlation to the purchasing intention, and it has affected 80.7% to purchasing intention. After further research, there is indeed a link between green brand knowledge and purchase intention. However, to see the success of green marketing used by AQUALife, we can say its success rate is low. Since the result of the analysis from the responses from the respondents of Bali and Bandung is similar.

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Volume: Issue: 7

Article: Investigation and Application of Robotics and Automation System for Construction Machinery and Environmental Monitoring

Oscar Chijioke Nkwazema, Liu Yin, Mariama Janneh
Vol 4, Issue 7; July 2021
North American Academic Research, 4(7) 120-130, July 2021, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5148629

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Abstract: The objective of this article is to examine present and upcoming automation options for automating on-site construction processes via the use of digital technology. We performed empirical and theoretical investigations. A review of the literature was undertaken to acquire insight into the construction industry's digitalization and overall level of automation. This was subsequently supplemented with an interview study, in which a Technical Specialist from Skanska AB served as one of the interviewees in addition to serving as the thesis's mentor. Skanska was selected as a typical construction business since it is one of the largest in the world. To broaden the data collection, the interview research included representatives from many relevant firms, who were questioned about their own state of digitalization and automation. According to the findings of these research, the construction sector has obstacles in implementing automation technologies. Lack of data in general, safety issues, and project planning activities are all examples of this. Existing industrial robots, for example, are often heavy and have a poor lifting capacity to weight ratio, which isn't an issue in a production context but makes for an inconvenient fit in the construction sector, where movability and great lifting capacity are desired. This thesis covers the various technologies for adopting automation at the construction site, as well as the benefits that may be expected from successful implementations, such as improved productivity, increased profitability, and increased safety for both equipment and workers.

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Volume: Issue: 7

Article: The Research of the Influencing Factors of Chinese Enterprises' Direct Investment in Africa

Othmane Idelouali
Vol 4, Issue 7; July 2021
North American Academic Research, 4(7) 84-92, July 2021, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5128511

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Abstract: Since the founding of the Forum on China-Africa Cooperation (FOCAC) in 2000, China-Africa economic and trade cooperation has Among them, China's direct investment in Africa has grown rapidly, with $5.39 billion flowing to Africa in 2018, up 31.5 per cent. Among them, China's direct investment in Africa has grown rapidly, with $5.39 billion flowing to Africa in 2018, up 31.5% year-on-year, mainly to South Africa, Zambia, Kenya and other countries. Africa has become the fourth largest destination for China's outbound direct investment, In view of Africa's rich resources, vast market and improving investment environment, the influence of Africa on the development of China's OFDI will continue to rise While China's FDI in Africa is increasing, research results on China's FDI in Africa have also been emerging from both domestic These research results not only point out the direction for Chinese enterprises to carry out direct These research results not only point out the direction for Chinese enterprises to carry out direct investment in Africa, but also provide references for government departments to formulate and implement relevant policies. On the basis of comprehensive theoretical analysis and empirical research, the paper concludes that Chinese enterprises' direct investment in Africa is not only influenced by the market size of host countries, but also by host country resource factors and the empirical results strongly refute the misrepresentations of Western countries about China's predatory investment in African resources. In addition, based on the empirical results, this paper makes recommendations to Chinese enterprises and the Chinese government from an institutional perspective. In addition, based on the empirical results, this paper makes recommendations to Chinese enterprises and the Chinese government from an institutional perspective, i.e., how to emphasize the importance of host country In addition, based on the empirical results, this paper makes recommendations to Chinese enterprises and the Chinese government from an institutional perspective, i.e., how to emphasize the importance of host country in the choice of foreign location, given the established resource factors.

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Volume: Issue: 7

Article: Effects of Set Size and Plant Population Density on the Yield Attributes, Yield and Quality of Onion (Allium Cepa L.)

M. A. Khan, M. M. Rahman, S. Rinky
Vol 4, Issue 7; July 2021
North American Academic Research, 4(7) 93-109, July 2021, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5136346

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Abstract: Plant population and set bulb size for onion production in set method (bulb to bulb) is very important issues for early onion production. The present study was designed to overcome this issue and was conducted with the variety BARI Piaz-1 in randomized complete block design with three replications and two factors, i) plant population densities: P1. 100 plants/m2, P2. 66 plants/m2 and P3.

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Volume: Issue: 7

Article: War and Peace Journalism Representation of Conflict on Afghan Soil through Global Media

Ahmad Zia Elham, Rahmatullah Haand, Azizullah Sadiq
Vol 4, Issue 7; July 2021
North American Academic Research, 4(7) 67-83, July 2021, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5122850

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Abstract: The world longest war against terrorism is expected to end. The United States of America is set to fully withdraw from Afghanistan in September 2021.This study, informed by Galtung’s model of War and Peace, examines how the New York Times and China Daily depict this war and the recently initiated peace process. Combined method of qualitative and quantitative contents analysis was used and the two newspapers’ coverage from September 2018 to August 2019 was chosen. 144 stories were extracted and 73 exemplar stories, which met the selection criteria were studied. The findings show that both newspapers excessively used elite-oriented and visible effects of war frames. The study also found that the NYT uses demeaning language, portrayed the Taliban as a dominant force, demoralized Afghan government and security forces; it also held the Afghan people responsible for the war. Implications of this study are discussed.

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Volume: Issue: 7

Article: Job Satisfaction at Omega Technical Services Ltd

CHEK KEA
Vol 4, Issue 7; July2021
North American Academic Research, 4(7) 59-66, July 2021, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5122823

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Abstract: This paper deals with the study of employees’ job satisfaction at Omega Technical Services Ltd as a main factor of the firm, especially in the services sector, is becoming increasingly dependent upon high quality performance from their employees; as a trend reflected in the growing interest in the attitude of employees towards work. There are two factors have been argued to be influential. First, there exists a popular view that making work more satisfying will lead to increased motivation and performance, and to reduced absenteeism and labor turnover amongst employees. Second, it possible to identify a desire to provide satisfying work for ethical and altruistic reasons, regardless of the tangible benefits for the organization. According to these reasons the attention of managers has been drawn to strategies which attempt to increase employee satisfaction at work. To design a quality plan for improved job satisfaction, motivation that is the important point to identify staff attitude on job implementation. In generally used the method to establish the actions that company needs to take idea investigate or survey of the Job implementation.

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Volume: Issue: 7

Article: Repurposing Waste Plastics into Cleaner Asphalt Pavement Materials and It's Environmental Performance Reusing Discarded Plastics to Create More Environmentally Friendly Asphalt Paving Ingredients and Its Environmental Performance

Nishchal Baniya, Bidhan Shrestha
Vol 4, Issue 7; July 2021
North American Academic Research, 4(7) 49-58, July 2021, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5101904

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Abstract: Transportation infrastructure has remained a critical component of a country's economic and social growth. The need for new roads and upkeep of current roads is quite strong, particularly in emerging nations, as they are directly related to overall development. This is a plea for a paradigm shift in the way roads are constructed. Recent research have shed light on the need of greening and sustainable transportation, which can expedite the process of rescuing the world from additional severe situations. One of the most effective approaches to solve this issue is by the substitution or replacement of pavement layers with non-natural materials. Numerous studies have been conducted to determine the feasibility of employing different alternative materials in road building, especially recycled trash. The objective of this study is to assess the environmental implications of alternative materials such as waste plastics in road building and to demonstrate their viability. This is accomplished by evaluating several environmental effect criteria such as global warming potential, carbon footprint, and cost. The comparison of these materials demonstrates their use in pavement construction and their distinct limitations when used on a wide scale. This will result in more efficient, inexpensive, and sustainable pavement design and construction. Current practice of recycled waste plastics includes 7 major types: polyethylene terephthalate (PETE), high-density polyethylene (HDPE), polyvinyl chloride (PVC), low-density polyethylene (LDPE), polypropylene (PP), polystyrene (PS), and others such as acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS), ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA), polycarbonate (PC), and polyurethane (PU).

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Volume: Issue: 7

Article: Design of Surface Based Water Treatment Plant for Namobuddha Municipality

Awanish Adhikari, Sabin Dotel, Pratik Baral
Vol 4, Issue 7; July 2021
North American Academic Research, 4(7) 27-48, July 2021, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5092071

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Abstract: The study is conducted for the calculation of a separate unit for the Water Treatment plant in Namobudhha Municipality. Detailed design and calculation of Treatment plant using Roshi river as the source is presented in this study. This study has calculated the water demand and designed different chemical, physical and chemical units. The objective of this work is to present design steps and calculations for the required units of a WTP. The design of the WTP units was applied to Roshi River water for the Namobuddha Municipality. The units of the treatment processes involved intake, coagulation, flocculation, sedimentation, filtration, disinfection, storage, and pumping. The water treatment plant was made for average discharge and the average population of 0.004 m3/sec and 32000 respectively. Besides, the calculation required some of the parameters to be estimated as all the required data are assumed with the references alongside. The outline results of each unit of the WTP were tabulated. It can be concluded that this work can be used as a source for designing other WTP units. Several factors such as the age of WTP, maintenance, economic and political situations, technical problems, and water demand had a great impact on the removal efficiency of the WTP units. Keywords: WASTE WATER TREATMENT PLANT, SURFACE WATER

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Volume: Issue: 7

Article: Geology and Petrography of Migmatite Rocks around Bagel and Its Environs, Bauchi North-Eastern Nigeria

Abdulhameed Nuruddeen, Haruna Ahmad Isah
Vol 4, Issue 7; July 2021
North American Academic Research, 4(7) 14-26, July 2021, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5076227

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Abstract: The study area is part of sheet 149SW Bauchi, which falls within the Northern basement Complex of Nigeria. In this study, area was mapped on a scale of 1:25,000. Samples were collected at the flanks of the outcrops, railway cuts, road cuts as well as quarry sites within the area. At each sampling point, two or more samples were collected based on morphological variations. The first and the second order morphological classifications of migmatites as being metatexite or Diatexite such as banded orthogneiss, stromatic schleiren or nebulite were used as the guiding principle. This technique was repeated for the rest of the sampling points in the area. A total of 35 samples were collected, 11 representative samples were studies macroscopically and Petrographically. Together with the field mapping and morphological features, it was observed that the area has four different four(4) different lithologic units, vis: Metatexite(Banded Orthogneiss), Mesocratic, leucocratic and melanocratic diatexites in a sequence of prograde metamorphism where the volume of melt generated during the anatexis; H2O-fluxed melting(metatexite) and Muscovite Dehydration(Diatexite) mechanism determines degree of anatexis and morphological unit of Migmatite, and CO2(graphite) aids in enhancing the temperature needed for the exceptional coarse grains textures of Quartzo-felspatic portions of the Migmatite, yet through rapid cooling. Garnet and Sillimanite dissemination within the petrographic slides, signifies the terrain as granulite Facies.

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Volume: Issue: 6

Article: Mental Health and Suicide Awareness Study between National and International Students of Northwest Normal University, P. R. China

Bakht Zada, Ling Yang, Xiaofang Zhang, Hua Cao, Noor Zada
Vol 4, Issue 6; June 2021
North American Academic Research, 4(6) 176-192, June 2021, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5042220

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Abstract: The present study aimed to compare mental health and suicide awareness among national and international students in Northwest Normal University, P. R. China. It was hypothesized that there would be gender differences between mental health and suicide awareness among national and international students. Mental health and suicidal awareness questionnaire were used to measure the level of mental health and suicidal awareness. Findings revealed that females showed a greater response towards mental health and suicide awareness as compared to males.

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Volume: Issue: 6

Article: The Rivalry of Superpowers in the Horn of Africa during the Ogaden War (1977-1978)

Yalew Mesafint Tarekegn, Guo Changgang
Vol 4, Issue 6; June 2021
North American Academic Research, 4(6) 163-175, June 2021, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5037252

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Abstract: This article scrutinizes the rivalry of superpowers in the Horn of Africa during the Ogaden War. It mainly examines the Soviet involvement over the Ethiopia-Somalia boundary conflicts (1977-1978). The study utilizes both primary and secondary sources. The archival sources of the study are collected from institutions such as MOFA, ENALA, and IES where aides-memoir, speeches, and exchange of correspondences are consulted. The secondary sources are also collected from various published works. After the data is gathered through various sources, it interpreted through historical methodologies. The finding of the study highlights the conventional wisdom of superpowers’ intervention in the Horn of Africa during the Cold War period; it pursues to underscore the complex interplay of the realpolitik of the Soviet foreign policy towards the Horn. It also outlines the Soviet policy perspectives in Africa and its response to the Ogaden War. The result of the study claims that the influence of the Soviet Union in the Horn of Africa generally attracts other powers in the region. Indeed, the Soviet influence in the Horn of Africa escalates the local war into an international dimension. This is therefore; the study concludes the rivalry of superpowers in the Ogaden War was to counterweight their balance of power in the Horn of Africa.

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Volume: Issue: 6

Article: The Impact of Economic Conditions on Seaport Throughput for Containerized Goods in West Africa

Tettegah Seyram Esi, Professor Cheng Ming
Vol 4, Issue 6; June 2021
North American Academic Research, 4(6) 119-129, June 2021, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5028249

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Abstract: Over the years, growth in the volume of West Africa’s container trade has exceeded that of any other global region doubling to almost 5 million twenty-foot equivalent units (TEU). The West African maritime industry is gradually entering the world stage. is gradually entering the world stage. International trade is effectively facilitated through improvement in transport and border efficiency, serving as a crucial factor for economic and social welfare outcomes, improving the quality of seaport services remains very important to the African continent which has been plagued with lower economic and social welfare outcomes. Therefore, the research examined the impact of economic conditions (GDP, exchange rate, interest rate, taxes, supply and demand of goods, and inflation) on the throughput for containerized goods for seaports in West Africa. The sample comprised 13 West Africa Countries and data were obtained from World Development Indicators. The research used model to empirically re-examine long-run co-movement and the causal relationship between throughput of containerized goods and economic indicators in a regression model comprised of 13 West Africa countries from 2009-2019. The research finds that, except for the panel variance (no time effects), all other statistics significantly reject the null of no cointegration and per country basis, economic indicators have a substantially positive effect on throughput in Burkina Faso, Cape Verde, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, and Liberia more than half of the sampled 13 countries.

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Volume: Issue: 6

Article: A Funeral Ceremony as Part of the Life Cycle Ritual among the Cham Islam Community in Tan Chau, An Giang Province, Vietnam

Tran Thien Nhan, Rini S. Soemarwoto, S.Psi., M.A., Ph.D. , Junardi Harahap, S.Sos., M.Si., Ph.D
Vol 4, Issue 6; June 2021
North American Academic Research, 4(6) 155-162, June 2021, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5032377

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Abstract: Different cultures may exist among different groups. Culture is a term that refers to a group of people's way of life, or the way they do things. Learning passes on a culture to the next generation, whereas heredity passes on genetics. A person's life cycle ritual includes a funeral, which is both significant and culturally significant. Funeral traditions are a set of beliefs and practices that a community uses to commemorate and honor the dead, ranging from intercessions to memorials, prayers, and rituals. This research adopted a sequential explanatory approach that combines qualitative and quantitative approaches. The first is a quantitative method for determining the number of households participating in the ceremony. The data is gathered by a household survey, which involves employing a questionnaire to collect information from a sample of households in the population.

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Volume: Issue: 6

Article: Renewable Energy and Climate Change in Developing Countries: Challenges and Adaptation

Esther Tammy Andoya
Vol 4, Issue 6; June 2021
North American Academic Research, 4(6) 139-154, June 2021, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5032315

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Abstract: There is a recognized, increasing need for developing countries to sustain the growing demand for energy which has given rise to multiple policy development needs and energy resource scaling. This study also highlights the challenges of transitioning to renewable energy based electrical structures and implementation policy strategy for energy demanding developing countries exploring the options of their future. In examining the intersection of climate policy and national development policy, this paper investigates the influence and implications of national and local politics when developing complex national energy strategies, and which strongly influences the prospects of realizing goals of international climate change policy with renewable energy development for developing countries.

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Volume: Issue: 6

Article: Prognosis of COVID-19 Depends on Pathophysiology and Preexisting Health Condition: A Review

Md Al Hasibuzzaman, Binbin Zhu,Rinki Kumari, Mohammad Arman Hossain, Md. Mahfujul Haque Haidary, Muhammad Sharjeel Khalid, Dattatreya Mukherjee, Md. Munnaf Hossen
Vol 4, Issue 6; June 2021
North American Academic Research, 4(6) 130-138, June 2021, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5028954

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Abstract: The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has changed the situation of the world. In December 2019, an unknown variant of pneumonia disease occurred in Wuhan, China. On Jan 7, 2020, a novel coronavirus, named severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), was announced in the throat swab sample of one patient in Wuhan. COVID-19 has spread quickly around the world, affecting millions of people. The World Health Organization (WHO) announced the epidemic disease caused by SARS-CoV-2 as coronavirus. This article review summarizes the epidemiological characteristics, pathophysiological changes, clinical diagnosis, treatment procedure, and prognosis of COVID-19. A comprehensive understanding of COVID-19 through research will help control the disease and increase awareness in public and medical domains.

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Volume: Issue: 6

Article: Investigating the Use of Technology in the Process of Teaching and Learning A Critical Review

Ziarahman Amani, Mujtaba Quyash
Vol 4, Issue 6; June 2021
North American Academic Research, 4(6) 110-118 June 2021, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4999290

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Abstract: In this review, two articles have been reviewed critically which discusses the using of technology in the process of teaching and learning to find out the effects of e-learning and sub-categories such as: Internet; Web-based English language learning, and computer-assisted language learning (CALL)? In addition, the study is conducted to find out answers to the following two questions that how potential contributions of using technology incorporate in teaching English language to medical students? And how integration of e-learning enhances students’ learning and increases the effectiveness of teachers’ instruction? Two articles have been included and critically reviewed. The first one is the effects of e-learning on language learning and the second article been discussed and reviewed critically is the incorporating e-learning in teaching English language to the students of medical. First, both papers are summarized, then the highlights of the studies are reviewed, and finally the findings of both papers are reviewed critically. The findings indicated that technological tools lead the students to be independent learners. Besides, it provides learners with authentic inputs which motivates them to the language proficiency. Furthermore, e-learning activities increase students’ motivation to the class content.

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Volume: Issue: 6

Article: A Review Study of Application on Electrical Automation in Electrical Engineering

Mohammad Jan Nazami, Ma Chun Yan
Vol 4, Issue 6; June 2021
North American Academic Research, 4(6) 80-88, June 2021, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4986157

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Abstract: The use of a series of devices with automatic detection and control functions to realize real-time or remote control, management, and monitoring of the original electrical system is known as automation in electrical engineering. As a result, electrical automation technology has a lot of room for development in the field of electrical engineering, and it's worth looking into for electrical installation engineering and scientific research departments. It is necessary to optimize the production mode, reduce costs, and maintain the good working performance of electrical equipment in the actual manufacturing process. As a result, this article examines the application of electrical automation in electrical engineering briefly in the hopes of providing a useful reference.

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Volume: Issue: 6

Article: Women Contribution in Trade Evidence of Southern African Development Community

Sandra Raymondo Marcelline Tsimisaraka
Vol 4, Issue 6; June 2021
North American Academic Research, 4(6) 72-79, June 2021, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4974866

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Abstract: This paper entitled Women Contribution in Trade in the Southern African Development Community. We aim to evaluate the contribution of female in trade in SADC and to help nations in designing appropriate strategies and policies to sustain the objective of gender equality in the new trading system. The literature review shows the benefits in empowering women and their contribution into trade matters. The model used derived from type Cobb-Douglas function.

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Volume: Issue: 6

Article: The Government Expenditures Impact on Namibia’s Economic Growth

Emilia Landa Shikomba, Elizabeth Elias, Sirorat Ruttanawijit
Vol 4, Issue 6; June 2021
North American Academic Research, 4(6) 63-71, June 2021, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4968752

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Abstract: Economic growth is important for poverty reduction, income inequality reduction, and enhancing a country's standard of living, among other things. Using time-series data of Namibia's economy from 1991 to 2019, we use the vector auto-regression model to examine the impact of general government expenditures on Namibia's economic growth. This study shows a long-run relationship between government expenditure and economic growth in Namibia. However, government expenditures have a weak influence on Gross Domestic Product. Moreover, there is a statistically significant positive error correction model coefficient, which implies that increasing government spending drives economic growth in the long run. The results of the generalized supremum augmented Dickey-Fuller show that the Gross Domestic Product has explosive tendencies. Thus, the findings suggest Namibia's government adopt an expansionary fiscal policy to boost economic growth. Therefore, shifting government resources to a more productive sector may result in economic growth.

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Volume: Issue: 6

Article: The Contemporary Cambodia-U.S. Relations An Analysis of Confrontation

TANN EANGDAVID
Vol 4, Issue 6; June 2021
North American Academic Research, 4(6) 48-62, June 2021, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4968412

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Abstract: The study explores the reasons of strained relations between Cambodia and the United States. The first reason is that both governments hold different perspectives on “internal interference” term. Moreover, The Prime Minister seems personally traumatized by the past American actions (including the causes for civil war, murderous bombing, its support of Khmer Rouge resistance group, and the sanction on Phnom Penh regime in 1980s). Prime Minister Hun Sen often publicly criticized the U.S. actions, so it indicates that his hatred sentiments over the U.S. government exist, all of which impact the communication between leaders of both countries and the bilateral relation. The second reason is that the US foreign policy miscalculation has alienated Cambodian government. Thus, Prime Minister Hun Sen and his ruling party see China as a reliable friend who can share mutual benefits and respects. Moreover, even Cambodia strives to enlarge cooperation with the United States, some U.S. politicians still has negative mentality on Cambodia regarding its closed relations with China, but actually Cambodia have struggled to balance between these two superpowers. Third reason is about shared interests; it means that sour relation between Cambodia and the United States is resulted from the lack of strategic interests. If Cambodia has strategic or economic interests for the U.S., the criticism on human rights could be vanished, and when there is no allegation or sanction related to Human Rights, both governments would cooperate better.

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Volume: Issue: 6

Article: Promoting China’s Soft Power How Can China Do More?

Sonaroth Kek
Vol 4, Issue 6; June 2021
North American Academic Research, 4(6) 41-47, June 2021, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4967540

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Abstract: China’s soft power is undeniably strong. The influence of China could be felt throughout the globe. However, China’s soft power is relatively weak comparing to the like of United States, France, United Kingdom or Japan. In order to strengthen her soft power, First, China should improve her image by refining its brand reputation to match with its current status as the world’s major exporter. Second, China should continue to promote peaceful rise, in which China could reassure that her rise will not be a threat to the world’s order and stability. Third, by advancing Chinese pop culture, China could attract more people, especially the younger population. China with her tremendous economic resource will not take much time in order to catch up and surpass other great powers in term of soft power.

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Volume: Issue: 6

Article: Modeling and Control of a Battery Connected Standalone Photovoltaic System

Hekmatullah Nazami, Mohammad Jan Nazami
Vol 4, Issue 6; June 2021
North American Academic Research, 4(6) 30-40, June 2021, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4918879

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Abstract: Nowadays, due to the decrease of conventional energy sources and growing problem of environmental pollution, renewable energy sources are playing a big role in producing electricity. For controlling the standalone PV system, its mathematical modeling is very much necessary. So the modeling of PV system and lead-acid battery by using the corresponding equivalent circuits are discussed. Three independent control loops are used to control the whole standalone system. Those are MPPT control loop for extracting maximum power from PV module, battery control loop for bidirectional power flow between battery and DC-link through bidirectional buck-boost converter and inverter control loop for maintaining stable voltage and current at local load. The stability analysis is performed by using bode plots for both the inverter control loop and buck-boost converter control loop and these control loops are stable for our tuned controller parameters. The system is simulated in MATLAB/SIMULINK and simulation results shown to fulfill the objectives of the standalone PV system. The simulation results prove the effectiveness of the proposed controllers.

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Volume: Issue: 6

Article: Role of India in Peace Process of Afghanistan

Sharifullah Amin, Mohammad Yousuf Zamani, Shahidullah Safi
Vol 4, Issue 6; June 2021
North American Academic Research, 4(6) 18-29, June 2021, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4916418

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Abstract: The tragic event of 9/11 altered the world's political and security dynamics. The events of September 11th gave India with an opportunity to enter Afghanistan. Due of its strategic importance, Afghanistan attracts international powers. Afghanistan serves as a gateway to Central Asia's energy-rich republics. India's presence in Afghanistan is very reasonable. India had never had friendly relations with Afghanistan's Taliban administration. The events of September 11th provided India with an opportunity to cultivate friendly relations with the Afghan political leadership. India attended the Bonn Conference and pledged its support for the Afghan people in their efforts to rebuild their nation. The governments of Hamid Karzai and Ashraf Ghani in Kabul have the best ties with India. India has strengthened relationships with Iran in order to protect its interests in Afghanistan and fight Pakistan. In Afghanistan, India and Iran share certain mutual interests. New Delhi has made significant investments in Afghanistan's numerous industries in order to strengthen its position in Afghan society. India has made a concerted effort to assist Afghan nationals in order to strengthen its soft power. India is now influencing Afghanistan's domestic politics. India is regarded as a big market in South Asia by the rest of the globe. Pakistan has long been concerned about India's position in Afghanistan. India's involvement in Afghanistan is seen as a danger to Pakistan's national security. Pakistan believes India should try to improve the lives of Afghans, but she should refrain from exploiting Afghan land against Pakistan. Pakistan has already suffered a great deal as a result of the unrest in Afghanistan. South Asia and the Global Powers benefit from a peaceful Afghanistan. The focus of this thesis is on India's involvement in Afghanistan and its role in bringing peace to the country.

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Volume: Issue: 5

Article: A Review Study on Methane Gas Sensors

Saddam Raweh Ahmed Abdullah Al-hammadi, Yongzhi Liang
Vol 4, Issue 5; May 2021
North American Academic Research, 4(5) 303-309, May 2021, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4884736

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Abstract: With the rapid development of coal industry, the hidden danger of coal safety production in China is becoming increasingly prominent, mainly in the coal mine gas exceeding the standard seriously. Therefore, it is necessary to monitor the gas in real time to control the gas concentration. At present, most mines in our country use catalytic gas sensor, which is easily affected by the bad field environment of coal mine, with poor acquisition accuracy and serious zero drift. It needs to be corrected every certain time, which not only increases the maintenance cost, but also reduces the data acquisition accuracy. At the same time, the catalytic sensor is prone to catalyst poisoning, so the service life of the sensor is short. The infrared gas sensor uses infrared spectrum to detect the target gas, which is basically not affected by the industrial environment. The double channel sampling technology can restrain the zero drift. Compared with catalytic gas sensor, infrared gas sensor has higher accuracy and reliability, especially suitable for harsh industrial environment such as coal mine. This paper is review on the current innovation and process of work of Methane sensors

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Volume: Issue: 5

Article: A Research into the Factors That Influence Job Satisfaction Among Millennial Health Workers in Ghana A Case of Komfo Anokye Teaching Hospital Ghana

AKOSAH LISA ACHIAA
Vol 4, Issue 5; May 2021
North American Academic Research, 4(5) 286-302, May 2021, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4884708

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Abstract: Previous organizations focused only on profit margins, turnover, diversification and globalization. Recently, however, strategic planning companies have realized that their obligation is to improve employee job satisfaction. In recent years, social organizations and institutions have significantly increased their attention to employee satisfaction, especially for millennials. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to explore the influencing factors of job satisfaction in millennials. This paper puts forward four dependent variables: work-life balance, working conditions, leadership style, organizational culture; five demographic variables: gender, age, income level, employment level, education level; 1 independent variable: job satisfaction. The data collected in this paper are mainly through the questionnaire survey and analysis, regression analysis and the use of econometric models. The paper designs and methods the data deployment used to obtain a sample of 200 millennials working at KATH. In this study, the structured model was used to analyze the impact of employee participation on job satisfaction, and how different forms of participatory decision-making in the workplace led to individual satisfaction with the objective and internal aspects of work. Frequency, descriptive statistics, correlation, regression, reliability and validity were extracted by SPSS software. The Cronbach alpha values of each subscale were 0.9412 ~ 0.958, indicating that the scale had high internal consistency and reliability. The results of the study highlight that there is a positive correlation between employee input and job satisfaction for millennials. There is a higher correlation between employee job satisfaction and millennials' participation in general decisions in each company. participation and job satisfaction in the context of developing countries. This study is of great significance in various disciplines and in certain areas, such as research practice and policy. This study is helpful to the mutual benefit of human resources management, especially in the management of hospital workers or other similar organizations.

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Volume: Issue: 5

Article: Formulation and In-vitro Evaluation of Mesalamine Rectal Suppositories for Ulcerative Colitis

Sujan Dawadi, Ena Pradhananga, Karan Chaudhary, Rojee KC, Ashish Sigdel, Sudishna Khanal, Bipindra Pandey, Sumit Chandra Shrestha
Vol 4, Issue 5; May 2021
North American Academic Research, 4(5) 275-286, May 2021, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4866973

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Abstract: Mesalamine, also known as 5-aminosalicylic acid is an anti inflammatory drug used to treat inflammatory bowel disease like Ulcerative colitis and Crohn’s disease. The objective of this study was to optimize the best formula for the rectal suppositories of mesalamine with different bases. Suppositories were prepared by fusion method using different bases (cocoa butter alone, cocoa butter: paraffin, cocoa butter: PEG 6000) in varying quantity keeping other excipients constants. Base optimization study was conducted before formulation of suppositories. All suppositories were evaluated for physical characteristics and various parameters like: displacement value, weight variation, melting point, liquefaction time, hardness test, drug content, and in-vitro release profile. All the developed formulations were within the required limits for BP 2014. However, formulation F3 which is composed of cocoa butter: PEG 6000 in the ratio of 1:1 showed better release of drug around 91.48%. Mesalamine rectal suppositories containing a new base combination of Cocoa butter with PEG 6000 have good physical properties and release profile. Since this formula is potential to be used as a better therapeutic candidate for ulcerative colitis.

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Volume: Issue: 5

Article: Noninvasive Facial Rejuvenation with Dermal Fillers and Neurotoxins, Public’s Preference A Survey Report

Li Guang Shuai, Muhammad Tipu Sultan, Liu Wen Hui
Vol 4, Issue 5; May 2021
North American Academic Research, 4(5) 257-274, May 2021, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4865004

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Abstract: Background: At present, mostly plastic surgeons and dermatologists provide minimally invasive cosmetic injection procedure services with dermal fillers and neurotoxins. However, the professional background and technical characteristics of the two are different. The preference of lay public for specialist type in performing dermal filler and neuromodulator procedures for cosmetic purposes is unknown. Methods: An online survey was conducted for a period of 2 weeks and surveyees were sampled using purposive sampling method on Instagram. Participants were asked a series of questions to choose their preferred specialist for performing cosmetic injection procedures. Additionally, rate of satisfaction of patients with their respective doctors, incidence of posttreatment complications in patients and their successful or unsuccessful management by their respective specialists were measured. Results: Two hundred and one respondents undertook the survey. Plastic Surgeons were identified as the most preferrable specialist to perform cosmetic injection procedures (59.4%), plastic surgeons were also deemed to be the most skilled professionals among other specialists for such procedures (60.7%). Patients who already have history of such procedures, mostly went to plastic surgeons (53.6%). Additionally, patients who chose plastic surgeons as their injectors reported a higher degree of satisfaction and successful management of their posttreatment complications as compared to dermatologists and other specialists. Conclusion: Plastic surgeons are recognized as the preferred specialist over dermatologists and other specialists to perform injectable procedures. Patients of plastic surgeons express greater degree of satisfaction as compared to patients of other injectors. Post- procedure complications in patients are inevitable, however successful treatment of such complications by the particular injector leads to a more satisfied patient who develops a trust on that particular specialist for future procedures.

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Volume: Issue: 5

Article: Data (Audio, Video, and Image) Transmission through Visible Light Communication Li-Fi Technology

Muhammad Imran, Yulong Bai, Mazhar Javid
Vol 4, Issue 5; May 2021
North American Academic Research, 4(5) 245-256, May 2021, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4863444

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Abstract: Li-fi stands for light fidelity and was proposed by the German physicist Harald Haas in 2011. Li-Fi refers to visible light communication that uses light emitting diodes (LED’s) for high speed data transmission in the visible region of electromagnetic spectrum. LED lights is not only use for lighting purpose but can also be used as a medium for data transmission through visible light communication. Visible light communication (VLC) is the latest innovation which is used for sending of data in the visible region of electromagnetic spectrum of light. The transmission happens in the form of binary data 0’s and 1’s. 0 means LED is in the OFF state and 1 means LED is in the ON state. Visual Studio is used to visualize the process of sending data. Programmed Arduino is used as a microprocessor at both Transmitter and receiver sides. High power intensity LED’s are used at the transmitter side for the generation of light. At the receiver section, photodiode is used to detect the light signal generated by the LED’s at the transmitter side. In this paper, we shows the transmission of three different types of data. They are audio, video, text, and image file. We obtain 100% successful result of transmitted image, audio, video, and text file. Experimental results show that high quality image, audio and video with the maximum distance of 12 feet’s can be achieved through proper arrangement of transmitter and receiver.

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Volume: Issue: 5

Article: Parametric Study on Ultimate Bearing Capacity of CFST Arch Bridge

Muneer Ahmed, Suliman Khan, Chen Zhihua
Vol 4, Issue 5; May 2021
North American Academic Research, 4(5) 226-244, May 2021, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4843497

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Abstract: In this study a four-leg lattice structure CFST arch bridge is analyzed using finite element software (ANSYS) to predict the ultimate bearing capacity considering several parameters (slenderness ratio, steel content, steel type, and concrete type) under two influencing factors initial stress and geometric defects. There is an inverse relation found between the existence of the initial stress and ultimate bearing capacity and ultimately the overall stiffness of the structure has been reduced during non-linear stage. Larger the slenderness ratio, the greater the influence on the ultimate stability bearing capacity of with initial stresses and geometric defects. According to the ultimate bearing capacity coefficient under different steel content ratios, it can be known that the greater the steel content higher the bearing capacity coefficient. The increment rate of the ultimate bearing capacity coefficient is between 0 and 18%. The comparison of the ultimate bearing capacity coefficients under the four steel types shows that compared with Q235, the other three steel types the ultimate bearing capacity coefficient is 12%-24%.However, there relatively small influence of the two concrete grades C60 and C55 on the ultimate bearing capacity of the CFST arch bridge. The effect of initial defects in in-plane as better than the initial defects out-of-plan on ultimate bearing capacity CFST arch bridge. A comprehensive consideration of influence of the initial stress and the initial out-of-plane defects are considered simultaneously. The analysis results show that the amplitude of geometric defects is controlled within L/5000, and the initial stress is controlled within 0.4 within a reasonable range.

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Volume: Issue: 5

Article: The Impact of COVID-19 in the Tech Industry

Avornu Christian, Prof. Jinhe Wang, Danquah Solomon Kwadwo Nyedu, Ibnali Issah Kulo
Vol 4, Issue 5; May 2021
North American Academic Research, 4(5) 155-161, May 2021, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4779046

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Abstract: The past two decades were marked by the outbreaks of many viral diseases such as Ebola, Zika, Bird flu, SARS, and MERS. The world woke up to this decade with a new disease outbreak called coronavirus (COVID-19). This outbreak has thrown many sectors and disciplines into disarray. Transportation and many industries are at standstill due to shackles of lockdowns, social distancing, etc. and hence, electricity and fuel are not being used as before. One thing giving hope to some organizations and relief to people around the world is ‘’Technology’’. Data was collected by gathering information from the various websites of tech industries and results of the observations show that although other sectors strive to survive during this pandemic, the tech industry continues to find means of sustaining other sectors and therefore continue to benefit more during this pandemic. Hence, the tech industry seems to observe positive impacts as compared to negative ones. This article elaborates on the major changes and benefits the tech industry has seen during this COVID-19 pandemic.

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Volume: Issue: 5

Article: Role of Islam in Reducing Social Crimes: Bangladesh Perspective

Mohammad Abul Kalam Azad
Vol 4, Issue 5; May 2021
North American Academic Research, 4(5) 215-225 May 2021, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4794404

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Abstract: Social crime is becoming a common phenomenon at present days in Bangladesh. The main objective of this research is to see how we can reduce social crimes from Bangladesh by practicing Islamic rules and regulations. It is a qualitative research works where references have been used from the holy Quran, Hadith, research articles, newspaper articles. Our great prophet Mohammad (Sm.) came into a society where there were so many social crimes. People of that society were unable to distinguish between good and bad to some extent. Killing, gabbling, stealing, bribe, interest, rape were common scenarios of the Arab Society. Women did not have any dignity in society. They use to use them as their commodities and goods.

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Volume: Issue: 5

Article: Performance Evaluation of Water and Oil Repellent Finishes on Plain Weave Cotton Fabrics

Md. Iusuf Khan, Md. Amranul Hoque Amran, Rokaiya Hasan Mou, Mohammad Yeasin, Md Rezaul Hossain Chowdhury
Vol 4, Issue 5; May 2021
North American Academic Research, 4(5) 201-214, May 2021, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4783454

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Abstract: Water and oil repellent treatment is done on cotton cloth by pad -dry - baking process. The influences of baking temperature, baking time, pH value and concentration of finishing liquid on water and oil contact position (angle) of fabric are analyzed.

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Volume: Issue: 5

Article: Effects of Global Horizontal Irradiance on Power Output of Hybrid Solar PV/Mini-hydro Renewable Energy System

Tamanjong Fru Fofang, Emmanuel Tanyi
Vol 4, Issue 5; May 2021
North American Academic Research, 4(5) 180-200, May 2021, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4781315

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Abstract: The initial capital and cost per kilowatt-hour (cost/kWh) for the PV subsystem with storage is high even with the cost reduction of PV products in recent times. The availability of solar resources determines the economics of solar PV systems. Hybridization of solar PV with a mini-hydropower subsystem reduces the cost per kilowatt-hour and improves the system's performance. The paper presents a comparative analysis of technical and economic aspects of the hybrid solar PV/mini-hydropower scheme focusing on the effects of differences in global horizontal irradiance (GHI). The regions of Bamenda and Buea (Cameroon) were chosen for the study. The resource availability for PV and mini-hydropower in the two locations selected for the study are reasonable. Storage options are needed, in particular, for seasonal power storage. The solar resource was obtained from the National Renewable Energy Laboratory database and the site temperature profile from NASA surface meteorology and solar energy database. The maximum demand considered for the analysis is 3MW, and the hydro system is designed to supply 2MW in the rainy season and 1.2MW in the dry season. Homer Pro software was used for the simulation. Homer-Pro's one-hour time step is sufficiently small to capture the most important statistical aspects of the load and the intermittent renewable sources. The battery considered for the project is a lithium-ion 1MWh capacity battery with supplier integration into HOMER-Pro software. A generic large free converter was selected from the Homer database to allow battery sizing without having to size the converter for different energy storage systems and charging configurations. The results show that for the same load demand, the zone with higher global horizontal irradiance (GHI) has a higher PV penetration, consumes more energy from the system, has a higher excess generation, and lower unmet load and capacity shortage than the zone with lower global horizontal irradiance. The cost difference for the two areas is quite significant. The site with higher global horizontal irradiance has 0.267 USD per kWh compared to 0.308 USD per kWh for the location with lower global horizontal irradiance.

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Volume: Issue: 5

Article: Analysis of Temporal and Spatial Variation of Extreme Temperatures in Myanmar from 1987-2019

NWET NWET YIN , Prof. Lou Yunsheng
Vol 4, Issue 5; May 2021
North American Academic Research, 4(5)162-179, May 2021, https://doi.org/10.5281/z enodo.4781307

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Abstract: The study characterizes the patterns of climate change across Myanmar, several extreme indices are calculated from station values daily maximum and minimum temperature data.

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Volume: Issue: 5

Article: Injection Molding Through Maintaining and QC

Md Rajib Sheik, Md Aminul Islam
Vol 4, Issue 5; May 2021
North American Academic Research, 4(5) 137-154, May 2021, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4776501

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Abstract: Injection molding is the most adaptable assembling technique fit for creating complex plastic parts with mesh shapes with great dimensional resistances. For quite a while, as the creation and creation ability has become more rigid, injection molding situation and quality control has consistently been a skill analyze region. This article up to-date examines strategies and improvement techniques in the field of injection molding. It is isolated into four segments: specialized arrangement, machine control, programs the executives and brilliant administration, and presents the subtleties and hints of these interesting taking care of reaches. This article additionally examines and analyzes regular factors, strategies, and control procedures for the executives’ commitments. Stringently talking, genuine on-line top-notch control without man entombed has however to be discovered, in light of the fact that deficiency of transducer for on line, the real time top of the line response measurement, and a solid form that relates the control associating with estimating charming estimations. As an investigation completed up until now, this study suggests consolidating staggered control as a staggered palatable control gadget, and two of the main regions that need further improvement are the mass sensor top of the line strategy, model and injection control.

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Volume: Issue: 5

Article: Contribution of Technical and Vocational Education Training towards Industrial Development in Tanzania

Potfa Peter Luhala, Dr. Zhang Yuting
Vol 4, Issue 5; May 2021
North American Academic Research, 4(5) 42-54, May 2021, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4773947

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Abstract: TVET1 and industrial development are two inseparable things as they depend on each other to bring sustainable country development. TVET is a bridge that can transform the country from consumer and final user of goods imported to producer and exporter of goods produced. Policymakers, scholars, and educators agreed TVET is a pivotal and instrument for industrial development and key for success. However, there is the poor performance of TVET delivery in Tanzania that makes the researcher produce a more in-depth understanding of the phenomenon. After that, the empirical study was done to develop the contribution of TVET, according to the data obtained through the problem scoping and knowledge acquired in an extensive review of the literature. Nevertheless, the study scrutinizes lessons from China, a developing country but now is the world's workshop. A qualitative approach is used to depict the in-depth contribution of TVET towards Tanzania's industrial development. The authors describe the importance of a well-defined TVET policy for the nation's industrial growth from the findings. The analysis made in this study will yield Tanzania and other nations specifically developing to know the importance of TVET and its contribution to industrial development and in bringing sustainable development from individual level up to national level. This article will show the priority of TVET and the contribution of blue-collar jobs in development and in solving the unemployment problem. Hence, it will help the key player of TVET fulfill the responsibility and contribute to stepping ahead and reaching Tanzania development vision 2025

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Volume: Issue: 5

Article: Exploring the Acceptability of Spatial Planning Policy Empirical Evidence from Somalia

Abdishakur W. Diriye, Osman M. Jama, Jama W. Diriye, Ren Chong
Vol 4, Issue 5; May 2021
North American Academic Research, 4(5) 65-80, May 2021, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4765984

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Abstract: Public acceptability is increasingly considered as an essential criterion for the effective implementation of sustainable land use management policies. Understanding the acceptability of such policies can help policymakers avoid potential policy setbacks and therefore implement policy measures successfully. By employing binary logistic regression analysis, we examined public acceptability of spatial planning policy based on a set of data collected from a sample of the Somali population. More specifically, we examined how the acceptability of such policy is determined by attitudinal variables (self-transcendent, self-enhancement, openness to change, traditional value orientations, and general environmental concern) and socio-demographic variables. The aim was to better inform future policy implementation to avoid potential policy aversion that previous policies might encounter in practice. In general, the regression analyses show that several attitudinal variables play a crucial role in predicting the acceptability of spatial planning policy. However, regression analyses show that except gender, socio-demographic variables are not significant predictors of spatial planning policy acceptability in the context of our study. The results suggest that when implementing sustainable land use policies such as spatial planning, policymakers should consider attitudinal variables to avoid potential policy setbacks.

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Volume: Issue: 5

Article: A Comprehensive Report Plant Design for the Production of Ammonia

Nishchal Baniya
Vol 4, Issue 5; May 2021
North American Academic Research, 4(5) 81-117, May 2021, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4768676

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Abstract: Ammonia is a chemical consisting of one atom of nitrogen and three atoms of hydrogen. It is designated in chemical notation as NH3. This report comprehensively describes ammonia, it's physical and chemical properties along with the methods that are available for its production. This report further explains about the important aspects of the manufacturing process and presents them in detail along with the relevant equations and flow diagrams. This report incorporates a detailed material and energy balance of the selected process and provides a list of the size of the equipment's in the flow diagram according to the capacity. The total capacity of the design shown in this report for the production of ammonia is 200 tonnes per day.

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Volume: Issue: 5

Article: A Study of Severe and Extreme Drought in Central Dry Zone of Myanmar

KHAING ZAR THIN, LOU YUNSHENG
Vol 4, Issue 5; May 2021
North American Academic Research, 4(5) 55-64, Apr 2021,https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4765864

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Abstract: The objective of this study is to examine the severe and extreme drought conditions in the Central part of Myanmar. The study covers (15) Stations in Lower Sagaing Region, Magway Region, Mandalay Region and Nay Pyi Taw Union Territory. (30) Years Monthly rainfall data from 1990-2019 were used with spi_sl_6 Package to compute the (3) Month Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI-3). Study found that severe and extreme drought years or driest years in Central Myanmar dry zone stations are associated with moderate and strong El Nino years. The results of the present study are very likely to be support for developing climate risk management, local climate change adaptation activities, drought hazard mapping, and formulating local drought policy.

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Volume: Issue: 5

Article: Combat Efficiency and Effectiveness of AI-driven Multisensory Search-and-Destroy Agent

Bigyan Poudel, Mahadi Sajjad Neloy, Alec Mabhiza Chirawu
Vol 4, Issue 5; May 2021
North American Academic Research, 4(5) 42-54, May 2021, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4751072

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Abstract: Artificial Intelligence-powered smart systems have started to outperform their human counterparts in many ways. However, their efficiency, effectiveness, and performance depend heavily on the data being received by the machine. As a result, a lack of sufficient data can cause an AI to make the wrong decision. While in most cases this sort of malfunction is not capable of inflicting irreversible damage, in some particular cases it can be life-threatening. AI agents tasked with human interaction such as smart devices capable of mechanical movement and physical manipulation relies on complicated sensor systems for that data to be collected, and lack of proper sensors means lack of sufficient data to make an effective decision. This paper conducts a study on a behavior tree-driven agent equipped with multiple sensor systems capable of utilizing a coordinated dataset and even compensate the loss of a primary sensor system with auxiliary sensors to carry on its mission. The goal here is not to see what the agent does, but to observe how it manages to do so while being faced with technical difficulties like sensor malfunction and whether the executed task is within the mission parameters or not.

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Volume: Issue: 5

Article: Online Shopping during COVID-19 A study about the Perception of Foreign Students in China

Dasuni N Jayarathne, R. Joel Jairus
Vol 4, Issue 5; May 2021
North American Academic Research, 4(5) 01-10, May 2021, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4743388

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Abstract: The e-commerce industry in China is emerging day by day. The online shopping is increasing among Chinese consumers as well as foreigners in China. During the COVID-19 China used their e-commerce technology to reach every corner of the country providing the facility to purchase daily essentials. This research investigated the perception of foreign students about online shopping during the COVID-19 period in China. The study indicated the factors influenced to do the online shopping and the challenges faced by the foreign students of using online shopping apps during the epidemic period in China. This study uses a mix methodological and the data collection used quantitative and qualitative methods. The quantitative data was collected with the help of survey questionnaires while the qualitative data was collected with semi-structured questions. The descriptive analysis and the regression analysis were conducted to analyze the raw data. The study tested six hypotheses of which the result showed that five hypotheses were in favor while one was against the assumption. The results indicated that there is a positive perception of foreign students towards using the online shopping apps during the COVID-19 period. It also indicated that foreign students are satisfied with online shopping during the COVID-19 period. The trustworthiness, efficiency and user friendliness became the positive factors of online shopping during the epidemic period and cost effectiveness indicated the negative impact on using online shopping apps. The study indicated the language as one of the main challenges of online shopping in China. The author suggested to have multiple language option in the apps as it will be more effective for all types of users.

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Volume: Issue: 5

Article: The Impact of Map Generalization with Multiple Spatial Data Levels on GIS Analyses

Pussella PGRNI
Vol 4, Issue 5; May 2021
North American Academic Research, 4(5) 11-33, May 2021, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4743414

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Abstract: When representing spatial data and their attributes on different types of maps, the scale which is the numerical relationship between the ground extent and the mapped extent, plays a key role. In order to create a clear and legible map at different scale levels, map generalization techniques are used. Though current commercial mapping software packages are integrated with sophisticated tools and operations to prepare maps and to manage spatial data, users violate some basic theorems and concepts in cartography. They retrieve a data set and do the analysis part without considering very important characteristics such as the scale of the source data set, the purpose of what the original map is prepared and the degree of generalization of the data sets.Further, the GIS users use and combine different scaled data sets with different degrees of generalization. In this study, it attempts to find the impacts of map generalization on GIS analyses. Current study used two types of features with different spatial data levels for a simple GIS analysis. These digital data sets were prepared by the Survey Department of Sri Lanka with the scales of 1:10000, 1:50000 and 1: 250000. 09 combinations of data sets were used for the analysis through a model prepared using the model builder tool in the GIS package. This simple overlay operation was done to find the best location for a wild life park using three basic requirements. The study clearly shows that different results can be obtained for different combinations. It can be noticed different potential zones with the variations of the number, extent, X and Y coordinates of the Centroid and their perimeters. Therefore, study thoroughly recommends to GIS users to use different data layers with same scale and same degree of generalization in the analyses.

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Volume: Issue: 5

Article: Teaching Methodology and Use of Technology between China and Bangladesh A Comparative Study

Sheikh Sultan Ahmed, Kazi Nafisa Rasheed
Vol 4, Issue 5; May 2021
North American Academic Research, 4(5) 34-41, May 2021, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4743833

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Abstract: This paper has shown how we can treat with modern technology in education system between Bangladesh and China. Few years back students did not find any interest in studies because of the way they were taught. But after the advent of technology the scenario has changed radically. Now the students can submit their assignments through internet, they can find suitable article, documents etc. Bangladeshi educational system is often criticized by the western observers, saying it cultivates students of higher score and law abilities. The Bangladeshi educational system is similar to English. Though there are different types of programs but here we just focused on basic educational system and technology. It would be interesting to compare the educational uses of technology between China and Bangladesh.

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Volume: Issue: 4

Article: Terrorism and Counter-Terrorism in South Africa: National Security and Regional Strategy

Lethekga Ignatius Palmers KGOMO
Vol 4, Issue 4; April 2021
North American Academic Research, 4(4) 110-119, Apr 2021, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4733125

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Abstract: The South African government's Counter-Terrorism legislation emerged to answer the growing threat of terrorism both domestically and beyond its borders. Through multilateral platforms like the Southern African Development Community and African Union, South Africa has been involved in contributing to the formulation of counter-terrorism measures as well as update previous counter-terrorism strategies in an attempt to create the most effective system against those who are indiscriminately terrorising and murdering innocent African women and children. Furthermore, the South African government aims to deal with terrorist threats from groups like ISIL, becoming ever more daring and deadly in the Southern African region with its counter-terrorism system. A successful counter-terrorism strategy is expected to restore peace, stability, economic growth, and a much-needed sense of security in the affected areas. This paper, therefore, focused on South Africa's counter-terrorism strategy at the national and regional levels. It explored South Africa's institutional Approach to Domestic and Regional Security and Counter-Terrorism.

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Volume: Issue: 4

Article: Study on Development of High Belite Sulphoaluminate Cement-Based Grouting Material

Abdulfattah Atiq, Shwei Niu, Han Pengju
Vol 4, Issue 4; April 2021
North American Academic Research, 4(4) 334-344, Apr 2021, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4728098

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Abstract: As a new type of grouting material, the research on the performance and hydration mechanism of High Belite Sulphoaluminate cement grouting material is not enough, and it is difficult to adjust the slurry performance according to different grouting conditions, which leads to some difficulties in the application of High Belite Sulphoaluminate cement grouting material in engineering practice. Therefore, in this paper, the performance and hydration mechanism of High Belite Sulphoaluminate mud based grouting material are systematically and comprehensively studied to provide basic guarantee for its further application and overview of grouting method. In view of the problems existing in the composite application of High Belite Sulphoaluminate cement, by adjusting the system of the mineral composition, which is the introduction of coal metakaolin (CMK) and ordinary Portland cement (OPC), to develop a new type of grouting material of hydration reaction rate gradient, and the physical mechanical properties and durability of the grouting material for the experimental study of the system, and at the same time, the slurry diffusion law of the material was studied by numerical simulation.

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Volume: Issue: 4

Article: Lung Cancer Detection and Classification Using SVM

Faizi Mohammad Khalid, Hongwei Xie, Zhen Cao, Mazhar Javid
Vol 4, Issue 4; April 2021
North American Academic Research, 4(4) 318-333, Apr 2021, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4728067

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Abstract: PC helped determination is beginning to be executed comprehensively in the finding and identification of numerous assortments of abnormities procured during different imaging techniques. The principle point of the frameworks is to build the exactness and diminishing the hour of judgments, while the overall accomplishment for frameworks are to discover the spot of knobs and to decide the trademark highlights of the knob. As cellular breakdown in the lungs is one of the lethal and driving disease types, there have been a lot of studies for the use of the frameworks to distinguish cellular breakdown in the lungs. However, the frameworks should be built up a great deal so as to recognize the various states of knobs, lung division and to have more elevated level of affectability, indicate and precision. This test is the inspiration of this examination in execution of framework for cellular breakdown in the lungs identification. In the examination, LIDC information base is utilized which contains a picture set of cellular breakdown in the lungs thoracic archived CT filters. The introduced framework comprises of CT picture perusing, picture pre-preparing, division, highlight extraction and arrangement steps. To abstain from losing significant highlights, the CT pictures were perused as a crude structure in DICOM document design. At that point, filtration and upgrade strategies were utilized as a picture handling. Otsu's calculation, edge discovery and morphological activities are applied for the division, following the element extractions step. At long last, uphold vector machine with Gaussian RBF is used for the characterization step which is broadly utilized as an administered classifier.

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Volume: Issue: 4

Article: Covid19 in Bangladesh Comparative Analysis of Infected Situation and Control Strategy

Habibur Rahman, Md Al Hasan Ibneh Fahad, Md Nazrul Islam, Azmir Yasin, Md Abdullah Al Mamun, Ratan Ali, Sayad Abdul Ahad, Md Ariful Haque
Vol 4, Issue 4; April 2021
North American Academic Research, 4(4) 294-306, Apr 2021, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4723574

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Abstract: An outbreak of a COVID-19 pandemic disease, caused by a novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2, has posed a serious threat to global human health. Bangladesh has also come under the attack of this viral disease. Here, we aimed to describe the responses of Bangladesh to tackle the COVID-19, particularly on how Bangladesh is dealing with this novel viral disease with its limited resources. The first case of a COVID-19 patient was detected in Bangladesh on March 8, 2020. Since then, a total of 727,780 peoples are officially reported as COVID-19 infected with 10,588 deaths and Recovered: 628,111 until April 22, 2021. To combat the COVID-19, the government has taken various steps viz. diagnosis of the suspected cases, quarantine of doubted people and isolation of infected patients, local or regional lockdown, closure of all government and private offices, increase public awareness and enforce social distancing, etc. Moreover, to address the socio-economic situations, the government announced several financial stimulus packages of about USD 11.90 billion. However, the government got 3 months since the disease was first reported in China, but the country failed in making proper strategies including contact tracing, introducing antibody/antigen-based rapid detection kit, and also failed to make multi-disciplinary team to combat this disease. Further, limited testing facilities and inadequate treatment service along with public unawareness are the major challenges for Bangladesh to tackle this situation effectively. Along with the government, personal awareness and assistance of non-government organizations, private organizations, researchers, doctors, industrialists, and international organizations are firmly required to mitigate this highly contagious disease. Covid-19 was first detected at Wuhan in China at the end of 2019 on 31st December 2019. On 11th March 2020 World Health Organization (WHO) declares SARS-CoV-2 as highly transmissible zoonotic disease and advised every country to take it seriously. The first case of COVID-19 in Bangladesh was detected on 8th March 2020. Gradually, due to community transmission, the government of Bangladesh announced a nationwide lockdown. After few months of lockdown when the case of COVID-19 started to fall the government withdrawn the lockdown and people started to go back to their normal life. But in the winter season of Bangladesh people usually get infected by a different influenza-like virus. In winter season the problem related to the respiratory system normally increases in Bangladesh. So, this tendency can give a spike to COVID-19 infection again. So, researchers are anticipating that the COVID-19 infected case will rise significantly than the first time in this winter that may cause another wave of COVID-19 infection that may cause a nationwide lockdown again.

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Volume: Issue: 4

Article: The Impact of China’s FDI on Central African Country Economic Growth

NGUEFIO PRINCE NICAISE
Vol 4, Issue 4; April 2021
North American Academic Research, 4(4) 307-317, Apr 2021, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4723591

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Abstract: Foreign Direct Investment is generally considered a vital source of economic growth for Central African Country, bringing in employment opportunities, capital investment, and business knowledge needed for economic growth. This research paper postulates to study the relationship between FDI and economic growth of Afghanistan for the period of 2005 – 2016 using time series data. Real GDP annual growth rate is taken as a dependent variable and inflation rate, unemployment rate also shows a negative significant relationship with the economic growth rate of Central African Republic and the null hypothesis was rejected, whereas, the interest rate, inflation rate and the exchange rates have positive but insignificant relationship with the dependent variable and the null hypothesis for all these three variables were retained. The study recommends that the government should bring modifications in the domestic market to draw attention of more FDIs in Central African Country.

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Volume: Issue: 4

Article: Analyzing the Formability of Reinforced Glass Fiber Metal Laminates in Isothermal Conditions

Md. Azharul Islam, Qiang Wei, Yao Wang, Foyjullah Sumon
Vol 4, Issue 4; April 2021
North American Academic Research, 4(4) 282-294, Apr 2021, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4718565

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Abstract: Fiber metal laminates are sandwich materials comprised of altering layers of fiber reinforced composites and metal alloys. These materials can offer superior properties compared to the monolithic constituents such as superior specific strength compared to metals and better impact and fatigue resistance than composite materials. This paper investigates the stamp formability of fiber metal laminates using distinct material based on a reinforced glass fiber metal laminates. Specimens of varying geometry were stretched over a hemispherical punch to elicit different deformation modes in the fiber metal laminates and a non-contact optical measurement system was used to measure the surface strain during deformation. These experiments analyzed the effect of the deformation mode on the formability of the laminates. The results from the experimentation were used to assess the deformation behavior of the fiber- metal laminates and to identify the safe forming limits of the materials

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Volume: Issue: 4

Article: Food and Restaurant Recommendation System Using Hybrid Filtering Mechanism

Amanuel Melese
Vol 4, Issue 4; April 2021
North American Academic Research, 4(4) 268-281, Apr 2021, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4712849

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Abstract: The application of machine learning and Artificial Intelligence system in the food industry is not more profound than the other sectors. Those available systems do not fully answer the expectations of customers, lacks user personalization’s. This paper presents the recommendation system for restaurants and food using a hybrid filtering mechanism. Multiple filtering mechanisms were applied on datasets to recommend food and restaurants for customers. The dataset was collected from recognized machine learning repositories of the U.S.A. government. Feature extraction and sampling are done on the datasets to test the performance of the system. This paper will try to answer user personalization preferences by applying Hybrid mechanisms. The recommendation was based on different customer preference like ratings, top sale, discount, weather condition etc. This paper combines content-based and collaborative based filtering mechanisms to provide the user with full functionalities of the recommender systems. It will adopt a hybrid system from the two mechanisms for effective implementation of the recommendation. For the development of this paper, data collection was done from known repositories, and feature extraction was done to filter out the unnecessary data. Sampling techniques were also applied to the dataset to distinguish between train and test data. 70% of the total dataset were allocated for training the system and 30% for test purpose. Sampling was also conducted in the model test stage by assigning 30% for evaluation purpose. To evaluate the performance of the proposed system, machine learning algorithms such as random forest, gradient boosting, decision tree, linear regression and K-Nearest neighbor were applied. The final performance of the model is so promising that it achieved an 83.5% success rate. Model loss and accuracy were also conducted, and the best fitting algorithms were selected. Based on the final result, the random forest algorithm shows significant performance with 0.859 accuracies and 0.1193 loss.

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Volume: Issue: 4

Article: Chinese Foreign Direct Investment in Africa’s Natural Resources and the Impacts on Local Communities

NGUEFIO PRINCE NICAISE
Vol 4, Issue 4; April 2021
North American Academic Research, 4(4) 255-267, Apr 2021, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4717533

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Abstract: This paper discusses Chinese Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) in Africa’s natural resources and its impacts on local communities. It opens the discussion by highlighting in the preamble how and why Chinese FDI has been skyrocketing especially beginning around the early 2000s with the introduction of the going global policy. The paper then zooms further to give a more nuanced understanding of the nature of Chinese FDI and the main areas of investment in Africa. Information for this write up was collected from secondary sources including published books, articles and seminar papers among others. The paper shows that Chinese FDI has impacted both positively and negatively on local communities in Africa. On the positive front, Chinese FDI has been instrumental in employment creation and infrastructure development. Notwithstanding this, Chinese FDI has been accused of engaging in socially irresponsible investments taunted with abusive employment conditions, environmental pollution etc. The paper remains skeptical on concluding whether Chinese FDI has been harmful or beneficial to the local or host communities because of the limited evidence provided in the paper. Hence, it ends by recommending possible areas for further research on the topic.

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Volume: Issue: 4

Article: Investigating the Impact of Human Capital Resource and the Effect on Economic Growth and Development A Case Study of Liberia

Faliku Stephen Dukuly, Prof. Kun Huang
Vol 4, Issue 4; April 2021
North American Academic Research, 4(4) 234-254, Apr 2021, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4717513

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Abstract: The role of human capital in accumulating national wealth and sustaining long-term economic growth and development is a strategic human resource and management approach that can be advantageous to society if financed well. The term and value of “human capital” can also be used as a competitive advantage for a country to maximize the labor force and conversely increase productivity and output. In this study, we investigate the role of human capital and its impact on economic growth and development. Based on the result obtained using the Ordinary Least Square (OLS) methods and technique, our result indicates that the index on Health care expenditure, LIFE Expectancy, and Foreign AID is negatively associated with Liberia’s Economic Growth and development. Theoretically, it was proven that Population (POPg) growth is positive and significant and also serves as a positive and contributing factor to Gross National Income accumulation in Liberia which also serves as a fraction of the labor force in the economy. Consequently, low expenditure (Investment) on Health care could place the total workforce at risk and causing a reduction in the human resource of the country. The data used in the study is Time-Series data which was generated from the World Bank Development Indicators to test the hypothesis and variables from 2000 to 2019. We used the EViews-7 statistical tool for data analysis.

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Volume: Issue: 4

Article: The Prospects for the Conjugation of the Eurasian Economic Union and Chinese “One Belt, One Road”

Yelnaz Kembayeva
Vol 4, Issue 4; April 2021
North American Academic Research, 4(4) 221-233, Apr 2021, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4716349

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Abstract: Since the member states of the Eurasian Economic Union and China agreed on “conjugation”, Eurasian integration has become more than an advanced form of cooperation between several countries. It is about the establishment of closer relations between the Eurasian Economic Union, an economic organization made up of several post-Soviet nations, and the Chinese initiative “One Belt, One Road”. The Eurasian Economic Union is one of the most successful post-Soviet regional economic integration projects which consists of Kazakhstan, Russia, Kyrgyzstan, Armenia and Belarus. Those states want to increase the level of mutual trade and investment, competitiveness of respective economies and overall level of economic development by means of free trade without barriers. Belt and Road Initiative aims at broader international cooperation to develop prosperity and economic growth both inside China and that of developing countries. That can be achieved by cooperating on creating mutual policies, facilitation of connectivity (transport, electricity, and communication infrastructure) and unrestricted trade among others. By conjugating two projects, the member states of the EAEU and China want to cooperate on infrastructure and trade facilitation projects by choosing important sectors of economy and investing in their development. Carrying out such a big project requires close collaboration between all parties involved and can potentially result in a slew of issues relating to each party's interests. As a result, the academics and some specialists have been concerned about the problems and prospects of this project. This article analyses some of those views and concludes that overall, there are both elements of cooperation and competition in relations between the EAEU and China just like in any other cooperation initiative. Still, the parties involved will benefit more than they can lose if they focus all of their efforts on effective collaboration, which will reinforce their positions in the international arena. Both the EAEU member states and China's governments are undoubtedly aware of the potential for conflicts and opportunities, and have taken steps to concentrate on the latter.

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Volume: Issue: 4

Article: Determination Factors of Packaged Product Selling

Arman Ahmed
Vol 4, Issue 4; April 2021
North American Academic Research, 4(4) 209-220, Apr 2021, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4713192

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Abstract: This examination means to research the job of bundling in customer's view of item quality at the packaged product. The study includes four free factors: Protection of items and buyer, Promotion of items, assistance of capacity, use, and accommodation of items, help of reusing and lessening ecological harm and the reliant variable is buyer's view of item quality at the Point of procurement. The analyst attempts to create and test a model to accomplish the exploration goals. Information was gathered from a comfort test of 547 respondents utilizing a poll. Survey comprises of 26 things estimated on five point likert scale. The information is investigated utilizing a few factual strategies to test the expressed speculations. Unmistakable factual measures are utilized to depict the examination's example qualities. Numerous relapse investigations are used to discover the impact of the free factors on the reliable variable. It was discovered that all the autonomous factors significantly affected Bangladeshi shopper's view of item quality at the purpose of procurement. Proposals for future research, promoting suggestions, and constraints of this examination are proposed.

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Volume: Issue: 4

Article: Self-Proclaimed Prophets and Human Security in Africa

Jill Tsitsi Mujaji
Vol 4, Issue 4; April 2021
North American Academic Research, 4(4) 194-208, Apr 2021, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4707578

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Abstract: Over the recent years, the challenge of self-proclaimed prophets has impacted the Christian faith in Africa. Many unsuspecting and innocent people have fallen prey to the displays exhibited by self-proclaimed prophets in the name of God. This challenge has given way too many Africans' exploitation since religion constitutes an inextricable part of African people's lives. Cases of self-proclaimed prophets staging miracles and prophecies have been on the rise, and innocent people have fallen prey to the lies due to their faith in God. In this paper, it will be argued that con artists disguised as prophets of God have threatened human security, and this has crippled sustainable development in the African region. In this paper, four aspects are discussed: why Africans have become gullible to false Prophets, how con artists disguised as prophets of God compromise human security in Africa, trending involving Prophets in Africa, and possible suggestions given the current research findings. It will be concluded that self-proclaimed prophets threaten human security in Africa by using the name of God to achieve selfish desires.

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Volume: Issue: 4

Article: Banking Supervisory Regulation; Comparative Study of the Bankruptcy of Chinese and Congolese Commercial Banks Due to Non-Compliance with Prudential Rules: Causes, Consequences and Suggestions

Malula Kaya Guy Roger
Vol 4, Issue 4; April 2021
North American Academic Research, 4(4) 167-187, Apr 2021, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4705407

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Abstract: Recent developments in banking systems pose challenges for both banks and supervisory authorities. Bank control is carried out in a traditional way in the form of legal condition and management ratio. Most rules limit risk in a simple and direct way. Any credit institution is required to have an internal risk control system in place. The purpose of this system is to verify compliance with procedures within the rules in force, to verify compliance with the limits of risks, to ensure the quality of accounting and financial information. Prudential rules are intended to ensure minimum security while harmonizing competition rules. This is the set of rules gradually introduced by the bale agreement and retraced by the national supervisory authorities. In the context of this article we examined the management of prudential rules by the supervisory and regulatory authorities of the Chinese and Congolese banking sector; we highlighted these prudential rules by doing a comparative study compared to Chinese and Congolese commercial banks that went bankrupt due to non-compliance with prudential rules. We have demonstrated the causes of bankruptcy; the consequences of bankruptcy and we have proposed solutions to make bank risk management more efficient by scrupulously observing international and national legislation in China and Congo.

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Volume: Issue: 4

Article: Africans in China: The Lifestyle of Malian Muslims Businessmen in Guangzhou

Bourema Sissoko, Abdoulaye M’begniga, Wu Baoqin, Soumaïla Oulalé, Joseph Mango
Vol 4, Issue 4; April 2021
North American Academic Research, 4(4) 84-98, Apr 2021, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4704681

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Abstract: Despite the large number of young population, colossal talent and many resources in African countries, Africans in highly poorly managed countries are often unlikely to achieve economic reliance and better living conditions. This situation triggers the migration of Africans in their numbers to the search for greener pastures. This study explored how Guangzhou, a Chinese commercial city, attracts Africans. Specifically, it used the case of Malian Muslim Businessmen (MMB) to investigate the lifestyle, challenges and influence of their religion in daily activities. Both qualitative and quantitative approaches with convenient sampling methods were used to collect the data, administered by questionnaires, semi-structured interviews, and participant observation. The results showed that the city of Guangzhou attracts many Africans including MMB due to business, and their lifestyles on leadership, food and religion do not differ significantly from their home countries. The study also identified that there is no influence their religion (Islam) on business. However, due to time and administrative constraints, they are unable to join for, e.g. collective prayers and celebrating feasts daily. Furthermore, they are facing challenges for the renewal of the resident permits obtained outside the city.

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Volume: Issue: 4

Article: Indonesia's Health Products Market Development, Competitors and Health Products Classification

Dr. Amrih Patriotomo
Vol 4, Issue 4; April 2021
North American Academic Research, 4(4) 148-166, Apr 2021, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4704725

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Abstract: Indonesia currently has 908 traditional herbal medicine plants. The small pharmaceutical plant produce more than 1,000 products for sale on the market. There are 13 pharmaceutical factories that produce foreign traditional medicines, and their products have entered the herbal medicine market. According to the Indonesian Herbal Plant Manufacturers and Exporters Association there are currently more than 300 types of herbal medicines that can be cultivated in Indonesia.

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Volume: Issue: 4

Article: Review of Mary Douglas (1963): “The Lele of the Kasai”: Readings in Socio-Cultural Anthropology

ZINGA CHRISTIAN AMANDIN
Vol 4, Issue 4; April 2021
North American Academic Research, 4(4) 188-193, Apr 2021,https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4705445

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Abstract: The present paper is a review of ‘The Lele of the Kasai’, An Anthropological research made by Mary Douglas in Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC), Africa in 1963. The fieldwork about The Lele of the Kasai is one of the most significant monographs which were consecrated to the Bantu society of the Congo-Leopoldville. Mary Douglas dedicated her research to the social structure, social organization, Social cohesion, and kinship, the economy backward, family members roles (the division of labor) from the traditional and modern perspectives (I. e. before colonization and after colonization). However, M. Douglas’ research has similarities with this paper presented on ‘Social structure and Economic Market of Yakoma ethnic group’ in Bangui, Central African Republic (2009). The main purpose of the review is to carried out her fieldwork methodology approaches and theories, objectives, analysis, her engagement as social anthropologist, examine the types of study she undertakes, the important of her research to anthropology study and describe similarities between “The Lele of the Kasai” of Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) and the Yakoma ethnic group in Central African Republic (CAR).

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Volume: Issue: 4

Article: Antagonistic Activities of Pediococcus Pentosaceus Against Pseudomonas Aeruginosa Growth

Yaoting Xiao, Yuetong Li, Fengxia Zhang, Zhengliang Chen, Liqun Tang, Jianzhou Li, Xiaohua Chen
Vol 4, Issue 4; April 2021
North American Academic Research, 4(4) 130-137, Apr 2021, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4699390

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Abstract: Pediococcus pentosaceus is a kind of beneficial lactic acid bacteria (LAB), which can inhibit foodborne pathogens, regulate the intestinal immune function, reduce cholesterol level, anti-tumor, inhibit microorganisms and other probiotic functions. In this study, Pseudomonas aeruginosa was used as the indicator bacteria to investigate the mechanism of the antagonistic effect of P. pentosaceus (Rsp5 and Rsp6) against P. aeruginosa by methods of test the antibacterial ability, pyocyanin expression, biofilm formation, hydrophobicity and auto-aggregation of P. pentosaceus and co-aggregation ability between the two strains. The results showed that two strains of P. pentosaceus (Rsp5 and Rsp6) had a significant antagonistic ability against P. aeruginosa, but the antagonistic mechanism was different. Rsp5 can inhibit the growth of P. aeruginosa (inhibition zone is 2.013±0.194 cm), inhibit biofilm formation (inhibition rate is about 55%), and reduce the infectivity of P. aeruginosa through its own co-agglutination with P. aeruginosa PAO1. Rsp6 can inhibit the growth of P. aeruginosa (inhibition zone is 1.907±0.272 cm), the expression of pyocyanin (inhibition rate is about 47%) and biofilm formation (inhibition rate is about 60%). This study will provide a research basis to prevent P. aeruginosa by LAB.

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Volume: Issue: 4

Article: Life Cycle Cost Analysis of Precast Concrete Bridge Projects

Habibullah Sharifi, Sayed Hafiz Sadat, Zhaoxu Wang, Yuanzhen Liu
Vol 4, Issue 4; April 2021
North American Academic Research, 4(4) 138-147, Apr 2021, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4699431

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Abstract: The aim of this research is to analyze the replacement of concrete bridges with precast concrete bridges, which could potentially lead to faster construction, thinner slabs and a more durable life. Precast concrete bridges also provide longer construction seasons throughout the year and reduce the duration of construction while maintaining roads or rebuilding bridge. Life Cycle Cost Analysis (LCCA) of precast concrete bridges with the traditional method by comparing the initial cost of precast concrete bridges with the traditional casting method, construction methodology, materials used, environmental impacts, recurring costs, maintenance costs, life-time assessment and life expectancy is discussed. Moreover, the traditional method is essentially to carry out all on-site activities, i.e. casting bridges on-site, curing bridges and then opening them up for traffic use. All these traditional methods can be eliminated if precast concrete bridges are used. The results expected from this study will identify how feasible it is to replace traditional bridge casting with precast concrete bridges in terms of cost, time and life expectancy

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Volume: Issue: 4

Article: Analysis of Russian Evenks's Cultural Development and Commercial Integration

Yoipeng Li, Sikai Chen, Elizaveta Golod, Dhaneshwar Shah, Olga N. Morozova
Vol 4, Issue 4; April 2021
North American Academic Research, 4(4)121-129, April 2021, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4688038

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Abstract: This article focuses on the representations of Evenkis and their culture national identity, economic and cultural development in age of globalization, In Russia. The Evenki are an indigenous people of central and eastern Siberia, Mongolia, and Inner Mongolia.The Evenki have been under Russian and Chinese rule since their conquest during the 17th century by the Romanov and Qing dynasties respectively.In older Russian and Western ethno-graphic literature, the Evenki were formerly referred to by the term Tungus, which is derived from Tongus, the Yakut word for "Evenki."The article will use the various elements of critical study to highlight the interplay between the real, imaginary, and ideological development of this community. The article explores how visual datas of the Evenkis and the Evenki culture create the ideological structure of the nature of the Evenkis and replicate ethnic hierarchies in the Russian and Chinese region. The paper also tries to examine the nature of the Evenkis as primitive folk in the time the contemporary Russian society.

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Volume: Issue: 4

Article: China's Industrialization Trajectories and Its Economic and Environmental Implications

Aminata Yattara
Vol 4, Issue 4; April 2021
North American Academic Research, 4(4) 99-109, Apr 2021, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4679482

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Abstract: The aim of this paper is to examine China's industrial trajectories and its implications on its economic development and environment. In today's international economy, China’s rapid industrial expansion is a heated discussion topic in many forums and countries, as it has its own unique economic and political systems. China’s industrialization process has been driven by a socialist ideology (socialism with Chinese characteristics) - a social and economic scheme which allows for essential social services and industries to operate cooperatively and publicly in order to achieve equal opportunity and equal recompense for all. China’s industrialization process can be divided into two major stages. The first stage is about the industrialization process under the traditional planned economy. The second stage is about the industrialization process after reform and opening up. China’s rapid expansion of industrialization has produced an impressive economic growth, but on the other hand it has had severe ramifications for the environment. Like the other developed countries, including the U.S., Japan and the United Kingdom, China followed the “pollute first, control later,” approach to its industrialization, in which environmental protection was considered only after considerable economic development was achieved. As a result, its industrialization process has created various forms of environmental problems, such as air pollution, water pollution, and solid waste pollution. As a remedy, China has been using its technological innovation to protect the environment at the same time sustain its industrial trajectory. However, balancing between these two has been a challenge, not only for China but for all countries as well.

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Volume: Issue: 4

Article: Impacts of China’s Higher Education Reforms: Focus on the C9 League and Other Peer Institutions

Spencer Amoo-Dotse
Vol 4, Issue 4; April 2021
North American Academic Research, 4(4)69-83, Apr 2021, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4676798

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Abstract: This article analyzes the elitist policies adopted and implemented by the Chinese government in the early 1990s, which gave a re-birth to higher education modernization in China. The article also recounts the policy frameworks adopted in the years passed by the Chinese government in the higher education sub-sector. Events which preceded formulation of policies and frameworks for the drafting and smooth implementation of the project 211 and the project 985, which later amalgamated into the C9 league of universities, also referred to as China’s “Ivy League”, was carefully looked at. The ARWU global university rankings was utilized as a benchmark for this study. Data from the ARWU from the year 2016 to 2020 was collected and studied for the purposes of this study. Performance of the Chinese universities, that form the C9 league was looked at in terms of worldwide rankings from 2016 to 2020 fundamentally to check their performance in the past five years which revealed the positive exploits of the “C9 League” of Chinese universities. Furthermore, the C9 League was studied alongside other Chinese universities which are not part of the "top-tier" class but have made tremendous gains on the ARWU global ranking scale. Discovery was made which points to the fact that there are universities in China that are not so popular but have made significant gains on the ARWU scale. These schools are found to be the “unsung heroes” making waves locally but not on the international stage. This makes it paramount for stakeholders in the higher education sub-sector in China to pay special attention to. Also analyzing the data accentuated the fact that, policies implement with the aim of modernizing higher education, have yielded positive results. The positions of these institutions on the international scale were looked at in relation to the other schools that are in the “C9 league”. Also, it was discovered that in the last three years (2018 - 2020), the C9 league of institutions have made steady progress on the global ranking scale which is gradually making Chinese higher education world class and a worth explorable topic.

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Volume: Issue: 4

Article: Negative Emotions Can Interfere with the Inhibitory Effect of Proactive Control on Implicit Stereotypes

Li Chen, Shuyu Zeng, Rui He
Vol 4, Issue 4; April 2021
North American Academic Research, 4(4)53-69, Apr 2021, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4675801

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Abstract: In the present study, the gender face pictures were used as priming stimuli, and the weapons recognition paradigm and process separation program were used to explore the influence of emotion and proactive control on implicit gender stereotypes. Study 1 (n=56) explored the processing of proactive control under different conflict levels and its influence on implicit gender stereotypes. The results showed that under high conflict level, the response time was the shortest and the correct rate was the highest. In Study 2 (n=96), emotional variables were added to explore the influence of proactive control on the intervention effect of implicit gender stereotypes under different conflict levels. The results showed that the participants had the longest reaction time and the lowest correct rate among the high conflict levels in negative emotional type. Process dissociation analysis showed that the proactive control mode reflected the change of control processing, rather than the automatic association of stereotypes. These findings showed that the proactive control processing mode appears more in the high conflict level, which helps to weaken the implicit gender stereotype; However, negative emotions can interfere with the proactive control process, and can not optimize cognition, so as to suppress implicit gender stereotypes.

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Volume: Issue: 4

Article: Terrorism in The Name of Religion Has Become Predominant Model in the Modern World

Phrohorsrithy PHANN
Vol 4, Issue 4; April 2021
North American Academic Research, 4(4) 43-52, Apr 2021, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4672479

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Abstract: Through the long historical of humanity, interaction between religion and terrorism has unbreakable linkage. The term of “New Terrorism” is defined in General Assembly Summit of United Nation in 1994; many innocent people continue to lose their lives, because the increasing of terrorist discriminations in the world. Islam is used by terrorist leaderships to change innocent people’s thinking to be the terrorist by using belief in religion. In last two decades the terrorist attacks were responsible by Islamic terrorist group, which based in Middle East region, including AlQaeda, Taleban and Islamic state (ISIS), Buku Haram in Africa etc. We would not accuse that, Islam creates terrorism, but Islam is mainly using to serve the nationalism of some Islamic countries and its political advantages. Therefore, the discussion bellow aimed to examine the sources of terrorism, instruments and the international response to contain the spreading of terrorism. We used the evidences of criminal case, the governmental reports, journals and books which issued on terrorism to support our arguments in this analysis.

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Volume: Issue: 4

Article: FEA Analysis and Fatigue Life Prediction of Aircraft Turbine Disk

Muhammad Adnan , Liu Shujiel
Vol 4, Issue 4; April 2021
North American Academic Research, 4(4) 10-19, Apr 2021, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4670446

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Abstract: This paper represents the fatigue life Prediction of aircraft turbine disk. Low-cycle fatigue of remanufactured turbine disk has been carried out through finite element simulation analysis. First establish the remanufactured turbine disc finite element Model, considering its service characteristic load, through simulation to calculate the stress and strain distribution results at its maximum speed and slow speed. The life of an aircraft turbine disk at a critical stage can be effectively calculated using the finite element analysis method. Aircraft turbine disk have been designed and simulated by abacus. The material properties of Inconel 718 alloy have been used. By applying load and boundary condition on the turbine disk simulation results have been calculated. Different results such as maximum principal stress, minimum principal stress, nodal temperature, pressure, spatial distance and heat flux have been calculated out. Secondly, critical point has been pointed out on the turbine disk having maximum stress effect such as disk bore, fir tree area and assembly holes. After calculation results show that turbine disk bore has maximum stress and its critical point. Fatigue life has been calculated at the turbine disk bore by morrow equation.

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Volume: Issue: 4

Article: Enhancing Policy Implementation Through Employees’ Awareness of Their Right: A Case of MTN Rwanda

MUHIMPUNDU Nadege
Vol 4, Issue 4; April 2021
North American Academic Research, 4(4)20-42, Apr 2021, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4672412

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Abstract: This paper aims to ascertain the degree to which workers at MTN company in Rwanda are aware of their employment rights. A descriptive research design was used; the targeted population was the worker at MTN Rwanda in the Kigali branches. These staff include managers, official agents, security and cleaners. Questionnaires and structured interviews were used to collect data. Data analysis is in the form of graphs and tables, and interpreted and introduced using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS).The study initially targeted 100 staff of the company and 100 questionnaires were given out of which 89 of the questionnaires were completed. Nonetheless, the study managed to represent all the employees of the company in terms of gender, age, educational level, and other demographic factors. The results show that, there are sections of employment rights the employees are aware of and there were other sections they were not aware of. Furthermore, the results indicate that there is a significant variation on the employee’s awareness of labour laws as well as weaknesses on the supporting mechanisms for enhancing the awareness of employee’s right at the workplace. Lack of employees’ awareness of the labour law places their statutory rights and obligations in a disadvantageous position. Yet, it is hoped that if an employer complies with the law, he prevents fines resulting from non-compliance with the legislation, as well as future litigation. This study contributes to the ability of employees to identify the challenges they share in common and to create awareness of their rights at work as enshrined by law. The findings herein clarify the extent to which employees are aware of their rights and the processes of seeking redress whenever such rights are violated. It also allows policymakers to realize the gap between the policies and the very people they are made for, in order to ensure policies, have the significant impacts for which they are made.

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Volume: Issue: 3

Article: Real-World Study of The Factors Affecting the Anticoagulant Therapy and Prognosis in Atrial Fibrillation Patients

Sharma Ram Kripal , Dr. Gaofeng Zeng , Jianfeng Wu , Hongfa Yang , Kong Chen
Vol 4, Issue 3; March 2021
North American Academic Research, 4(3)281-292, Mar 2021, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4662018

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Abstract: This paper examines the present context of the study of the factors affecting anticoagulant therapy and prognosis in Atrial Fibrillation patients. It is notable that “Atrial fibrillation” is one of the leading causes of mortality and morbidity. It is also the high-risk point factor of stroke in humans. The therapy “Anticoagulation can effect effectively on the stroke. Moreover, it is referred to as atrial fibrillation. Howbeit, the world of pharmacy referred to the standard anticoagulation of patients with atrial fibrillation is not very popular. Investigate the status of anticoagulation and its influencing factors to find the factors that affect anticoagulation therapy and provide a basis for guiding clinical decisions

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Volume: Issue: 3

Article: The Processing of Biomass Production in Zimbabwe from 2010 to 2019

Graham Zimbudzana , Li Zheng
Vol 4, Issue 3; March 2021
North American Academic Research, 4(3)309-320, Mar 2021, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4662033

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Abstract: Recently the use of biomass to provide energy in Zimbabwe is estimated at 66% of the total energy used in the country. There has been a strong movement to use biomass resources for energy purposes in the past decade. Zimbabwe’s significant biomass resources are crops, animal excrement, refuse, and industrial waste materials. The study aims to determine the status and trends of biomass production in Zimbabwe between 2010 to 2019. The paper analyzes how biomass crops are grown and how they are utilized and how they present problems. This research was performed using a qualitative approach and is focused on secondary data obtained from various outlets, including journal papers, conference proceedings, government records, magazine articles searched through search engines. This study’s findings disclose that a total of 711 biomass plants in the country by the end of 2017, such as local plants, institutional plants, and households plants 90%, 8%, 2%, respectively. In these plants, 1% used pig manure, 8% sewage, 1% cow dung, and other digested local sources, while 90% used cattle faeces. In meat production, 97% of the working biomass is used for cooking, while 1% is used in poultry. The study determines that bioenergy is not as common as other types of energy. Education and communication concerning the benefits of biomass technology promote its use.

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Volume: Issue: 3

Article: Supply chain performance scandals of e-commerce industry: qualitative evidence from Bangladesh

Farrukh Uddin
Vol 4, Issue 3; March 2021
North American Academic Research, 4(3)293-308, Mar 2021, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4661407

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Abstract: The purpose of this study is to present the supply chain performance scandals of E-commerce industry in Bangladesh. Based on this objective, this study followed a newspaper-based content analysis methodology. A structured systematic way was followed here. This study finds that both the e-commerce company has numerous scandals related to their services. However, Evaly is completely running their business very technically with some MLM business characteristics. That raises the questions about their supply chain systems. This study will have significant contribution to e-commerce industry research in Bangladesh.

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Volume: Issue: 3

Article: Knowledge and Practice on Oral Health among Diabetic Patients

Md. Hasanul Arefin , Hafiza Sultana , Anowar Hossain , Sk. Faija Fahmida , Mahamuda khatun
Vol 4, Issue 3; March 2021
North American Academic Research, 4(3)268-280, Mar 2021, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4661276

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Abstract: Diabetes mellitus is a major public health problem in Bangladesh. Several studies have shown that diabetic patients are at a greater risk of developing oral health problems. To improve the oral health among diabetic patients, it is of absolute importance to raise the existing level of knowledge and practice. The objective of this study was to assess the level of knowledge and practice of diabetic patients on oral health. This cross-sectional study was conducted among conveniently selected 120 adult diabetic patients (18 years and above) receiving treatment at outpatient department of two upazila health complexes and two diabetic centers in two upazilas of Tangail district, Bangladesh. The study period was from 1st January to 31st December 2019. Data were collected by face-to-face interview with a semi-structured questionnaire. Among diabetic patients, female was 52.5%, mean age was 51.34 ± 10.166 years, 25.68 % had primary level education, 32% were housewife, 93.3% were Muslim and 50.8% had monthly family income within 1000-15000 Bangladeshi taka. Among the patients, 18.3% had poor knowledge, 16.7% had average knowledge and 65% had good knowledge on oral health. On the other hand, 53.3%. 39.2% and 7.5% of respondents had poor, average and good level on oral health practice, respectively. There was statistical significance (P < .05) among participants’ sex, education, occupation and marital status, and level of knowledge and practice. In addition, there was strong association (P < .05) between level of practice and participants’ monthly family income. This study showed that level of knowledge of diabetic patients on oral health was good but the level of practice on oral health was poor. Therefore, there is scope to take more interventions for enhancing oral health practices among the diabetic patients.

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Volume: Issue: 3

Article: Join Public Key and Private Key for Encrypting Data

Md Helal Hossen, Md Monim Hasan , Wenjun Hu
Vol 4, Issue 3; March 2021
North American Academic Research, 4(3)256-267, Mar 2021, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4661097

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Abstract: Data security is a major issue in the digital world. Cryptography is the most use technique for data security. Cryptography is one of the principle of protection of digital data. Encryption and decryption ensure the data confidentiality. The effectiveness of the encryption security depends on the key management, while RSA algorithm uses two keys. Public key is used to encrypt the data, this key can be used by anyone to encrypt. Private Key is used only to decrypt the data. If the private key is leaked that means the security system cannot protect any data. The Perfection of the encryption depends on the key management and the internal mathematics method of the algorithm. In this paper we propose an encryption method using AES and RSA algorithm. This encryption method can be used for cloud computing, desktop data and database data security.

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Volume: Issue: 3

Article: Protection of Traditional Architecture and Ancient City Wall of Herat

Sayed Hafiz Sadat , Habibullah Sharifi , Weicheng Han
Vol 4, Issue 3; March 2021
North American Academic Research, 4(3) 244-255, Mar 2021, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4647909

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Abstract: This investigation inspected the issues militating against the preservation of Persian customary design that includes an investigation of the Herat city antiquated walls. The reason and criticalness of saving the noteworthy manufactured condition were analyzed to explain their legitimacy to the investigation zone while additionally assessing the degree of rot of the walls. Field studies, meetings and perceptions were led and from the information gathered it was uncovered that walls and entryways were restored in 2015/2016 and significant pieces of the antiquated walls and gates are not in presence. The examination presumed that the antiquated city walls and entryways are significantly undermined by demolition and continuously coming to finish eradication while preservation is the best way to forestall it. At last, the Insurance of the memorable structures advancement of the travel industry in order to produce income for the upkeep of the landmarks in the midst of other were suggested.

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Volume: Issue: 3

Article: Modest Strategy for Oxygen Vacancies Concentration on x/Zn-ZSM-5 Bi-functional Catalyst in the Alkylation of Benzene with Syngas

Naseer Ahmad Safi, Yanchun Li, Junwen Wang, Azharulhaq Kamran, Chuanmin Ding
Vol 4, Issue 3; March 2021
North American Academic Research, 4(3)230-243, Mar 2021, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4647668

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Abstract: Alkylation of benzene with syngas was studied over Ceria-Zirconia Solid solution and Zinc modified x/Zn-HZSM-5 catalyst. The catalyst was prepared by co-precipitation and impregnation methods. The experimental results exhibited that the insertion of Zr and Zn contents were excessive oxygen vacancies and increase in the specific surface area. The insertion of Zr and Zn content had the best catalytic performance, the sample CeZr/Zn-HZSM-5 exhibiting 26% benzene and 27% CO conversion, with the high selectivity of toluene and xylene 87%. The catalyst carefully characterized: results showed that the catalytic activity was enhanced with the doping of Zr atoms, which would increase the reducibility of Ce4+ to Ce3+, this event led to generate more oxygen vacancies. Besides, the modification of HZSM-5 by Zn contents, the suppressing side reaction of methanol to olefins by reduction of strong BrØ nsted acid and generate new Lewis acid due to the Zn (OH)+ species. These findings are beneficial for comprehension of the conversion of syngas to intermediate methanol and alkylation of the benzene process.

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Volume: Issue: 3

Article: The Adverse Impact of Ecosystem Degradation and Poor Governance on Marginalized People

M. Rafiqul Islam
Vol 4, Issue 3; March 2021
North American Academic Research, 4(3)212-229, Mar 2021, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4644052

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Abstract: Bangladesh has been achieving remarkable success in economic growth in the last two decades. Does this economic success bring a sustainable and positive result for marginalized people? This study aims to investigate whether the local economic activity positively changes their socioeconomic position. The study reveals that cropland lost on an average of 0.2636 Bigha per household and disappeared 2.59 local fish species in local water bodies. Moreover, more than three-fourth respondents perceived that their access to local ecosystem services is decreasing and the services are degraded. However, more than half of the respondents paid $6.82 each time as a bribe in accessing to local ecosystem services. Combine of these issues is negatively influencing their income, employment opportunity, and household expenditure so that the marginal community becomes more marginalized and wealthier become wealthier. This study may help to find out a new trajectory of sustainable economic activity in the coastal areas with reducing ecosystem services degradation and vulnerability of marginalized people.

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Volume: Issue: 3

Article: Growth Inhibitory Effects of Vitamin K2 (Menaquinones- MK4) on Bladder Carcinoma and Prostate Carcinoma Cells Via Two Possible Pathways of Apoptosis Implicating PUMA, BAX and Cleaved-PARP

Samira Zohra Midoun , Ling Hong
Vol 4, Issue 3; March 2021
North American Academic Research, 4(3)192-211, Mar 2021, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4642494

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Abstract: Ubiad1 is a tumor suppressor gene ubiquitously expressed in normal human tissues and its protein harbors a prenyltransferase functional domain conserved throughout the evolution. The ability of human UBIAD1 enzyme to synthesize menaquinone-4 (MK-4) rescues mitochondrial dysfunction in Drosophila and effectively initiates apoptosis in various types of tumors through a caspase-dependent pathway. The objective is to study menaquinone-4-induced apoptosis signaling pathway and to investigate its anti-tumor activity in human prostate (PC-3, LNCaP) and bladder (T24, J82) tumor cell lines, an approach that has not been undertaken yet. Cell viability of cancerous cells pre-treated with MK-4 showed a significant decrease in dose- and timedependent manner. Moreover, flow cytometry detected apoptotic cells after treatment with the vitamin. Taken together, these observations suggest that MK-4 could inhibit cell growth by promoting apoptosis in prostate and bladder carcinoma cells via different-mediated signal pathways, making it a potential therapeutic molecule for the prevention and the cure of cancers.

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Volume: Issue: 3

Article: A Comparative Study on the Clinical and Functional Outcome of Limb Salvage Surgery and Amputation in Tibial Osteosarcoma

Sripur Manandhar , Jiazhen Li, Yan Zhang , Xin-Chang Lu , Yi Zhang , Yongkui Liu , Gang Sun , Kunpeng Shi , Sakurul Islam , Christina Shrestha
Vol 4, Issue 3; March 2021
North American Academic Research, 4(3)179-191, Mar 2021, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4640557

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Abstract: The aim of this study was to analyze the survival, recurrence, complications as well as the quality of life (QOL) in tibial osteosarcoma (OSA) patients managed by limb salvage surgery (LSS), either by a prosthesis, resection or graft or by amputation. 106 tibial osteosarcoma patients were enrolled where 39 had customdesigned endoprosthetic arthroplasty (LSS1), 36 underwent resection and bone graft (LSS2) while only 31 underwent amputation. A Comparison was done based on post-operative survival rates, postoperative recurrence, and complications. The impact of the patient’s QOL was also evaluated. The results of our study showed that the incidence of tibial OSA was higher in <20 years (63%) where M: F was 1.52:1. The mean survival of patients with LSS1 was 2.51 years(Confidence interval-95%;0.3- 7.58 years), LSS2 was 4.15 (CI-95%;0.35-8.65 years) and amputation was found to be 4.79 years(CI-95%;0.6-8.39 years) with overall mean survival time was 3.72 years (CI-95%;p=0.0002). The Complication rate was lower in LSS1 and LSS2 (46.67%, CI-95%; p = 0.048). The mean MSTS score was 68.8% (range, 43.56%-89.16%) with significantly lower results than in amputations (p = 0.007). The QOL assessment done by SF-36 revealed a better state of LSS1 and LSS2 patients. The sarcoma led to emotional and functional disturbances in amputated patients (CI-95%, p =0.004). The complication-free patients were found to be higher in LSS groups (53.33%) (CI-95%, p =0.048). Limb Salvage Surgery for tibial osteosarcoma is superior to amputation due to its better functional outcome and fewer complications.

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Volume: Issue: 3

Article: Heroin Smokers’ Attention Bias toward Cigarette and Heroin Related Cues

Hua Cao , Yang Ling , Li Ling , Bakht Zada
Vol 4, Issue 3; March 2021
North American Academic Research, 4(3)168-178, Mar 2021, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4633579

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Abstract: A prominent feature of substance addiction is an attention bias toward substance-related cues. The occurrence and development of drug abuse have been closely related to smoking. The smoking rate of drug abusers is three to four times that of non-drug abusers. This study presents a cognitive model of heroin smokers in the face of cigarette- and heroin-related cues in the context of a compulsory isolated abstinence environment for treatment. Thirty-six male heroin smokers were recruited from the Addiction Recovery Center of Gansu Province in Lanzhou City. A modified emotional Stroop task was used to explore the attention bias of heroin smokers toward two cues: those related to cigarettes and heroin. For heroin smokers, at the correct rate, the three groups of cue pictures were not significantly different. At the time of reaction, the pictures of the three types of cues (heroin-, cigarette-, and neutral-related cue pictures) were significantly different, and the reaction to heroin and cigarette pictures was longer than to neutral pictures. Notably, the reaction time to cigarette pictures was longer than to heroin pictures. In the environment of compulsory detoxification, heroin smokers pay more attention to cigarette-related cues than to heroin-related ones.

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Volume: Issue: 3

Article: Impact of Benefiting the Sri Lankan Economy in the Global Value Chain with Its Trading Partners

Maduranga Pushpika Kumara Withanawasam , Wang Shaoyuan
Vol 4, Issue 3; March 2021
North American Academic Research, 4(3)128-154, Mar 2021, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4625092

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Abstract: Sri Lanka's growth dilemma reveals a failure to create and begin new, more powerful productivity industries where Sri Lanka can face internationally and sustain higher earnings. That is a self-perpetuating problem, but one that could be overwhelmed by a mix of international investment gives new knowhow and effective coordination in the global value chains (GVCs). Therefore, is it possible to have a stable macroeconomic environment in the global value chain (GVC)? This paper aims to analyze the impact of the global value chain (GVC) on the macroeconomics environments in Sri Lanka. In terms of econometric analysis, data availability is time-series samples from 1990 to 2018 have been selected and cover all the available bilateral exports between 25 top export countries over the period above period in Sri Lanka. It is included in the world development indicators, the Eora database and other databases. The data employed the panel model, and also the Hausman test examines whether there are fixed or random effects of model acceptance. According to the findings, all models accept fixed effects. Also, there is a significant 1% to 10% correlation between GVC, TD and FVA, DVA, DVX and VAE. Furthermore, R2 was above 90%, and F statistics were accepted as all models' value. This paper concludes that Sri Lanka maintains a strong relationship with the global value chain and trade among macroeconomic environments. Nevertheless, Sri Lankan policymakers need to address competition, investment, trade costs, and technological spillover. The new world is highly diverse and rapidly evolving. Therefore, Sri Lankan policymakers must carry on these strategies.

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Volume: Issue: 3

Article: Impacts of Social Networking Site (SNS) on Growing up Adolescent Girls: A study on Bangladeshi Collegiate Girls School in Khulna

Taherun Nesa Suborna , Nuruddin Ahmed Masud
Vol 4, Issue 3; March 2021
North American Academic Research, 4(3)112-127, Mar 2021, 112-127, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4625075

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Abstract: Nowadays the internet has gained paramount importance in the education arena. The main objective of the study is to identify the impacts of social networking sites (SNS) on growing up adolescent girls in KCC. To identify the nature of browsing the internet, to find out how social sites help to increase the knowledge level, to know the impact of using a social networking site. The study was conducted through a survey research design. For this study, purposive sampling was used. Samples were collected from the 13 to 18-year girls. The total sample size was 100. The average age of using the internet for the first time of the respondents was 17.71 years old. The study shows that teenagers were positively affected as social media helped in increasing their communication abilities, getting information, developing their technical skills, and how they can effectively use this recent technology.

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Volume: Issue: 3

Article: Woodworks of Chinese-Ancient Roof Structures and the Impact of Wood Adhesives on Wood Protection

Samuel Aires Master Lazaro , Weicheng Han
Vol 4, Issue 3; March 2021
North American Academic Research, 4(3)88-111, Mar 2021, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4621774

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Abstract: Chinese-ancient buildings have attracted so much attention in recent years for being well planned and designed. Scholars have been fascinated by how wooden-structures have been resistant to rainfall throughout the years. These structures have passed the test of time and are still standing strong. That is because ancient builders invented waterproof methods that helped to make the wooden structure resilient to water. The purpose of this paper is to survey the intriguing use of waterproof methods on Chinese-ancient wooden structures and the strengthening techniques used to protect them from damages caused by exposure to water, not to mention other abrasive forces, which destroy the wooden structures quickly. This paper, adopted the General Administration of Quality Supervision, Inspection, and Quarantine of China’s (GT/T 1934-2009) method of determining water absorption level and the wood preservation method used in a study by Lebow (2010) to investigate the impact of wood adhesives on wood protection.

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Volume: Issue: 3

Article: Post Radical Nephroureterectomy Cystoscopic Surveillance and Usage of a Nomogram as a Predictor for Intravesical Recurrence

Aravind Raveendran , Qing Jun Meng, Yu Dong Tian , Lin Gang Cui , Teng Li , Yin Sheng Wei , Yang Su
Vol 4, Issue 3; March 2021
North American Academic Research, 4(3) 78-87, Mar 2021, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4612958

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Abstract: Aim:Intravesical recurrence post radical nephroureterectomy (RNU) is a frequent event requiring intense cystoscopic surveillance. This study includes cystoscopic surveillance and usage of variable predictors for intravesical recurrence after radical nephroureterectomy. The current investigation objective was to recognize intravesical recurrence indicators and build up a tool to allow risk delineated methodology supporting patient advising for cystoscopic surveillance and post-operative intravesical MMC administration. Methods: We did a retrospective analysis of 324 patients with UTUC (Upper Tract Urothelial Carcinoma). Patients' demographic data, including age, gender, etiology, tumor size, previous bladder cancer, tumor location (renal pelvic or ureter), were reported. All the patients reported above were followed up for a mean period of 36 months. Computed tomography (CT), ultrasound imaging, cystoscopy, urine cytology, ureteroscopy tests were performed for each patient included in the study. The data set was divided into a development cohort of recurrent and non-recurrent patients). Multivariable and Univariable were addressed to intravesical recurrence after RNU. Predictive accuracy was quantified. Result:With a median follow-up of 36 months, intravesical recurrence occurred in 59 patients. IVR after RNU was noted in 59 patients after a median follow-up of 36 months. The probability of intravesical recurrence is 28.6%.

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Volume: Issue: 3

Article: LMI based nonlinear Iterative Learning Control for uncertain discrete repetitive system

Saleem Riaz , Hui Lin
Vol 4, Issue 3; March 2021
North American Academic Research, 4(3)68-77, Mar 2021, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4603191

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Abstract: The problem encountered in this paper is to design a robust, feedbackbased improved control system for the plant that involves systematic uncertainty. This paper proposes a fault estimation algorithm based on iterative learning control. This algorithm is constructed through an optimization function to prove the robustness and convergence of the algorithm. Through linear matrix inequality (LMI), the observer gain matrix and iterative learning parameter matrix in the algorithm are solved. The two comprehensive parameters in LMI represent the parameter selection in the two specifications to make selected adjustments in learning and control. A numerical example shows the improvement process and the effectiveness of these methods. Through LMI techniques, we have obtained satisfactory results and controller stability and robustness against fault-tolerant control. Lastly, the simulation results show the effectiveness and accuracy of the proposed algorithm

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Volume: Issue: 3

Article: Preparation and Characterization of Silica Aerogel Incorporated Polypropylene Nonwoven Fabric Composite Dried in Ambient Pressure Drying Method

Kazi Md Hasanul Hoque , Zhang Huepang , Afsana Sharmin , Wenbin Ge
Vol 4, Issue 3; March 2021
North American Academic Research, 4(3) 57-67, Mar 2021, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4601626

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Abstract: In recent times, sustainable ecofriendly thermo-insulation materials which is flexible and mechanically robust have grabbed worldwide remark. Nonwoven fabric and aerogel have complementary characteristics needed for desirable thermal insulation. In this research, silica aerogel/polypropylene (PP) nonwoven fabric composite with desirable properties was synthesized via a two-step sol-gel process through immersing the PP nonwoven fabric into silica sol. After in situ gelation, Silica aerogel-pp Nonwoven Fabric composite gel was hydrophobized with hexamethyldisilazane, and the composites were dried at ambient pressure method. Silica aerogels were distributed inside the pp nonwoven fabric as a composite to act as a supporting skeleton which increased the mechanical property of the silica aerogels. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), DSC, TGA were used for the characterization of the composites. The contact angle and heat conducting performance of the composites were also determined. The results show that silica aerogel particles were efficiently covered the surface of the PP non-woven fabric and completely filled the micron size pores of the nonwoven fabric leading to a stronger hydrophobicity and higher thermal insulation performance in the aerogel composite. The findings in this study are significant and can be used for further research in aerogel-treated nonwoven fabrics.

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Volume: Issue: 3

Article: Distribution, Habitat Utilization and Threats to Chinese Pangolin (Manis Pentadactyla Linnaeus, 1758) in Community Forests of Sindhuli, Nepal

Deepa Timsina , Hem Sagar Baral
Vol 4, Issue 3; March 2021
North American Academic Research, 4(3)32-56, Mar 2021,https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4593913

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Abstract: The Chinese Pangolin (Manis pentadactyla) is a unique mammal having stiff scales, body shape slender like a reptile, burrow living and highly nocturnal. It is receiving less scientific attention therefore information on its ecology, behavior, status and distribution is still scarce in Nepal. Pangolins are distributed in many districts and protected areas of Nepal but are threatened due to habitat destruction, illegal trade and lack of awareness. Thus, this research was conducted to assess the distribution, habitat utilization and threats to Chinese Pangolin in Mahabharat and Chure community forests of Sindhuli district. The primary data were collected by using the methods adopted in National Pangolin Survey, Nepal (2016). The sample size for scheduled questionnaire survey was calculated by using the formula given by Krejice and Morgan in 1970. The secondary data were collected from the DFO, Sector forest office and community forest office. Through field survey within the transect of 500 meters; distribution of burrows, their geographical coordinates, slope, elevation, canopy cover, soil moisture, soil colour and texture, distance to settlement, water and road and number of ants/termites mound were recorded. A total of 348 burrows were recorded including 206 (91 active, 115 inactive) in Mahabharat Community Forest and 142 (57 active, 85 inactive) in Chure Community Forest.

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Volume: Issue: 3

Article: Steam Condenser Exergy Analysis of Steam Power Plant at Different Loads

Jawed Ahmed Jamali
Vol 4, Issue 3; March 2021
North American Academic Research, 4(3) 21-31, Mar 2021, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4590310

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Abstract: This paper presents steam condenser exergy analysis of 50 MW unit of the power plant by varying the ambient temperature from 5 C to 42 C at different loads. The performance parameters and the dependent variables are the exergy entering in the condenser, exergy out from the condenser, exergy efficiency of the plant, exergy destruction in the condenser and the exergy efficiency of condenser. Whereas the independent variables are ambient temperature and condenser pressure. It was seen that increases of exergy efficiency of the plant depends on combined effect of ambient temperature and condenser pressure as the sole variation of ambient temperature doesn’t have much effect on the performance parameters. The varying of ambient temperature without altering the condenser pressure doesn’t have any significant impact but by varying simultaneously the ambient temperature along with the changing of condenser pressure has profound effect on the performance parameters. As the Condenser pressure increases the heat loss is also increasing which shows the major portion of energy loss occurs in condenser. In comparison of heat loss in condenser the exergy destruction in condenser is very less. At the optimal condenser pressure 0.00804 MPa the exergy efficiency of the whole unit, exergy destruction in condenser, exergy efficiency of condenser, Heat loss (Q) in condenser and Wtotal are as 26.26%, 198.1KW, 99.72%, 81190 KW and 53.4 MW respectively and the optimal condition is attained at the full load(100%) or designed operating parameters.

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Volume: Issue: 1

Article: Exploring Head Teachers’ Leadership Training in Government Primary School of Dhaka City: Challenges and Possibilities for Implementation

Aklima Akter, Sarah Tabassum
Vol 4, Issue 1; January 2021
North American Academic Research, 4(1) 259-273, Jan 2021, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4526455

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Abstract: To improve upon a school to its desired manner, the head teacher needs to take the leadership role and gather a lot of knowledge and develop some skills. Relating it, this study was conducted in qualitative approach with the view to exploring the challenges and possibilities of implementing leadership training of head teachers of primary schools. Through conducting four interviews and one FGD data was collected, which showed that due to some challenges of training providers and the participant head teachers the training could not be implemented in proper way. The head teacher and the local education authority need to take the leadership role to implement the training knowledge and skills in the schools to improve the desired results.

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Volume: Issue: 3

Article: Teaching and Research Quality in Nigerian Public Polytechnics: Evidence from North-Eastern Nigeria

Usamatu Usman , Ibrahim Yusuf Inuwa
Vol 4, Issue 3; March 2021
North American Academic Research, 4(3) 14-20, Mar 2021, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4587249

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Abstract: This paper examined the relationship between teaching and research performance of lecturers in the context of federal polytechnics in North-Eastern Nigeria. A simple random sampling method was used in selecting a total of 320 lecturers and 600 students from the polytechnics. For this study t-Test, analysis of variance (ANOVA) and percentage were used to carry out the analysis. Our results show that there is zero or no relationship between been active researcher and been a qualitative teacher. We also suggest that the institution should employ astute researchers as well as passionate teachers in order to satisfy the mission of tertiary institutions and meet societal and industry expectations.

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Volume: Issue: 3

Article: Thermoeconomic Analysis with Regression Modelling and Optimization of Steam Coal Power Plant

Jawed Ahmed Jamali
Vol 4, Issue 3; March 2021
North American Academic Research, 4(3) 01-13, Mar 2021, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4575426

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Abstract: In this study, exergy and economic analyses with regression of a 50MWunit of Lakhra steam power plant, situated near Jamshoro Pakistan is presented. Firstly, a thermodynamic model is developed using Engineering Equation Solver (EES) software and validated, followed by an economic assessment parametric analysis to show the impacts of various operating parameters on the levelized cost and finally regression along with optimization is carried out. The condenser pressure, main steam pressure, temperature and interest rate are selected as operating parameters while levelized cost, net power output, energy and exergy efficiencies are selected as performance parameters. Furthermore, in order to know about the effects of predictor and response variables with each other and to correlate the performance parameters with the operating parameters the multiple polynomial regression analysis has been prepared. In economic analysis, levelized cost of electricity is estimated under various operating and economic conditions. Under designed parameters, the plant is simulated yielding 53.5 MW power output with 31.02% and 26.24% energy and exergy efficiencies, respectively with levelized cost of US$0.0654/kWh. According to the optimization results, maximum power, energy and exergy efficiencies are obtained as 53.786 MW, 31.25% and 26.43%, respectively, whereas minimum levelized cost is obtained as US$0.04856/kWh under given optimal conditions.

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Volume: Issue: 2

Article: Communicative Language Teaching (CLT) Method is how far Helpful for the Learners in the Context of Bangladesh

Ferdousi Akter
Vol 4, Issue 2; February 2021
North American Academic Research, 4(2)328-335, Feb 2021, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4574657

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Abstract: CLT is one of the best Language Teaching Methods as it can improve the communication skill in the smartest way. Adopting different methods for developing the language teaching is not new in Bangladesh, and CLT is the latest addition. This method was adopted in Bangladesh in the 90s for developing the English Communication Skill of the secondary and higher secondary level students. In the light of this method, some conspicuous changes brought in the textbooks and question papers of those levels. All these changes are effective in stepping up the communication skill, but some severe problems exist in implementing this much acclaimed method.

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Volume: Issue: 2

Article: Common Functionalities and Applications of the Solar Energy System

Attiqullah Abid Sherzad , Mohammad Jawad Niazi
Vol 4, Issue 2; February 2021
North American Academic Research, 4(2) 320-327, Feb 2021, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4574055

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Abstract: The purpose of this review paper is to collect a comprehensive information towards the common functionalities and applications of the solar energy system. Solar energy is the production of sunlight, which can be used in the most part of human life. Sunlight is an abundant source and can be easily convert to the usable form of solar energy. Whenever sunlight irradiates the surface of specific materials such as solar heaters or panels leads to the generation of heat or electricity. To increase efficiency of the solar energy solar panels must be design with different shape and located such a way to absorb most part of the incident sunlight. In this study, functionalities of the solar energy system such as passive and active solar panels, efficiency, and its working principle have been presented. This review paper indicates that solar energy system can be design as passive or active. In passive system only thermal mass materials are used but active system needs to some equipment. Furthermore, for designing of an effective active system, cost, accuracy-sensor, reliability and efficiency factors must be considered. Moreover, some common applications of the solar energy that can be used in industries as electrical and heating energies have been reported. Meanwhile, solar energies are used depend on the requirement for water heating, heating of the building space, water distillation, water pumping and drying purposes. Data of this study has been collected from varies international scientific journals, online website and libraries textbooks.

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Volume: Issue: 2

Article: Thermal Analysis of the Flat Plate Collectors

Sudarshan Shrestha, Dinesh Acharya
Vol 4, Issue 2; February 2021
North American Academic Research, 4(2)311-319, Feb 2021, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4573025

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Abstract: The use of solar dryer is slowly finding its way for food and other industrial drying in Nepal. Here in, we designed flat plate solar collector to make perfect black body by changing coating material on absorber metal plate with varied inclination of collector plate. The thermal performance analysis of a solar flat plate collector with black painting and selective coating has been carried out using outdoor test. The average thermal efficiency of black painted collector is 42.50%whereas for selective coated collector (67.62%) has more than existing collector. In order to supply the sufficient hot air from the collector to the chamber of heating application, the collector are installed at a slop of 45 and 37 facing south and operates in a closed loop mode with average inlet at 25C to 38C in Kathmandu valley with the ambient temperature of 24 C to 28C. The in-depth analysis of this work may provide important guidance for the more rational design and optimization of solar dryer from the view point of collector.

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Volume: Issue: 2

Article: Energy and Exergy Analyses of Unit#2 of 50 MW of Lakhra Coal Power Plant (FBC) Jamshoro

Jawed Ahmed Jamali, Abdul Ghafoor Memon
Vol 4, Issue 2; February 2021
North American Academic Research, 4(2)297-309, Feb 2021, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4568879

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Abstract: In this study, exergy, and economic analyses of a unit of 50 MW of Lakhra steam coal power plant, situated near Jamshoro Pakistan is presented. Firstly, a thermodynamic model is developed using Engineering Equation Solver (EES) software and validated, followed by a parametric analysis to show the impacts of various operating parameters on the power plant performance. The condenser pressure, main steam pressure and temperature are selected as operating parameters while net power output, energy and exergy efficiencies are selected as performance parameters. The investigation under two conditions were performed; Designed and Off designed. Under designed parameters, the unit is simulated yielding 53.5 MW power output with 31.02% and 26.24 % energy and exergy efficiencies, respectively. While under off-designed conditions the unit yielded power output of 28.2MW, with energy and exergy efficiencies of 20.83% and 17.62%. The component-level analysis at designed conditions show condenser as a main contributor towards energy loss of 68.19% followed by boiler with energy loss of 24.7% while the latter plays a major role in the exergy destruction of the plant contributing of 93.84% (38.74 MW) out of total exergy destruction of 41.52 MW succeeded by feedwater heaters with exergy destruction of 2.94% (1.24 MW) and turbine with exergy destruction of 1.72% (0.71 MW) while the least exergy destruction happens in condenser. The first law efficiency of boiler, turbine, condenser is as 82.93%, 98.62% and 52.88 % respectively. While the second law efficiency of these components are as 67.2%, 94.89% and 94.89% respectively.

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Volume: Issue: 2

Article: Modeling of Supply Chain Sustainability Enablers by Considering the Impact of COVID-19 on Developing Countries

Muneer Ahmad, Muzaffar Iqbal , Jihane Drissi , Aisha Hassan
Vol 4, Issue 2; February 2021
North American Academic Research, 4(2) 264-279, Feb 2021, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4565553

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Abstract: The increasing threat of pandemic is severe challenge for supply chain sustainability (SCs). The deadly virus devasted the global economy and disrupt manufacturing along with supply chain operations around the globe. We therefore made this attempt to identify the enablers of sustainability for supply chain (SC) practices from the context of developing economies. The interpretive structural modeling (ISM) employed for the partitioning of sustainability enablers by developing contextual relationship. At next stage, Matriced Impacts Cruoses Multiplication Applique a un Classement (MICMAC) analysis used to classify enablers into different groups based on their driving and dependent power. The resultant hierarchical structure of ISM model shows that “Finance support (F3)” “Technological advancement (F2)” and “Develop sustainable procurement methods taking COVID-19 into consideration” are most influencing enablers of SCs to tackle the situation such as COVID-19. The findings of current study will provide guidelines to practitioners, policy makers, and government institutes to take initiatives for the practical implement of SCs by considering recommended factors.

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Volume: Issue: 2

Article: The Effect of Internal Control System on Financial Performance (Case Study Dahabshil Remittance Company in Mogadishu-Somalia)

Halima B Ahmed
Vol 4, Issue 2; February 2021
North American Academic Research, 4(2) 150-159, Feb 2021, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4560058

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Abstract: The study investigated the effect of internal control systems and financial performance of Dahabshil Remittance Company in Mogadishu Somalia. Internal control systems were looked at from the perspective of control environment, control activities and internal audit whereas financial performance focused on liquidity, profitability, market share and financial reporting as the measures of financial performance. The research was conducted using quantitative approaches using Correlation as Research Designs. Stratified and simple random samplings were also applied to collect data. Data was collected using questionnaire and interview as well as review of available documents and records targeting basically top managements, line manager/supervisors and operational staff as respondents from a population of 100 Dahabshil remittance company as sample size of 80. Data was analyzed using the Statistical Package for Social Scientists. The findings generally revealed that there is a significant relationship between control environment on financial performance [r = 98.8% P = .000]. The other remaining of 1.2% may be attributed to other factors indicates that the most contributed factor. The researcher found that management of the remittance is committed to the control systems, actively participates in monitoring and supervision of the activities of the Company in all the activities of the remittance were initiated by the top level management. The researcher also found that the internal audit department is understaffed, doesn’t conduct regular audit activities and doesn’t produce regular audit reports although the few reports produced by the internal audit department address weaknesses in the system.

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Volume: Issue: 2

Article: Studies of Toxic and Heavy Metals Pollution of Karnafuli River and Its Impact on Public Health of Chittagong, Bangladesh

M. Jamaluddin Ahmed , M. Anisul Islam , M. Edris Ali
Vol 4, Issue 2; February 2021
North American Academic Research, 4(2)199-239, Feb 2021, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4564142

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Abstract: The present study was conducted to assess the toxic and heavy metals concentrations in water at different locations of the Karnafuli River. The assessment was carried out for various toxic and heavy metals concentrations in three seasons during pre-monsoon, monsoon and post-monsoon seasons for various continuous monitoring during the hydrological year 2014-2016. The statistical methods of sampling were used for collecting samples from different points of Karnafuli River. The samples were collected in high and low tide conditions. Since the water quality is expected to vary with season, multiple samples were collected at an interval of 2 to 3 weeks.

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Volume: Issue: 2

Article: The Impact of Socio-Economic Development and Wellbeing of Asian Economy

Trisha Rahman
Vol 4, Issue 2; February 2021
North American Academic Research, 4(2) 252-263, Feb 2021, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4564490

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Abstract: The purpose of this paper is to assess t effect of Utility on Socioeconomic acceleration in Asia based on 52 countries/territories, while t effects of other variables that are also assumed to affect Socioeconomic acceleration are statistically controlled. For this purpose, this study explores different patterns of Socio-economic acceleration based on 18 ‘Socio-economic’ variables, including t Utility. There are six patterns of Socio-economic acceleration identified: (1) Utilitydriven; (2) export-led; (3) oil-rich; (4) savings-based; (5) government (public) spending-based and (6) domestic financing-based. Empirical evidences show that t dominance of t Utility-driven Socio-economic acceleration in Asia cannot be denied. T patterns found in Asia are shared with t rest of t world economy, yet there were some ‘uniqueness’ to t Asian patterns, which feature as follows: (1) high savings; (2) a large defense spending affected by both oil-richness and politics (authoritarian government); and (3) high ‘national’ global competiveness worldwide. And any negative ‘uniqueness’ to t Asian economy should be reassessed in light of t ‘multidimensionality’ of successful Utility-driven Socio-economic acceleration model as empirically proven in Asia.

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Volume: Issue: 2

Article: Modeling the Assessment of Household Income and FDI Influence on Nigerian Economic Growth using Vector Autoregressive Approach

Sherifath Chinaza Tahirou , Jianxun CHU , Ousmane Traore , Aurelia Naa Ayikaikor Ayi-Bonte , Lapologang Sebaka
Vol 4, Issue 2; February 2021
North American Academic Research, 4(2) 280-296, Feb 2021, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4568193

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Abstract: The Nigerian economy has supported sustainable economic development with a variation of GDP for the past decades and at present. Specifically, the main objective of this study is to investigate the current relationship between the determinants of economic development and GDP in Nigeria for the period 1981 to 2017. This study used household final expenditure, FDI, government spending, export, and import to predict the variation of GDP. Initially, we performed the three root unit tests for each selected variable to validate whether the series is stationary or not before determining an optimal lag order and cointegration equation between the series. To assess the relationship within the variables, we applied Johansen cointegration tests. We further employed the Akaike Information Criterion (AIC) to evaluate the optimum lag order. The error correction term (ECT) was calculated to measure the GDP's adjustment speed to its equilibrium point. Also, Granger causality effects were assessed and the variance decomposition of the forecast error was also predicted. The results from ADF, PP, and KPSS test gave a strong conclusion that the series is stationary at the first difference. An adjustment coefficient value (- 0.0858) implies an 8.58 percent-speed correction of the preceding year's deviation from the long run. The ECT's significant p-values (0.0187) showed a long-run relationship between the selected independent variables and GDP. Thus, the estimated error variance of 67.13 percent of GDP would be triggered in the long term by FDI net inflows. Hence, this implies that FDI has a major effect on the Nigerian economy and GDP variation. From FDI to household consumption, government spending, import, as well as export, the unidirectional causality effect of Granger was observed. Our study recommends policymakers concentrate on foreign direct investment inflows to ensure sustainable economic development to enhance the GDP value in Nigeria. Policymakers are strongly encouraged to ensure political and economic stability to attract more foreign investors. Financial resources from FDI inflows can be dispersed impartially in the manufacturing and service sectors and hence the nation's export and import will effectively increase household and government spending.

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Volume: Issue: 2

Article: Impact of Audit Committee Attributes on Earnings Management Practices: Empirical Evidence from Pakistan Stock Exchange

Adnan Faisal, Sun Xiufeng, Muhammad Safdar, Sattar Khan, Naveed Khan Walid, Aleem Ullah
Vol 4, Issue 2; February 2021
North American Academic Research, 4(2)160-178, Feb 2021, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4560139

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Abstract: This article examines the effect of Audit Committee characteristics such as Independence, Expertise, Size and Diligence on Earnings Management in the light of the recent past (2017) amendment in the Code of Corporate Governance in Pakistan. The study has taken a sample of 172 non-financial companies from Pakistan Stock Exchange to checks the amendments impact on the Audit Committee composition. This study is covering 860 firm years observations from 2013 to 2017.

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Volume: Issue: 2

Article: Influence of Laser Irradiation on the Photoluminescence Intensity of InGaAsN Quantum Wells

Md. Zamil Sultan , Shuhei Yagi , Kengo Takamiya , Hiroyuki Yaguchi and Osamu Ueda
Vol 4, Issue 2; February 2021
North American Academic Research, 4(2) 240-251, Feb 2021, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4564429

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Abstract: We have investigated the influence of laser irradiation on the photoluminescence (PL) intensity of InGaAsN quantum wells (QWs) to emulate the performance degradation during device operation. The PL intensity was reduced with fast and slow components by laser irradiation with higher power densities. For a sample with a high nitrogen concentration of 1.3%, however, it is found that the PL intensity increases with irradiation time at laser power densities lower than ~240 kW/cm2 . The improvement in the PL intensity can be explained by the fact that annihilation of nitrogen-related as-grown defects by laser irradiation. The amount and rate of the PL intensity degradation of InGaAsN QWs with different N and In compositions by laser irradiation are also discussed. Thus, it is demonstrated that real-time PL measurements with high power density excitation are useful to the analysis of degradation processes.

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Volume: Issue: 2

Article: Childhood Trauma, Time Management Disposition and Academic Self-efficacy in High School Students

Hua Cao , Ling Yang , Li Ling , Bakht Zada
Vol 4, Issue 2; February 2021
North American Academic Research, 4(2) 137-149, Feb 2021, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4558326

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Abstract: Academic self-efficacy is very important for high school students. Studies show that academic self-efficacy is influenced by childhood trauma and personality, especially childhood trauma, which may even affect the formation and development of individual personality. Time management disposition is a kind of personality based on time perspective. This study aimed to explore the relationship between childhood trauma, especially psychological abuse and neglect, time management disposition, and academic self-efficacy in high school students.

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Volume: Issue: 2

Article: Application of L9 Taguchi Experimental design analysis based on Dip-pad-dry dyeing (C.P.V) of cotton fabric with reactive dyes

Md. Iusuf Khan, Jahid Khan, Habibullah Mohammad Jayed, Abdullah Al Ibrahim
Vol 4, Issue 2; February 2021
North American Academic Research, 4(2) 100-114, Feb 2021, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4549455

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Abstract: Dyeing of cotton fabrics with reactive dyes (C.I. Reactive Red 195) using padding method (two dip two pad) was performed; the fixation of dyeing fabric had been done using either thermo fixation technique. Different parameters such as dyeing time, dye concentration, drying temperature and pH were utilized. The controllable factors such as dyeing time, dye concentration, drying temperature and pH have been used as input variables and KS value of the fabric (after dyeing and after soaping) to find out the variable for the construction of Taguchi model and Single Factor model. An L9 orthogonal array design has been chosen and conducted 9 experiments for each experiment.

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Volume: Issue: 2

Article: Second Phase of China-Pakistan Free Trade Deal in Effect

Majid Ali
Vol 4, Issue 2; February 2021
North American Academic Research, 4(2) 1-31, Feb 2021, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4506802

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Abstract: China is the biggest Economy in the world and as well as big trading hub for Asian countries. In this paper we will study about targeting exports and Imports countries form the Whole world for Pakistan and China. How CPEC it will be more successful for both countries Pakistan and China. Because CPEC is a short way and the most important benefit for China under CPEC is to reduce China's trade routes from the existing sea routes from 12,000 kilometers to 2,000 kilometers. It is expected that the domestic trade between Pakistan and China will undergo major changes. And also reduce the total expensive of actual price of transportation. In this paper we study about the second phase of free trade agreement (FTA) which will be more bilateral trade and its benefits for both countries businessman to selling product in china and Pakistan. China has granted Pakistan to imports 783 duty free products without tariff lines that do not impose zero percent tariffs in CPFTA-l. And in this new phase CPFTA-ll Pakistani manufacturers and traders will be able to export about 313 new products to the Chinese market without tariffs. In this research we contain the latest international trade data for China and Pakistan including service trade data, and tariffs.

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Volume: Issue: 2

Article: A Systematic Literature Review of Green Ports Strategies in Sustainable Port Planning

Soukaina Sibaouaih , Nazir Ahsan Roky , Bashir Kabiru , Kazi Mohiuddin
Vol 4, Issue 2; February 2021
North American Academic Research, 4(2) 85-99, Feb 2021, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4540675

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Abstract: The increasing global concerns such as climate change and energy use, port activities, and environmental effects have grown in recent years. As it is subject to a closer review of governing ecological enforcement, the port industry faces increasing challenges. Many attempts to promote sustainability such as green ports, sustainable ports. However, existing planning remains an issue for sustainable ports and green ports to achieve sustainability effectively. Through a literature review, this thesis aims to address these issues in sustainable port planning. Sustainable port planning and sustainable growth, and addressing generational demand for environmental protection strategies are essential findings. We propose bringing environment-friendly perspectives on sustainability from a maritime supply chain viewpoint into port planning. On this basis, the Green Port definition is suggested. This research offers detailed and comprehensive knowledge of green port strategies for sustainable port planning to overcome the global environmental challenges and sustainable development.

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Volume: Issue: 2

Article: What does unsustainable business and sustainable business symbolize in hindered and unhindered of SMBs?

Nanieil Shaky
Vol 4, Issue 2; February 2021
North American Academic Research, 4(2) 72-84, Feb 2021, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4537695

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Abstract: The hindered and unhindered obligation plays a significant role in Chinese family business. This paper tries to analyze the reasons for hindrances and unhindered within the traditional Chinese family culture. This will accomplish by measuring the aspects, complications and advantages. These processes will be understood by removing the hindrances and adopting the unhindered. This paper also tries to analyze the reasons for nepotism, cynicism, and succession within the traditional Chinese family culture. By measuring the positive and negative aspects of this relationship, the various stages in processes can be implemented to combat nepotism, cynicism, and poor succession planning

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Volume: Issue: 1

Article: An Appraisal of the Principles of Marine Insurance

Bemini Nimibofa Paul
Vol 4, Issue 1; January 2021
North American Academic Research, 4(1) 226-258, Jan 2021, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4511316

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Abstract: It is generally acknowledged that global commerce depends largely on carriage by sea because of its cost-effectiveness. However, the risks involved are posing very serious challenges. In this context, risk reduction or risk transfer mechanism is an imperative, hence marine insurance. Therefore, the aim of this paper is to appraise the principles guiding marine insurance and their relevance in contemporary times in view of present day commerce in relation to technological advancement. This study uses both primary and secondary sources. The primary sources are statutes and decided cases. The secondary sources are books, journals and internet sources. All materials used are subjected to context analysis. The study observed that the extant law have been comparatively effective despite the fact that marine insurance has a great deal of international flavour. However, the study has also observed that some of the provisions in some of the principle shaping marine insurance are weighing more on the policy holders than the underwriters in the balance of justice. The study further identified some of the principles of marine insurance obsolete vis-à-vis modern information technology and are already rendered like toothless bull dogs in the extant law either by virtue of legislative intervention or judicial activism or both. Therefore, the study concludes that the extant law should be amended to accommodate the realities of modern day commercial activities as well remove or further moderate any provision that will enhance imbalance in relation to justice, since law is the basis of justice.

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Volume: Issue: 2

Article: Determinants & Impact of Sovereign Credit Ratings

Farhana Akter, Min Su, Ophelia Amankwah
Vol 4, Issue 2; February 2021
North American Academic Research, 4(2) 43-58, Feb 2021, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4515670

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Abstract: The purpose of this study is to investigate the factors that determine credit ratings provided by the top three credit rating agencies: Fitch Rating, Moody's, Standards and Poor. Key component analysis is Sused to determine the common factors affecting these components. A systematic analysis is used to determine the effect of the changes involved in these factors. Of the many variables used, the set of explanatory variables chosen in this study is very important in describing credit ratings. That said, six variables appear to be most relevant in determining a country's credit rating. The results show that sovereignty ratings are primarily affected by per capita income, government income, real exchange rate fluctuations, inflation and debt history.The study also highlighted the importance of corruption as measured by Transparency International's Corruption Awareness Index, which appears to be indicative of the country's economic growth and good governance.

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Volume: Issue: 2

Article: Exploring Students' Utilization of Library Resources at Laghman University of Afghanistan

Sayed Ziaurrahman Banouri
Vol 4, Issue 2; February 2021
North American Academic Research, 4(2) 59-71, Feb 2021, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4516565

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Abstract: This research explores students' use of library resources among students in Laghman University, particularly examining the frequency, availability, and awareness of library resources among students. A quantitative research design with a descriptive approach has been employed to collect data from 70 participants from the faculty of agriculture, education, engineering and literature, and humanity of Laghman University. The data were descriptively analyzed using Statistical Software Package for Social Science (SPSS) Version 24 by mean and percentage. The significant finding reveals that the majority of the library users are un-willing from the library staff, they use printed books from the library resource, possess minimal skill of using library resources, and they also did not receive any information about the advanced and update of the library resource at Laghman university. Moreover, library resources' usefulness is not satisfying to the students because there are limited resources such as printed books, journal articles, and electronic resources. The collection is also incomplete, and having power, cut, lack of seating facility and up-to-date material are considered from the problems students were confronting daily. Finally, it is recommended that the university authority provide enough library resources such as books, journal articles, and online resources to meet the students' daily needs.

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Volume: Issue: 2

Article: Cultural Vocabulary of Chinese Novel in “Three Lives Three Worlds, Ten Miles of Peach Blossoms”

Aksaraphak Kamolphutthana
Vol 4, Issue 2; February 2021
North American Academic Research, 4(2) 32-42, Feb 2021, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4514722

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Abstract: This research aims to compare and classify cultural vocabulary. Including studying the Chinese language and culture from the cultural vocabulary by comparing from the novel “Three Lives Three Worlds, Ten Miles of Peach Blossoms”, The Chinese version by TangQiGongZi and The Thai version by Suree Pruksanusak. It will be based on Peter Newmark's theory of language and culture help for comparison and analysis. Because in the process of translation, The big problem that translators have to face Is the interpretation of a word or language that must be linked to the culture of the other country, Peter Newmark discovered five cultural vocabulary that will connect language and culture together. To reduce the translation barriers, In terms of environmental culture, objects culture, social culture, language cultural, gestures and habits cultural. The research results found that the culture vocabulary has 298, the most discovered cultural vocabulary is related to language has 128 (42.96%), followed by cultural vocabulary related to society has 103 (34.56%), objects has 39 (13.09%), environment has 24 (8.05%), gestures and habits have 4 (1.35%). The language cultural words found are the use of family pronoun, calling myself, calling other people and names of positions. It shows that Chinese society is a society that adheres to the senior system, class division, respect and humility to older people. As for finding idioms and the connotation means that Chinese people often do not say anything directly, both in speaking and in writing, In order to maintain kindness and show one's own level of knowledge.

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Volume: Issue: 1

Article: The Effect of Patient-Centered Communication on Patient Satisfaction: Exploring the Mediating Roles of Interpersonal-based Medical Service Encounters and Patient Trust

Yao Justin Bossou , Sun Qigui , Glory George-Ufot , Victor Bondzie-Micah , Nadège Muhimpundu
Vol 4, Issue 1; January 2021
North American Academic Research, 4(1) 209-225, Jan 2021, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4479730

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Abstract: Interaction between patients and healthcare providers, intimate contact, and information sharing have suggested being as essential determinants in medical care services delivery. The purpose of this study is to examine the effect of patient-centered communication (PCC) on patient trust, and patient satisfaction from an interpersonalbased medical service encounters perspective. A structural equation modeling analysis conducted on a dataset of 355 respondents from an online survey filled by outpatients in Togo showed that PCC has a significant positive indirect effect on patient satisfaction through interpersonal-based medical service encounters (b=0.295) and patient trust (b=0.198). Therefore, implying a full significant mediation of interpersonal-based medical service encounters and patient trust between PCC and patient satisfaction. Results from this study highlighted the significance of having healthcare providers that are well trained in PCC and highly motivated to build patient-provider rapport to improve their patient's satisfaction and healthcare experience.

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Volume: Issue: 1

Article: Indicators Based Analysis to Conduct Result Based Impact Evaluation: An Innovation in Field of Evaluation

Sada Hussain Shah
Vol 4, Issue 1; January 2021
North American Academic Research, 4(1) 200-208, Jan 2021, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4478962

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Abstract: Thousands of development projects are being implemented by hundreds of organizations around the world in each year. Hitherto, only Non-Government Organizations (NGOs) and United Nations (UN) agencies were implementing such projects for community development. Nowadays, academia and government departments are also focusing on implementing community development projects. Hence, these smart projects are supposed to give more results as compare to programs implemented intermittently. All these projects are more or less evaluated by different organizations and individuals with the purpose to provide pieces of evidence for learning and sharing to extrapolate further. Hence, instead of will these evaluations are less likely to be extrapolated into project design henceforth. There could be many gaps to hinder this consecutive learning and adaptation of retrospective literature in project designing. One key gap is structuring and communicating evaluation evidence. Under project evaluation, we often follow cross sectional or longitudinal approaches and apply mixed methods research. Data collection tools are developed based on themes of study. These study themes further guide for data collection and analysis. Hence, under evaluation our focus is to study the status of project against set indicators. Therefore, thematic analysis doesn’t help us too much to be specific at the level of indicators. That means there is a problem in setting our research results and embarking our journey on a road. Hence, we are not supposed to change the intended results. Therefore, we need to change the road Hence, the discourse of project management has commenced journey towards result based monitoring and evaluation. Therefore, it is important to establish methodologies for Result Based Impact Evaluation (RBIE). Under the theoretical domains of operational research and social survey. To set the architecture for result based evaluation it is pivotal to set analytical focus on project’s result indicators. Hence, while conducting simple thematic analysis evaluators often forgo analyzing a project’s result indicators. Therefore, this experimental work aims to depict a research trajectory for evaluators. To go down narrow from simple thematic analysis to Indicators Based Analysis (IBA). That would probably serve their purpose to get desired research outcome by following sophisticated methodology. This research paper is developed to guide result based impact evaluations of development projects based on nonfragile evidence collected through rigorous desk and field work. This is also a literary effort to develop research nexus between academia and the development sector. This work suggests why and how evaluators would move from simple thematic analysis to indicators based analysis. How to plan, conduct and present indicators based analysis for result based impact evaluation, and why it is necessary. This paper aims to develop a lexicon to justify methodological process for conducting RBIE using IBA, under the domain of social research and survey. This is an effort to develop nexus or coherences among evaluation, social research, and social survey.

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Volume: Issue: 1

Article: Ethical and Legal Rights of Psychiatric Patients in Islam

Muhibullah Hedayat , Mohammad Abrar Rahimi , Khitabullah Khitab
Vol 4, Issue 1; January 2021
North American Academic Research, 4(1) 147-169, Jan 2021, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4474785

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Abstract: Islam is over 1,441 years old, the Muslim population represents approximately 23% of the world's population with a majority of Muslims living in 50 countries throughout the world [1]. Consequently, the Muslims are the second biggest religious group in the world. In many countries of the Middle East, Africa, and Asia, it is the prevailing faith, and some Muslim minority groups are also found in the rest of the world. A universal religion that embraces every kind of nationality of the world, and makes absolutely no discrimination because of gender, color, race, or ethnicity, is Islam. We must not conflate ethnicity with Islam.

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Volume: Issue: 1

Article: Comparison of Pashto and Dari Noun Cases

Ahmadullah kargar
Vol 4, Issue 1; January 2021
North American Academic Research, 4(1) 191-199, Jan 2021, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4468199

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Abstract: Comparison of Pashto and Dari noun cases is syntactical issue which is just belong to Pashto and Dari official languages of Afghanistan. The study used qualitative descriptive method to find out similarities and difference in noun cases of Pashto and Dari languages. The result of this study showed that both languages has differences in noun cases. In addition, the result also elucidated that in Pashto language nominative, vocative and little bit accusative case are alive which are real oblique cases and the other cases are appearing by the support of some preposition and postposition. On the other hand, without vocative case, Dari language also appear noun cases by the aid of some preposition and postposition.

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Volume: Issue: 1

Article: An Analysis of Pepper (Piper Nigrum) Value Chains in Cambodia

Mr. Pisith SOK
Vol 4, Issue 1; January 2021
North American Academic Research, 4(1) 107-127, Jan 2021, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4459452

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Abstract: Pepper is one of Cambodia’s main crop exports. It has been significant growth of production in hectares (ha) and metric tons (MT) and got GI status from EU markets but markets access and value adding of the produce remain a constraint for small growers, as Cambodian pepper heavily relies on Vietnam and Thailand markets particularly Tboung Khmum (TK) pepper. On the other hand, local processors still struggle with modern machineries to process pepper into other forms (ground pepper, oil, oleoresin or medicine) and high competition with Vietnamese collectors for buying peppercorns. By using SWOT analysis, quantitative and qualitative statistics, this study explores the dynamic market opportunities for pepper value chains (PVC) development in Cambodia to maximize value chains (VC) actors’ benefits and enabling business environment for investors. The study reveals that European (EU) markets, Japan, Korea, Taiwan, and the U.S are potential markets for Cambodian pepper exporting. Kampot (KP) pepper is identified as the taste of heritage and gets geographical indicator (GI) status from EU countries. Furthermore, contract farming (FC), (GI), and organic status are important factors for Cambodian pepper to target high value markets (premium price). By analysing SWOT tool shows that the strengths and opportunities are outweigh its weaknesses and threats particularly it is potential for investments and foreign direct investments (FDIs). The study found that challenges in the PVC such as limited planted areas (many small growers), shortage of processing techniques, lack of understanding market requirements, informal export to neighbouring countries (VN, TH), high interest rate of loans, and counterfeit on the name of Kampot pepper. To deal with these constraints, some solutions need to be addressed include expanding planted areas, improve productivity (KP pepper), enhance pepper quality (TK pepper), reduce dependency on Vietnam (grey market), more focus on end-user exporting markets, CF and organic status, strictly control licenses (GI & Organic), technology upgrading, diversify peppers, improve delivery system, and build brand equity. In addition, this research also found that peppers in Cambodia are potential for export oriented, investments, and reduce poverty. Finally, VC analysis tool plays a crucial role to identify all the factors and actors of the pepper industry in the country. Pepper is identified as the king of spices and one among the cash crop agricultural commodities of trade. It is valued as an ingredient for food cooking and as a spice. Cambodia is one of the largest pepper producers in South East Asia (SEA). Pepper is a climbing vine grown for its berries extensively used as spice and medicine. Pepper is considered the oldest agricultural commodity that is traded worldwide.

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Volume: Issue: 1

Article: Ethnographic Study of Third Gender Community at Karachi City of Sindh-Pakistan

Kashif Ali Shah , Nawal Asif , Mukhtiar Hussain Ibupoto
Vol 4, Issue 1; January 2021
North American Academic Research, 4(1) 58-63, Jan 2021, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4441625

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Abstract: We humans are habitual of classifying things by nature, we use to set boundaries and circles and classified thing according to our selfestablished socially built boundaries, our classification is not only for other things but we have classified ourselves too, we human along with all other species are divided into two categories male and female on the basis of our sex by the nature. We have also socially classified ourselves into two categories man and woman, social categories are knows as gender assigned by society. But there are many people who don’t fit in any of two categories made by both nature and society. This study is all about those marginalized and suppressed people, whom we all consider as an object of amusement and hurl ugly comments to them. Through this study I have tried to analyze and understand the biological and psychological variations which make them different from others, I have tried to explore their internal world, which was hidden earlier, I have lighten their occupations, their living style and their internal social structure along with their religious beliefs, I have changed all real names for the sake of their privacy. I hope this document will help readers to think again about the third gender community and provide guidance for future researchers who they want to explore this extra ordinary sub-society with its unique culture.

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Volume: Issue: 1

Article: Clinical Role of Pharmacists, To Overcome Medication Errors Related to High Alert Medication, Which Needs High Care from Prescribing to Doses Administration to The Patients

Maha Raja Dahar , Muhammad Ali Ghoto , Abdullah Dayo , YU Lushan , Naheed Memon , Javaria Sundus
Vol 4, Issue 1; January 2021
North American Academic Research, 4(1) 97-106, Jan 2021, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4448390

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Abstract: This study gives brief scientific findings on high alert medications, that these types of medicines are very sensitive in sense of usage because of their low therapeutic windows (Zyoud et al., 2019), (Geeson et al., 2020), (Salman et al., 2020). Whether it is scientifically proved that if these medications are used in a little lower dose than their recommended doses, they can’t produce therapeutic effects. This scientific study has pursued the ‘Descriptive Study’ method and carried out at a tertiary care hospital in Karachi, through reviewing patient’s medication profiles of those patients which were admitted in different wards including general Pediatric ward, High Dependency Unit (HDU), ICU, total duration for this study was five months. The study has proved, if the high medication medicine’s doses will increase even some instant from the recommended therapeutic doses, it will cause toxic effects, and they will have more chances to produce adverse drug events, and it will definitely be life-threatening to target patients. Also, it has been found that in Pakistani hospitals, these medications are being used in very critical areas of the hospital, like, ICUs, HDUs, CCUs, NICUs. So, it needs to each organization, especially all categories of hospitals either they contain primary, secondary, or tertiary care set-up, essentially, they take initiatives to aware their health care professionals including Physicians, Consultants, Pharmacists, Nursing staff, whoever are involved in prescribing, dispensing, and administering these drugs respectively to the patients to keep control for the harmful events. Secondly, this study recognizing the clinical role of pharmacists inside the hospitals, it has studied many interventions harmful medications errors which are frequently prescribed on different events in studied hospitals. In this study, 200 patient profiles are evaluated in which 28 high alert medications being find prescribed. Though the study severely has found that in most cases of using the potassium chloride has also found, that was about 13.5%, which is ultimately a life-threatening event to patients under care. Thirdly, the study has evaluated, other 15 types of medication errors in the prescribed area, which has seen in the Wrong drug prescriptions as 6%, low dose 9%, high dose 11%. Though 18% of patient's profiles have been observed in which therapeutic drug level was even not monitored, and 6% of wrong units has prescribed! For 10% route of administration hasn't been mentioned, 5% of the profiles in which the route of administration has to find wrongly prescribed. 7% of unnecessary medications, and 10% of those profiles in which high alert medications have to find prescribed with the wrong dilution! Further, evaluations have found out that improper quantity of Diluent in 5% of profiles prescribed and Duplication of drugs has to find in 3%, Wrong frequency, 5%, and the Wrong Rate of Administration 3%. But no evidence has reported at which level drugs have reached at the patient’s end. With all these findings the study strongly emphasizes that these errors can be controlled only with the effective role of pharmacists, who always intervene with these types of medication errors. So, this study proves the role of pharmacists for better usage of High Alert Medications. The study recommends this role of Pharmacists in hospitals especially in Pakistan where mostly High Alert Medication Care Centers are running without proper pharmacy set-up. This study is helpful for medical practitioners, hospital organizations in developing countries to know the importance of clinical pharmacists in the management of High Alert Medications.

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Volume: Issue: 11

Article: Effects of variable parameters on physical properties of unfinished Single Jersey Knit Fabric

Israt Khandaker Mim , Md. Iusuf Khan , Md. Rafiul Islam
Vol 3, Issue 11 ; November 2020
North American Academic Research, 3(11) 447-464, Nov 2020, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4435205

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Abstract: t Single jersey unfinished cotton weft knitted (loop formation) fabrics tend to undergo a certain dimensional changes due to changeable yarn count (Ne) and variable stitch length on physical properties such as Shrinkage, Spirality, Bursting Strength, Pilling, GSM, (Gram per square meter). This study is founded on unfinished knit cloth where yarn counts recycled remained 24Ne, 28Ne, 30Ne for S/J. Single jersey unfinished cotton fabrics were produced with different count and with stitch length where it is found that for constant count, increase of the Stitch Length the GSM is decreased & for constant stitch length, increase of the count GSM is decreased. Used for constant stitch length, increase of the count the Bursting strength is decreased. Designed for constant count, by increase of stitch length the length wise shrinkage% is decreased & the fabric length is increased. Used for constant stitch length, by increase of the count the length wise shrinkage % is decreased & the fabric length is increased. Aimed at constant count, by increase of the stitch length the width wise shrinkage% is improved & the cloth thickness is reduced. Intended for constant stitch length, by increase of the count the width wise shrinkage% is improved & the cloth width is reduced. Used aimed at constant count, by increase of the stitch length the spirality% is increased. Aimed at constant stitch length, by increase of the count the spirality % is increased

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Volume: Issue: 1

Article: The impact of Labour Force on Cambodia GDP Growth

Khan Kimhuon
Vol 4, Issue 1; January 2021
North American Academic Research, 4(1) 84-96, Jan 2021, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4445506

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Abstract: On the basis of the procedure, the Royal Government of Cambodia found many unique approaches to improve Cambodia. In this case, the labor force is an important part, and its impact on Cambodia with economic growth and will make Cambodia become an over-developed country in the future. The reason I chose this topic on the impact of labor force on Cambodia's economic growth is also based on the date. The data was collected from personal files and consists of the amounts described in the task of this document. The result of this process was that the original data did not significantly influence other people. When I read the article on Cambodia's workforce, I was personally surprised because Cambodia is a developing country, but the workforce is of good quality. Based on this, I was very interested in what other factors influence the workforce in Cambodia. The study uses panel data from 1994 to 2018. The review uses multiple regression analysis techniques to analyze the data. The data have been obtained from the World Development Indicator (WDI) database published by the World Bank. The result revealed that all the personal examinations shown in this report attest that the workforce effectively affects the financial development in Cambodia and, more essential, the commercial openings produced for the nearby population, which in the long term helps to decrease unemployment and homelessness in Cambodia

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Volume: Issue: 1

Article: Analyzing the Impact of Coordination Factors on Construction Project Success in Pakistan Using Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling

Azhar Ali, Shahid Hussain, Zaigham Ali, Zahoor Hussain , Syed Hussain Murtaza
Vol 4, Issue 1; January 2021
North American Academic Research, 4(1) 64-83, Jan 2021, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4443028

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Abstract: Coordination is one of the significant components of the construction process. The owners, consultants and contractors struggle to coordinate adequately in massive construction projects whose success could be explain in terms of time, cost, quality and satisfaction. However, coordination factors are crucial in securing the successful accomplishment of all stages of the project. In this study, partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) methodology uses to indicate factors that lack of coordination badly affects the success of infrastructural projects. A conceptual model was developed for the evaluation of project success. The model comprises of two key latent factors. An empirical analysis to test the conceptual model was carried out through the questionnaire survey. The data collected from 246 building experts who were employed in the construction sector in Pakistan. The findings of the analysis showed that the model value was 0.625 which indicated that the lack of coordination had a main influence on project success. The communication-related factors (beta 0.246) have a greater effect on project success, based on the overall form of the model. The conceptual model GOF was calculated as 0.642 which showed the conceptual model validity and reliability, and the data matches correctly. The current study applies PLS-SEM which is previously missing in the literature; this provides additional insights to the array of knowledge in the construction industry that leads project managers to understand the lack of coordination and its impact on project success.

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Volume: Issue: 1

Article: Analysis of Performance Appraisal System to Evaluate the High Productivity of Employee: A Case Study on Bengal Group of Industries in Bangladesh

Pijus Paul Manab
Vol 4, Issue 1; January 2021
North American Academic Research, 4(1) 31-38, Jan 2021,:https://doi.org/10.5281/z enodo.4435141

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Abstract: Effective management and evaluation are essential for employees in an organization. A performance appraisal system needs to achieve the desired productivity of employee. Although a variety of factors are considered to support the performance appraisal system that impacts performance within the organization. Appropriate performance appraisals and appropriate influences from management for promotion will not delay employee productivity. Moreover, performance assessment is about the ability of an organization to develop its employees. On the other hand, communication plays an important role in multistage process of performance appraisal. However, recording additional information about staff assessment results, analysis and reporting is a process of performance appraisal in their work environment. In addition, performance appraisal; terms of examination and evaluation are often used in human resource management in most businesses. Also, Performance appraisals determine who needs to train and who should be promoted or fired. The organization uses management by objective as an essential method to achieve the goals and achieve the desired strategies and performance enhancements and capabilities. This case study follows a comprehensive critique of the current effective identification and performance appraisal system. The results of the analysis included in this study highlight the positive contribution of performance appraisal system to employee productivity. However, there are some practical recommendations to the management of Bengal Group for continuous improvement and gain the benefits from performance appraisal.

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Volume: Issue: 1

Article: Critical and Reformative Study of Juvenile Delinquency in Pakistan

Muhammad Saqib , Sher Ali Khan , Javaria Sundus , Bukhari Zulfiqar Shah
Vol 4, Issue 1; January 2021
North American Academic Research, 4(1) 39-57, Jan 2021, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo. 4437717

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Abstract: This article discusses the situation of juvenile justice in Pakistan and the need for a detailed, concrete and efficient strategy to resolve the juvenile justice problems. As such, at present there is no juvenile justice policy in the country. Juvenile Justice System Ordinance 2000 is the only significant statute dealing with children in dispute with the legislation. The law is not properly implemented in the country, due to some practical difficulties. Pakistan has many good policies, often on paper, such as health policy, education policy, labor policy, and so on, but at national or provincial level we have neither a criminal justice policy nor a clear juvenile justice policy. This article discusses how the politics of criminal justice in Pakistan would look like. There is also discussion of all the legislation, legislation, statutes and rules that are binding on Pakistan defined by the national and international fora. The article further argues that although the courts have often issued contradictory judicial opinions, the increasing authority of the case law indicates a clear inclination of the courts to settle the matter, which is of great importance. This article discusses how the politics of criminal justice in Pakistan would look like. There is also discussion of all the legislation, legislation, statutes and rules that are binding on Pakistan defined by the national and international fora. The article further argues that although the courts have often issued contradictory judicial opinions, the increasing authority of the case law indicates a clear inclination of the courts to settle the matter, which is of great importance.

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Volume: Issue: 11

Article: Deep Neural Network Based Self-Tuning PID Control for Quadrotor Attitude

Kuoh Patrice Gama, Chia Emmanuel Tengum, Wu Hao
Vol 3, Issue 11 ; November 2020
North American Academic Research, 3(11) 465-480, Nov 2020, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4437739

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Abstract: For decades, the Proportional Integral Derivative (PID) controllers have been successfully used in academia and industry for several types of plants. This is due to its versatility and sufficient efficiency in linear or linear plants and in such circumstances in nonlinear plants. A variety of PID controller gains tuning methods have been suggested in the Quadrotor Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) literature over the last decades, several of them off-line. However,in those situations the plant is exposed to persistent parametric shifts or external disturbances, online gain tuning is a suitable alternative. This is the case for the UAV quadrotor, where the parameters linked to weight are being applied to the mass adjustment according to the system to which it is attached. In practice, some time is spent on tuning the PID gains in the UAV attitude. Once the best range of gains has been made, the UAV is able to start off smoothly. However, as the UAV changes are subject to winds, their output deteriorates as the fixed set of gains is no longer true under the current conditions. In order to solve this problem, an online PID gains tuning algorithm should be introduced. This paper proposes an auto-tune PID controller based on Deep Neural Networks (DNN). The DNN plays the function of automatically calculating the required range of PID gains to achieve device stability. The DNN changes the online benefits of the controller to obtain a smaller location monitoring malfunction. Simulation results are provided taking into account the underimplemented 6 DOF (degrees of freedom) Quadrotor UAV. Real-time tests on Quadrotor testbench are conducted to demonstrate the feasibility of the proposed scheme.

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Volume: Issue: 1

Article: The Impact of the Syrian Crisis on the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) Region

Mostafa Hamdy El-Said Ahmed
Vol 4, Issue 1; January 2021
North American Academic Research, 4(1) 17-30, Jan 2021,https://doi.org/10.5281 /zenodo.4433101

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Abstract: In the paper, the Syrian conflict caused a direct effect on the Middle East and North African (MENA) Region. The attention on an escalation of tensions between Bashar al-Assad’s government and opposition as a source of civil war in Syria was paid. The internal and external factors were shown as main contractors in the conflicts. Also, The war has led to catastrophic consequences to the neighbouring countries like refuges crisis. The paper assessed the factors underlying the spillover and the consequence of the crisis especially the political and security consequences and its prospect on the region, This paper addressed the situation in Syria as a fragile state. Also will explore the factors that contributed to the spillover effect the Syrian Crisis, discuss the consequences of the conflict in the MENA region. Also, the paper will emphasize the reasons why the Syrian revolution failed and why Egyptian revolutions passed, in a comparison Syria with Egypt as a benchmark, and set implications to end the civil war in Syria. The paper recommends starting national reconciliation and dialogue among different political organizations under UN and Arab league mediation. Also, the paper recommends the future of conflict consequences.

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Volume: Issue: 1

Article: Prevalence of Breast Cancer in Northern Area of Pakistan

Javaria Sundus , Sindhu Abbasi , Sher Ali Khan , Bukhari Zulfiqar Shah
Vol 4, Issue 1; January 2021
North American Academic Research, 4(1) 01-16, Jan 2021, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4429742

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Abstract: Breast cancer was identified to be a malignant tumor that develops from cells of the breast. Breast cancer is also the primary cause of cancer death among women globally, causing approximately 375,000 deaths every year. A total of 85 persons took part in the survey and provided their views about breast cancer. 80% of the students / faculty of Hazara University were “aware” of breast cancer. 9.4% of individual surveyed had one of their parents suffering from cancer. 15.2% individual believed that the breast cancer can occur in both male and female. Majority of the individuals (81.2%) believed that breast cancer can occur only in female. 12.9% individual believed that breast cancer is restricted to occur in older ages. Almost half of the individual surveyed (47.1%) believed that breast cancer is caused by smoking and drugs. Similarly, half (49.4%) of the individuals know about symptoms of breast cancer. 29.6%individuals know about mammography diagnosis of the disease. Regarding treatment of breast cancer, 56.5% individuals had some idea about treatment while 43.5% individuals did not know about treatment of breast cancer. Present study revealed that although educated still enough awareness is lacking among the participants exposing them to high risks of the cancer.

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Volume: Issue: 12

Article: Comparative Performance Analysis of Square- and Triangular Corrugated Optical Waveguides as Optical Filters

Md. Zamil Sultan , and Md. Mehedi Islam
Vol 3, Issue 12 ; December 2020
North American Academic Research, 3(12) 462-470, Dec 2020, : https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4415333

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Abstract: We have reported comparatively the influences of square- and triangular corrugations on the optical waveguide to be used as optical filter. To do this, the performance parameters, reflectance and transmittance have been derived for the two types of periodic corrugated waveguides. By visualizing reflectance and transmittance characteristics, it is found that both types of corrugated optical waveguide act as optical filter. It is also found that triangular corrugated filter gives better elimination than square corrugated waveguide filter. This study would be very helpful for the development of efficiency in the optical fiber communication systems

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Volume: Issue: 12

Article: Client Satisfaction Regarding Services Under Medical Tourism

Arafat Habib , ANM Shamsul Islam , Mohammad Farhadul Haque , Emily Akter , Md Mahmudul Hasan
Vol 3, Issue 12 ; December 2020
North American Academic Research, 3(12) 471-486, Dec 2020, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4419552

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Abstract: As a result of healthcare globalization, Asian countries such as Thailand, Singapore, India and Malaysia export healthcare services and became popular medical tourist destination for patients from Bangladesh. While other countries benefit from medical tourism, Bangladesh is not only lagging behind but also losing patients to these countries. The present study aimed to find out the level of client satisfaction among the outbound patients of Bangladesh. A crosssectional study was conducted among conveniently selected 133 respondents in visa centers of India, Thailand, Singapore and Malaysia in Dhaka city. Data were collected from the respondents using a semi-structured questionnaire through a face to face interview. Nearly half (56.4%) of the respondents were from the age group 45 to 59 years while the age range was 18 to 69. Two third (74.4%) of the respondents were male and the rest of them were female; among them 33.8% were graduated from university. About 88% of the respondents were from the Indian visa application center. None was there for seeking medical visas abroad the first time. All (100%) respondents gave positive opinion about the availability of Doctors, behavior of Doctors, the adequate time spent by Doctors, and Doctors’ briefing pertaining to diseases. 97% of the respondents were satisfied about the quality of diagnostic centers abroad. 94.7%, 85.7% and 94% were satisfied about the hospital hygienic condition, waste management and hospital staff behavior; respectively. This study explored how Bangladeshi patients receive medical care abroad and was tried to provide suggestions in order to draw medical tourists from neighboring countries while maintaining our patients’ health care services. By reducing the number of patients traveling for medical purposes, the loss of foreign exchange from the economy can also be prevented in Bangladesh.

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Volume: Issue: 12

Article: Impact of Covid-19 On Education from the Aspect of Online Education, Hindrances to Public and Private Universities of Pakistan

Hemoon Kalani, Roopa Rani, Maha Raja Dahar, Bukhari Zulfiqar Shah
Vol 3, Issue 12 ; December 2020
North American Academic Research, 3(12) 427-440, Dec 2020, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4406663

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Abstract: : The ongoing pandemic, Covid-19 has influenced all nature of life on the globe, which no doubt has created a disastrous situation for all of the nations around the world. Where all sort of life is just stuck there a problem with educational attainment getting more severe loss and fatality. Access to quality education in developing countries is at risk, where educational technology is uneven and affordable. This study has diagnosis the ongoing issue of access to quality education in Pakistan during Covid-19 that how big population of the country is suffering from the problem of getting an education. The selected study has adopted the true-experimental quantitative research method to find the current situation of education in Public and Private universities. For this more than 400 teachers/faculty members and students of different public and private universities being participated in the study to find the fact about educational attainment during the pandemic. The study has to find drastic situations with online education, and suggesting emergency steps should be taken by government and academicians, civil society, and other humanitarian organizations. This study aims to identify possible hindrances during online classes in academic institutions that are occurring during online classes at different public and private universities in Pakistan. as the government, policymakers should take the required measures to improve the quality and access of online education during the ongoing novel coronavirus, COVID-19

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Volume: Issue: 12

Article: Current Trends and People’s Perception Toward Lassa Fever Outbreak In Nigeria

Obameso Joseph O., Kuewumi Tolulope A.
Vol 3, Issue 12 ; December 2020
North American Academic Research, 3(12) 455-461, Dec 2020, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4407069

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Abstract: : Lassa virus is a haemorrhagic illness linked with high morbidity and mortality in many West Africa countries resulting in about 5000 deaths annually. This study appraised trends and people’s perception toward Lassa fever outbreak in Nigeria using Akure as case study. Data collected through questionnaires from respondents were analyzed to generate frequencies and proportions, and associations between variables were tested using odds ratios at 95% confidence interval (CI). The study had a response rate of 57.5% with mean age (SD) of 19±5.9. There were 56 (48.7%) males and 59 (51.3%) females. Most respondents’ educational level showed that 52% had tertiary education while 41% had Secondary education. Forty-five percent (45%) of respondents were aware of Lassa fever outbreak and the major source of information was radiotelevision (44%). Among the determinants, occupation had the highest knowledge of Lassa fever with odd ratios (AOR) value of 4.36 at 95% CI (9.24, 2.06). The menace of COVID-19 outbreak has overshadowed the awarness of Lassa fever in Nigeria, this may suggest the increase cases of Lassa fever outbreak ever reported. Therefore, it is crucial to review the approach for controlling the spike in number and investigate the causes associated with deaths during Lassa fever epidemics.

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Volume: Issue: 12

Article: Impact of COVID-19 pandemic on Bangladesh and China trade situation

Md. Shahidul Islam, Imran Mohammad Iftekhar Ashik , Kyle Jooste
Vol 3, Issue 12 ; December 2020
North American Academic Research, 3(12) 342-351, Dec 2020, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4408581

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Abstract: The current exploration examines the likely monetary effect of the COVID-19 pandemic on Bangladesh and China economies utilizing an orderly audit approach. The reason effect relationship system demonstrated that the flare-up of COVID-19 hindered the (GDP) along with major monetary areas and markers in the Bangladesh and China economies. The short and since quite a while ago run anticipated situation indicated that, contrasted with the horticulture area, the administration and assembling areas will be a effected all the more genuinely in all Bangladesh and China nations. It was discovered that administrations in the district are making an honest effort to receive and actualize expansionary monetary methodologies to battle this circumstance. Numerous nations have remembered ranchers and united specialists for the public authority's help framework to use assets. To keep up the equilibrium of global exchange, the import and fare of basic things should be given unique help. To adapt to the present circumstance, governments can put away cash from different self-governing organizations to extend Micro, Small, and Medium Ventures (MSME). The discoveries of this examination will be useful for strategy organizers to figure suitable projects for short and since quite a while ago run requests, alongside monetary and financial arrangements to support and resuscitate the financial movement in world.

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Volume: Issue: 12

Article: The Contribution of the High-Speed Railway Noise and Its Reduction Approaches

Ma Jinsheng, Asif Mahmood
Vol 3, Issue 12 ; December 2020
North American Academic Research, 3(12) 443-454, Dec 2020, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4406985

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Abstract: : With increasing the speed of the railways give rise to the noise generation and vibration in the environment. When the speed of the HSR increased than 300 km/h, the major noise contribution of the HSR is aerodynamic noise, it becomes leading noise and grow at the rate of sixth to the power of train speed. Subsequently, at higher speeds the contribution of aerodynamic noise will eventually exceeds the power (engine) and rolling noise and finally become the dominant contributor. This paper present, an approach to predict the noise contribution of the high speed railway noise by processing the noise of the railway in the MATLAB R2019b software. The most of the noise of the high speed railway is due to frequency less than 2000 Hz. The peak noise is lies in the frequency range of 400-1200 Hz, which is the noise due to bogie area noise. The soundPlan software is used to predict the effectiveness of the noise barrier. The construction of a 3 m high noise barrier along one side of the railway track resulted in the reduction of overall noise more than 10 dB(A) and even more if the noise barrier are constructed with noise absorbing materials having high density and coefficient of absorption.

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Volume: Issue: 12

Article: Language Barrier in Getting Quality Education and Employment for CHT Indigenous People in Bangladesh

Shawon Talukdar, Maruf Hasan Rumi, Niaz Makhdum
Vol 3, Issue 12 ; December 2020
North American Academic Research, 3(12) 323-341, Dec 2020, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4396198

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Abstract: Language is considered to be an important medium of communication which helps to connect people and bring them close to one another. Every year a huge number of indigenous people living in Bangladesh who face serious discrimination in getting quality education and employment due to language-based learning difficulty. The objective of the study was to identify how language problem is creating employment disparity between mainstream Bengali people and minority indigenous people. It also sought to find a solution of the issue and reduce discrimination for indigenous people. The research basically was conducted based on secondary literature support. The main reason behind the low literacy is that most of them have to study in Bengali medium rather than their mother tongue. Besides, the schools lack sufficient infrastructure and adequate teachers. It also increases the tendency of high drop out. Moreover, low literacy rate deprived them to enter into a better employment sector. It is suggested that the basic education should be in their mother tongue and quality teachers should be recruited in local level schools.

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Volume: Issue: 12

Article: Recruitment strategies for international projects- A case study on Chinese construction companies in Bangladesh

MD RASHEDUZZAMAN
Vol 3, Issue 12 ; December 2020
North American Academic Research, 3(12) 352-429, Dec 2020, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4399637

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Abstract: Human resource is an important advantage for the development business since this segment utilizes more workforces in its business exercises contrasted with different segments. Human asset rehearses are normally worried to pick up an incentive through improved aptitudes, experience, self-sufficiency, commitment, efficiency, and lost awareness. Enlisting the certified representatives is a standout amongst the most imperative and most basic pieces of human asset the board. The main focus of this research is to find out the process and way of recruiting employees for construction projects in Bangladesh done by Chinese companies. This study also focuses on the strategy of recruiting competent members for the company and organization. This study will equally help to understand about the effective way of recruiting and selecting employees and will also give an idea about the improvements needed during the process of recruitment. Both qualitative and quantitative data is used for research. The research method comprised interviews with experts, a questionnaire based on recruitment, and selection strategies were sent to a sample of 100 practitioners to elect the most important factors. SPSS V23.0 is used for data analysis. Findings reveal that most of the companies have a structured way to recruit their employees. If any vacancies occur, the campiness looks for the qualified people within the company. If not found, they go for different agencies. If not found again, they go for traditional advertisement or employer referrals. Respondents expressed that the method for enrolling and determination ought to be entirely followed so as to guarantee that the correct materials are accommodated the organization.

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Volume: Issue: 12

Article: Corporate Social Responsibility and Kantian Approach to Business Ethics: An Integrative Framework

Muhammad Zahirul Islam FCMA
Vol 3, Issue 12 ; December 2020
North American Academic Research, 3(12)141-164, Dec 2020, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4383392

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Abstract: The motivation behind this paper is to address the Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) issues and to prescribes applied Kantian way of thinking to conceptualize the obligations and duties of an individual with respect to utilization of CSR in corporate administration rehearses. People do have a feeling of obligation and feeling of what is correct and what's up from a moral point of view. There is a requirement for a code of moral practice in business to urge people to apply their feeling of obligation at workers or the board. In this respects, Kant's way of thinking can function as a structure which will give a layout to think about issues in corporate administration from the viewpoint of ethical quality, equity, temperance and legislative issues. The paper opens the discussion on the requirement for a moral establishment or "good measurement" in corporate administration that goes past a public connection work out.

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Volume: Issue: 12

Article: Credit Risk Management effect on loan portfolio of any private Commercial Bank of Bangladesh

Tanzina Mahboob
Vol 3, Issue 12 ; December 2020
North American Academic Research, 3(12) 308-322, Dec 2020, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4393745

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Abstract: As the competition is increasing, all the private commercial banks are constantly looking for scope to develop credit operation and performance appraisal to the market. However tight control on the part of the Central bank, Bangladesh Bank restricts the scope for maneuvering in the market with new performance and credit risk management on loan portfolio operation. Therefore banks require finding out untapped market space for growth. Moreover, in this loan portfolio crunch time, it is crucial for any private banks to be able to perform efficiently and effectively. In that case if the bank is not being able to perform than the bank might go bankrupt which would have a significant impact on the economy of Bangladesh. The aim of this paper is to analyze the performance of the loan portfolio of a private bank and also its credit policies which would show how the private commercial banks of Bangladesh lends to different kinds of clients. The paper also highlights how effective is the loan recovery system of the respective private bank. Findings revealed that the risk in case of account opening for loan purpose and for that find out the detail information of various clients and its verification process, also give an overview of the capacity of any private banks concern about its several areas of credit management, efficiency of following Bangladesh bank guidelines according to credit risk management.

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Volume: Issue: 12

Article: Drinking water contamination and its impact on human health

Din Mohammad Sharafmal, Sifatullah Shakir, Allah Nazar Atif, Ziarat Gul Mansoor
Vol 3, Issue 12 ; December 2020
North American Academic Research, 3(12) 293-307, Dec 2020, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4393739

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Abstract: : Water contamination is one of the important public health challenge in the world that humanity is facing in recently, access is to safe drinking water is essential for healthy life but waterborne disease is still a major cause of death in many parts of the world. The basis on which drinking water safety is judged is national standards or international guidelines. different substances are involve as water contaminants like inorganic, organic, bacterial and viral which constituent potential threat to water quality, chemical and microbial contaminants are responsible for various Human health problems. This review discusses detailed description of drinking water contaminants and human health effect in the consequent health problems, the data presented in this study are collected from various, national and international scientific journals.

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Volume: Issue: 12

Article: The Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Nonsteroidal Drugs and Aspirin in Colon Cancer

Sami Ul Haq Niazi , XinYu Hu, Professor Dong Xia
Vol 3, Issue 12 ; December 2020
North American Academic Research, 3(12) 209-228, Dec 2020, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4391438

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Abstract: The findings strongly, if not conclusively, indicate that on the proliferation of colon cells in culture the effect of some Non-steroidal Anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), and on the two contributing parameters of cell proliferation, i.e., apoptosis and cell cycle, is exerted independent of their inhibitory effect on PG synthesis. A mechanism unrelated to inhibition of apoptosis in response to Non-steroidal Anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and PG synthesis that affects the cell cycle phase distribution is currently being sought.

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Volume: Issue: 12

Article: Therapeutic effects of Lemon Grass (Cymbopogon citratus) against clinically important pathogens

Nighat Zia ud Den , Muhammad Shahid , Mudasir Majeed ,Umar Daraz Khan , Amer Jamil , Sabah Javaid , Muhammad Imran Kanjal
Vol 3, Issue 12 ; December 2020
North American Academic Research, 3(12) 275-292, Dec 2020, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4393137

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Abstract: : Globally, resistance to antibiotics has become a big concern and has a significant effect on the health of patients. Effective treatment approached must be explored in order to resolve this problem. Lemon grass (Cymbopogon citratus) is an essential medicinal plant with numerous biological and pharmacological potential that is helpful towards infectious diseases susceptible to multi-drugs.Therefore, present study was conducted to evaluate the antioxidant potential and antimicrobial activities of different extracts of Lemon Grass. Antioxidant potential of the plant was evaluated by different antioxidant parameters. Multidrug resistant gram positive and negative bacteria were collected from microbiology department. Comparative analysis of lemon grass was performed among aqueous, methanolic and aqueous extracts treated with different temperatures. Study results indicated that highest total phenolic contents were found in lemon grass extract treated at 170ºC while the least contents were found in methanolic extract. Due to higher contents of phenolic and flavonoid compounds, lemon grass exhibited good antioxidant potential by scavenging the free radicals and through reducing power assay. From the results it was found that the extracts of lemon grass have antimicrobial activity (>0.51 activity index) against tested Gram negative and Gram positive bacterial strains. The study concluded that lemon grass has therapeutic potential due to the presence of antioxidant compounds and its antimicrobial activity that makes it a potential source of medicines.

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Volume: Issue: 12

Article: Review Study of Teachers and teacher educators’ professional development in Ethiopia

Tamirat Gibon Ginja , Xiaoduan Chen
Vol 3, Issue 12 ; December 2020
North American Academic Research, 3(12) 229-253, Dec 2020, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4393129

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Abstract: The professional development of teachers and teacher educators is of rising attention worldwide. However, while an increasing range of literature focuses on particular aspects of professional development, there is no integrative reviewed literature that shows the professional development of teacher and teacher educators in Ethiopia. This paper intends to review the related studies on this topic. Thirty-two papers were chosen on basis of exclusion and inclusion criteria to describe, analyse and discuss teacher and teacher educators’ professional development in Ethiopia since 1991. The results show the professional development initiatives helped teachers and teacher educators to construct knowledge, skills of doing action research, improve instructional practices and increase professional engagement. However, a low level of use of student-oriented techniques and, as a result, the poor performance of students reported. The findings of this review also highlight a need to reform professional standards for teacher educators. The review suggests more research is needed to show how professional development can contribute to enhancing teacher educator’s professional knowledge, skills, and engagement in Ethiopia.

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Volume: Issue: 12

Article: Widening Admittance to Higher Education in Tanzania: Approaches and Impacts

Ayubu Ismail Ngao
Vol 3, Issue 12 ; December 2020
North American Academic Research, 3(12) 254-274, Dec 2020, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4393132

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Abstract: Widening admittance to higher education is the one among the most important agenda in 21st Century. As admittance in higher education increases rapidly, the quality and relevance of higher education services globally are receiving increased scrutiny and raising concerns. Different countries around the world adopted different techniques to increase students participation in higher education. Tanzania similar to many other countries adopted different approaches to increase students participation in higher education. Howerver, the reforms system has noted with several challenges which affected the quality of education provided. This study based on addressing Tanzania initiatives towards widening admittance to higher education and to challenge on the impacts including the quality of education provided. Finally, this study gives out the reccomendations for the improvements whereby the increasing access initiatives should be equivalent to the quality of education provided.

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Volume: Issue: 12

Article: Factors Contributing to Poor Performance in Mathematics in Bauchi State

Sagir A. Mahmud , Hamisu Idi , Muhammad Mubarak Muhammad , Abubakar Adamu
Vol 3, Issue 12 ; December 2020
North American Academic Research, 3(12) 183-193, Dec 2020, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4391345

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Abstract: The study examined, ascertained and described the factors that influence poor performance on mathematics with reference to school based factors, parent’s socio-economic factors and students’ factors in senior secondary schools in Bauchi. Survey research design was adopted for the study. The target population was 4789 students, 132 mathematics teachers and 12 head teachers as respondents out of which 369 students, 132 head teachers as well as all the 12 head teaches were randomly selected and studied. The data was collected by the use of three structured questionnaires; student, teachers and head teachers’ questionnaires. Results of the study revealed that school based factors, parent’s socio-economic factors and students’ related factors have a significant effect on students’ Mathematics performance. It is also revealed that there are negative factors affecting teachers’ effectiveness in teaching Mathematics. It is recommended that the finding will give the stakeholders an insight into emerging issues on performance and influence the Ministry of Education (MOE), State Universal Basic Education Board (SEBEB), Teaching Services Commission (TSC) and other decision makers on policy formulation such as supervision and inspection by proper authorities, organizing mathematics inter and intra school competition, as well as enlightenment of parents on importance of children’s education. An awareness of these factors can help increase a teacher’s effectiveness if they are dealt.

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Volume: Issue: 12

Article: Educational Level and Occupation as Predictors of Children’s Performance in Bauchi State

Hamisu Idi , Sagir A. Mahmud , Muhammad Mubarak Muhammad , Abubakar Adamu
Vol 3, Issue 12 ; December 2020
North American Academic Research, 3(12) 165-182, Dec 2020, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4391332

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Abstract: :This study seeks to investigate selected family background factors that influence students’ academic achievement in senior secondary school in Bauchi state. To guide the study, four hypotheses were formulated and tested. The design for the study is comparative design. The sample for this study was 400 students randomly selected on the basis of 50% male and 50% female each from 253 schools in Bauchi state. The selection of schools is based on the three senatorial districts in the state on the proportion of 2: 6 : 2 (central, south and north) respectively. Questionnaire on the family background and influence was designed and tested. The data collected was analyzed using correlation, regression analysis and t – test statistic. The findings reveal that parental involvement, educational level, family size and socio – economic status significantly influence students’ performance. Student whose parents assisted in their academic work performed better than those who did not, while occupation had no effect on performance. However, unequal attention was given to male and female students. Furthermore, private schools performed more than public. It is concluded that parental educational background and availability of study facilities at home greatly influenced academic performance. Consequently, parents should endeavor to be involved in the academic activities of their children.

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Volume: Issue: 12

Article: Modeling and MATLAB based Simulation of an 8-DoF Light-Weight Humanoid Manipulator

Abdul Khalique Awan , Syed Haseeb Ul Hassan , Ahmad Qaisar , Misbah Thebo
Vol 3, Issue 12 ; December 2020
North American Academic Research, 3(12) 194-208, Dec 2020, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4391349

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Abstract: This article picks an 8-DoF, Light-Weight, flexible, and cost-effective Humanoid Robotic Manipulator as a Research topic and focuses on its design, implementation, control, and simulation. The primary task is to design the basic model by designing software. By keeping the degrees of freedom in mind, a simulation platform is selected to carry out the test of the model. For this purpose, the MATLAB and Simulink are opted to perform the simulations of the assigned tasks. After being comfortable with design and simulation platforms, the next step was to analyze the Kinematics of the Manipulator. So, for the kinematics computation, D-H Parameters are defined for forward and reverse kinematics. Finally, a series of experimental scenes such as Grasping ball and imitating action is intended to extensively examine the stability, accuracy, speed, and flexible movement of humanoid robotic manipulator LWH-Arm.

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Volume: Issue: 12

Article: Preparation and application of a new composite COD remover

Thin Thin Htet, Defang Zeng
Vol 3, Issue 12 ; December 2020
North American Academic Research, 3(12) 118-140, Dec 2020, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4362302

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Abstract: The purpose of this study is the preparation of a new category, high degradable efficiency, and low-cost composite COD remover. The composite COD remover was made by double oxidants composition method and coupling oxidants and flocculants composition method in a precise proportion. The best prepared composite COD remover was the R-1 [potassium ferrate (K2FeO4) and sodium chlorate (NaClO3)] composite COD remover at the pH of 6, reaction temperature 40, and 30 minutes reaction time. The maximum removal rate of chemical oxygen demand (COD) was 97.3 %. The best ratio of the new composite COD remover was 2:1. Compared with the commercial COD remover, the removal rate of COD increased by more than 16% and the treatment cost of wastewater decreased by more than 6%. Therefore, the new composite COD remover from this experimental study had great reaction performance, cost-effective and obvious economic and environmental benefits

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Volume: Issue: 12

Article: Study on improving Fenton oxidation process by coagulation

Thet Yee Zin, Defang Zeng
Vol 3, Issue 12 ; December 2020
North American Academic Research, 3(12) 94-117, Dec 2020, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4362294

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Abstract: In this study, Fenton oxidation process was improved by coupling of coagulation and further Fenton oxidation. A series of experiments such as coagulation, Fenton oxidation alone and the coupled coagulation–Fenton process were conducted with wastewater sample from pesticide industry. Compared with the Fenton process alone, the coupled coagulation–Fenton process has a good effect.The coupled coagulation–Fenton oxidation process has obvious economic and environmental benefits.

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Volume: Issue: 12

Article: Labor Rights Violation in Ship Recycling Industry: A critical review of International Labor Organization (ILO) Guidelines

Amber Zarqa, Bukhari Zulfiqar Shah, Kashif Imran Zaidi
Vol 3, Issue 12 ; December 2020
North American Academic Research, 3(12) 47-57, Dec 2020, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4319959

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Abstract: This article provides a brief overview of concerns related to the polluted and dangerous ship recycling industry. Particularly main serious concerns are about the worker's health and safety and the exercise of basic labor rights. The study found that labors are generally not privileged to be similar in ship recycling industry. Paper has disclosed that there is no overtime or paid holidays, ship breakers work long hours and there is usually no contract arrangement with yard management. When fire, disasters and explosions, fall from a height or are hit by large steel/iron blocks. During work, Workers are losing their lives and getting injures Labor rights do not exist; there are no unions and no collective bargaining to raise voice against the violations. The working and living conditions reflect a complete lack of standards. The International Labor Organization has developed guidelines to mitigate risks, problems and problems associated with shipwreck. Labor sought to find sustainable solutions for the swatch and safe disposal of ships.

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Volume: Issue: 12

Article: Technique for Proving & Marking documents as Exhibits during Trial both in administration of Criminal & Civil Justice System: A Critical Review

Md. Tajul Islam, Ferdousi Akter
Vol 3, Issue 12 ; December 2020
North American Academic Research, 3(12) 30-46, Dec 2020, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4316067

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Abstract: Enactment of Evidence Act 1872 was undoubtedly a historic touch stone towards in the administering Justice System both in the trial procedure of Civil & Criminal cases. It provides legal recognition and process of proving & marking documents as Exhibits during Trial both in administration Criminal Civil Justice System but still today several provisions of this law to the students, Advocates, and even to the Judges are too vague or unnecessarily criminalize legitimate expression. The main thrust of the paper is to examine the evolution of the legal provisions regarding the topics i.e. the mechanisms for proving & marking documents as Exhibits during Trial and how the documentary evidences have to be assessed in the process of administering or in the dispensation of Justice in our legal system and that theme of the topics of Evidence Act would be not only as a part of conventional element of proving cases but also to provide us with a glance of profound legal depth of different disposition moreover the Judges, advocates and student’s struggle to conquer the difficult situations in which they find themselves entrap with. This paper and research will attempt to devise some possible techniques or mechanism or system or method of proving and marking documents as evidence during trail so that justice can be more efficiently served to its seekers.

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Volume: Issue: 12

Article: Rumor Spreading Model: Vulnerability and Its Psychological Effect in Study of Salt and Water Ebola Virus Cure Rumor of in Nigeria

Abdullahi M. Auwal , Abbas U. Farouk , Mijinyawa S. Labaran
Vol 3, Issue 12 ; December 2020
North American Academic Research, 3(12) 72-93, Dec 2020, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4331165

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Abstract: Examining how a rumour spreads has been challenging, previous studies on social and psychological aspects of rumours have mainly been theory-driven and have relied on a small amount of manually collected anecdotal evidence. In this paper, a non-linear mathematical model for rumor spreading: vulnerability and its psychological effect has been proposed/developed and analyzed by using epidemiological approach, in which an ignorant individuals are refers to recruitment class and has a certain probability of becoming a spreader or stipler immediately upon hearing the rumor, and The whole population was assumed to be a constant and homogeneously mixed. The basic reproduction number is found. Equilibria have been analytically obtained and their local and global stability have been discussed. Conditions for the persistence of stipler have been determined. We mainly explore the mechanism of psychological effect in study of salt and water Ebola virus cure rumor of August 2014 in Nigeria. Finally, the obtained results are numerically validated and then discussed from both the mathematical and the sociological perspectives, and presented in the form of the graphics using Homotophy perturbation method

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Volume: Issue: 12

Article: Modelling of Substance-Abuse and Its Progression Stages

Kalabu Salisu Ahmad , Usamatu Usman , Abdul Audu Ibrahim, Ibrahim Yusuf Inuwa
Vol 3, Issue 12 ; December 2020
North American Academic Research, 3(12) 12-29, Dec 2020, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4316014

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Abstract: Substance-abuse mathematical model is proposed to study the dynamism of substanceabuse and its various stages of progression from the justification that substance abuse leads to substance addiction with the development of tolerance and dependence. We analyze the model where we prove existence and uniqueness of the solution to the system, positivity of the solution, invariant region of the solution, substance-free equilibrium state of the system and discuss local stability as well as global stability of the model at substance-free stability state. Epidemiological approach is adopted in proposing the mathematical model which enables scientists to study the dynamism of substance-abuse and its various stages of progression.

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Volume: Issue: 12

Article: Identification of anti-nutritional factors in soya cheese

Ummey Hafsa Bithi, M. N. Uddin, Kanika Mitra
Vol 3, Issue 12 ; December 2020
North American Academic Research, 3(12) 1-11, Dec 2020, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4315823

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Abstract: This study aimed to determine the anti-nutrients of cheese produced from soya beans by chemical processing. Effect of processing using a chemical method on anti-nutritional constituents of soybean seed meal and cheese were carried out. Levels of the anti-nutrients like tannin, oxalate, saponin, and phytate of the raw soya and cheese were determined. The percentage (%) of the studied anti-nutritional substances in the raw seed were obtained as tannin (0.168±0.003), phytate (0.470±0.004), oxaloacetate (0.109±0.002), and saponin (5.47±0.20). Processing, however, significantly reduced the levels of the anti-nutrients like tannin, oxalate, saponin, and phytate in the raw and cheese. The percentage of anti-nutritional levels in the raw seed after processing were found as tannin (0.009±.002), phytate (0.104±0.004), oxaloacetate (0.085±0.005), and saponin (2.53±0.04). Hence, the processing significantly (p<0.05, p<0.01, p<0.001) improved the nutritional quality of the soy cheese and the product can be used as a good protein source.

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Volume: Issue: 12

Article: Waste water treatment process of paper mill, pulp recovery and recycling techniques

Lubna Hossain Lia
Vol 3, Issue 12 ; December 2020
North American Academic Research, 3(12) 58-65, Dec 2020, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4320142

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Abstract: Paper sector in Bangladesh is currently expanding day-by-day to meet the increasing demand of industrial, writing/printing and specialty papers. Paper mills have adverse eff ects on the environment by producing huge quantity of wastewater. Yearly, approximately 14 million m3 wastewater is being discharged to the surface water bodies and irrigated lands without no/limited treatment. Wastewater treatment is a process used to remove contaminants from wastewater or sewage and convert it into an effluent that can be returned to the water cycle with acceptable impact on the environment, or reused for various purposes (called water reclamation).Four common ways to treat wastewater include physical water treatment, biological water treatment, chemical treatment, and sludge treatment.

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Volume: Issue: 11

Article: Mapping Major Land Use And Land Cover Dynamics In Growing Urban Areas Based On Landsat Imagery Using Google Earth Engine

Saurav Shrestha , Rabindra Adhikari , Raju Raj Regmi , Raja Ram Aryal
Vol 3, Issue 11 ; November 2020
North American Academic Research, 3(11) 423-446, Nov 2020, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4305070

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Abstract: In the present context of rapid change which is occurring either due to the natural or artificial phenomenon, tracking environmental changes with the aid of remote sensing applications has been an important tool for multidisciplinary sectors. One of these applications is the construction of land use and land cover maps through the image classification process. The Google Earth Engine is becoming a crucial tool in remote sensing data analysis as it provides cloud-based platform with huge amount of multiple source satellite data and excellent computation services. The present study aims to know the extent of land cover in Tokha Municipality of Kathmandu of the year 2001, 2009 & 2019 along with the dynamics between the year and the rate of change. In this study, Landsat image of Tokha Municipality of the year 2001, 2009 &2019 were used for LULC supervised classification in Google Earth Engine platform. Five LULC classes were decided and classified using random forest classification, and the output map was obtained with an overall accuracy of 94.8%, 88.40% & 86.95% for the year 2000, 2009 & 2109 respectively. It was found that most of the landcover was dominated by agricultural land and very few were covered by waterbody. From the analysis section, it was clear that major LULC change between 2000 and 2009 was seen in otherland with the total decrease of 354.84 ha. whereas settlement area of 61.5 ha. significantly increased between 2009 and 2019. For the whole study period annual rate of change was found to be in increasing for the categories settlement (1.558%) and forest (1.072%) and decreasing for Agriculture (0.846, waterbody (0.001%) and otherland (1.786%).

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Volume: Issue: 6

Article: Establishment of in vitro regeneration protocol and development of hairy root culture in Aerva lanata with Agrobacterium rhizogenes

Shreyoshi Biswas
Volume 1, Issue 6; November-2018
North American Academic Research, 1(6) 82-89, Nov 2018

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Abstract: The Aerva lanata belongs to the family Amaranthaceae and has the high medicinal values. The present study focused on in vitro regeneration of plant through tissue culture techniques and induction of hairy roots from stem internode explants by using various Agrobacterium rhizogenesstrains such as A4, A4T and A4RS. Multiple shoots were induced from the stem explants on the MS medium contain BAP 0.5 mg/l and IAA0.25 mg/l. Around 5.42 ±2.11 shoots were observed per explant with average shoot length of 2.19 ±1.2 cm. After 3-4 weeks of incubation the cultures were transferred to root induction medium containing 0.5 to 1.0 mg/l of IBA. Root initiation was occurred in 7-10 days on a half-strength MS medium supplemented with 0.5 mg/lIBA. Healthy plants transferred to green house were infected with bacterial strains A4, A4T and A4RS for hairy root formation from internodes. The explants infected with A4RS strain showed maximum hairy root emergence within 8-10 dayswhereas, A4 and A4T strains fail to t influence hairy root emergence.Strain A4RS was proved to be more virulent than A4 and A4Twith highest transformation frequency of 83.33 %.

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Volume: Issue: 11

Article: Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) Based Point Cloud for 3D Mapping and Modelling

Haque Md Imdadul, Rana Ruhul Amin
Vol 3, Issue 11 ; November 2020
North American Academic Research, 3(11) 413-422, Nov 2020, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4304997

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Abstract: UAV based 3D mapping and point clouding became one of the most interesting topic in recent years. UAV based mapping solution is way cheaper than the conventional techniques and time saving method. This paper carried out the workflow for developing a 3D model based on geo-referenced images, particularly from aerial photos obtained by a UAS; the case study also showed the latest developments of UAV image processing.

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Volume: Issue: 11

Article: E-commerce in Bangladesh: The Future Challenges

Mohammed Shahidul Islam Joy, Zhang Yong Hong
Vol 3, Issue 11 ; November 2020
North American Academic Research, 3(11) 374-386, Nov 2020, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4301040

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Abstract: This paper centers around Bangladesh's continuous change towards the enormous scale appropriation of e-commerce. The elements that would doubtlessly impact e-commerce particularly inside the setting of its current foundation, Internet mindfulness and social and Islamic customs are explained. The work draws on the reaction of clients gathered through an online review that gone on for a long time. The review was structured utilizing the 'Hypothesis of Planned Behavior' to create measurements for conduct and demeanor towards e-commerce in the Bangladesh. In view of the components revealed and broke down, a concise arrangement of suggestions can be put forward. Obviously one of the fundamental center zones is advance wide-scale utilization of Internet among the masses, both by diminishing availability cost, upgrading foundation and moving towards broadband access. Web based business mindfulness crusades ought to be propelled focusing on the two shoppers also, organizations. Regarding advancing e-business unwavering quality and security, a focal Certification authority ought to be set up with a Public-Key Infrastructure (PKI) encryption framework. This would guarantee classification and give access control, respectability, verification, and non-renouncement administrations for organizations moving into e-commerce. An administrative structure would likewise must be drawn for tending to the issue of online protection and security

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Volume: Issue: 11

Article: Investigating nurses’ intention to use electronic health records: The Unified theory of acceptance and use of technology approach

Victor Bondzie-Micah , Sun Qigui, Vincent Ekow Arkorful , Benjamin Kweku Lugu , Geoffrey Bentum-Micah , Justin Yao Bossou
Vol 3, Issue 11 ; November 2020
North American Academic Research, 3(11) 387-412, Nov 2020, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4301058

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Abstract: Technology integration into the public healthcare sector is considered one of the pipeline projects to enhance healthcare proficiency and productivity. As such, there has been huge investment in the health domain geared towards successfully integrating health technology among health professionals all in the quest to achieve better health delivery services and universal health coverage. User acceptance of such technology as electronic health records has become necessary for the productive deployment of the health sector innovations. The study adopted the Unified theory of acceptance and use of technology and additional constructs of attitude and design aesthetics to investigate nurses’ intention to use electronic health records, as they form part of the direct users of the technology. A field investigation was carried out with 381 nurses from diverse medical institutions in Ghana. The study used a quantitative approach anchored on the structural equation modeling (SEM) analysis to verify that, performance expectancy, effort expectancy, social influence, attitude, and design aesthetics, all have a substantial positive impact on nurse's electronic health records adoption intention. The study implications are discussed based on empirical findings.

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Volume: Issue: 11

Article: The Role of Educate Me Foundation in the Early Childhood Development in Egypt

Mr. Mostafa Hamdy El Said Ahmed
Vol 3, Issue 11 ; November 2020
North American Academic Research, 3(11) 351-373, Nov 2020, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4299234

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Abstract: : This study was aimed to provide a foundation for the role of Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs) in Early Childhood Development (ECD) through identifying and examining the role of Educate Me Foundation in Giza Governorate as NGO working the field of ECD in Egypt. Additionally, the study aimed to investigate the relationship between NGOs and the Ministry of Education of Egypt (MoE), and explore the challenges that face the NGOs during their implementing their work in the area of ECD. The researcher adopted the exploratory research design. Where the researcher presented the literature review related to the same filed to identify the role of the NGOs in the ECD in different regions, also the researcher used the government reports. The paper is divided into four main parts. The first part presents the introduction of the role of NGOs in ECD, and the importance of the paper, while the second part examines the literature on the role of NGOs in ECD, the challenges and the relationship with governmental bodies from a global perspective. The third part contains an analysis with a reflection on the Educate Me foundation. Finally, the fourth part contains the findings and conclusion alongside policy recommendations for the solution of the problem. The findings of the research show that Educate Me foundation had a significant role in the ECD in the Giza Governorate, they achieved their progress with the limited financial resources and unstable relationship with MoE due to the regulations and bureaucracy. The research recommended that NGOs should develop open income-generating projects and self-financing instead of an external one. Besides seeking to change the culture of the MoE and its vision towards the existence of these organizations through seminars and conferences organized by NGOs in cooperation with government sector institutions.

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Volume: Issue: 11

Article: Utilization of Social Media Platforms for Local Government Engagements: An Empirical Study of the Accra Metropolitan Assembly

AURELIA NAA AYIKAIKOR AYI-BONTE , WANG JINJIN , BENJAMIN KWEKU LUGU , SHERIFATH CHINAZA TAHIROU , VICTOR BONDZIE-MICAH
Vol 3, Issue 11 ; November 2020
North American Academic Research, 3(11) 303-324, Nov 2020, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4294312

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Abstract: Social media use in local government has gained prominence in the last few years worldwide, but little research has been done concerning users’ needs and experiences. In addressing this gap, this paper aims at understanding social media use experiences in local government from the individual users in the metropolitan assembly’s viewpoint. As local government agencies implement social media tools at all levels, we tend to explore the motivations that entice individuals to use these services and how information sharing can moderate the intention to use and actual use. We built a social media utilization model based on the literature review and extended the Delone and Mcleans framework by adding other constructs existing in other studies as the theoretical framework. Using a quantitative approach to the study, structured online questions were distributed. The results of a survey of 360 respondents of Accra Metropolitan Assembly social media users in Ghana indicate that information quality, service quality, system quality, and Trust remain the crucial determinants of intention to use and actual usage. Our study spotlights the importance of understanding the dynamics by which users utilize social media platforms.

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Volume: Issue: 11

Article: Social Media Behavior among the College Students in a Transnational Environment: A Comparative Case Study

Athukoralage, Wathsala Veenadari Athukorala
Vol 3, Issue 11 ; November 2020
North American Academic Research, 3(11) 325-350, Nov 2020, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4295598

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Abstract: The exponential growth of social media has fundamentally reshaped the world education system. Many researchers note that social media would facilitate the transition of students from high school to college by providing them with information and social support and a way to recognize and communicate with other students. Social networking is a consumer-generated tool that helps users to exchange information using the Internet with friends and colleagues. Sharing ensures that it is easy to comment on, easy to send, there are no costs associated with accessing the media, and last but not least, it is always available. In social media practices, users primarily belong to a new generation of customers who in the sense of social media, can be referred to as digital natives. Therefore, this study aimed to identify Social media behavior among College Students in a Transnational Environment. The survey method was used to collect data to satisfy this goal. The sample was selected from individuals at Wuhan University who were studying in China. The questionnaires were distributed to 250 students from international and 250 students of Chinese origin. In the total sample of 425 students, 216 were the foreign student sample and 209 students from each group were the Chinese student sample, with a good recovery rate of 86.4% and 83.6%. Several prior studies analyzing different factors influencing the use of social media support the results of the current report. Social media is most concerned with privacy and convenience, while international and domestic students, on the other hand, largely disregard copyright and legal issues. Years of migration, local language knowledge, level of study, years of migration, and the use of experience affect the level of concern. Among the variables, the level of all applicable factors of concern is clearly influenced by the use of experience. The college students' social media behavior and social media use of transnational communities and Chinese students and their identities are determined by their own individualities and the social-economic factors of their own and host cultures, based on these differences and similarities.

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Volume: Issue: 11

Article: Teachers’ Perspectives on Transfer of Teachers from Secondary to Primary schools in Tanzania: The Case of Selected Transferred Teachers in Kigoma Municipality

Twalibu Habibu Baruani
Vol 3, Issue 11 ; November 2020
North American Academic Research, 3(11) 269-275, Nov 2020, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4291183

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Abstract: Teachers’ transfer is something common, but it should comply with all public service regulations for the aim of maintaining the teachers’ performance as well as students’ learning achievement. This study aimed to explore teachers’ perspectives on transfer of teachers from secondary to primary schools in Tanzania. The study employed a qualitative approach whereby semi-structured interview was applied as an instrument of data collection from ten transferred teachers. The results showed that the transfer led to disruption to some teachers like leaving homes and families. Also, some teachers were demoralized whereby their teaching morale and commitments declined. The study concludes that teachers’ satisfaction is one but an important factor for the development of teaching professionals.

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Volume: Issue: 11

Article: Rhinoplasty in Asian Versus non-Asians Population: A Review

Ali Rizwan , Huang Li-Na , Wenhui Liu , Xiaomei Zhai , Linbo Liu
Vol 3, Issue 11 ; November 2020
North American Academic Research, 3(11) 190-196, Nov 2020, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4281611

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Abstract: Rhinoplasty is an expanding topic in the field of plastic and cosmetic surgery. Interest is ongoing and developments have been rapid. Although several studies concentrated on Asian and non-Asian (American, Hispanic, Middle East etc) nose separately, but to our knowledge there is no study comparing the rhinoplasty surgical techniques used in Asian and non-Asian populations especially Americans (including Hispanic). It is a well-recognized fact that there is a distinctive quality to Asian rhinoplasty when compared with rhinoplasty for patients from other regions. For Asian patients, especially from East and Southeast Asia, the relatively smaller sized noses have made simple augmentation of the nose using alloplastic implant stand in for the term “Rhinoplasty.” However Asian patients like higher noses and small nose tip. The purpose of this study was to analyze and categorize rhinoplasty in Asians and non-Asians, and then determine common surgical techniques that have general application to this particular population of patients.

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Volume: Issue: 11

Article: Present Status of the Small and medium enterprises (SMEs) in Zambia

Mate Maliselo
Vol 3, Issue 11 ; November 2020
North American Academic Research, 3(11) 276-288, Nov 2020, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4291198

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Abstract: : It is imperative for a country to make relevant and business friendly legislation that would enable SMEs growth in the country. They contribute greatly in jobs creation and GDP. SMEs in Zambia employ 50 percent of the working class, similar to countries like Indonesia, Tanzania and Kenya. Over 90 percent of SMEs operate in the informal sector and this makes it difficult for the government to support the sub sector efficiently. So, SMEs contribution to the country’s development is not very clear. Because, majority of SMEs operate in the informal sector, attracting-funding from micro finance institutions (MFIs) is a challenge and this makes (SME) sector weak. Entrepreneurs Financial Centre (EFC) was used as a case study. This is a specialized micro finance institution that provides SMEs lending. The period considered in this research was from 2016-2018. Whereas, SME loans constitute about 60 percent of EFC’s loan portfolio, the loans given out are small value ranging from USD133 with a maximum of USD 46,667. The process of acquiring these loans is cumbersome and those without security may stand no chance. This does not give borrowing appetite and thus, such a trend would keep the sector underdeveloped. Findings revealed that with an organized sector platform, SMEs contribute immensely in the development of the country. Primary and secondary data were collected through using questionnaires, interviews and observation.

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Volume: Issue: 11

Article: Outcomes of Core Decompression with injectable CaSO4/CaPO4 versus quadratus femoris muscle pedicle bone grafting for treating avascular necrosis of femoral head A comparative study

Swapnil Ravindra Bagdure, Xue Jian Wu, Peng Xiao, Xu Zhu, Chong Meng, Weijian Qiu, Zhuyao Li, Yvhang Zhang
Vol 3, Issue 11 ; November 2020
North American Academic Research, 3(11) 289-302, Nov 2020, https//doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4291209

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Abstract: This study compares clinical and functional outcomes in patients with avascular necrosis of femoral head

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Volume: Issue: 1

Article: An Alternative Potato Production Technology: True Potato Seeed (TPS): A Context to Nepal

Lal Bahadur Chhetri, Dhurba Bijay G.C., Amit Khanal and Jyoti Bhandari
Vol 1, Issue 1 ; February 2018
North American Academic Research, 1(1) 1-8, Feb 2018, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4285588

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Abstract: True potato seed (TPS) technology is scientifically justified, technically feasible and economically viable method of potato production. TPS line are high yielding and also are more resistance to fungal, bacterial and viral diseases as compare to tuber seed. This paper is prepare to create awarness and benefits of TPS to concerned technicals from developing countries like Nepal. Number of technical papers published from different scientific communites were taken as reference materials. Varieties like HPS II/67, HPS 7/67, HPS 1/13, LT8 X TPS-13, LT8 X TPS67, C96H1329 X TPS-13, C96H0.24 X C99HT2-32.17 and C96H02.7 X TPS 13 are the recommended TPS variety for Nepal and geographical countries like Nepal. This review concluded that, the significant genetic improvement of TPS vigor and uniformity is also possible. Improvement of TPS can be achieve from improve agronomic practices by understanding physiological factors that influence production. Germination of TPS can be enhanced by sowning without drying and treatment with Gibberellic acid.

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Volume: Issue: 4

Article: EFFECT OF NUTRIENT SOURCE ON SOIL FERTILITY AND PRODUCTIVITY OF COWPEA [Vigna unguiculata (L) WALP.]

Sanjeev Banstola, Lal Bahadur Chhetri, Keshav Raj Adhikari , Deepak Gautam and Jyoti Bhandari
Vol 1, Issue 4 ; September 2018
North American Academic Research, 1(4) 126-137, Sept 2018, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4285408

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Abstract: A greenhouse epxperiment was conducted at Pokhara, Nepal during summer of 2018 to access the effect of organic and inorganic fertilizers on soil fertility and productivity of cowpea. The experiment was carried out in a completely randomized design with eight treatments and three replications. The treatments included eight selected combination of organic and inorganic nutrient sources ( Farm yard manure, Vermicompost, Poultry manure, Nitrogen Phosphorous and Potassium). The physio- chemical properties of soil, nutrient uptake on yield attributes, yield and growth parameters weere analyzed during the investigation . Result indicated that soil soil fertility has been improved where the OM was increased form 2.28-3.6% and P from 25.58 to 28.87 mg/kg in treatment containing organic fertilizer while soil pH nd N% showing no significant difference among treatments. Maximum N, P and K content in seed and straw was obtained with 50% N from vermicompost @ 0.9t/ha + 50% N from inorganic fertilizer , however pod weight, pod girth , straw yield, 100 seed weight were found non –significant. Among growth parameters, 50% N from vermi compost @ 0.9t/ha + 50% N from inorganic fertilizer enhanced the growth parameters like plant height, number of leaves per plant. Hoever number of branches, fresh weight of roots, noodles per plant was found non significant.

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Volume: Issue: 11

Article: Review on trends of wastewater pollution and treatment system challenges: A case study of Rwanda, East Africa

Benjamin Manirakiza, Lanre Anthony Gbadegesin , Antoine Nsabimana , Romuald Bagaragaza
Vol 3, Issue 11 ; November 2020
North American Academic Research, 3(11) 219-263, Nov 2020, https://doi.org/ 10.5281/zenodo.4284096

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Abstract: Sustainable access to clean water and basic sanitation is a crucial part of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Most sub-Saharan Africa countries are affected by wastewater pollution dilemma and poor effluent treatment systems. In Rwanda, the high population growth rate, urbanization, and industrialization has exacerbated wastewater generation beyond the bearing capacity of the available treatment systems. The wastewater discharge from diverse sectors during the last three decades become an important pollution source and is deteriorating the freshwater system (lakes, rivers, springs, groundwater, etc.), soil, fauna, and flora. Moreover, there is no centralized sewage system in Rwanda, only the existing decentralized wastewater treatment plants are inadequate to ensure basic sanitation. All these have placed the country on potential sewage catastrophe. Based on our knowledge, we know of no comparable study combining the wastewater pollution and the treatment systems failures in SubSaharan Africa. Consequently, this review highlights the wastewater pollution scenario and weaknesses of the treatment systems in Rwanda. Moreover, it proposes possible recommendations such as the improvement in operation and maintenance of treatment facilities, development of innovative and best affordable technology for Rwandan terrain, promoting public participation by improving joint efforts from different stakeholders to find their own way to protect water, and revolutionize wastewater quality standards by updating our own standard system for monitoring wastewater quality without compromising key health issues in Rwanda. Conclusively, this review will serve as all-inclusive model document on wastewater pollution and treatment systems statuses in developing countries, especially in Rwanda

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Volume: Issue: 11

Article: Anti-inflammatory Activities of Different Types of Yemeni honey on Rats

Mohammed S. A. Al-Awar , Talal Ali Hussein Al-Qalah , Abduljalil D. S. Ghaleb , Marwan M. A. Rashed
Vol 3, Issue 11 ; November 2020
North American Academic Research, 3(11) 170-189, Nov 2020, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4279955

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Abstract: This study aimed to evaluate the anti-inflammatory activities of eight different types of Yemeni honey using an acute inflammation rat model.

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Volume: Issue: 11

Article: A Study on the Novellas reflecting the Era(Novellas by Myanmar Chinese Writer Xu)

Nan San Htwe
Vol 3, Issue 11 ; November 2020
North American Academic Research, 3(11) 264-268, Nov 2020, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4284113

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Abstract: The aim of this research is to highlight the fact that the reflection of economic and social conditions of an era can be found in the work of a Chinese writer who was in a foreign country. Based on the nature of the novellas, novellas by the writer Xu were used as the materials of the study. The nature of the novellas and their reflections on the era were presented in the study. Important subject matters of the novellas and their reflections on the different eras were highlighted in this research.

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Volume: Issue: 1

Article: Foliar Spray of Micro-nutrients in Mandarin Orange (Citrus reticulata Blanco); An Efficient Technique of Nutrient Management

Lal Bahadur Chhetri , Puspa Raj Poudel, Dhruba Bijaya G.C. , Deepak Gautam and Jyoti Bhandari
Vol 1, Issue 1 ; November 2017
North American Academic Research, 1(1) 11-20, Nov 2017, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4284120

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Abstract: Foliar application of micronutrients is a new concept in citriculture, foliar fertilizer application is practiced for treatment of deficiency symptoms like zinc, manganese, boron, copper and magnesium deficiencies. Properly nourished crops can tolerate insects, pest sand diseases. Direct soil application of micronutrients was practiced traditionally which cannot fulfill the deficiency symptoms. Foliar fertilization has been a key factor to stimulate the natural defense mechanisms of trees, pest and disease resistance and further improve the fruit quality and yield and a new alternative for treatment of nutritional deficiencies. Boron, copper, zinc, iron, manganese, molybdenum are the most essential micro nutrients that can be sprayed as foliar application. Several research findings concluded that foliar application is not only a cost effective method but also improve yield up to 45%.

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Volume: Issue: 11

Article: Using Bitcoin as a Payment Method in E-Commerce

Shu Ke Dong , Rasheed A. Al-Mohamadi , Ahmed Awadh Maqram , Mohammed A. Abdulrab
Vol 3, Issue 11 ; November 2020
North American Academic Research, 3(11) 78-94, Nov 2020, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4285272

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Abstract: The concept of E-commerce has emerged in the last decades of the 20th century as a consequence of the rapidly expanding communication sector. The flourishing and significant growth of E-commerce has led to increasing demand for alternative payment methods of cryptocurrency. In 2009, Bitcoin was introduced as a decentralized digital currency and is now considered as the first virtual currency and the most popular across the global network. This study investigates the feasibility of using Bitcoin for E-commerce payments and implements time series forecasting models to determine its short-term growth. Results show a slow yet steady increment of Bitcoin usage for E-commerce payments, although traditional payment methods will retain its major segment of the market for the next few years.

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Volume: Issue: 11

Article: An ethnographic Study on Baggers at Hyderabad city of Sindh-Pakistan

Kashif Ali, Sheeraz Ali, Mukhtiar Hussain Ibupoto, Abdul Jaleel Mirjat
Vol 3, Issue 11 ; November 2020
North American Academic Research, 3(11) 197-218, Nov 2020, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4281616

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Abstract: :The worst issue which Pakistan is facing today is ‘Street Begging’. The Nation is suffering from the crucial situations of Poverty which has forced hundreds of people to commit suicide, forced women to sell-out their Children and forced young’s to leave their Homes and start begging. According to latest survey 74% of our people living under poverty line earning less than 4000/Rs per month which is very difficult for a person to live in so little amount, even one cannot imagine to survive. But a Street Beggar is earning more than a Person doing hard slog.Street begging disturbs Public life because usually this beggar on the Roads, Streets & Bazaar’s chasing people for petite amount. To gain more attention and sympathizes they generally irritate public with their disgraceful mannerism. They emotionally black mail the genders by telling their gloomy stories & by showing their disabilities. Begging is supposed to be an easy source of earning Money. This is the reason that most of the physically fit young persons are usually seen begging on the Streets. This profession now has become an Industry (Mafia) where young men, Women & Children are mostly trained, recruit and relocated. These Beggars and specifically Children come from the Cities of Kohat, Rahim Yaar Khan, Multan, & Rawalpindi.According to a survey Beggar Children earn 200 or 250 rupees per day and handover entire money to the Mafia (Which works for this profession) and that Mafia keep a big chunk of earning and leave minimum amount with to these Children to take home. This Mafia is taking more benefits of the Street Begging.

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Volume: Issue: 11

Article: Traumatic bilateral multiple ribs fractures in pregnancy

Swapnil Ravindra Bagdure, Xuejian Wu, Xinjiao Wang
Vol 3, Issue 11 ; November 2020
North American Academic Research, 3(11) 146-154, Nov 2020, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4276531

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Abstract: Traumatic bilateral multiple ribs fractures during pregnancy is a rare event. In this case author reports 41 years old multigravida women in 2nd trimester of pregnancy, presenting to hospital after a road traffic accident in a vulnerable condition. Physician must make sure the probable implications of the patient and the fetus. Accurate diagnosis is made using highly sensitive and specific computed tomography. Severely displaced ribs are fixed by open reduction internal fixation and remaining non-displaced ribs can be healed by conservative treatment. Proper analgesics are prescribed to manage pain pre and postoperatively. Physicians should cope with patient and family in making an effort to protect the child and continuing the pregnancy followed by regular fetal monitoring tests.

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Volume: Issue: 11

Article: Effect of Welding Speed on Formation and Tensile Strength of 6005A Aluminum Alloy FSW Joint

Haque Md Imdadul , Kader Mohammad Abdul
Vol 3, Issue 11 ; November 2020
North American Academic Research, 3(11) 155-169, Nov 2020, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4276533

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Abstract: : In this paper, carrying out the friction stir welding experiment of 6005A aluminum alloy, to explore the influence of welding speed on welding quality. By Studying and observing the macrostructure, it was found that the higher welding speed extracted with lower burs and flash effect. Observing, microscopic view, the grain (molecular structures) formed a closer bond which was representing stronger and mature bonding. The melting stage generates higher spontaneous movement and more frequent inter-bonding. Which was representing the speed unit (500 mm/min) was more efficient and relevant to work on. Micro hardness was analyzed considerably as well. The crystal grain was smaller in stir zone (welding nugget) due to the heat but elongation tensile strength was quite higher in terms of higher welding speed. In the meantime, the middle stage of the micro hardness test graph showed quite higher hardens considering other parameters of welding speed.

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Volume: Issue: 11

Article: The Effect of Covid-19 on Employee’s Mental Health: A Literature Review

Elizabeth Elias , Emilia Landa Shikomba
Vol 3, Issue 11 ; November 2020
North American Academic Research, 3(11) 127-145, Nov 2020, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4274301

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Abstract: Due to the complexity of pandemics and lack of information about the epidemiology of pandemic-related mental health problems and the possible approaches to resolve them. The occurrence of mental health problems during a pandemic may be assumed but difficult to address. When Covid-19 hurled in Wuhan, Hubei Province, China by the end of December 2019 the whole country was locked up and everyone in China was put in quarantine to prevent further viral spread. All activities and productions had been suspended, non-essential workplaces, schools and universities had also been closed. This was challenging to mental health for everyone, as Covid19 came with stressors which include; financial loss and job insecurity, death, loosing of properties and more. Covid-19 stressors had increased mental breakdown of employees as they are stressed by all the stressful happenings in the pandemic. However, the pandemic led to the struggle with psychological health due to the fear of Covid-19, which included depression, anxiety and boredom. This study discusses the effect of Covid-19 on employee’s mental health through the analysis of this relationship. In so, doing, articles concerning employee’s mental health related to the Covid-19 outbreak and other previous global infections have been considered and reviewed. The identified literature reported a positive impact of Covid-19 on employee’s mental health. In the findings of the study, people lack understanding on the danger of mental breakdown and need awareness on mental health. Therefore, the study recommends mental health education to be offered through all convenient platforms that can help people learn and strengthen their mental health during the pandemic. Besides, employers need to pay more attention to employee’s mental health problems, particularly depression and anxiety among employees and combating with pandemic while fighting public health crises. Mental health professionals, such as psychologists, psychiatrists and social workers, must be on the front line as they need to play a leading role in emergency planning and management teams. Counselling services need to be made available and free for employees, more investment should be on counselling and psychology centers in this pandemic.

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Volume: Issue: 11

Article: Juridical study of the role of international committee of the Red Cross on humanitarian assistance in the international humanitarian law perspective: Case study of Boko Haram in Nigeria

Rakotoarivelo Tiana Nantenaina, Dr. Idris, SH., MA.
Vol 3, Issue 11 ; November 2020
North American Academic Research, 3(11) 96-108, Nov 2020, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4257049

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Abstract: The ICRC is one of the oldest international organizations in the world and since its establishment until now the ICRC has experienced many obstacles, but in reality the existence of the ICRC as an international organization has so far remained undeniable. The main objective of this research is to examine the role of the ICRC in dealing with internal violence in Nigeria. The protection provided by the ICRC to victims of the Boko Haram case is based on the 1949 Geneva Conventions, Additional Protocol II 1997 and customary international law. This legal research methodology draws data from books, journals, ICRC annual reports, websites on the internet, and other relevant sources. By providing protection to the victim of Boko Haram, the ICRC has provided several humanitarian and such as; donation of food and water, health care, care for displaced persons and promotion of international humanitarian law. The ICRC's role in assisting non-international armed conflict in Nigeria also needs the help of all parties and the war activist in respecting international humanitarian law other related sources. Nigeria's struggle against the jihadist group Boko Harm has not yet been settled, although the government has declared the rebels defeated. More soldiers died in seemingly endless wars, but the military kept their deaths.

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Volume: Issue: 11

Article: Advances in Regenerative Medicine and Tissue Engineering: Innovation and Transformation of Medicine

Nishchal Baniya
Vol 3, Issue 11 ; November 2020
North American Academic Research, 3(11) 96-108, Nov 2020, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4265492

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Abstract: Regenerative medication (RM) is another approach to fix patients other than conventional medication and medical procedure. RM incorporates items from all the mainstays of medical care, for example drugs, biopharmaceuticals, clinical gadgets and cell treatments, to convey clinical results. All around the world, the cell treatment industry is simply developing, and keeping in mind that RM additionally draws upon non-cell-based medicines, undifferentiated organism based items and administrations have probably the most captivating chances and expectations with respect to beforehand serious sicknesses. In this exposition, the emphasis is on undeveloped cell based items and administrations. The fundamental examination question is the way scholastic exploration based advancements happen and can be moved to new organizations and treatments in the RM area. Hypothetically, this exposition expands on advancement frameworks, development related clinical innovation writing, and ability alliance hypothesis. Clinical innovation writing distinguishes parts of clinical innovation advancement development and how its components are conceptualized inside wellbeing advancement frameworks. Skill alliance hypothesis gives a decent clarification to how business develops and what skills are required. This thesis followed a valuable exploration approach and a solitary contextual analysis technique. The observational information comprises of 24 interviews and significant auxiliary information (reports, distributions, measurements, and so on) Utilizing observational information and foundation writing, a development was created so as to clarify how development happens at the framework level and to distinguish the entertainers that are included.

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Volume: Issue: 11

Article: A Study on recruitment and selection process of Lithe group, Dhaka, Bangladesh

Sumaiya Khanom, Prof. Dr. Md. Mosharraf Hossain
Vol 3, Issue 11 ; November 2020
North American Academic Research, 3(11) 52-77,Nov 2020, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4255193

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Abstract: Lithe Group inaugurated its operation in 1993. Keeping its corporate mission in view, the group has over the years diversified its activities. Today this group is one of the largest Garments in Bangladesh. Lithe Group have total 7000 employees. Their Turnover $ 60 Million and 40 Million Pcs per Months. Their main product is T-shirt, Polo shirt, Tang tops, Sweat shirt, Trousers, Jump sweats, Rompers, Sleep wear and so on. It is well admitted that people form an integral part of the organization. The efficiency and quality of its people determines the fate of the organization. Hence choosing the right people, placing them at right place and selecting those at the right time have been essentially essential. Hiring comes at this point of time in the picture. Hiring is a strategic function for HR department. Recruitment and selection form the process of hiring the employees. Recruitment is the systematic process of generating a pool of qualified applicant for organization job. The process includes the step like HR planning attracting applicant and screening them. This step is affected by various factors, which can be internal as well as external. The organization makes use of various methods and sources for this purpose. Different organizations adopt different approaches and techniques for their employees. To know the practical application of the employees’ hiring process, the analysis of Lithe Group has been undertaken. In the later part of the study, we will have a little touch about the Lithe Group.

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Volume: Issue: 11

Article: A study to enhance the implementation of safety engineering in the construction of Oil and Gas projects in Yemen

Ali Algaradi, Haina Jiang, Mohammed Al-Nehari , Alhurish Wael Gamil
Vol 3, Issue 11; November-2020;
North American Academic Research, 3(11) 1-14, Nov 2020, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4166816

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Abstract: Risk assessment is one of the most critical methodologies used in the safety engineering system in oil and gas construction projects that require high levels of precaution in construction activities such as pilling, materials fabrication, and structure installation. The main purpose of risk assessment is to provide full protection to the four main elements that are crucial to the oil industry: People, Environment, Assets and Reputation (PEAR). Any failure or defect in the risk assessment implementation can potentially lead to catastrophes not only during the construction stage but also in the advanced stages such as operation and productions. Historically, in oil and gas construction projects many oil spills and blow outs occurred due to lack of efficient risk assessment in the construction phase, resulting in financial loss and human capitals. The aim of this research is to enhance the implementation of safety engineering systems in the oil and gas industry construction projects through risk assessment application in the YEMEN. The main outcomes of this research study expose a gap in the understanding and the practices of risk assessment methods between management and workers, especially with regard to human factors effects on safety performance.

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Volume: Issue: 11

Article: Inland Water Transportation in Bangladesh: Prospects and Challenges

Nazir Ahsan Roky, Kazi Mohiuddin, Soukaina Sibaouaih, Bashiru Kabiru
Vol 3, Issue 11 ; November 2020
North American Academic Research, 3(11) 15-31, 2020, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4211605

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Abstract: Inland Water Transportation has a vital role in Bangladesh's transportation of both goods and passengers. It is roughly 24,000 km from Bangladesh Rivers, lakes and canals, which collectively cover about 7 percent of its surface. A dynamic waterway network that links much of the city to its large size in the monsoon season. There is only 5968 km of rivers, lakes and canals and channels from 24,000 km away. Mechanized vessels are navigable throughout the monsoon season, which shrinks to 3,865 km. In the dry season, the IWT industry accounts for over 50 percent of cargo traffic and one-fourth of rail traffic (BIWTA, 17 apr, 2014). This paper discusses the possibilities and challenges of waterway transportation in Bangladesh's coastal area. The data have been collected from different journals, related books, publications, maritime institutions etc. Associated goals are: (i) to evaluate the region's potential to improve inland waterway transportation; ii) to assess the contribution of inland waterway transport to the transportation of passengers and freight; iii) to evaluate the effect of Inland waterway transportation on the economic improvement of Bangladesh and iii) to measure the outcome of inland waterway transportation on socio-economic progress (Owoputi Adetose Emmanuel, June 2018). In Bangladesh, however, there are more than 700 rivers, but the IWT sharing mode of transport is fragile compared to many other countries. In the Netherlands, the modal IWT share is 42 percent, France is 15 percent, Hungary is 15 percent, Germany is 14 percent, Belgium is 13 percent and the USA is 15 percent whereas in Bangladesh, only 7% (IWX, 2017). The core purpose of this study is to find out the necessity of Inland Water Transportation in terms of keeping continued human’s daily activities as well as it is tried to show that there are considerable opportunities to meet up domestic transportation demand by waterways but that are not utilized. So, it should be made up the better policy to encourage private-public participation (PPP) in the development of inland transportation sector in Bangladesh were suggested in this study

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Volume: Issue: 11

Article: Measure the Impact of a bank development on the economic growth in Yemen by using Form "ARDL"

Adnan Alsanoy , Mona Alariqi , Maniyassouwe Amana , Farhan Aslam
Vol 3, Issue 11 ; November 2020
North American Academic Research, 3(11) 32-51, Nov 2020, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4212171

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Abstract: : This study aims to measure the impact of the of a bank development on the economic growth in the Republic of Yemen represented by the Cooperative and Agricultural Credit Bank, through which a set of indicators were used, including customer deposits total , loans Total, financing facilities and activities, in addition to the bank’s balances total in other banks, all in real prices as an indicator of banking development, as GDP used in real prices as an indicator of economic growth, and this study used the standard method of self-regression of the distributed lag ARDL and one of the most prominent results was that system of Yemeni banking, represented by the Cooperative and Agricultural Credit Bank, could not play an effective role in encouraging economic growth in Yemen. Therefore, it is necessary to take targeted policies that seek to activate the role of the banking system in the overall process of economic development in Yemen, the most important of which are: Activating and developing the role of the private sector in the economy, mitigating the role of the informal economic activities of the private sector in the economy, Reducing restrictions on the banking system which mean freeing the banking system from all financial restraint policies, in addition to achieving security and political stability in Yemen, and developing banking operations systems in line with a new Situation of economic in the country and amending the terms and rates for loan granting.

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Volume: Issue: 10

Article: Port led-development in Developing Countries for Effective and Efficient Maritime Transportation

Rakibul Hasan , Kazi Mohiuddin , Prof. Wei Liu
Vol 3, Issue 10 ; October 2020
North American Academic Research, 3(10) 170-187, Oct 2020, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4144746

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Abstract: Efficient port infrastructure and the strong maritime logistics sector have a significant contribution to economic growth. Coastal and domestic waterway shipping with the concept of port-led development is eco-friendly, energy-efficient, and minimizing domestic freight costs. Therefore, the river network and coastline of the developing countries keeping unutilized increasing the logistic cost and decrease the competitiveness compared to other developed countries. This study is qualitative research, and secondary data have been used. The data have been collected from different publications, journals, articles, related books, newspapers, annual reports of affiliated organizations etc. Collected data have been analyzed by strategic tools to find out the challenges and formulate the strategies for port-led development. In this work, several ports led development projects. Some port development models have been studied and tried to demonstrate how port-led development can show economic development in GDP growth. Some barriers to port-led development have been identified. Besides, sustainable port-led development in Bangladesh has been shown based on Shagarmala port-led development project. It has been found that draft limitation, hinterland connectivity, coastal community development, and industrial development are significant challenges for the port-led development of Chittagong Port. In this paper, long-term port-led development strategies and trade facilitation have been recommended to reduce the logistic cost for creating an internal and global competitive advantage compared to other exporting countries.

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Volume: Issue: 10

Article: A study of Econometric linkage between SHRM practices and performance of the organization

Summra Khalid, Wang Dan
Vol 3, Issue 10 ; October 2020
North American Academic Research, 3(10) 161-169, Oct 2020, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4130706

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Abstract: Empirical relationship between Human resource practices and performance of the organization has been tested in this research paper. Empirical evidence of positive association between organization performance and Human Resource Management (HRM) has been published however it is difficult to demonstrate a causal link. It has provided mix findings as some empirical research has tried to shed more light on these issues. A field survey using questionnaire was conducted to test the preposition. The main mass of our sample is consisting on public and private sector organization’s employees. Employees who are actively involved in working life had been included in convenient sampling method and these forms were handled to those employees. From Lahore region a total of 450 questionnaires, 174 were timely returned and replied and 140 were able to include in our analysis. For the purpose of hypothesis testing ANOVA single factor was applied to test the significance level between variables and further significance was tested on results of ANOVA by applying t-test statistics. ANOVA single factor shows that all variables are statistically significant with each other and t-test further verified that the significance is not present between performance, business strategy and performance appraisal values. All other variables are statistically significant with performance of the organizations.

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Volume: Issue: 10

Article: The Future of Media in Thailand: Influencing Factors and Satisfaction Using Streaming Media Service With The Membership Fee

Chorpaka Sathienjarukarn , Prof. Yan Zhao
Vol 3, Issue 10 ; October 2020
North American Academic Research, 3(10) 122-138, Oct 2020, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4087374

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Abstract: easy and flexible to watch. Video-om-demand services are available in both paod and free formats which the membership paid service has grow tremendously in Thailand. Nevertheless, the increasing number of competitors in the market makes it difficult for viewers to pay for all platforms. It is impossible to predict the futre of Thailand’s media market. The researcher chose to study in the streaming service with a membership fee, which is currently favored to analyze this industry’s future. This research aims to study the factors influencing the decision to purchase online media services by studying the effects between relaxation, ad-free, individual viewing, exclusivity feeling, anti-piracy, and technology-engaged factors to the satisfaction of using service, including satisfaction with the decision to purchase streaming media services. Also, study the buffering issues affecting the relationship between satisfaction and purchase decision. The researcher used 385 sets of questionnaires to collect data from Thai online media members. The result shows that relaxation, technology engaged, exclusivity feeling, and anti-piracy factors affect the service’s satisfaction, and satisfaction is part of the service purchase decision. However, the buffering problem has reduced the purchasing decision.

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Volume: Issue: 10

Article: Understand The Factors Affect Student’s Academic Performance in Science Subjects in Public Secondary Schools in Tanzania

Amani Abisai Lyanga, Ming-Kun Chen
Vol 3, Issue 10 ; October 2020
North American Academic Research, 3(10) 154-160, Oct 2020, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4091853

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Abstract: This study reports the findings on Understand the factors affect student’s academic performance in science subjects in public secondary schools in Tanzania, by drawing references from public secondary schools found at Dodoma Municipal in Tanzania. To achieve this end, the following specific objectives were formulated such as: To examine the availability of teaching and learning materials for science subjects in secondary schools, to identify the pass rate and drop rates in science subjects, to highlight the difficulties or challenges faced by teachers and students in learning science subjects in secondary schools. 30 respondents were selected and data were collected through interviews, observation and documentary review. The analysis of the data revealed that there is congestion of students in class, shortage of laboratories as well as chemicals for practical, lack of enough and quality text books. Furthermore analysis revealed that, teaching and learning of science subjects affected by students and teachers perception, shortage of qualified competent teachers in teaching science subjects. Following the findings researcher suggested that teaching and learning resources in science subjects like books, laboratory apparatus have to be increased to schools to enable students to interact effectively through discussion and other participatory strategies associated in order to improve performance in science subjects. In addition to that, the existence of many students in a single stream affect the teaching and learning process. The government under the ministry of education and vocational training, NGOs and other educational stake holders should have public awareness on the significance of studying science subjects for the current and future development of Tanzania. Those education players should put more emphasize on science subjects and the ministry of education should ensure that all public secondary schools have all resources for teaching and learning

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Volume: Issue: 10

Article: Information Security Awareness of Employees in Ethiopian Banking Sector

Mezgeb Manaye Gebru
Vol 3, Issue 10 ; October 2020
North American Academic Research, 3(10) 109-121, Oct 2020, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4087125

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Abstract: t As threats have matured and information has increased in value, attackers have increased their capabilities and expanded to broader intentions, developed more attack methods and methodologies, and are acting on more diverse motives. The issue is too serious when it comes to financial institutions due to their sensitivity to information security attacks. The general aim of this research was to explore the levels of information security awareness of employees in the banking sector in Ethiopia. A quantitative and qualitative research approach was used. Findings showed that the information security awareness level of Ethiopian private banking sector employees is unsatisfactory and needs improvement through continuous on-the-job training. In addition, the training provided on information security awareness for the employees of the private bank in Ethiopia needs improvement.

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Volume: Issue: 10

Article: Aging and Elderly Care Services in Developing Nations; Descriptive Analysis of Services Offered in China and Pakistan

Rana Saadat Bukhtiar
Vol 3, Issue 10 ; October 2020
North American Academic Research, 3(10) 79-94, Oct 2020, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4079204

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Abstract: Aging is a global issue which has impact over the world population. Aging is on rise in Pakistan as well since early 1990s due to the onslaught of demographic transition in the country. This situation has posed many problems not only for the senior citizens, but their relatives and families as well due to the varying socio-economic environment. Pakistan, a country in South Asia and in neighborhood of China, is the fifth most populous country in the world with an estimated population over 220 million people. Traditionally, senior citizens tend to live with their children as youngsters were socially responsible for the upkeep of the elders but shifts in age demographics, family structures and migration patterns may see the aged population being left behind. Modernization and urbanization have had a major impact on the life of elders in Pakistan and it’s not always a positive effect. Senior citizens demand and desire time with their children and grandchildren. The issues faced by elders in Pakistan is highly correlated with modernization and change in the socio-economic factors. In a poorly developed country like Pakistan, this responsibility has to be shouldered by the state due to changing cultural conditions and the deteriorating grip of religion. This facts and data used in this paper is based on the research results of previous research papers which are mentioned and cited in this paper. This research paper describes aging and elderly care in Pakistan in comparison with China along with the lessons that can be learnt from China as it is an aging society and the way China has developed long term care policy and services for its senior citizens. This paper concludes that the prospects of elderly care services in Pakistan depends on the commitment and ability of the government in meeting the challenges of insufficient funds for social services, inadequate and low-quality provision, and the lack of seriousness in making and implementing social policy for the betterment of senior citizens.

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Volume: Issue: 10

Article: Maternity Health Care in Low-Income and Middle-Income Countries

Subarna Akter, Mohsin Khan, Dr. Md. Rashedul Islam Rana, Md. Jahid Hasan, Mahedi Hasan
Vol 3, Issue 10 ; October 2020
North American Academic Research, 3(10) 95-108, Oct 2020, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4082152

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Abstract: In spite of solid records of security and quality maternity care, maternity care in Country isn't addressing the requirements of country and far off ladies as confirmed by poor access and results. Rustic people group have encountered generous and progressing loss of maternity administrations for over 10 years. Therefore, country ladies need to leave their locale and encouraging groups of people to go to removed focuses to conceive an offspring. The loss of these basic wellbeing administrations has antagonistically influenced rustic ladies, families and networks. Workforce deficiencies, wellbeing and quality contemplations and cost contemplations are the three interrelated reasons which have prompted the loss of little rustic birthing administrations in Country. To improve maternity administrations in provincial networks, it is significant that ladies' requirements for the administrations are distinguished and cooked for however much as could be expected. The discoveries demonstrate a lot of neglected maternity needs of ladies in provincial Low and middle income country to be specific (I) access needs, (ii) wellbeing needs, (iii) requirements for little rustic birthing administrations, (iv) data and backing needs, and (v) requirements for quality administrations. The examination (vi)recommends that the absence of maternity administrations in the Low and middle income countryn provincial zones move hazard from the medical care framework to rustic families due to privileging of clinical model over a women's activist guessing or essential consideration approach. The examination gives significant suggestions for crossing over the holes between the ladies' needs and as of now accessible maternity administrations. Initially, antenatal, postnatal and uphold administrations ought to be given in the neighborhood networks through effort or visiting administrations. Besides, provincial medical clinics without maternity administrations ought to be appropriately prepared and arranged to manage surprising crisis labors to guarantee the wellbeing for ladies and infants. Fittingly prepared and gifted emergency vehicle administrations ought to be set up for every provincial emergency clinic. Also, further withdrawal of country birthing administrations ought to be tested and thought given to resuming shut provincial administrations. Moreover, ladies ought to be educated pretty much all choices furthermore, administrations accessible through the joint effort of wellbeing experts in nearby territories and the provincial clinic. At long last, youngster wellbeing administrations in country networks ought to offer quality types of assistance for ladies all through their pregnancy and postnatal period as a major aspect of coherence of care. In rundown, this investigation makes a commitment to the improvement of maternity care also, administrations in provincial Low and middle income country and therefore to improve access and results for country ladies and their families.

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Volume: Issue: 10

Article: Women Empowerment and Social Development in Afghanistan through Micro Finance

Dr. Mahboob Ullah
Vol 3, Issue 10 ; October 2020
North American Academic Research, 3(10) 61-78, Oct 2020, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4079200

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Abstract: Micro finance is used to support individual and small businesses across the globe. This research is conducted to investigate the impact of micro finance on women empowerment (participation rate, mobility, freedom of expression of thoughts, and decision making approach towards flexible life) and social development (social status and living standards) in Afghanistan. For accomplishment of research objective, data was collected from 110 respondents (home based and non-home based individual/businesswomen) in Jalalabad, Laghman, Kunar, Kama, Khogyani, and Kot, Afghanistan through structured open and closed ended questionnaire. The hypotheses were tested by deploying multiple linear regression model. Data was analyzed through SPSS version 22. Data reliability was checked through Cronbach’s Alpha test. The outcomes indicated that micro financing have positive impact on women empowerment and social development. The outcomes documented that micro financing is a significant tool that maximize women empowerment in all dimensions. Furthermore, micro financing enhance social development of women. Micro finance is a significant element of financial institution that instill women confidence in decision making: both in domestic activities and in business & social activities that further leads to economic contributions in support of families which is considered as a step towards prosperity. This research is useful for the government and policy makers of Afghanistan as it documents the importance of micro financing in empowering women and social development.

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Volume: Issue: 10

Article: Preparation of Melt spun Textile Filament from Waste Plastic Bottle And Its Characterization

Afsana Sharmin, Kazi Md Hasanul Hoque
Vol 3, Issue 10 ; October 2020
North American Academic Research, 3(10) 46-60, 2020, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4077445

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Abstract: This main objective of this project was to produce filament yarn using waste plastic bottles, which are usually thrown away every day in everywhere of the world. For this purpose a fully customized prototype spinneret was built. This machine was capable to melt plastics chips by electric heating system and extrude the PET plastic bottle chips into plastic strings or filament yarns. It was possible to extrude filament of moderate quality. The filament yarns were also dyed using disperses dye. The quality of dyed yarn such as dye ability, color fastness to wash, rubbing, light and perspiration was found excellent. Further tests were carried out to determine other characteristics such as count, strength, elasticity, fabrication ability of the filament yarn. Such a step will also reduce the environmental pollution Bangladesh as well as in Worldwide.

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Volume: Issue: 10

Article: An Approach for Solving Minimum Spanning Tree Problem and Transportation Problem Using Modified Ant Colony Algorithm

Uthpala Ekanayake, Wasantha Daundasekara, Pantalian Perera
Vol 3, Issue 10 ; October 2020
North American Academic Research, 3(10) 28-45, Oct 2020, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4072472

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Abstract: The minimum spanning tree problem consists of finding a minimum cost spanning tree in an undirected graph in various types of networks. Minimum weight spanning tree visits all vertices that are in the similar associated part as the beginning node. In this investigation, we examine the various techniques for solving a Generalized Minimum Weight Spanning Tree Problem. Also, we present the An Approach for Solving Minimum Spanning Tree Problem and Transportation Problem Using Modified Ant Colony Algorithm. Different methodologies have been made in the composition for dealing with transportation on finding an initial basic feasible solution and the rest to find the optimal solution to the TP. Northwest, Least Cost, and Vogel’s Approximation techniques are created to find an initial basic feasible solution whereas the Modified Distribution (MODI) Method and Stepping Stone Method is designed to find an optimal solution to the TP. In this examination, we propose a heuristic method known as the Modified Ant Colony Optimization Algorithm, which is based on Ant Colony Algorithm (ACA) procedure has demonstrated to provide near-optimal solutions to a reasonable degree of satisfaction to large scale TPs. In this novel approach, the degree of satisfaction of the optimal solution has been improved by modifying ACA with the incorporation of the transition Rule and Pheromone Update Rule. The algorithmic approach proposed by this study is less complicated compared to the wellknown meta-heuristic algorithms in the literature. In the end, we represent the conclusion we illustrate the proposed method using a case to study.

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Volume: Issue: 10

Article: Estimation of Soil Loss and Ranking Priority in Implementing Soil Erosion Control Measures in Sebeya Catchment, Rwanda

Félicien Majoro , Umaru Garba Wali , Omar Munyaneza , François-Xavier Naramabuye and Concilie Mukamwambali
Vol 3, Issue 10 ; October 2020
North American Academic Research, 3(10) 13-27, Oct 2020, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4067319

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Abstract: Abstract: Soil erosion is one of the major environmental issues causing the loss of topsoil and fertility in agricultural land. Western part of Rwanda including Sebeya catchment has high susceptibility to erosion leading to huge amounts of soil loss and river sedimentation. The present study held to estimate the actual soil loss from Sebeya catchment and its 8 sub-catchments. ArcGIS software was used to delineate the catchment and its sub-catchments and for mapping all USLE factors. By integrating all maps of USLE factors in GIS, the average soil loss from the whole catchment area was estimated to 130.724 t/ha/yr. Kanzenze sub-catchment was found to be the 1st sub-catchment alarming the intervention with a soil loss of 243.868 t/ha/yr while Bitenga subcatchment appears at the last rank with a soil loss of 86.922 t/ha/yr for this prioritization in implementing soil erosion control measures. Therefore, the unevenly spatial distribution of soil erosion rates in this study should help the agricultural managers to improve their strategy in planning and implementing the soil erosion control measures in Sebeya catchment.

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Volume: Issue: 10

Article: Drone Survey in the Mountainous Region of Nepal

Bidhan Shrestha , Anupama Shrestha
Vol 3, Issue 10 ; October 2020
North American Academic Research, 3(10) 01-12, Oct 2020, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4065326

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Abstract: We present a system to utilize a UAV (automated aeronautical vehicle) to perform photogrammetric overviews and itemized geographical planning in mountain zones. This work is uniquely identified with the given contextual investigation the mean to acknowledge geomorphological guides from UAVs, since they can house various kinds of sensors and secure information more quickly and economically than customary topographical overviews legitimately got with field perceptions. This work clarifies how UAVs can acquire computerized territory models, orthophotos and 3D models so as to make incline and angle maps for land purposes. By incorporating information from UAVs with geographical reviews made on the field, topographical guides can be created where a large number of the land components are introduced. This paper presents the coordination of geomatics and topographical procedures. Beginning from UAV slant map and orthophotos, another land map was made in a quicker and more definite manner contrasted with customary geographical review on the ground. The utilization of this strategy respects a segment of the Nepal, framed by icy masses and profound situated gravitational slant misshapenings.

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Volume: Issue: 9

Article: Locus of control and Job satisfaction among Factory Employees in Multan, Pakistan

Sundas Irshad , Hafiz Muhammad Ihsan Zafeer , Samra Maqbool , Samina Zamir , Uzma Sarwar , Sufyan Maqbool
Vol 3, Issue 9 ; September 2020
North American Academic Research, 3(9) 300-310, Sept 2020, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4065026

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Abstract: : The present study was aimed to discover the relationship between Locus of control on job satisfaction among factory employees regarding the different level of age and income. The sample size consisted of 300 employees working in one of the factories, which were situated in Multan, Punjab, Pakistan. The age ranges were from 17-50 years, whereas the income ranges were 5000-40000. Moreover, the hypothesis was also established to check the affiliation between Locus of control and job satisfaction. The quantitative survey method was used based on questionnaires, which had consisted of 48 items that highpoint the causes to adjust the Locus of control and job satisfaction level of the workers. The descriptive and One-Way ANOVA analysis were used as statistical techniques through SPSS for analysis. The results specified that employees with high Locus of control show high job satisfaction. Findings also suggested that different age groups indicate a different level of Locus of control and job satisfaction.

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Volume: Issue: 9

Article: Site Transportation Impact Analysis in Kaduna, Nigeria

Usman Mohammed Lawal , Li Chaoyang , Zhang Yi
Vol 3, Issue 9 ; September 2020
North American Academic Research, 3(9) 286-299, Sept 2020, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4062763

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Abstract: Traffic congestion problems are increasing in Nigeria, significantly due to poor transportation planning, rapid urbanization, inadequate road development, and rapid population growth. Existing infrastructure is inefficient to cater for this, and dictates a need of precise transportation planning to overcome congestion and delays problems. This paper mainly explains the research undertaken to improve the traffic system of Kaduna, Nigeria, by formulating a comprehensive methodology that not only covers traffic and transportation impact analyses but also incorporates the environmental impacts for Nigeria. A successful project in Kaduna is taken and followed as a model project to formulate a Traffic impact analysis for Nigeria. The study included the procedures of conventional four-step travel demand modelling technique that are successfully proposed to Kaduna Nigeria. The research focuses on improving Nigeria's transportation system highlighting practical solutions for traffic congestion and environmental issues simultaneously. Furthermore, the proposed guidelines will facilitate transportation planners in Nigeria to develop congestion mitigatory measures and environment-friendly infrastructure development plans.

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Volume: Issue: 9

Article: Child health and antibiotics: The Trends

Subarna Akter , Md. Jahid Hasan , Mohsin Khan , Dr. Md.Rashedul Islam Rana
Vol 3, Issue 9 ; September 2020
North American Academic Research, 3(9) 258-264, Sept 2020, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3998859

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Abstract: Kids don't generally include profoundly in worldwide conversations around antimicrobial opposition (AMR). However, drug-safe diseases hit them especially hard. This is particularly the situation for children and youthful babies. Youngsters make up a fourth of the total populace and are recommended anti-bioticss more than some other medication (1). All around the world, irresistible sicknesses, for example, pneumonia and sepsis are the main reason for death and handicap in youngsters under 5-years of age; answerable for in excess of 3,000,000 youth passings in 2018 . Infant passings make up almost 50% of all passings in kids under-5-years of age.

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Volume: Issue: 9

Article: An Investigating Effectiveness of Class Room Based for Improving Academic Writing of Undergraduate Students at Shaheed Benazir Bhutto University Shaheed Benazirabad

Najamuddin Budh , Mansoor Ahmed Channa , Shabana Sartaj , Abdul Razzaque Lanjwani
Vol 3, Issue 9 ; September 2020
North American Academic Research, 3(9) 265-284, Sept 2020, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4060587

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Abstract: Class room based assessment is a basic tool to assess students learning process. CBA is important method of assessment to get quick response from students. It helps to improve students reading, communicative and writing skills. CBA is effective technique to assess student’s performance in class room. Classroom based assessment is an outgoing process to judge students’ progress. In class room based assessment teachers and students both involve for teaching and learning process. Teachers make students attention in class room to make effective teaching and learning process. This study investigates effectiveness of class room based assessment for students writing skills. Class room based assessment is teacher’s input and student’s output process. CBA helps teachers to see the weaknesses of students within class room for their writing skills. Classroom based assessment helps student to learn new techniques analyze their deficiencies and writing skills. In this research qualitative method is used to collect data .Mostly twenty five students are selected. Participants are randomly selected for survey. Semi-structured interviews are conducted from teachers in Department of English SBBU-SBA and students from Department of English and Information Technology. Open ended question are designed for interview. Data is collected through recording and transcription. The findings of this research demonstrated that mostly all students and teachers were satisfied with class room based assessment for their teaching and learning process.

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Volume: Issue: 9

Article: Multi-Dimensional Approaches of National Policy on Disaster Management in Action in Sri Lanka

Md Zahir Ahmed, Liu Siyu
Vol 3, Issue 9 ; September 2020
North American Academic Research, 3(9) 241-257, 2020, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4058348

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Abstract: On account of climate change, global warming, and rapid and growing urbanization, human civilizations are mostly experiencing disasters. Of late, one of the critical South Asian countries- Sri Lanka has achieved almost all aspects development, but unfortunately, the achievements of the country are fading due to the disasters. The catastrophic Tsunami of 2004 obligates the concerning authorities of Sri Lanka to rethink about the disaster management and disaster resilience. As an effective measure and operational instrument soon after Tsunami, in 2005 Sri Lankan government has adopted Disaster Management Act and, later on in 2010 formulated the National Policy of Disaster Management to integrate all Government, nongovernment, private, civil society and international communities. This present has focused on the congeniality of multi-dimensional national disaster management policy is implementing disaster risk reduction operations in Sri Lanka by multiple cases of actual disasters have stroked earlier

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Volume: Issue: 9

Article: The Study on Impact Factors of Smartphone Addiction among Adolescence in Bangladesh

Jesmin Akter , Akash Mahamud , Huang Hai
Vol 3, Issue 9 ; September 2020
North American Academic Research, 3(9) 199-240, Sept 2020, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4058313

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Abstract: This study aimed to examine at Smartphone addiction characteristics, and also the predictive factors of the Smartphone addiction at school students in Bangladesh. This study explores the use and role of smart phones among adolescence in Bangladeshi school students. Four main categories are used to examine the students’ mobile phone use: reasons to use mobile phones, model of mobile phone use, duration to use Smartphone, and psychometric behaviourrelated issues. It is evident from this study that mobile phone effects on adolescence. The numbers of data for this study have been collected both from primary and secondary sources of information. A total of 1000 participants were preferred to complete a set of questionnaires, including the Smartphone Addiction Inventory Scale SPAI the in the Bengali and English language both. SPSS 22 was used to descriptive and factor analyses, t-tests and correlation analyses were conducted to verify the reliability and validity of the SPAI.

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Volume: Issue: 9

Article: Investment Attractiveness of Renewable Energies

Dulal Ahmed, Mandi Louise Barker-Gibb , Mark Awe Tachega , Xilong Yao
Vol 3, Issue 9 ; September 2020
North American Academic Research, 3(9) 175-198, 2020, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4054053

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Abstract: Optimum economic sustainability and national grid-parity of renewable energies require significant investment attractiveness (IA) for the feasibility of proposed power generation projects. Using Investment benefit analysis method; this paper aims to identify a method to determine the IA of renewable energy project at a solar power plant (SPP) in Bangladesh. Data was analyzed using two modeling-software: RETScreen-Expert analyses and Microsoft excel along with Discounted-Cash-flow (DCF) model; which displayed differences in annual-costs. The results illustrate that each of six used parameters has the potential to influence all economic tools, except electricity sales via LCOE calculation. The sensitivity range (±25%) NPV attests Electricity-Exported to the Grid to be the most sensitive measure, followed by Initial-Capital-Investment (ICI). Any changes made to optimize the photovoltaic (PV) tilt-angle, influenced maximum rate of the capacity factor for the SPP. Furthermore, LCOE is the most salient factor influencing increased NPV, followed by ICI. In conclusion, the study emphasizes the assessment of underlying uncertainty in a new project’s costs and power generation. Moreover, it clarifies that the economic tools and methodologies herein can establish benchmark models useful for the implementation of other projects, especially those focusing on doubt surrounding IA.

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Volume: Issue: 9

Article: A Qualitative Study on Kindergarten Students Disruptive Behaviors Based on foreign Teachers' perception (Xian China)

Samra Maqbool , Wei Zhao , Summaira Rehman , Hafiz Muhammad Ihsan Zafeer , Sufyan Maqbool
Vol 3, Issue 9 ;September 2020
North American Academic Research, 3(9) 162-174, 2020, : https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4054038

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Abstract: : Student disruptive behaviors in the classroom often make teaching and learning less productive. It is even more an issue when foreign teachers work with very young children in Kindergarten. This study explored how foreign teachers understand kindergarten students' disruptive behaviors in Xi'an, China. Five foreign teachers (Male and Female) from three kindergartens were interviewed. The teachers varied in length of teaching from 1-4 years. The data was analyzed, and after that coded. This study used three themes; the first one was the role of teachers should be loyal to the students in the classrooms without any discrimination. The second theme was students' disruptive behavior, behind this lack of attention from the teachers and parents with some social issues. The third and last theme was to overcome disruptive behavior; there were discussed some roles and strategies to overcome and eliminate disruptive behavior in classrooms.

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Volume: Issue: 9

Article: Indonesia's health product market development prospects and the business opportunities in Indonesia

Dr. Amrih Patriotomo
Vol 3, Issue 9 ; September 2020
North American Academic Research, 3(9) 79-99,Seot 2020, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4027949

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Abstract: Indonesia is the most populous country in Southeast Asia, ranking top five in the world, and one of the fastest growing economies in Southeast Asia.

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Volume: Issue: 9

Article: An Innovative B2B ERP Model for Airline Travel Industry

Huma Pervez , Anila Usman
Vol 3, Issue 9 ; September 2020
North American Academic Research, 3(9) 127-155, 2020, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4047195

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Abstract: In Pakistan Airline Travel Industry (ATI) is mainly working on B2B model where they procure advance bulk tickets from airlines and sale them to various agents spread all over Pakistan as well in Middle East & Arab countries under cash as well credit business models. In this research we thoroughly studied B2B business of one of the largest Airline Travel Company(ATC) of the country and proposed & implemented an Innovative B2B ERP Model. Implemented B2B Model Innovation includes multiple credit lines for ticket purchase / sale by agents, online & offline ticket sale & return channels facilities to agents, flexible income / discount facilities, multiple recoveries online & offline channels to agents. Paperless environment and used digitization for ticket issuance & return by agents.It includes real integration capabilities through API’s ,Offline Bulk Import / Export and Scheduled Bulk data movement through DB tables using linked server/ web services with GDS / GL / any 3rd party system of the world.

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Volume: Issue: 9

Article: Specific structural Interpretation of 3D seismic data in Sijiazhuang Mining area based on Amplitude and Curvature Attribute fusion

Ehtisham Mehmood , Chang Suoliang , Muhammad Ali , Soban Qamar
Vol 3, Issue 9 ; September 2020
North American Academic Research, 3(9) 113-126, Sept 2020, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4047187

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Abstract: Now, with the rapid development of large-scale mine construction in China,the requirements of three-dimensional seismic exploration and interpretation of coalfields are becoming higher. Numerous new methods are emerging, mainly ,Attribute technology plays an increasingly important role.Because of the phenomenon that the interpretation accuracy of 3D seismic exploration in coalfield is not high at present,but the seismic exploration accuracy is required to be high due to the high degree of coal mining intensification, we can make full use of attribute interpretation technology and combine the traditional time profile interpretation to identify small structures and we can find some minor faults, collapse columns, and other structural phenomena. This research has been applied in the Sijiazhuang mining area, some small structures have been found, and proper application results have been achieved. It is found that the combination of seismic attribute technology and GeoFrame interpretation system can effectively improve the interpretation accuracy and has high research value.

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Volume: Issue: 9

Article: Hybrid Electric Vehicles (HEVs) Technologies and Reinforcement Look ahead Energy Management

Muhammad Yousaf Iqbal , Wang Tie , Guoxing Li , Dongdong Chen , Ji Zhiyong
Vol 3, Issue 9 ; September 2020
North American Academic Research, 3(9) 100-112, Sept 2020, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4044739

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Abstract: This paper presents a predictive energy management strategy for a parallel hybrid electric vehicle (HEV) based on velocity prediction and reinforcement learning (RL). The design procedure starts with modeling the parallel HEV as a systematic control-oriented model and defining a cost function. Fuzzy encoding and nearest neighbor approaches are proposed to achieve velocity prediction, and a finite-state Markov chain is exploited to learn transition probabilities of power demand. The significant motivators for shifting to EVs are reducing polluting engine emissions and reducing dependence on costly oil fuels. By the end of 2019, the global stock of EVs crossed the ten million mark. The growing acceptance of EVs is the outcome of several factors: technological advancements, rising storage capacity of traction batteries coupled with their falling cost, increased public charging facilities and Govt. incentives. The two EV technologies currently remain at the top are the battery electric vehicles (BEVs) and plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEV). This paper gives an overview of various EV technologies, their features, limitations and challenges in their bulk deployment as a replacement to conventional vehicles.

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Volume: Issue: 8

Article: WHAT THEORY MAY SUITS TO ANALYSE THE SOCIAL ENTREPRENEURSHIP WITH A REFERENCE OF THE GRAMEEN BANK, BANGLADESH

Methun Molla
Vol 3, Issue 8 ; August 2020
North American Academic Research, 3(8) 20-32, 2020, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3978760

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Abstract: For philosophy, we research the present state of social literature and ask what is special about social entrepreneurship and what avenues prospects build for the future. Through an assessment of social entrepreneurship and contrast of social entrepreneurship with other types, we conclude that, although not a different category of entrepreneurship, the researchers profit very much as a consequence of any further social entrepreneurship investigation. In identifying areas for further research in which useful concepts and observations from already existing theories of modern, cultural and structural entrepreneurship have been explored, and in combining such perspectives in ways that tackle particular anomalies in the context of social enterprise, we explain both possibilities and theories.

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Volume: Issue: 8

Article: A Reviewal Journey of Social Entrepreneurship in The 4th Id: With A Reference of the Grameen Bank, Bangladesh

Methun Molla
Vol 3, Issue 8 ; August 2020
North American Academic Research, 3(8) 20-32, 2020, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3978760

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Abstract: Entrepreneurship seems to have been the motor behind the rapid expansion of the social sector and also the productivity of enterprises. Furthermore, Mohammad Yunus, who founded Grameen Bank, was awarded the Noble peace prize in 2006 to promote social entrepreneurial spirit. It's a profitable business that has helped thousands of people-especially women-out of inequality. Grameen Bank is indeed the largest international microcredit organization. Social entrepreneurship has progressively found its position on the global stage as a human response to social and environmental issues, while at the same time seeking to achieve financial, social or environmental goals through entrepreneurship initiatives. The aim of this article is to examine and explore recent social entrepreneurial advancements in the present era as an essential historical event

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Volume: Issue: 9

Article: Optical Performance Characteristics Evaluation of 3M Optical Thin Film Structure with Enhancing Incident Angle of Light and Refractive Indices of Growth Materials

Md. Zamil Sultan , Nasrin Sultana , and Md. Mehedi Islam
Vol 3, Issue 9 ; Sept 2020
North American Academic Research, 3(9) 46-53, 2020, : https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4023376

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Abstract: We report on the evaluation of optical characteristics of three media (3M) optical thin films due to enhancement of refractive indices of growth material and incident angle of light to the air-film interface by theoretical analysis and then simulation using Matlab. It has been found that optical performance characteristics, transmittance and reflectance as a function of wavelength of 3M film structure are noticeably influenced with increasing incident angle of light at the air-film interface, and refractive indices of film material and substrate. In particular, frequency or periodicity of reflected spectra is found to have distinct values with increasing incident angle from 5 to 40 degree while the device is in operation. Opposite tendency is observed in transmitted spectra. The dissimilar refractive indices of film affect moderately on the reflectance and transmittance of optical thin film. On the other hand, the reflectance decreases significantly, and oppositely transmittance improves drastically with increasing refractive index of substrate. The proposed research work in this study would be very helpful to develop nano-coating technology to determine best film-substrate materials having desired refractive indices, at a specified incident angle of light for particular application in the third-generation optical devices.

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Volume: Issue: 9

Article: Organic Geochemical Evaluation of the Lower Cretaceous Sembar Formation to Identify Shale-Gas Potential from the Southern Indus Basin Pakistan

Muhammad Tahir , Rizwan Sarwar Awan , Waqas Muzaffar , Khawaja Hasnain Iltaf
Vol 3, Issue 9 ; Sept 2020
North American Academic Research, 3(9) 54-78, Sept 2020, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4023378

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Abstract: In this research, we evaluated the shale gas potential of Sembar Formation (Lower Cretaceous) from four different wells.

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Volume: Issue: 9

Article: Exploration of Pain Management Process among Health Care Providers Working in Surgical Units at Kibagabaga Hospital

Munezero Patrick, Twagirayezu Innocent, Uwishimye Ernest, Nshimiyimana Eric
Vol 3, Issue 9 ; Sept 2020
North American Academic Research, 3(9) 26-45, 2020, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4020032

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Abstract: : Pain management is understood to be a fundamental human right, and has to be accomplished in steps such as pain assessment, identification of the cause, treatment, and monitoring. However, worldwide many patients are still suffering from unrelieved pain. This study is aimed to explore the process of pain management among health care provider working in surgical units at Kibagabaga Hospital. Descriptive cross-sectional design was used in this study where 40 health care providers working in surgical unit at Kibagabaga district hospital were selected purposively as the study participants. Self-administered questionnaire was used to collect data. Descriptive statistics was used in analysis by the use of SPSS version 16.0. Data analysis disclosed that 45% of participants fulfill all the steps for the process of pain management with a significant association to experience. Diclofenac was the analgesia most used (97.5%), and lack of clinical guidelines cited by 72.5% of participants, was the frequent challenge identified contributing to poor pain management. The findings of this study indicate that there gaps in respecting the process of pain management which may lead to inadequate pain management and continuous professional development was indicated to improve the process of pain management in surgical units at Kibagabaga hospital.

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Volume: Issue: 9

Article: Iterative Methods and Non-Linear System Equations

Noorzaman Bawari
Vol 3, Issue 9 ; Sept 2020
North American Academic Research, 3(9) 15-25, Sept 2020, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4020023

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Abstract: : This paper is based on various techniques that are used to answer a pair of non-linear equations. These techniques assumed that the answer to these equations exists. The solution of non-linear equations includes the Gauss-Seidel Method. This method is using from decades to know how convergence can be obtained. It is a more straightforward method as compared to other methods. The present study compared many non-linear solution techniques.

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Volume: Issue: 9

Article: Structural and stratigraphic studies of Hazara-Kashmir Syntaxis, northwestern Himalaya, Pakistan

Gulfam Hussain, Xiaomen Fang, Nadeem Ahmad Usmani, Syed Ahsan Hussain Gardezi , Majid Hussain , Hussain Asghar , Muhammad Paryal , Shahbaz Bin Khalid
Vol 3, Issue 9 ; Sep 2020
North American Academic Research, 3(9) 1-14, 2020, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4015633

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Abstract: The study area lies in the southern part of the Hazara Kashmir syntaxis, which is an antiformal structure, located in the Northwestern part of the Himalaya. It is a major tectonic feature controlling the tectonic setting at the western termination of Himalaya. The Tertiary molasse sequence lies in the core of the syntaxis, and the erosional processes of Himalaya feds the detritus in the adjoining Foreland Basin. This molasses sequence is further divided into Chinji, Nagri, Dhok Pathan and, Soan formations, and Mirpur conglomerate. The molasse sequence is folded and imbricated being a part of an active fold and thrust belt in the sub-Himalaya of Pakistan. The folds are northeast-southwest trending, northwest-southeast vergent, close fold geometry and northeast or southwest plunge. The Chinji Formation lies in the core and Nagri Formation on the south-eastern limb, whereas, Malikpur-Diljaba fault truncates the northwestern limb of Tamliahn anticline. The Malikpur-Diljaba, Tanyam and Makhlot faults are reverse faults, whereas, Jhelum fault is a left-lateral strike-slip fault, are major structures in the study area. The Jhelum fault is the youngest and an active tectonic feature in the syntaxial zone. The tectonic history reveals a north-south compressional related deformation.

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Volume: Issue: 8

Article: Election Management Autonomy: A Case of Election Commission of Pakistan

Wajid Ali , Amad Ud Din
Vol 3, Issue 8 ; August 2020
North American Academic Research, 3(8) 203-226, August 2020, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4011397

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Abstract: Free, fair and transparent elections provide fundamental legitimacy to democratic process. An independent Election Management Body (EMB) is considered prerequisite for conducting free, fair and transparent elections. Most of the empirical research on the relationship between the independence of Election Management body and free, fair and transparent elections demonstrates a muted relationship (Birch, 2008; Birch, 2010; Rosas, 2010). The conventional models used by Birch (2008), Birch (2010) and Rosas (2010) are not sufficient to evaluate the independence of EMB and this research used van Aaken (2009) conceptual framework to assess and evaluate the independence of Election Commission of Pakistan by using a qualitative research method based on primary data through interviews and primary documents. The findings indicate that the institutional, functional, financial and personal autonomy are closely connected with each other. Election Commission of Pakistan (ECP) enjoys sufficient autonomy institutionally but judicial activism, judicial outreach and lack of financial autonomy restricts it from exercise its overall autonomy independently.

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Volume: Issue: 8

Article: SWOT analysis at PT Grand Textile Industry in Indonesia

Rakotoarisoa Zamelina Arnold
Vol 3, Issue 8 ; August 2020
North American Academic Research, 3(8) 227-239, August 2020, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4011403

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Abstract: : One of the keys for proficiency in a company is the implementation of a good and efficient strategy management. This study is especially focus on the use of SWOT analysis in a local company in Indonesia, the PT GRAND TEXTILE INDUSTRY. This method is used to do both analysis of internal and external environment which is shown by the result presented on the table 2. PT GRAND TEXTILE is one among the top company in Indonesia. However, some issues within its organization and also related to its supplier are noted. Hence, capture and entering in a new market as international market is challenging. But still it could increase the rate of its market share. In order to bring help, SWOT analysis is proposed in this study. Therefore, the result will be analyzed, see and explain the meaning of strategic management of the company, compare its position and discuss about the result to give some adjustments and appropriate recommendations. From this study, six strategies are deducted from SWOT matrix including the strategy that will be proposed to the company to improve its production rate, its process performance rate, and its cost of the raw material.

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Volume: Issue: 8

Article: Safety Study of Road Freight Transportation along the One Belt One Road Countries Based on Vehicle Dynamics

Netra Jung Karki , Chen Tao
Vol 3, Issue 8 ; August 2020
North American Academic Research, 3(8) 162-189, August 2020, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4001197

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Abstract: "Belt and Road Initiative" (BRI) proposed by China regarding the concept of "connectivity" and the significance of "sharing the future community" in the new era focuses on the international road freight transport. During the time of highway transportation, once there is a traffic accident, it will truly influence the productivity and effectiveness of merchandise flow. The bond between the vehicle parameters of the heavy semi-trailer and the road parameters of the mountain road is an essential parameter to study before the constructions of road. The purpose of this research is to develop the safe and accident-free roadways which ultimately will promote the uniform traffic rules and make the unified regulations on load. In order to deeply study the stability of semitrailer in the process of driving on a mountain highway, the software named TruckSim is used as analyzing tool that establishes the whole vehicle simulation driving system composed of semi-trailer model, road model and driver model.

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Volume: Issue: 8

Article: Fire and Economic Risk Assessment of Petrol Pumps within Kathmandu District

Pawan Paudel, Kedar Rijal
Vol 3, Issue 8 ; August 2020
North American Academic Research, 3(8) 133-147, August 2020, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3998854

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Abstract: : A Service Station is a facility, which sells fuel and lubricants for motor vehicles. The main objective of Petrol Filling Stations (PFS) is to provide fueling facilities for motor vehicles. Kathmandu District holds 102 active filling stations prone to extreme accidents and high explosion potentials. In this study, 27 out of 102 petrol pumps were investigated from the main city core area and other area. Fire risk assessment and economic loss from petrol pumps were carried out in those sampled petrol pumps by the application of the ALOHA (Areal Location of Hazardous Atmosphere) and MARPLOT software, questionnaire, and the related expert’s viewpoints. Petrol Pump distribution map was prepared by using GIS model and the impact of each parameter in the probability and severity of fire in those filling stations were determined. The fire risk area, that can be affected by fire and explosion was determined, the highest area was 2.82Km2 and the minimum was 0.63Km2 . Total economy of NPRs 53820.85 million was likely to be loss in potentially lethal zone if buildings were fully damaged. Total number of households affected by fire and explosions ranged from 410-1034 in different locations. Thus, these filling stations need to be well-prepared and planned in case of disaster like fire and earthquake. All the risky aspects must be determined beforehand to prevent catastrophic events in theses pumps. Prompt and urgent improvements, as well as training to the staffs are needed in case of emergency

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Volume: Issue: 8

Article: The recent status and business of Beijing Tongrentang in Indonesia and it impact on Indonesian customers

Dr. Amrih Patriotomo
Vol 3, Issue 8 ; August 2020
North American Academic Research, 3(8) 148-161, 2020, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3998859

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Abstract: In recent years, Tongrentang Group has actively explored overseas markets.

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Volume: Issue: 8

Article: Impact of Human Resource Practices on Perceived Performance: A Case of Afghanistan

Mansoor Faqeerzai , Abdul Raqib Sahibzada , Nisar Ahmad Muslih
Vol 3, Issue 8 ; August 2020
North American Academic Research, 3(8) 118-132, August 2020, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3996332

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Abstract: This paper analyzed the effect of the most common practices of human resource management including performance evaluation, compensation, and promotion. These human resource practices are used as independent variable, whereas perceived performance is employed as dependent variable. For accomplishment of research objective, the teaching faculty of six prominent private universities of Nangarhar is deployed. The response was taken from 123 respondents, and findings indicated a significant positive relationship between human resource practices: compensation, performance evaluation, and promotion practices and perceived performance of teachers in private universities of Nangarhar province, Afghanistan. Future implications were given to the human resource management practices, universities administration, and the rest of the educational sectors of Afghanistan.

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Volume: Issue: 8

Article: Impact of Human Resource Practices on Perceived Performance: A Case of Afghanistan

Mansoor Faqeerzai , Abdul Raqib Sahibzada , Nisar Ahmad Muslih
Vol 3, Issue 8 ; August 2020
North American Academic Research, 3(8) 118-132, August 2020, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3996332

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Abstract: This paper analyzed the effect of the most common practices of human resource management including performance evaluation, compensation, and promotion. These human resource practices are used as independent variable, whereas perceived performance is employed as dependent variable. For accomplishment of research objective, the teaching faculty of six prominent private universities of Nangarhar is deployed. The response was taken from 123 respondents, and findings indicated a significant positive relationship between human resource practices: compensation, performance evaluation, and promotion practices and perceived performance of teachers in private universities of Nangarhar province, Afghanistan. Future implications were given to the human resource management practices, universities administration, and the rest of the educational sectors of Afghanistan.

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Volume: Issue: 8

Article: Ink – Traditional Medium, Techniques and Latest Experiments in Chinese Contemporary Art

Dhaneshwar Shah , Sunanda Rani , Dong Jining ,Wang Meiyan
Vol 3, Issue 8 ; August 2020
North American Academic Research, 3(7) 105-117,August 2020, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3993807

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Abstract: :This research paper primarily focuses on the analytical study of the diverse genres of Chinese contemporary ink art. Chinese contemporary ink art originated from the „85 New Wave Art Movement, flourished in the 1990s, and matured in the 21st century. Over the past 30 years, a large number of ink and wash artists have carried out various experiments and explorations from the expansion of the new ink language and the innovation of artistic creation themes. At the same time, a group of art critics has also done theoretical writing, curated exhibitions, and academic seminars. Contemporary ink and wash painting conformed to the trend of contemporary social development and expresses the contemporary thinking of people in contemporary society. Western contemporary art, industrialization, and globalization have had a profound impact on the development of Chinese ink painting, and ink painting has also influenced the world painting through internationalization. Appropriate to the introduction of western painting concepts and theories, the theories and concepts of Chinese ink painting have undergone fundamental changes, several techniques of western art are combined with traditional ink and wash techniques, Chinese ink painting adapted to the new aesthetic and visual forms of contemporary art. Nowadays Chinese contemporary art has a great cultural dilemma. Does it only signify Chinese culture or international global culture? This research paper focuses on the analysis, combing, and summarizing of the diversified phenomenon of Chinese contemporary ink and wash painting during the contemporary stage.

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Volume: Issue: 8

Article: An Assessment of Home Stay Tourism at Kaulepani Village of Lamjung Nepal

Bandana Tiwari , Rajbabu Pahadi , Sangeeta Gautam , Sandhya Karki , Roshan K.C. , Catherine Mhae B. Jandug, Shankar Tripathi , Siddhartha Regmi
Vol 3, Issue 8 ; August 2020
North American Academic Research, 3(8) 60-78, August 2020, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3986862

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Abstract: Homestay has emerged within sustainable development principles of working to benefit local people and to protect fragile natural environments and traditional cultures. Although Kaulepani homestay tourism has received the best homestay award on the occasion of 35th World Tourism Day by the Government of Nepal in 2014, the depth study on tourist's satisfaction has not been carried out yet. Key informant surveys, visitors' surveys, and household questionnaire surveys were carried out to assess detailed information on homestay at Kaulepani village and visitor’s satisfaction. As a result, opportunity to enhance the household economy and the utilization of free time were found to be the most important motivating factors to run the homestay program in the area. The homestay has contributed to raise income, promote greenery in the village, raise awareness among the people on sanitation and biodiversity conservation. There is a significant difference with respect to both homestay household and non-homestay household perspective. Along with this, visitors were found to be extremely satisfied with the services and hospitality provided by the villagers. Scenic beauty and cleanliness of the area are the key factors to attract tourist in this area whereas, tourist dislikes transportation facilities and means of communication in the area. Likewise, it has also helped to foster women empowerment in the village making them self- independent by earning money

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Volume: Issue: 8

Article: Covid-19 and Bangladesh: Threat of Unemployment in the Economy

Sonia Akter
Vol 3, Issue 8 ; August 2020
North American Academic Research, 3(8) 79-104, 2020, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3986907

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Abstract: The COVID-19 has caused tremendous negative consequences in the economy through threatening millions of livelihoods and damaging the earning sources of around 50 million people in the informal sector in Bangladesh. The aim of the study is to provide a comprehensive and demonstrative review on the observed data and the potential impact of massive unemployment that will arise in future after lock-down. The study based on secondary sources of information, since it is very tough to find any quantitative study on the extent of the widening toll on unemployment in the consequences of Corona virus in Bangladesh. Tension is growing fast in the economy due to the rapid-spread stage of outbreak of Covid-19 in Bangladesh. The study finds that massive job losses will happen in both formal and informal sectors, as all of the sectors in Bangladesh e.g. RMG, Remittance, export and import, transportation, tourism, banking and insurance, education are in vulnerable position because of the devastating effect of Corona virus.

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Volume: Issue: 8

Article: Supply Chain Risk Assessment in Automotive Industry of Pakistan: A Review

Maria Sadiq , Hanan Afzal
Vol 3, Issue 8 ; August 2020
North American Academic Research, 3(8) 33-59,August 2020, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3986221

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Abstract: Risk is intrinsic to all aspects of life and has repercussions, but it is susceptible when it occurs, specifically in supply chains. The purpose of this paper is to review past literature on the management of supply chain risk reported in General Management, Supply Chain Management, and Risk Management research. We construct a description of what we find to be the crucial supply chain challenges of the automotive sector, based on previous analysis, and use it to format the analysis. Furthermore, seventeen risks were identified. Results suggest that Product production delays, manufacturer consistency issues, vendor contact faults, and forecasting mistakes are the most exposed threats in the automobile's supply chains in Pakistan.

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Volume: Issue: 8

Article: A Study on the Plot Creation of the Novella “A Recommendation Letter”

Nan San Htwe(Liu Zhimei)
Vol 3, Issue 8 ; August 2020
North American Academic Research, 3(8) 01-06, August 2020, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3978744

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Abstract: This paper mainly presents about the skill of plot creation of the novella called “A Recommendation Letter”. The novella called “A Recommendation Letter” is from the collections of novella and it was written to increase life knowledge for social life problem among struggling social situation and to be perceptive merits of the parents. It is learnt from the point of plot creation by doing research.

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Volume: Issue: 7

Article: Geotechnical Properties of Lateritic Soil for Sub Base And Base Materials for Road Construction in Nyaruguru District, Rwanda

Isingizwe Liliose, Nizeyimana Jean Bosco
Vol 3, Issue 7 ; July 2020
North American Academic Research, 3(7) 260-276, 2020, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3966536

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Abstract: Lateritic soils have wider application road-construction projects where they are used as filling materials in flexible pavement foundations. This study is aimed base and base materials for road construction in Nyaruguru District, Rwanda. This is research utilized an experimental study design approach to implement this study. Four sites were chosen due to their closeness to construction sites and ease of sample availability throughout Nyaruguru district from which disturbed and undisturbed lateritic soil samples at a depth of 2 m were collected. The collected samples were analyzed with a series of standardized laboratory tests for soil to determine their properties and usage in r The study findings show that particle size distribution of lateritic soils found throughout all samples have high quantity of coarse gravelly soil which had 26.04%, by using USC classification which is CL (sand lean clay with gravel). Natural moisture content range between 11.38 to 19% and mean value was observed at 15.31%. Maximum dry unit weight (MDD) and optimum moisture content (OMC) were found to be 2 KN/m3 and 2.43 % respectively. The specific gravity ranges between 2.66 and 2.93 with an average of 2.77. Liquid limit 35.5%, plastic limits 15 to 27.1% and plasticity index 6 to 10%. Average cohesion and angle of internal friction are 31.5 KN and 55.7° respectively. The CBR ranges from 14.17 to 32.9%. The results show that lateritic soils from Nyaruguru district of Rwanda in area SL1, SL2, SL3 and SL4 are suitable for sub-grade whereas since their geotechnical properties Keywords: Lateritic soil, Geotechnical engineering properties, Sub base & Base Coarse, Road construction materials, geotechnical engineering properties. North American Academic Research, Volume 3, Issue 07; July, 2020; 3(07)260-276©TWASP, USA North American Academic Research Journal homepage: http://twasp.info/journal/home Geotechnical Properties of Lateritic Soil for Sub Base And Base Materials for Road Construction in Nyaruguru District, Rwanda Nizeyimana Jean Bosco 2 f Geotechnical Engineering, Institut Supérieur de Technologies, Ouagadougou, Faculty of Engineering, Distant Production House University, Delaware, USA , Tel: +2507886597581 Online: 29 July, 2020 https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3966536 Lateritic soils have wider applications in Rwandan construction industry, especially in construction projects where they are used as filling materials in flexible pavement to analyze the quality and suitability of the lateritic soils for Sub materials for road construction in Nyaruguru District, Rwanda. This is research utilized an experimental study design approach to implement this study. Four were chosen due to their closeness to construction sites and ease of sample availability ughout Nyaruguru district from which disturbed and undisturbed lateritic soil samples at a depth of 2 m were collected. The collected samples were analyzed with a series of standardized laboratory tests for soil to determine their properties and usage in road construction. findings show that particle size distribution of lateritic soils found throughout all have high quantity of coarse gravelly soil, the average is 46.81% apart from sample SL3 which had 26.04%, by using USC classification shown that all sites are gravelly silt except SL1 which is CL (sand lean clay with gravel). Natural moisture content range between 11.38 to 19% and mean value was observed at 15.31%. Maximum dry unit weight (MDD) and optimum ound to be 2 KN/m3 and 2.43 % respectively. The specific gravity ranges between 2.66 and 2.93 with an average of 2.77. Liquid limits range between 23.2 to lastic limits 15 to 27.1% and plasticity index 6 to 10%. Average cohesion and angle of al friction are 31.5 KN and 55.7° respectively. The CBR ranges from 14.17 to 32.9%. that lateritic soils from Nyaruguru district of Rwanda in area SL1, SL2, SL3 grade whereas SL1 and SL2 are also suitable for sub geotechnical properties are fairly within the regulatory standards.

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Volume: Issue: 7

Article: An Analysis of the Determinants of Investment Attractiveness for FDI Inflows into the Russian Federation

Davydova Iana
Vol 3, Issue 7 ; July 2020
North American Academic Research, 3(6) 234-259, 2020, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3966523

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Abstract: After the annexation of the Crimean Peninsula in March 2014, the US, the countries of the EU, and their partner countries imposed economic sanctions against the Russian Federation. Shortly thereafter President Putin introduced retaliatory sanctions. Along with the sanctions, came the oil price downturn that caused the outflow of Foreign Direct Investments (FDI). Thus, defining and studying the primary factors of investment attractiveness for the FDI inflow is the problem of the current importance. The following paper using theoretical and empirical methods is focusing on studying the main economic determinants of investment attractiveness for FDI inflows into the Russian Federation. The primary objective of this paper is to determine economic factors influencing the FDI inflows into Russia, focusing on the non-favorable economic and geopolitical conditions. Overall, it answers the question “What are the main current determinants of investment attractiveness for the foreign direct investments into the Russian economy?”. The analysis of the structural dynamics of FDI inflows into the Russian Federation showed the main investor countries are offshore territories, which is not favouring the further development. Overall, the investment environment in Russia cannot be called generally attractive for the FDI due to the high level of corruption, unstable currency, and lack of developed infrastructure. The empirical part applies regression analysis of controlled variables. A correlation matrix shows that all the used variables are related correctly. Further, the author found that throughout the given time-frame (2010-2018) among all the economic determinants the most impact on the FDI inflows into the Russian Federation had GDP and the level of trade openness. However, against all expectations, economic sanctions did not have a significant impact on FDI inflows.

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Volume: Issue: 7

Article: Genotype-Environment Interaction and Stability for Yield of Inbred and Hybrid Rainfed Lowland Rice (Oryza sativa L.) Varieties in Bangladesh

Sanjoy Kumer Debsharma, Popy Rani Roy , Rouson Ara Begum , Palash Kumar Kundu , A K M Shalahuddin , Khandakar Md. Iftekharuddaula
Vol 3, Issue 7 ; July 2020
North American Academic Research, 3(7) 223-233,July 2020, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3960983

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Abstract: Forty-eight rice genotypes of inbred and hybrid rice varieties developed or registered by different organizations were evaluated for their stability for grain yield through regression coefficient and deviation from regression analysis. The experiment was laid out in a randomized complete block design with three replications at seven locations of Bangladesh. Highly significant mean sum of squares due to genotype and environment and pooled deviation indicated sufficient variability among the genotypes and environments for yield and revealed the importance of a non-linear component accounting for the total genotype-environment interaction. Khulna (E3) was found as most favorable location because of showing highest environmental mean yield and environmental index. The stability parameters for grain yield revealed wider adaptability of the genotypes V5 (BRRI dhan30), V13 (BRRI dhan49), V29 (Binadhan-17), V33 (Mukti-1), V34 (Agro dhan-12), V35 (Bayer hybrid dhan-4) and V41 (BADC hybrid dhan-6). The genotypes V32 (BRRI hybrid dhan6), V1 (BR10), V40 (BADC hybrid dhan2), V15 (BRRI dhan52), V7 (BRRI dhan32), V21 (BRRI dhan72), V20 (BRRI dhan71), V30 (Binadhan-7), V6 (BRRI dhan31), V31 (BRRI hybrid dhan4), V26 (Binadhan-11), V19 (BRRI dhan66), V48 (Bindhan-4), V24 (BU dhan-1), V22 (BRRI dhan73), V38 (Hera-16), V44 (BRRI dhan44), V36 (Bayer hybrid dhan-6), V2 (BR22), V46 (BR11) and V43 (BRRI dhan75) showed insignificant regression coefficient (bi) values and higher mean yield than the grand mean and positive phenotypic index (Pi) indicating them to be suitable for poor environment.

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Volume: Issue: 7

Article: Afghan Public University Teachers’ Perceptions of Teaching through Technology in the Classroom

Abdul Saboor Zaheeb, Abdul Samad Roshan, Baseer Ahmad Yaad
Vol 3, Issue 7 ; July 2020
North American Academic Research, 3(7) 180-192, July 2020, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3945566

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Abstract: This study aims to investigate Afghan public university teachers’ perceptions of technology use in the classroom. Furthermore, the purpose of this research is to explore teachers’ perceptions of technology use in the classroom for learning and teaching, technical support from, and online classes. The quantitative data, out of 55 respondents from different universities of Afghanistan, were collected and descriptively analyzed through using Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) Version 26. The results of this study revealed that Afghan public university teachers’ perceptions of using technology in the classroom were moderately positive. Notably, their perceptions were highly positive in learning and teaching through technology in the class. It is indicated that teaching through technology could affect both teachers’ and students’ academic performance and enhances the collaborative skills of them. Additionally, their perceptions toward online classes and technical support were moderately positive, and they believe that they are very interested in teaching online courses, but the technical support from the faculty and university has delayed the proper usage of technology in the classroom. Besides, it is revealed that university and faculty do not provide them the technical support for enhancing technology use in the classroom, for example, the instructional workshops, seminars, and hardware and software. Based on the findings, it is suggested to the Ministry of Higher Education (MOHE) in Afghanistan to encourage the culture of electronic teaching and learning and provide them enough technical support and workshops on technology use in the classroom.

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Volume: Issue: 7

Article: Effects of Blended Instructional Strategy on the Learning Outcome of Adults Undertaking Professional Accounting Programmes in Southwest Nigeria

OLANIPEKUN Olubunmi Adebola
Vol 3, Issue 7 ; July 2020
North American Academic Research, 3(7) 193-207, 2020, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3950987

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Abstract: This study investigated the effect of blended instructional strategy on the learning outcome of adults undertaking professional accounting programme in Southwest, Nigeria. The study examined the homogeneity of the experimental and control groups before treatment; and the learning outcome of the experimental and control groups after treatment. The study adopted a quasi-experimental pre-test and post-test two group design (one experimental group and one control group). The population targeted for this study consisted of all adults undertaking professional accounting programme in 9 centres in Southwest, Nigeria. The sample consisted of 41 adults undertaking accounting professional programme (intact class size), drawn from two study centres in Southwest, Nigeria, through a multistage sampling procedure. Performance Test in Basic Accounting (PTBA) and Attitudinal Learning Scale (ALS) were used to collect data. The data collected were subjected to t-test and Analysis of Covariance at a = 0.05 level of significance. The findings revealed that the use of Blended Learning and Conventional strategy enhanced the performance of adults undertaking accounting professional programme while Blended Learning is the more effective. From the findings derived from this study, it was recommended among others that the use of a Blended Learning strategy should be encouraged in accounting professional programme learning centres so as to enhance better performance of adults undertaking professional accounting programme.

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Volume: Issue: 7

Article: High biodegradability of SF/Eco-friendly degumming for biomedical applications

Sourav Kumar Das, Rafique Ulla Fayazi , Huang wei
Vol 3, Issue 7 ; July 2020
North American Academic Research, 3(7) 159-172,July 2020, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3945539

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Abstract: Degumming is the process of removing the sericin, a sticky substance produced by the silkworm which holds together the silk strands. This is also regarded as scouring thread. Removing the gum enhances the silk's lust, colour, hand and texture. When the gum is extracted, as much as one third of the weight can be lost. In this study, we will discuss the advanced methods used in silk degumming and high biodegradability for biomedical applications. Higher amount of degumming loss was observed for both white and brick red eri silk cocoons with more sodium carbonate concentration and boiling duration.Single fibre tenacity declines with increased concentration of sodium carbonate and boiling time. Degumming of silk requires the cleavage of sericin peptide attachments, either by hydrolytic or enzymatic processes, and eventual sericin elimination from the silk fibroin.Sericin hydrolysis may be conducted under normal, alkaline or acidic conditions to give four fractions, each of which has different properties. The most common form of degumming is boiling-off in alkaline soap solution. There are several qualitative approaches for determining the degree of degumming; however, quantitative methods are yet to be established. Degumming may be performed in manually or mechanically controlled machines on thread or cloth. In this analysis we have discussed several modern, eco-friendly methods of silk degumming

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Volume: Issue: 7

Article: Analysis of clinical characteristics of 18 children with vasovagal syncope(VVS)

Mufeed Mohammed Assim, Anjindou,Feng Song, Huda Nassar Mufeed
Vol 3, Issue 7 ; July 2020
North American Academic Research, 3(7) 153-158, July 2020, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.395533

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Abstract: Objective to explore the clinical features of children with vasovagal syncope (VVS) and improve their understanding of the disease. Methods The clinical characteristics of 18 patients diagnosed with VVS in the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University through an Head-up tilt test(HUTT) were retrospectively analyzed and the differences in gender, number of syncope attacks, posture at the time of attack, duration and performance of syncope aura were compared. Result: A total of 18 cases were selected, aged 7-16 (10.8 ± 2.5) years old, 9 males and 9 females, the ratio of men and women was equal, the number of syncope attacks was 1-3 times, the most common was the first attack and the duration of syncope was 1-30 Minutes, mostly within 5 minutes. The postures of syncope are upright, sitting, squatting and not positioning, the symptoms of syncope are various. Conclusion VVS patients are more common in older children, without gender differences, the clinical characteristics are quite different and the prognosis is good.

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Volume: Issue: 7

Article: Physicochemical Assessment of Water Quality of the Karnafuli River and Its Impact on the Environment of Chittagong, Bangladesh

M. Jamaluddin Ahmed, M. Anisul Islam, M. Edris Ali
Vol 3, Issue 7 ; July 2020
North American Academic Research, 3(7) 110-152, 2020, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3940714

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Abstract: The present study was conducted to assess the physicochemical characteristics of water quality parameters concentrations in water at different locations of the Karnafuli River. The assessment was carried out for various physicochemical parameters in three seasons during premonsoon, monsoon and post-monsoon seasons for various continuous monitoring during the hydrological year 2014-2015.

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Volume: Issue: 7

Article: Effect of Leaf Clipping on Morphological Features and Yield in Mungbean Genotypes

A. Naznin , N. Haque , R. Sarker , M.S.I. Rion and M. M. Rahman
Vol 3, Issue 7 ; July 2020
North American Academic Research, 3(7) 98-109, July 2020, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3937912

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Abstract: The research aimed to investigate the effect of leaf clipping on growth, flower production, and yield of mungbean (Vigna radiata (L.) Wikzek). A field experiment was carried out in four mungbean genotypes viz. BINA moog-5, Mutant E4I-915, Mutant N2M-402, and BINA moog-7. The leaf clipping levels of 0%, 33%, and 66% imposed at the vegetative stages (40 days after sowing) in all four genotypes. The morphological, reproductive, and yield attributes estimated in the study had shown substantial differences for the leaf clipping treatments in all four mungbean genotypes. Leaf area, leaf dry weight, stem dry weight, total dry matter, plant height, number of branches per plant, number of open flowers/plant, number of pods/plant, pod length, number of seed/pod, 100-seed weight, single pod weight, straw yield, seed yield, and harvest index varied significantly in four mungbean genotypes. Almost all the studied parameters showed statistically identical performance at 0% and 33% leaf clipping level of the mungbean genotypes, and the least performance recorded at 66% leaf clipping. Therefore, mungbean genotypes appeared to compensate for their yield attributes up to 33% leaf clipping at 40 days after sowing. BINA moog-5 showed the preeminent tolerance against the leaf clipping among the genotypes under study.

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Volume: Issue: 7

Article: Entrepreneurial Self-Efficacy, Innovative Behavior, Formal Credit Access: The Impact on Micro and Small Enterprises’ Success

Ariani Wismawati , Marcellia Susan
Vol 3, Issue 7 ; July 2020
North American Academic Research, 3(7) 73-84, 2020, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3936234

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Abstract: The research aim is to analyze Entrepreneurial Self-efficacy, Innovative Behavior, Formal Credit Access, and its impact on Micro and Small Enterprises' (MSEs) success. Determining variables that support business success is important because MSEs are the backbones of a country's economic The challenge for the government is that MSEs fail in the first three years. High Entrepreneurial Self-efficacy fosters an attitude to find opportunities, and able to withstand challenges. Innovative behavior leads MSEs to find, try, and implement new ideas. Capital needs can be met by having formal credit access. The survey was conducted on a sample determined through purposive sampling. Data processing uses multiple linear regression. The results showed that Entrepreneurial Self-efficacy, Innovative Behavior, and Formal Credit Access simultaneously have a positive impact on the MSEs' success. Entrepreneurial Selfefficacy and Formal Credit Access partially have an impact on the MSEs' success, while Innovative Behavior has no partial impact on the MSEs'success.

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Volume: Issue: 7

Article: Design and fabrication of pneumatic ramming machine for sand casting mould

Areeba Khalil, Bilal Afzal , Bahadar Khan, Muhammad Kaleem
Vol 3, Issue 7 ; July 2020
North American Academic Research, 3(7) 85-97, July 2020, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3936245

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Abstract: This paper described that molding is one of the important metals forming process in manufacturing components for various applications in industry. Casting of any size and shape can be made accurately. Automation in this field helps to improve the foundry environment and accuracy of the cast parts. Efficiency of molding is affected by various parameters like permeability, collapsibility, adhesiveness etc. So it is a must to avoid defects in casting. The defects occur in sand castings post a great problem in foundry. On account of defects more than 10% castings are rejected. Even though skilled labor is employed for ramming operation, the packing of molding sand will not be even throughout the molding box. So we have selected the idea of fabricating pneumatic rammer. This rammer is operated pneumatically. By using this rammer molding sand will be packed evenly throughout the box.

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Volume: Issue: 7

Article: Model to improve the dimensions of logistics performance in Asian countries

Chen Yan-chun, Mohammad Kamrul Hasan
Vol 3, Issue 7 ; July 2020
North American Academic Research, 3(7) 57-72, July 2020, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3930252

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Abstract: The purpose of this study is to examine the impact of global competitiveness index (GCI) on the dimensions of logistics performance (LP) model for Asia countries. Panel data on 37 Asian countries over 2007-2018 were regressed under hierarchical regression analyses. Core variable GCI along with two control variables has been used in the study. Findings generated from the regression demonstrate that six dimensions of logistics performance of Asian economies could be improved by implementing global competitiveness index. Six individual models on efficiency of customs clearance process, transport related infrastructure, competitive price shipments, quality of logistics services, frequency of shipments, and tracing and tracking are statistically significant and execute more than 65% variations while the impact on competitive price shipments is mild. So, the model significance & statistical change in R2 & adjusted R2 signifies the contribution and the importance of GCI in context of policy implementation to improve Asian logistics performance taking GCI as the catalyst for LP.

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Volume: Issue: 7

Article: Empirical study on the comparison of Regional competitiveness of Asian Countries in perspective of Global Competitiveness Index

Mohammad Kamrul Hasan, Chen Yan-chun
Vol 3, Issue 7 ; July 2020
North American Academic Research, 3(7) 33-56, July 2020, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3930242

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Abstract: This study examines the hierarchical level of competitiveness in Asian countries using 12 global competitive development indicators. We applied multivariate analysis- Hierarchical Cluster Analysis (HCA) and Principal Component Analysis (PCA) to distinguish the clusters combination in 33 Asian economies. The research has identified two principal components responsible for 78% variations of the indicators in the data sets. And the countries have been classified into four clusters- A, B, C and D with some sub-clusters. The result proves that economies like Singapore, Japan, S. Korea, Qatar, Malaysia, Israel and UAE are on the top of hierarchy where Cyprus and Bahrain are in the 2nd cluster, while the rest are in 3rd & fourth cluster. The analysis showed infrastructure (INFRT 0.950), business sophistication (BS 0.926), & goods market efficiency (GME 0.920) have the highest impact on Asian development while the other are also contributing. Most of the development indicators kept very close connection to PC1 while only two- macroeconomic environment (MEE) and market size (MS) are close to PC2. So, this research mainly emphasizes on the hierarchical classification of the countries and sort out the main component influencing the development trend in Asia. Furthermore, it will help policy makers and investors to emphasize on the facts those have direct influence on sustainable Asian development policy as well.

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Volume: Issue: 7

Article: Knowledge of Diabetic Patients Type2 Toward Diabetes and Diet and its Relationship with HbA1c Levels

Riyadh A.S. Thabit , Haitham T. Aldubaei , Ghaida'a G. Al-Qobaty , Duha G. Alaghbari , Sara F. Al-Moflahi , Maha Y. Othman , Esharq B. Al-Shaibany , Sallah A. Al-Hashedi
Vol 3, Issue 7 ; July 2020
North American Academic Research, 3(7) 17-32, July 2020, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3926921

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Abstract: Type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) has become a public health problem that seriously influences patients' quality of life. Identification of the level of knowledge related to diabetes among the general public is essential in strategies for prevention of diabetes mellitus. This study aims to assess the baseline levels of knowledge and its relation with glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) level in diabetic patients in Taiz. The study was conducted on forty individuals with type2 diabetes of both sexes and used a questionnaire for data collection from Yemeni population than find the relationship between knowledge and HbA1c, blood glucose (BG) and Body Mass Index (BMI). Results showed significant differences (P < 0.05) in the knowledge, HbA1c, BG, and BMI between the samples studied, where demonstrated that 5% of samples was knowledge above 68 % and had a lower HbA1c level less than 6, also shown that 40% of the samples was knowledge 60 % with an average of HbA1c level 8%. In comparison, 32.5% of samples were knowledge less than 50% and had a high average HbA1c level 11%, also found there is a relationship between knowledge and BG, BMI, even the knowledge on the disease for males (52.81%) better than females (47.19%). Type2 diabetic patients have a decrease in knowledge, and this affects levels of HbA1c and BG, even who has good and moderate knowledge, not reflected on their attitudes towards HbA1c and BG.

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Volume: Issue: 6

Article: Investigation of rheological behavior of a debris flow: a case study in the Longchi area, Sichuan province, China

Hamid Faiz, Ge Yong-gang , Hua Yan, Hilal Ahmad , Izaz Ali , Gulfam Hussain
Vol 3, Issue 6 ; June 2020
North American Academic Research, 3(6) 228-242, 2020, : https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3893296

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Abstract: Debris flow is a devastating natural hazard phenomenon in mountainous areas, which causes human losses and damage to infrastructures. The main triggering factors for debris flow are rainfall and earthquake. The 2008 Wenchuan earthquake, followed by heavy rain on August 13th, 2010, which initiated a series of debris flow, resulted in considerable loss of lives and infrastructure. Therefore, it is pertinent to investigate characteristics of debris flow based on the behavior of rheological parameters. The main objective of this research is to evaluate the rheological behavior of debris flow. The main characteristics and dimensions of current debris flows have been investigated by fieldwork. Soil samples from the riverbed and sources area were collected for extensive laboratory testing. A series of laboratory testing, which includes soil indices test and rheological parameters of debris flow containing granular materials with size finer than 0.075mm have been obtained using a rotational rheometer (Physica MCR). The rheological behavior has been examined at different ranges of volumetric concentration. These results showed the values of shear stress had been proportionally increasing with the increase of solid volumetric concentration. Based on the "8.13" debris flow characteristics in the Longchi area, these resulted rheological parameters of debris flow can be used to obtain the features of other debris flows in this area.

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Volume: Issue: 7

Article: The relationship between vegetation dynamics and land surface temperature by using different satellite imageries; A Case study of Metropolitan cities of Pakistan

Faisal Mumtaz, Yu Tao, Barjeece Bashir, Adeel Ahmad , Lingling Li , Hammad Ul Hassan
Vol 3, Issue 7 ; July 2020
North American Academic Research, 3(7) 1-16,July 2020, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3923796

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Abstract: Land surface temperature (LST) is an essential parameter for the urban thermal environment and global climate change studies. The significant of LST is being acknowledged gradually and indicates that Vegetation cover has an immediate impact of Land surface temperature (LST). The main objective of this study is, retrieval of Land Surface Temperature (LST) and its relationship with Normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) by using the different satellite imageries including Landsat 5 (TM); Landsat 7 (ETM+); and Landsat 8 (OLI) for 1998, 2003, 2008, 2013 and 2018 in Lahore and Peshawar city (Pakistan). A combined technique of GIS and Remote Sensing has been applied for retrieval of LST and NDVI, and further, their relationship was checked by using linear correlation regression. Results indicate a rising trend of LST and decreasing trend of NDVI in Lahore, while the pattern of LST in Peshawar shows declining trend and NDVI shows an increasing trend. R 2 Coefficient value between LST and NDVI is very significant. The areas with low vegetation cover have a high temperature as compared to the areas which contain vegetation cover

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Volume: Issue: 6

Article: CULTURAL ADAPTATION OF ASIAN STUDENTS TO CHINA CULTURE

Irfan Khan , ZHENG Guangwen
Vol 3, Issue 6 ; June 2020
North American Academic Research, 3(6) 1-30, 2020, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3923808

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Abstract: With the increasing number of Asian students, choosing to study china is a good choice without a doubt. Asian students face many challenges in the adaptation process, e.g. managing group projects with Chinese students as well as international students too, dealing with interpersonal relationships, solving academic problems, etc. This study focuses to investigate psychological adaptation, socio-cultural adaptation and academic adaptation, based on Ward’s model, and generated nine propositions to explore the Asian students’ adaptation in China. Students from Asia and China, as well as teachers, were interviewed to gather the research material, and analyzed in the last. The main finding is that the influence of academic and psychological aspects on Asian students' cultural adaptation is relatively large, especially the language ability, personality, communication. In addition to this, there are some other related factors that we do not mention, e.g. self-confidence, ambitious motivation, value, etc. The purpose of our study is to provide effective and practical advice for Asian students in the adaptation to Chinese culture.

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Volume: Issue: 6

Article: Soviet Invasion of Czechoslovakia: Combating a Political Infection in a Friendly State

Miras Tolepbergen
Vol 3, Issue 6 ; June 2020
North American Academic Research, 3(6) 368-384,June 2020, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3906489

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Abstract: The purpose of this paper is to explain why the Soviet government opted for invasion rather than for possible other strategies during the Prague Spring? What were the justifications for a military invasion? Secondly, what were the consequences of the military approach? What did Soviet leadership achieve and lose as a result of their handling of the Czechoslovak crisis? To answer those questions, the first part of the paper will provide the basic explanation of Soviet decision-making process, the difficulties on intelligence collecting, the perspective of Eastern Europe on reforms in Czechoslovakia, and other factors that influenced the emergence of the crisis. The second part will cover the pre and post-invasion Czechoslovakia affairs, and crisis consequences to Europe-USSR and US-USSR relations

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Volume: Issue: 6

Article: China-ASEAN Relation: The China’s Strategic and Economic Interest in ASEAN

VOEURN Vinichhai
Vol 3, Issue 6 ; June 2020
North American Academic Research, 3(6) 357-367, June 2020, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3905442

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Abstract: China with its enormous population and the gigantic emerging economy is the main driver behind the geopolitical reconfiguration that is taking place. ASEAN is one of the areas that is affected most directly by the rise of China. It is a key importance to China for access to critical energy and natural resources. The region is significant as a potential conduit for the promotion of China’s diplomatic influence and for its strategic role as a vital crossroads of sea and land. China’s main motivation for involvement in ASEAN is to further its national economic, political and strategic interests. In facing the challenges more efforts need to be made to build new trust and initiate new mutually beneficial actions. The BRI provides a new framework and opportunity for China and ASEAN to deepen their relations through close consultation and cooperation. China’s rise, ASEAN’s integration and the shift of the international center of gravity to the AsiaPacific (or a wider Indo-Pacific) region will test the future of ASEAN-China relations. This paper aims to examine China and ASEAN relations in their proper perspective in economic, political security and military implications. China and ASEAN as neighbors are linked together by geography and interests.

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Volume: Issue: 6

Article: Significant Dynamics of Gilgit-Baltistanfrom Great Game to China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC)

Israr Hussain , Hu Lizhong, Iqtidar Hussain, Iqrar Hussain Qambari
Vol 3, Issue 6 ; June 2020
North American Academic Research, 3(6) 321-341, 2020, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3905390

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Abstract: The geopolitical factors have the actual determents which evaluate any region's fortune in international politics. The Gilgit-Baltistan (GB) geopolitics has been counted in global politics from the Great Game between Anglo-Russia in the nineteenth century. This research aims to examine that, what was the GB dynamics in the Great Game and now in the 21st century the GB geopolitical role for Sino-Pakistan relations in the context of China-Pakistan economic corridor (CPEC). The GB has a junction point in Asia, and the CPEC has the main tool to connect the Asian region. Thus the GB unclear constitutional status has the main obstacle for CPEC internally and externally. Internally the local mass strongly demands their rights according to the United-Nations (UN) resolutions, and externally India raised objections in the different international forums due to its disputed status as part of the Kashmir Issue. The CPEC has a bilateral economic plan, while the US and India is looking as strategic plans against their hegemonic position in the Indian Oceans.

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Volume: Issue: 6

Article: The Impact of Emotional Intelligence on Employees Performance

Elizabeth Elias , Alireza Nasiri
Vol 3, Issue 6 ; June 2020
North American Academic Research, 3(6) 342-356, June 2020, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3905401

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Abstract: Every employee is eager to develop their professional and technical skills in order to enhance their productivity on the job and to have an increment in their salaries. However, working with diverse colleagues isn't sufficient to center on the two for tall performance but representatives ought to increment or progress their passionate insights, as this can be the capacity to recognize their possess feelings and those of others and the capacity to control them in themselves and in connections with others, in person and proficient life. This paper reviewed on the impact of emotional intelligence on employees performance. With the destinations of the think about, it is exceptionally noteworthy because it points to discover out the effect of enthusiastic insights (EI) on employees execution. By analyzing the available data, it showed that emotional intelligence has a very great impact on employee’s performance. As employees with high emotional intelligence shows high performance on the job. In addition, this research used a qualitative approach.

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Volume: Issue: 6

Article: Titanium alloy thin films on stainless steel for biocompatible applications and surgical tools

Waqas Ali , Maryam Jamil, Sumara Ashraf , Kamal Mustafa , Imran Murtaza , Abdul Rouf
Vol 3, Issue 6 ; June 2020
North American Academic Research, 3(6) 297-308, 2020, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3899599

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Abstract: In this research work the performance of the Titanium alloys thin films for the application in medical is assessed. The main purpose of this research work is to check consistency of the titanium alloys with the living organisms’ tissues in term of their biocompatibility. Thin films of Titanium Alloys (TiN ,TiAlN and TiCN) were deposited on stainless steel using cathodic arc method. Titanium and Titanium alloys were used as targets. Inside deposition chamber vacuum was created up to 10-6 mili bar range using turbo molecular pump. XRD, SEM and AFM images were obtained to study the structure, surface morphology and roughness of the deposited thin films, respectively. Using Vickers hardness test thin films hardness was determined. The consistency of the Thin Films with the tissues of the living organisms was tested by biocompatibility tests. It is found that thin films own excellent adhesion as well as they can be utilized for the medical and commercial purposes.

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Volume: Issue: 6

Article: Evidence based nursing at clinical practice area: A case study of LUMS hospital Hyderabad

Janul , Paras Rani Mahar , Muhammad Zakarya
Vol 3, Issue 6 ; June 2020
North American Academic Research, 3(6) 276-284, 2020, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3893990

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Abstract: This paper presents a qualitative descriptive study about Evidence-based utilization by staff nurses of Wali Bhai Rajputana Hospital Hyderabad. “EBN" is described as the use of high quality research by a nurse in clinical decision making". The objective is to assess the status of the nurse in utilizing EBN at clinical area. The 30 subjects sample was selected among head nurse/ staff nurse at Wali Bhai Rajputana Hospital Hyderabad in different 28 wards. A selfdeveloped 22 item (close ended) questionnaire was used to collect data. The results were discussed and concluded on the bases each item received its percentage response. The studies revealed the nurses of the day are not fully aware: prepare to use evidence-bases nursing at clinical setting. However, they are motivated to know about the current work being done in this direction. They lack resources, time and proper guidance to utilize this research in right direction. If the required needs provided them, it will help them to develop their knowledge and enhance their quality care for the patients to benefit.

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Volume: Issue: 6

Article: An External Environment Situation Analysis of Bangladesh-China Towards Health Collaboration Under Obor Initiative

Md Habib Iqbal , Cao Jun, Md. Serajul Islam
Vol 3, Issue 6 ; June 2020
North American Academic Research, 3(6) 309-320, 2020, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3869331

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Abstract: Background In a rapidly globalizing world with increasing health and epidemiologic transitions, the international community and multilateralism have become highly active, coordinated and robust. to face the challenges of health and epidemiologic transitions, ageing and globalization challenges, collaborative diplomacy on health security have become more vital than ever in not only saving lives and improving public health but also in improving and providing long-lasting benefits to both worlds’ poorest and developed countries, the PEST analysis method, which is mostly used in the field of economic management to analyze the external macro environment of specific countries and regions that need to be considered when formulating corporate strategies. The PEST analysis includes analysis of the four macro forces of the political, economic, social, and technological environments of the country. Methods This study was based on literature review, secondhand data from the website, Ministry of health Bangladesh and face to face interview with the key person. Results Bangladesh external environment is still far lower than China in every indicator of political, economic, social and technological. most of the indicators show upwards slowly which a good sign for one country. Bangladesh relatively weak indicators are innovation, infrastructure, low Technology, legal and administrative framework indicators. As well as china political environment is also ranking in the lower position. China has shown a good development trend in the innovation field. Although Bangladesh has a poor foundation in terms of innovation, investment in research and development has begun to yield benefits, and there will be wider room for progress and development in the future. Conclusion Bangladesh is struggling in Poor infrastructure and Poor Policy, Therefore, China should strengthen policy guidance, continuous capital and human investment, continuously enrich science and technology research and development activities, and enhance independent innovation capabilities.

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Volume: Issue: 6

Article: Human Trafficking from Bangladesh to Malaysia: A Preliminary Study

Afzalur Rahman
Vol 3, Issue 6 ; June 2020
North American Academic Research, 3(6) 285-297, 2020, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3894007

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Abstract: Nowadays, human trafficking has become a great concern for Bangladesh. Internationally, human trafficking is considered as a much growing crime. But in the regional context, it has become a lucrative business for trafficking networks. Every year thousands of Bangladeshis are migrating overseas either legally or by illegal means. In the last couples of year, total flow of remittance was not satisfactory because of the diplomatic tension between the Bangladesh and major migrants receiving countries. In addition, the new migrations policies of the Middle-Eastern countries also have shrunk the scope for Bangladeshi migrants. As a result, the number of human trafficking from Bangladesh to Malaysia has increased. There are various causes of human trafficking which are relies on the socio-economic circumstances of Bangladesh. Some of the causes of trafficking have deep connection with international network. The purpose of this paper is to unveil the key causes of human trafficking by analyzing the field data with focusing on the theoretical perspectives of the migration. It also argues for effective mechanism to monitor the whole process of human trafficking from Bangladesh to Malaysia in an urgent basis.

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Volume: Issue: 6

Article: The Role of the Financial Accounting System (SCF) in the Disclosure of Financial Information in the Yemeni Institutions

Al-hada Fahd Abdullah Abdulsamad Mohammed , Ji Zu Li
Vol 3, Issue 6 ; June 2020
North American Academic Research, 3(6) 254-275, June 2020, : https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3893333

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Abstract: This paper takes the Yemeni company as an example to study the role of the financial accounting system in improving the level of financial disclosure of an organization, This role has important value for identifying accounting disclosure and provides complete financial information for financial accounting system information disclosure, Financial accounting system information disclosure enhances the details and transparency of accounting information, avoids confusion or misleading, and provides clear results for the company’s financial situation, This article believes that any company must disclose financial accountants ’requirements in accordance with the International Accounting Standards System Its financial and accounting information, Research shows that the application of financial accounting system provides the possibility of increasing the degree of accounting disclosure of financial statements, and that It shows clear results on the financial position of the corporation, and then any corporation must disclose financial and accounting information according to what the system requires for the financial accountants in response to international accounting standards

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Volume: Issue: 6

Article: The Impact of the Service Quality of Tourism Sector on The Balance of Payments

Maduranga Pushpika Kumara Withanawasam , Alireza Nasiri
Vol 3, Issue 6 ; June 2020
North American Academic Research, 3(6) 184-227, June 2020, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3893294

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Abstract: The main objective this paper to examine the impact of tourism expectations and perception on services provided by the world’s tourism industry. Also, following specific objectives are expected to be achieved: First one to examine the world travel and tourism business whether its declining or increasing ,second one to analyses most popular destinations and least destinations for international tourists and inflows ,third one to analyses regional tourism for international tourists and inflows , fourth one to compare tourism services and merchandise trade by analysing the balance of payments for the destinations in the global and fifth one to recognize policy recommendations that improve the travel and tourism services in the world based on the empirical findings. The micro study has used in SERVQUAL model and the macro study has used UNWTO data. The overall perceived quality of service is high (1.184), which means that the level of service they receive is higher than expected. This may be because the tourism industry maintains a complete customer base. The Outcome of Macro study are Export from international tourism (USD 1.7 trillion) equal to 7% of global export or 29% of world services export. Based on the findings of the study, it was concluded that the main goals were successfully achieved, and other specific tasks were included in the study. The SERVQUAL model is used in this research. Even so, the SERVQUAL model must be transformed in such a way that it can gather the perspectives and understandings of research and tourism. Macro study is value added to the research. Finally, even though tourism satisfaction is the focus of the micro-foundations, the addition of macro studies to this study is more significant. In the macro study western countries more dominated international tourist arrivals and international tourism receipts. Fifty nations who have less than thousands international tourists’ arrivals and no proper recording international tourism receipts. This should be changed. The health tourism should be increased, and a mechanism to meet the demand of tourists for indigenous and traditional therapies other than Ayurveda, Siddha, Unani and western medicine will be focused. Tourism Security must be concerned about every nation. Therefore, the World Tourism Organization should do a proper mechanism to tourist safety.

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Volume: Issue: 6

Article: Risk Factors for High Intraocular Pressure, Glaucoma and Retinal Detachment

Abdulkawi Yahya Radman Al-Shamiri , Balqis Yahya Ali Abdullah Al-Mahweeti
Vol 3, Issue 6 ; June 2020
North American Academic Research, 3(6) 167-183, 2020, : https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3892065

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Abstract: The eye is a complex organ for sight (Vision), has vital importance for everyday life. High intraocular pressure, glaucoma, retinal detachment and optic neuropathy lead to loss vision. There are many people lost their vision in one of eyes or both as result of high intraocular pressure, glaucoma, retinal detachment or damage of optic nerve, me one of whom. This paper aims to collect the most risk factors for high intraocular pressure, glaucoma, and retinal detachment which have been mentioned in several different resources in one paper.

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Volume: Issue: 6

Article: A Quick Aftermath of Dwindling American Economy Due to Corona Pandemic and A Consensus Way-out: Using Statistics and Interpretive Structural Modeling

Hamed Habibi
Vol 3, Issue 6 ; June 2020
North American Academic Research, 3(6) 161-166, 2020, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3890670

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Abstract: The outbreak of the novel Coronavirus has left the entire world stranded in their homes and caused heavy losses to the global economy. The United States have also been highly affected by this pandemic in terms of human life as well as the economic downfall. As the pandemic continues to distort the economy, the researcher has used the technique of interpretive structural modeling to analyze the factors that can help the U.S. get back to its economic strength as it was before the strike of this fatal disease. The researcher has conducted questionnaire based survey with practitioners to identify and filter out the steps that need to be taken for enhancing and saving the economy in the post-virus scenario. After the filtering process the researcher has conducted telephonic interviews with 20 field experts that provided insight to the researcher about the interdependencies of the selected steps. The data from these interviews was then used to create the ISM for this research. The researcher has proposed the consensus way to resolve economic issues through the ISM and has also mentioned the limitations and future research directions for this study.

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Volume: Issue: 6

Article: The Effect of Political Relations on Turkey-Russia International Trade

Dariya Pakhomova
Vol 3, Issue 6 ; June 2020
North American Academic Research, 3(6), 152-160, 2020, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3890668

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Abstract: Nowadays foreign trade undoubtedly takes an important place in every country’s economy. A lot of research being done on the factors to determine the volume and the structure of foreign trade. GDP, relative price, and exchange rate are some of the main the indicators researchers focus on during the research process. However, it is very important to keep in consideration of others external factors during this process, such as political relations between the involved countries has a great influence on their bilateral foreign trade. Thus, this research paper focuses on the impact of the political decisions made by parties involved and its effect on their trade relations. This paper will examine long run determinants of the trade balance between Turkey and Russia, giving particular focus to the influence of the political relations between these two countries on their foreign trade. This paper focuses on changes on trade balance between these countries during the political crisis and after. The research is conducted by using quarterly trade data over the period from 1900 to 2017. Embedded Research Design is used to enable the researcher to use both quantitative and qualitative data. For the collection of qualitative and quantitative data, the research adopted the Explanatory design and Ex Post Facto design, respectively. The study also uses the ANOVA model to synthesize and estimate the variations in the trade relations between these countries during the 17-year period targeted in this research. As a conclusion the paper confirms and defines possible long run and short run negative effects of political disputes on countries trade balance with involving parties.

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Volume: Issue: 6

Article: A study on some advanced applications of Electrostatics

MD Sezadur Rahman, Mohammad Anisur Rahman, MD Nizam Uddin
Vol 3, Issue 6 ; June 2020
North American Academic Research, 3(6) 129-135, 2020, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3887405

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Abstract: Physicists deal with the four fundamental forces: gravitational force, weak nuclear force, strong nuclear force, and electromagnetic force. Electrostatics is the subfield of Electromagnetics describing attractive or repulsive forces between particles that are caused by their electric charges. It’s the study of electromagnetic occurrences that takes place while a static equilibrium has been established. Charges reach their equilibrium situations swiftly for the reason that the electric force is exceedingly sturdy. Electrostatics in its most obstructive sense is a modification of Maxwell's equations to a system whose foundations are steady-state, timeinvariant electric charges

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Volume: Issue: 6

Article: Temporal annual and seasonal NDVI variation of Sagarmatha national park, Nepal and its relationship with precipitation and soil moisture

Sadrish Dabadi , Gulfam Hussain, Ranjana Regmi
Vol 3, Issue 6 ; June 2020
North American Academic Research, 3(6) 136-151, 2020, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3887414

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Abstract: The researches related to the national parks are important for detecting changes, managing and protecting resources in them. The vegetation change study is more vital as vegetation is the part of every ecosystems and functioning of the park. There had been limited study regarding vegetation changes and impact of climatic and environmental factor on greenery in Nepal. To fill this gap, our study applied satellite based NDVI, precipitation and soil moisture data to inspect changes in vegetation and their relation with climatic variables in Sagarmatha National Park (SNP). Our study revealed that the greenery contributors, forests, shrubs, grasslands and agricultural lands had increased during period of 2000-2018. These changes was due to reverse effect of both precipitation and soil moisture. In light of these findings, we assured that the greenery of the park was well preserved during these 18 years. Our research provided ecological and social implication for the SNP region as plan and polices regarding wellbeing of both vegetation and local dwellers could be formulated based on vegetation condition of park.

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Volume: Issue: 6

Article: Importance of chemical laboratories in public schools authorized by higher education institutions: A case study of school students and teachers

Azra Soomro, Faiza Hisbani, Imtiaz Ali Mallah, Quratulain Abro, Lutif Rehman, Paras Rani Mahar
Vol 3, Issue 6 ; June 2020
North American Academic Research, 3(6) 112-128, 2020, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3887362

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Abstract: This paper presents that chemistry has been identified to be one of the major foundations for the transformation of our national economy, and hence must be accorded adequate attention. In this study, an attempt was made in ascertaining the remote causes for the poor performances reported in recent times in chemistry at the secondary level of education in schools. In this regard the data were collected by comparing two schools, Model school Hyderabad (Elsa Kazi Campus) and Mehran public secondary School Jamshoro from students and chemistry teachers, variables were investigated and the findings showed that the laboratories facilities including equipment and chemicals are not proper. The descriptive method was used which includes Quantitative approach and observation technique. And these all contribute greatly from the response of students and teachers in science subject chemistry in particular. The laboratory experiences have been maintained to promote central science education goals including the enhancement of students understanding of concepts in science (Chemistry) and its applications; scientific practical skills and problem solving abilities; scientific habits of mind, understanding of how science and scientists work, interest and motivation. It is necessary to implement the best planning for the chemistry learning and improve the students learning capabilities.

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Volume: Issue: 6

Article: Design of RC Series-Parallel Oscillator Circuit

Bokthear Khakee , Shuvo Ahammed, MD Raihan Abu Saem, Shabrina Shanjana Islam
Vol 3, Issue 6 ; June 2020
North American Academic Research, 3(6) 90-111, 2020, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3877693

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Abstract: To produce a large range of audio frequencies especially to produce sinusoidal oscillation in signal generator RC series parallel oscillator plays a major role. Sinusoidal oscillation is constituted of four parts: amplifier circuit, frequency selection network, positive feedback circuit and amplitude stabilization link. The principle is that when the DC power supply is turned off, the frequency reaches the interference signal string and enters the input terminal of the oscillation circuit, and appears at the output terminal of the circuit after amplification. But due to the small amplitude and frequency mixing, they are not the output signals we are looking for. After the signal passes through the frequency selection and positive feedback network, a frequency signal shields other signals, suppresses it and returns to the input end of the amplifier circuit. The circuit loop gain should be slightly greater than 3 to obtain the desired result. This continuous periodic amplification results in distortion of the output signal, and the final image chain can output a sine wave with a fixed frequency, amplitude, and stability.

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Volume: Issue: 6

Article: Brand Positioning by Chinese Mobile phones Brands in Uganda

Karungi Diana Evelyn
Vol 3, Issue 6 ; June 2020
North American Academic Research, 3(6) 11-26, 2020, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3872471

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Abstract: It’s no coincidence that a growing number of Africa’s most popular phones are manufactured in China. For years, Chinese mobile manufacturers have had practice in developing affordable smartphones for a growing market. Tecno, Infinix, Itel, Huawei, Oppo, Vivo are major Chinese mobile brands in Uganda. Brand positioning is built on a foundation of great strategies. It plays a crucial role while deciding the strategy of an organization. Chinese companies took initiatives to understand what consumers want, understand what their brand capabilities are and finally understood how each competitor is positioning their brand then they reflect this brand positioning in everything that they did. As a result, Chinese mobile brands have become leading, convenient and affordable mobile phones brand.

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Volume: Issue: 6

Article: The Effect of Product Attributes Toward Customer Satisfaction (Case Study of Telkom Speedy Bandung Area)

Firdavs Sami
Vol 3, Issue 6 ; June 2020
North American Academic Research, 3(6) 77-89, 2020, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3875790

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Abstract: The Internet is growing very rapidly throughout the world, especially in Indonesia. TELKOM is one of the internet service provider in Indonesia. Telkom launched its Internet product named Speedy. Therefore, TELKOM very concerned about customer satisfaction. The way to maintain customer satisfaction Telkom Speedy is to measuring the level of customer satisfaction of speedy. Method of measuring the level of customer satisfaction is the Important Performance Analysis and Path Analysis. By using Path analysis will be able to see the relationship between variables. The results of Path Analysis will be seen how much influence directly or indirectly between variables. After that it will continue to Important Performance Analysis to determine about indicator that need to be improved as expected service and perceived service. Using the Service Quality model, this study aimed to examine the impacts of service reliability, service assurance, performance, responsiveness, extended service, customer empathy, appearance and reputation aspects on customer satisfaction. A total population of this study is subscriber of Speedy Bandung in year 2013 for this research 145,207 customers and out of that author took a sample of 100 respondents. The method used in this research are explanatory method and quantitative method as the basic foundation for doing research. In this research, the author aims to identify the relationship between X/cause variable (eight selected factors influencing Customer’s Satisfaction with service quality) and Y/effect variable (Customer Satisfaction). Sample convenience is the way to use the sampling technique with 100 respondents separated to customers of Telkom Speedy Bandung who are the subscribers of it. Extended Service is the highest of classification assessment and categorized as good which is got 81.5% perceived by customers. Speedy should focus on maintaining service reliability, service assurance, performance, responsiveness, extended service, appearance, and reputation.

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Volume: Issue: 6

Article: Development of HBV Model and its application in Asian High Mountain Basins

Aaditya Dawadi, Jagdish Dotel, Dibit Aryal, Nitesh Khadka, Bina Ghimire
Vol 3, Issue 6 ; June 2020
North American Academic Research, 3(6) 55-76, 2020, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3875783

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Abstract: : The snow accumulation and its melting in high mountain basins are highly affected by climate change due to which the hydrological modeling is being more important to understand the regime. Hydrologiska Byråns Vattenbalansavdelning (HBV), is a hydrological model for daily runoff simulation, particularly applied in high mountain basin, which is enormously popular with many researchers. That is why, this review article attempts to express a brief overview of the HBV model applications and feasibility in Asian high mountain basins. Overall, the research supported that the model simulation with its calibration and validation process carried out with the measured discharge which ultimately believed to be helpful in reducing the errors. In addition, the review has concluded that improving model structure, the calibration process, model equation and, satellite or radar-based precipitation data as a complement to station gauge could significantly improve general runoff simulation and prediction. Thus, HBV model seems to be in a great shape for Asian high mountain basins with minor additional adjustment. Likewise, the sources of error in the runoff simulation are the indistinctness causing inaccuracy in the meteorological forecasts. Further work is essential to understand why some catchments display a similar behavior by sharing good parameter sets to HBV model.

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Volume: Issue: 6

Article: Glaciers, glacial lakes and glacial lake outburst floods in the Khumbu region, Nepal

Tina Rai, Mukesh Rai
Vol 3, Issue 6 ; June 2020
North American Academic Research, 3(6) 27-42, 2020, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3872556

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Abstract: Climate changes have a direct impact on glaciers that ultimately results in glacial retreat, creating a high risk from catastrophic glacial lake outburst floods (GLOFs). The GLOFs are glacier disaster, which is the result of sudden discharge of large volume of water with debris from proglacial or supraglacial lakes in valley downstream. The research on glaciers would give the light on the increasing effect of climate change as glaciers are the sensitive indicator of climate change and create the mitigations for the damages of it. Here, the information regarding the glaciers, glacial lakes and GLOFs in the Khumbu region were reviewed from previous studies. This gives a general overview of the Khumbu region and its glacial components.Khumbu region is one of the most glacierized regions with the ‘Khumbu glacier’, the largest glacier of Nepal. The retreating of glaciers in the Khumbu region is also evidenced by the increase in glacial lakes and leading to the potential danger GLOFs which result in destruction of downstream settlement. The mitigating measures needs to implement immediately to prevent future GLOFs prone destructions.

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Volume: Issue: 6

Article: Assessing the Impact of Chinese Investment in Africa; A Case Study of Developmental Projects in Ghana

Ransford Fahene , Dr. HE Baocheng
Vol 3, Issue 6 ; June 2020
North American Academic Research, 3(6) 43-54, 2020, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3872598

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Abstract: The main purpose of this study is to ascertain the impact of Chinese financing projects on various indicators in Africa and the economic development of the countries. To achieve the required objectives of the study, the study included the descriptive statistical research design which comprises of the qualitative and quantitative procedures for data gathering and analysis. The sample size of the study is 180 and the primary data were collected by using the stratified and purposive sampling technique. The study has revealed some major findings namely: (a) according to the mean rank of the characteristics of the Chinese foreign direct investment (FDI) in Ghana were found to be influenced to the indirect FDI investment with Chinese SOE, bilateral investment in public projects, and outsource contracts to Chinese Companies; (b) the influence of Chinese finance development on the Ghanaian businesses as rated very important by the respondents are supporting Infrastructure development, improve SMEs relationship development, and competitive impact; (c) the major challenges affecting adversely of Chinese investment in Ghana were found to be as political situation, local prices and inflation, and environmental Issues; (d) the necessary strategies which could improve Chinese investment were identified as seek Chinese FDI to help fund industrial and commercial construction in the private sector, framework for investment to impact on the economy much more, and improving on transparency framework for China FDI. The research study also showed that there has been progress in infrastructural development in Ghana as a result of the Chinese investment. Major policy implications are further deliberated.

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Volume: Issue: 5

Article: Antagonistic effects of lactobacilli with anti oxidative activity against Helicobacter pylori infection in mice

Xiaohua Chen , Jianzhou Li , Yaoting Xiao , Yuetong Li , Ruqing Li , Jiayi Wan
Vol 3, Issue 5 ;
North American Academic Research, 3(5) 579-595, 2020, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3861851

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Abstract: The strains of Lactobacillus gassri Chen and L plantarum were evaluated to determine their antagonistic activity against H pylori in vivo, using L rhamnosus GG as a positive control.

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Volume: Issue: 6

Article: Studying the Behavior on Electroplated Diamond Cutting Contrasted to Array Shaft Machining

Mohammed Al Nehari , Guoxing Liang, Waled yahya , Ali Algaradi , Muayad Al Nahari
Vol 3, Issue 6 ;
North American Academic Research, 3(6) 01-13, 2020, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3869331

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Abstract: The present strategies for assembling super abrasive components bring about a stochastic geometry of abrasives with irregular three dimensional abrasive areas. This paper centers around innovation of micro electrode array and micro opening array created by consolidated micro WEDM and EMM(Electro chemical micro machining) . Procedure of Micro WEDM(wire electrical release granulating) innovation for micro electrode array manufacture is surveyed Working effectiveness of utilizing micro electrode array and single electrode to machine micro gap array by Micro EDM is thought about, the previous has higher proficiency. At that point 10X10 micro-gap arrays are manufactured by 10X10 square microelectrode array of 40um high by EMM, the breadth of single opening is about 100um and profound is 30um. Influenced by duplication blunder and rehashed mistake of EMM, the microopening array show evident roundabout. New innovation of enormous scale micro electrode array and micro opening array manufactured by joined micro WEDM and EMM is end up being practical and high effective.

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Volume: Issue: 5

Article: Overview of Corruption and Anti-Corruption in Bangladesh

Masum Billah
Vol 3, Issue 5 ;
North American Academic Research, 3(5) 617-632, 2020, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3864546

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Abstract: This study aimed to provide basic information on overview of corruption and anti corruption legislation in Bangladesh. It indicates the impact of corruption on the economy, sector-wise corruption and how poor enforcement of existing laws has led to corruption. The proposed study analysis of the theoretical and conceptual interpretations of “corruption” and “corruption interaction”, discussion of the reasons and conditions for the development of bribery interaction in these countries, as well as consideration of the official assessments of anti-corruption activity and the main directions of prevention and combating corruption from society. Within the structure of this article, we analyze mostly current official positions, investigative materials, hypothetical and theoretic forms and research perspectives, in which current structures and practices of bribery interaction in these countries are being problematized. This study also looks into the implementation of various reform initiatives including development of an impartial and fair system, establishment of code of ethics, reform in political parties, election process, legislations and government policies are crucial with anti-corruption measurements.

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Volume: Issue: 5

Article: Study on Mechanical and Durability Properties of Desert Sand Brick Based on Microbial Mineralization

Said Ikram Sadat , Zhu Li , Guanhua Jia , Md Ariful Hossain
Vol 3, Issue 5 ;
North American Academic Research, 3(5) 633-659, 2020, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3757038

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Abstract: The microbial desert sand brick has the characteristics of high strength, long service life, stable performance and simple construction. However, the lack of resources has led to a reduction in natural raw materials and the implementation of farmland protection policies. Alternative materials for clay such as tailings, shale, coal, and river powder have geographical limitations, high sintering temperatures, and complex production processes. Moreover, the resources of desert sand are all over the world, the feasibility of desert sand in engineering construction has been verified by many scholars. but the use of desert sand is seldom. In order to make full use of desert sand, this research takes desert sand as the main raw material. Microbial mineralization deposition technology is a new type of biomass cement preparation method. Mineralized deposition calcium carbonate can effectively cement desert sand brick particles, thereby improving the strength of the microbial desert sand brick. Therefore, this research group proposes to combine the method of microbial mineralization with high strength and low-cost desert sand brick, and use microbial mineralization to enhance the mechanical and durability performance of the microbial desert sand brick. In this research, the mineralization deposition efficiency of microorganism KJ01 and the performance of microbial mineralization enhanced the mechanical and durability of microbial desert sand brick were tested. Based on the study of the mineralization and deposition efficiency of microorganism KJ01, the performance of desert sand brick enhanced by microbial mineralization was studied. The effects of the mixed solution of microorganisms and nutrients and the concentration of bacterial solution on the mechanical properties and durability of desert sand bricks were studied. The results show that the mixture of microorganisms and nutrients can effectively increase the compressive strength, flexural strength and softening coefficient of microbial desert sand bricks, which are increased by 1.73%, 15.68%, 28.57% and 18.52%, respectively, reducing the water absorption and the weight loss after freezing and thawing were 2.7% and 19.39%, respectively.

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Volume: Issue: 5

Article: Recent Developments in Rapier Weaving Machines in Textiles

Kazi Md Hasanul Hoque , Afsana Sharmin
Vol 3, Issue 5 ;
North American Academic Research, 3(5) 596-616, 2020, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3861857

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Abstract: This paper reviews the recent developments in rapier weaving machines and addresses the challenges that face the weaving industry. The paper sheds the light on how the weaving machine manufacturers and woven fabric producers might strengthen the weaving industry by further advanced the rapier technology with the help of electro-mechanics, electronics, microprocessors, information technology and their application to the production of woven fabrics.

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Volume: Issue: 5

Article: Analysis and optimization of locally available lead ore by icp –oes

Ahmad Tauqeer, Shaista Khanam , Siraj Ullah , Ahmad Musheer
Vol 3, Issue 5 ;
North American Academic Research, 3(5) 568-578, 2020, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3842270

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Abstract: In this project, analysis of lead ore of Dalian region was carried out and then lead extracted from the ore. Lead is a grey colored metal, which is not found in free form, rather it is found in mineral with other metals such as Sulphur. Galena is the most commonly present lead ore. The technique used for the analysis of lead ore was ICP (Inductively Coupled Plasma). Lead ore was grinded to make powder with the help of pestle and mortar. This powder was taken as a sample and dissolved in concentrated HNO3 and aqua Regia separately for the preparation of solutions. Aqua Regia is a mixture of HNO3 and HCL with molar ratio 1:3 respectively. Ore was digested by heating in microwave oven in case of HNO3 and at hot plate in case of aqua Regia. After digestion, solutions were filtered and diluted with distilled water. Nebulizer of ICP converts the solution to aerosol, which was analyzed and detected. It gives the composition of metals in the ore. Lead was present in large quantity in the ore, which was taken for analysis in this project. For extraction, lead was heated in a furnace with a limestone in the presence of coke, which acts as reducing agent and also used for the purpose of heat. Lead obtained from this method is 99% pure.

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Volume: Issue: 5

Article: Safety and Risk Likelihood Indices of Novel Coronavirus Pandemic in Nigeria

Abdullahi M. Auwal,Aliyu D. Hina, Bala Umar, Nafisatu Usman and Gazali M. Abdulhamid
Vol 3, Issue 5 ;
North American Academic Research, 3(5) 432-442, 2020, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3840818

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Abstract: adverse impact of coronavirus (covid-19) pandemic is becoming worrisome and perplexing not only to Nigerians but to the international community. This has heightened the fear; thereby threatening the foundation of economic development. This study takes a critical look on measurement of the levels of safety or risk indices of all the 20 affected state on a logarithmic scale. From computation/analysis it shows that the state with largest number of infected persons/cases has the highest risk of spread of the COVID-19. Every unit increase in the incidence Safety Index corresponds to a Risk decrease by a factor of 10. The risk and safety indices sum up to a value of 10 and their values are defined over the interval [0, 10]. This study presents a better understanding and awareness of likelihood safety and risk assessment for the hazardous diseases. We recommend that, the identities of the infected persons should not be hidden even for the fear of stigmatization due to the consequences associated it. The Useful insights for the allocation of resources, remedial actions, monitoring and control strategies to prevent/curtail the dynamics of (covid-19) disease spread.

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Volume: Issue: 5

Article: Stability Analysis and Research of H-Section Cold-Formed Steel Arches

Asif Ali , Xin Cheng , Le-chuan Chen , De-xin Duan
Vol 3, Issue 5 ;
North American Academic Research, 3(5) 288-300, 2020, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3828073

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Abstract: This paper introduced the in-plane and out-of-plane instability numerical analyses of the H-section cold-formed steel arches. To validate the accuracy of the finite element modeling method, the comparison between various finite element methods were conducted. Utilizing the finite element analysis software ABAQUS, eight sets of H-section cold-formed steel arch models with different lateral brace spacing are established. Based on the finite element results, linear and non-linear buckling analyses was performed. The results indicated that the bracing spacing has little influence on the structural stability when in-plane instability is main instability mode for Hsection cold formed steel arches. While, when out-of-plane instability is the main instability mode, the larger the bracing spacing of H-section cold formed steel arches is, the worse its structural stability is. It is also shown that wind load often plays a determining role in practical engineering, where inelastic and initial imperfection exists

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Volume: Issue: 5

Article: A brief account on COVID-19

Pinky Sultana
Vol 3, Issue 5 ;
North American Academic Research, 3(5) 458-567, 2020, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3841475

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Abstract: COVID-19 is a novel coronavirus, a pathogen that has caused a pandemic with an outbreak in Wuhan in Hubei province of China in late December of 2019. It belongs to Betacoronavirus genera and shares similarity with SARS-CoV & MERS-CoV. It consists of a single stranded RNA genome which is comparatively larger than other family viruses. Its origin is known to be from bats. It is transmitted from human to human via droplets or close contact and has incubation period of 2-14d. Symptoms are generally fever, cough and fatigue for mild cases, however it progresses to multi organ dysfunction, pneumonia, acute respiratory distress syndrome and even death. Asymptomatic people are also considered as potential transmitters. The virus has spike glycoproteins (S) that gains entry to the host cells by binding to receptors Angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2). Till now no drugs have shown promising results, and efforts are being made for a fast development of therapeutics. This review briefly describes the impact of COVID-19 pandemic.

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Volume: Issue: 5

Article: Technical Efficiency and Productivity of Private Commercial Banks in Bangladesh through DEA Approach

Shofiqul Islam, Dr. Jianhong Tao, Md. Zakaria Hossain, Alvina Akter
Vol 3, Issue 5;
North American Academic Research, 3(5) 443-457, 2020, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3841330

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Abstract: The present study examines the efficiency and productivity of 18 private commercial banks in Bangladesh by using a Malmquist Productivity Index (an extension of Data Envelopment Analysis) with a balanced panel data over the years 2013 to 2017. The empirical findings suggest that Bangladeshi private commercial banks have decreased their average annual productivity by 3.0% mainly owing to technical efficiency and technological change. However, technical efficiency decline is due to lack of management effectiveness rather than scale efficiency of the sample banks. The results of the study also indicate that only Eastern Bank Ltd. and Al-Arafah Islami Bank Ltd are found technically efficient during the study period, while remaining sample banks are categorized as inefficient. In the course of examining the productivity changes of the sample banks, this study found only 3 among the 19 banks used in this paper showed total progress in productivity, whereas sixteen banks displayed total decrease in productivity. The major policy implications are further discussed.

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Volume: Issue: 5

Article: The influence of service quality and innovation on customer satisfaction in Electricidade de Timor-Leste (EDTL)

Elisabet dos Santos Freitas, Marcellia Susan
Vol 3, Issue 5 ;
North American Academic Research, 3(5) 361-376, 2020, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3836636

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Abstract: Electricidade de Timor-Leste (EDTL) is a state-owned enterprise which is located in Timor-Leste and engaged in the supply and distribution of electricity for the industrial and household sectors. EDTL was established in 2003 under the Decree-Law No. 13/2003 – Bases of the National Electricity. EDTL ensures the satisfaction of the basic electricity supply needs for the whole populations, but also for the public and private entities in various sectors of activity through the creation of conditions conducive to the development of each services. Throughout 2019, there were many complains about the supply instability that was supplied by EDTL. which is usually caused by the weather. So that, during the rainy season complain always increases compared to the dry season. The EDTL continues to improve and innovate its services in order to satisfy their customers. From that, this study has “The influence of service quality and innovation on customer satisfaction in Electricidade de Timor-Leste (EDTL)” as a title. Hence, this study is done in order to analyze the customer assessments regarding the quality of service and innovation of Electricidade de Timor-Leste on customer satisfaction; analyze the simultaneous influence of service quality and innovation on customer satisfaction; analyze the partial influence of service quality on customer satisfaction; and as well analyze the partial influence of innovation on customer satisfaction. This study uses 100 respondents who are all EDTL customers with household customer criteria. Some analysis was also done such as descriptive analysis method; validity and reliability test; classical assumption test, F test, and T test. The result showed that the descriptive analysis test of service quality, innovation and customer satisfaction are good; all items are valid and reliable; the classical assumption test are good; from the F test, we can conclude that service quality and innovation influence simultaneously the customer satisfaction; and from the T test, we can conclude that service quality influences partially the customer satisfaction, and innovation influences partially the customer satisfaction.

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Volume: Issue: 4

Article: Review on Anesthetic for Laparoscopic Liver Resection

Mintah Bright Darko , Odowa Yusuf Ahmed , Cai Xiu Jun, Wang Yi Fan
Vol 2, Issue 5;
North American Academic Research, 2(5) 41-52, 2020, : https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3836689

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Abstract: We identify the expansive scope of soporific contemplations that influence the result of patients experiencing laparoscopic liver resection. Key components for great results after laparoscopic liver resection are cautious patient choice and hazard stratification, fitting checking, methods to decrease blood misfortune and transfusion, and dynamic recuperation the board. Albeit a portion of these key components are the equivalent for open liver task, there are explicit soporific contemplations of which both the careful and anesthesia groups must know to accomplish ideal patient results after laparoscopic liver resection. While novel focal points of laparoscopic liver resection commonly incorporate diminished intraoperative dying, transfusion necessities, and a lower occurrence of postoperative ascites, explicit difficulties incorporate administration of the confounded interchange between low-volume anesthesia and expanded intraabdominal weight due to pneumoperitoneum, with extra contemplations in regards to circulatory help to treat intense blood misfortune with requirement for new change at times. This article will address in detail the preoperative, intraoperative, and postoperative analgesic contemplations for patients experiencing laparoscopic liver resection that both the careful and anesthesia group ought to know about to improve results.

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Volume: Issue: 5

Article: Design of Servo Motor Control System Based on SINAMICS S120

Yang Chao , Shuvo Ahammed
Vol 3, Issue 5 ;
North American Academic Research, 3(5) 389-414, 2020, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3836916

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Abstract: Motion control technology is a combined integration system of automation technology and electric drive technology. It integrates the latest achievements of microelectronics technology, computer technology, detection technology, automation technology and servo control technology. This paper is based on the advanced motion control system equipment of Siemens, PLC is programmed by computer software, and the servo motor is further controlled by the servo drive controller. The hardware and software of the system are configured by the software of Siemens, and the touch screen is added to the system. Finally, the servo motor is controlled by the touch screen. The Siemens S120 motion control system realizes the basic positioning function based on the previous system configuration, programming in the software, controlling the speed of servo motor, the speed and position of relative motion, the speed and position of absolute motion and the speed and speed ratio of synchronous motion, realizing the basic positioning function. PLC programming, the design of touch screen interface, through the direct control of touch screen makes the operation of the system more human-oriented, used PLC control servo motor drive controller, servo motor relative motion, absolute motion and synchronous motion control.

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Volume: Issue: 5

Article: Study on Machining Strategy and Vericut Simulation of Centrifugal Impeller Based on Hyper Mill

Li Tiren, Babar Muhammad, Cai Liping
Vol 3, Issue 5 ;
North American Academic Research, 3(5) 349-360, 2020, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3832308

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Abstract: Centrifugal impellers are a centre segment of aircraft engines. The machining nature of the impeller straightforwardly affects its service life and mechanical properties. However, the complexity of the impellor blade surface and the requirement for a high degree of accuracy in the finished product means that the process of manufacture is complicated by the need to afford unimpeded access for the cutting tool. This paper describes research into CNC programming and the use of simulations to control the cutting tools, reducing machining errors due to such factors as distortion, collisions and interference. This is especially important where delicate and intricate machining is required as in the example of centrifugal impellers described in this thesis. Therefore, multi-axis NC machining theory, tool envelope surface theory, error compensation principles, numerical simulation technology, post-processing development for five-axis CNC machine tool of dual turntable, simulation and optimization for NC machining of Centrifugal impeller, planning for machining process of impeller and other technical methods were comprehensively studied.

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Volume: Issue: 5

Article: Overview of Novel Corona virus (COVID-19) and its linkage to economy of Nepal

Bijaya Dhami, Shreyashi Bista, Bipana Maiya Sadadev, Hom Bahadur Chhetri, Anju Poudel, Anjana Lamichhane, Asmita Poudel, Deepak Gautam
Vol 3, Issue 5 ;
North American Academic Research, 3(5) 377-388, 2020, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3836903

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Abstract: Corona viruses are single stranded, enveloped group of viruses which contain RNA genomes. Disease caused by SARS-CoV-2 is termed as COVID-19 which has a nucleic acid identical to some of the beta coronaviruses identified in bats. First identified in Wuhan City, Hubei Province, China, it has been causing an outbreak in 210 countries so far with a huge death toll. The disease is seen to be fatal to human health causing symptoms like Sneezing, Runny nose, Cough, Watery diarrhea, Fever in rare cases, Sore Throat, severe pneumonia. WHO has declared the outbreak as pandemic. It has several adverse impacts including downfall of the world's economy. World's GDP is expected to fall by 2.8%. Along with worlds, Nepal's economy may stumble if the outbreak persists for long. Nepal’s economy is suspected to be facing a drastic compression as Asian Development Bank (ADB) has prognosticated a decline in GDP to 5.3% in fiscal year 2020, down from 7.1% a year earlier. Prolonged cessation in economic activities will result in permanent loss in the economy of the country. Steps with patience to battle the spread of the pandemic are in urgent need.

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Volume: Issue: 5

Article: Bankers’ Work-Life Balance and Organizational Commitment: Exploring the Dominant Factors to Ripple on Job-Family Life Balance

Md. Masum Billah, Dr. Guangqi MA , Md. Rafikul Islam
Vol 3, Issue 5 ;
North American Academic Research, 3(5) 333-348, 2020, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3832290

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Abstract: A widespread challenging issue for any employee is to maintain both family life and the work-life satisfactorily. As the banking sector of Bangladesh is a broad money market for job seekers, controversy is always being found after getting a job with the two integral parts, i.e., family vs. work of their life. The study was designed on three steps process. In Step–1, several bank executives (n=281) were interviewed about a separate 17 items of WLB contents & WLB policy and its impact on the job.

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Volume: Issue: 5

Article: Turbine and Generator are placed on a certain height in Thermal Power Plants- A Cooling Tower case study

Abdul Rouf, Yousaf Ali Naqvi, Muhammad Arslan Iqbal Awan, Waqas Qasir
Vol 3, Issue 5 ;
North American Academic Research, 3(5) 325-332, 2020, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3832225

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Abstract: This paper presents that the cooling towers are the most valuable equipment in industries usually to dissipate residual process heat loads at a very reasonable cost. Apart from providing inexpensive and excellent heat transfer media they play an essential role to lower the 1heat rate or increase the efficiency of the complex within certain temperature limits. As world’s population & industry is growing day by day energy conservation has become as necessary as other super essential priorities. Hence Cooling Towers are designed to conserve & re-use water intakes through recirculation in order to remove process heat with minimum water losses.

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Volume: Issue: 5

Article: Assessment of Possibilities of Ecotourism Development around Jagadishpur Lake

Kamal Pathak, Hom Bahadur Chhetri, Solank Shrestha, Sandhya Karki, Dinesh Adhikari, Saru Gahatraj, Pawan Karki, Catherine Mhae B. Jandug
Vol 3, Issue 5 ;
North American Academic Research, 3(5) 313-324, 2020, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3831108

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Abstract: Wetlands cover 5% area of Nepal. There are many natural and artificial wetlands in Nepal. Out of them, Jagadishpur is the largest artificial lake and important wetland, located in Kapilvastu district. Despite the high potential for tourism development and close proximity to the Lumbini World Heritage site, this lake is less known to national and international visitors. Thus, this study was carried out to assess the possibilities of eco-tourism around this lake. Household survey, key informant survey and focus group discussion were carried out to know the people’s perception, issues and challenges for tourism development. Collected data were analyzed qualitatively. Jagadishpur along with the other nearby historical places like Sagarhawa, Tilaurakot, Gotihaw, Niglihawa, etc. have a high potential for eco-tourism development. Bird watching was found to be most feasible, followed by the Jeep Safari and boating. Other ecotourism activities like Tharu culture, homestay can also be developed. However, poor tourism infrastructure development, marketing capacity of local people on visitor management, etc. have been addressed as the issues in the study area. However, people and stakeholders are willing to sort out this problem and willing to involve in ecotourism activities. It is recommended that awareness programs by providing various skill development programs and workshops related to tourism, the information center and involvement of the private sector in the promotion of ecotourism in and around the site.

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Volume: Issue: 5

Article: Advancement of Iron Deficiency Anemia in Ulcerative Colitis

Dr. Bijan Chandra Talukder , Dr. Xiaolan Zhang , Dr. Zheng Libo
Vol 3, Issue 5 ;
North American Academic Research, 3(5) 254-274, 2020, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3819425

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Abstract: Ulcerative colitis (UC) is the chronic relapsing multifactorial gastrointestinal inflammatory bowel disease, which is characterized by bloody or mucus diarrhea, tenesmus, bowel distension, anemia. Iron-deficiency anemia (IDA) is the most common reason for anemia in patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), especially in UC patients. However, the majority of those patients are not often treated. Blood loss cannot be matched by decreased duodenal iron absorption, creating a negative iron balance, which is very common in UC patients. More than a third of anemic ulcerative colitis (UC) patients are not tested for IDA and among those tested and management properly. Iron enacts a key part of hemoglobin in erythrocytes and of myoglobin in muscles, which in combination contain approximately two-thirds of the total body iron. Systemically by several mechanisms is regulated of body iron homeostasis, among which is the pivotal interaction of the liver-derived peptide hormone hepcidin with the major cellular iron exporter ferroprotein(FPN). In assessment, all through states of iron deficiency, hypoxia and anemia, the synthesis of hepcidin is blocked which will boom serum iron stages. At the moment, oral iron therapy is typically desired for sufferers with quiescent IBD and mild iron-deficiency anemia. Nonetheless, restrained records are available on premier therapeutic begin and cease factors for treatment of anemia. But, extra prospective studies are nevertheless warranted to decide the most useful therapy in complicated conditions consisting of UC. This article will focus on the new insights into the IDA in UC.

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Volume: Issue: 5

Article: Preliminary analysis of anemia in patients with active ulcerative colitis

Dr. Bijan Chandra Talukder , Dr. Xiaolan Zhang , Dr. Zheng Libo
Vol 3, Issue 5 ;
North American Academic Research, 3(5) 234-253, 2020, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3819418

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Abstract: The study objective is to investigate the degree and type of anemia in patients with active Ulcerative Colitis(UC). Methods: Retrospective investigation of clinical data of UC patients admitted to the department of gastroenterology of the second hospital of Hebei medical university from March 2014 to January 2018. 152 patients with ulcerative colitis and 44 controls were included. According to the Improved Mayo Scoring System and Montreal Classification, UC patients were further divided into different group. The currently used World Health Organization (WHO) definition of anemia applies also to patients with UC. Statistical package for social sciences (SPSS) software was used for statistical analysis. Result: The prevalence of anemia in the ulcerative colitis patients was higher as compared to the controls (58.6% vs 21.4%, P 0.01). The prevalence of anemia in females in ulcerative colitis patients is higher as compared with the males (P=0.017). But there is no different in ages. In the ulcerative colitis patients having anemia, 60 cases (67.42%) had mild anemia, 27 cases (30.34%) had moderate anemia and 2 cases (2.25%) had severe anemia. Microcytic anemia was 40.44% (36 cases), normocytic anemia was 44.94% and macrocytic anemia was 14.62%. In the UC patients, mean corpuscular volume (MCV) is smaller than that in the controls (P=0.014) and red blood cell distribution width(RDW-CV) is bigger (P=0.036). There was no significant difference between the range of UC and anemia. However, the more sever of UC, the more sever of anemia. Conclusion: 1. The prevalence of mild and moderate anemia in UC is common, particularly in female patients. 2. The prevalence of iron deficiency anemia and mix anemia were common.3. The more sever of UC, the more sever of anemia. 4. In the UC patients, MCV is smaller and RDW-CV is bigger as compared to controls.

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Volume: Issue: 5

Article: Influence of Heat Treatment on Compressive Strength of Special Aluminum AlloysAU5GT, AS7G06

Saeed Jamal , Dilawar Ali Khan , Muhammad Imran , Mirza Muhammad Abubakar Baig , Abdul Rouf
Vol 3, Issue 5 ;
North American Academic Research, 3(5) 275-287, 2020, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3828065

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Abstract: Potentially sensitive materials have structural strength to tolerate loads be disposed to shrink dimension. the target of existing study is to associate the compressive strength of two material (AU5GT and AS7G06), which are utilized in diverse structural applications At quite few heat treatment sequences, it's problematic to conclude the compression strength of subsequent aluminum mixtures. Specimens are heat treated first as per premeditated progressions, later compression testing is implemented. Compression test is piloted in accordance with ASTM E9- 09 standard method on three samples with and bereft of heat treatment for separately sequences. Solution zing on trials is ended at perpetual period and temperature to achieve homogenization. Then, the aging treatment is conceded at diverse heats from 100 to 200 ° C (different intervals) for a particular period of your time to perceive the influence of the rigidity of the precipitation and thus increase the resistance. Sample compressive strength is decided using Universal Testing machine for every heat treatment cycle. The heat-treated AS7G06 displayed insignificant distortion, but the heat-treated model revealed enlarged AU5GT aluminum composite strength. Since slush, because it's very difficult to emerge as a rise in temperature precipitation, results in the harder areas of whole grains. Unsurprisingly, hardness also showed a rise in proportion. Analyze the fracture surface employing a stereomicroscope and a scanning microscope (SEM) to seek out the last sort of brittle, soft or transient fracture (combination of brittleness and ductility).

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Volume: Issue: 5

Article: A political economic analysis on the development of Chinese film industry from 1994 to 2017

Le Thi Diem Huong
Vol 3, Issue 5 ;
North American Academic Research, 3(5) 301-312, 2020, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3828078

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Abstract: In 1994, the Chinese film industry was opened to the world. The government transformed the most important propaganda means of the Party into a commercial culture industry. Though, the state still controls the industry by using cultural protective policies to not only protect domestic industries but also protect the distinctive nature of the culture from global intervention. Nevertheless, as an unexpected case in the globalization aftermath, the Chinese film industry not only wins over the imported movies in the domestic film market but also the second-largest film market in the world. Accordingly, the thesis examines the elements that contribute to this such incredible success. Locating the Chinese film industry in the world within globalization, this thesis discusses the following research questions: What are the elements that help the Chinese film industry in achieving its success? To answer the question, there are three sub research questions that the paper would study in each chapter of the paper. Did the protectionist policy helps to develop the Chinese film industry under the influence of Hollywood movies? What are the characters of Chinese blockbusters? What are the contributions of the market’s factors according to Litman’s model that help the Chinese film market share surpass Hollywood movies? By using a historical-political analyzing method to approach the research question, the thesis was organized as 3 main chapters. The findings are found by conducting an in-depth analysis of China’s film policies based upon reliable data incorporating with a historical perspective. Popular protective policies such as quota policies, screen policies, subsidies contribute to supporting the film domestic market to have space to develop while the censorship was the only policy that effectively helps protect the domestic culture from Hollywood’s influence. Analyzing the success of the movie “The Wolf Warrior 2” reveals “Chinese patriotism with Hollywood characteristics” which could be the new theme for Chinese blockbuster to develop in the future. The contribution of private corporations in the industry still limited to the exhibition market. Broaden the presence of private companies in other aspects such as production and distribution would help the Chinese film market stronger and more integrated, which is important to stand out in the world film market.

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Volume: Issue: 5

Article: Bilateral Trade in Sri Lanka Under Generalized System of Preference(GSP)

Maduranga Pushpika Kumara Withanawasam , Wang Shaoyuan
Vol 3, Issue 5 ;
North American Academic Research, 3(5) 211-233, 2020, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3819489

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Abstract: The major objective of this thesis is to examine the impact of GSP on the Sri Lankan export sector. Trade data come from the Report of Central Bank Sri Lanka dataset and cover all the available bilateral exports between 25 top export countries over the period 1985 – 2005. Overall, markets receive at least 83% of Sri Lanka's exports. The estimation covers 25 countries with one dependent variable and 16 explanatory variables and all variables are expressed natural logarithm. Trade values are reported in millions of dollars. Population, GDP, REER, and Land Size data have been obtained from a standard source, The World Bank 's World Development Indicators. The study used CEPII data for the country-specific variable: distance. The GDP of Sri Lanka and its trading partners, Population of the provider countries, had a positive influence on Sri Lankan's exports. These results had a positive impact on Sri Lanka's GDP exports, which resulted in higher returns. The results also suggested that Sri Lankan exports were positively influenced by an increase in GDP in the providers' countries; the higher the income in providers' country, the greater the volume of Sri Lankan exports. The distance, REER and Land variables between Sri Lanka and the providers' countries had its expected sign. The GSP variable is highly significant and positive. This implies that the providers' country that has GSP with Sri Lanka can affect Sri Lanka's exports.

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Volume: Issue: 5

Article: Design of flexible reconfigurable patch antenna using fluid metal alloys and PDMS

Iddrisu Awal
Vol 3, Issue 5 ;
North American Academic Research, 3(5) 200-210, 2020, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3818164

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Abstract: Reconfiguration antenna and phase, there is a need for “reconfigurable antenna” in driven by various industries aviation, telemetric, satellite communication, etc…But above all wireless communication and defense surveillance lead the new trend. With 5G in our meets a new wireless communication infrastructure requires very high radio frequency exceeding 20 GHz; at these frequencies radio waves start to behave like light beams. They are most easily blocked by obstructing structures reflect on surfaces, etc…the results is none uniform coverage throughout the city making difficult for mobile device maintain good reception. The problem it even worse when mobile devices transmitting their signals back to the station because they tend to use low power transmitter when the signal is transmitted it might not make it to the receiving tower that also depend on where the mobile device is located. A reconfigurable antenna can be made by putting small micro switches between elements of a complex antenna buy turning the switches on and off different part of the antenna are allow to radiate providing changes in the radiation pattern by quickly switching the antenna elements on and off the antenna move between several radiation pattern and find the one with better reception this makes it “smart”

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Volume: Issue: 5

Article: PETROGRAPHY OF UPPER NARI FORMATION, GANDRI JABAL, PAKISTAN

Muhammad Paryal , Agheem.M.H , Gulfam Hussain, Muzafar Ali Kalwar , Majid Hussain , Hussain Asghar
Vol 3, Issue 5 ;
North American Academic Research, 3(5) 178-199, 2020, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3817540

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Abstract: The petrographic study has been well carried out in order to understand the mineralogical and geochemical characteristics of the Nari Formation at “Gandri Jabal” section near Nooriabad, Jamshoro. The formations were found to be mainly composed of sandstone, limestone, shale and variegated clays in the studied section. Sandstones are compact to semicompact, ferruginous, fine to coarse grained and range from pinkish, reddish, brownish to camel in color. It was unusual that one bed of camel colored limestone with maga fossils was observed in the upper part of the formation. Petrographic study of the Gandri Jabal Section, Upper part of Nari Formation on the texture of most of the samples is medium to coarse grained as well as the shape of the grains is angular to sub-angular. Dominant cementing material is calcite along iron oxide. It was further justified by geochemical analysis of major elements through automated Scanning Electron Microscopy Energy Dispersive Spectrometer (SEM-EDS), that the highest peak was silicon (Si), the second dominant peak was of calcium (Ca), and a third dominant peak was fermium(Fe). This mean that the major mineral constituent was quartz and within the sandstone the cementing material is calcite and iron oxide, and highly calcium (Ca) bed found means that major mineral constituent was Calcite within mega fossils limestone. These finding demonstrate that majority of the lithologic units of this formation are daltatic or beach and one bed is in Marine environment as considered by earlier workers. The samples having higher proportion of quartz grains belonging to quartz arenite category. Hence it is concluded based on the shape of detrial quartz grains, that the source of these sediments neither came from northern Himalayan nor from Indian shield, but very likely came from the western highlands and on the basis of the present rock fragments, we conjecture that source is igneous, sedimentary or metamorphic

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Volume: Issue: 5

Article: Study and Design of HVAC System for Cooling Load Calculations

Zunaira Anum
Vol 3, Issue 5 ;
North American Academic Research, 3(5) 143-159, 2020, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3815160

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Abstract: The purpose of this study is to determine and design an HVAC system for a university section. The design part includes heating & cooling load calculations, equipment selection, and ducting & piping. In conducting this study, the objective was to perform the manual load calculation procedure, in order to understand the complications involved in it, familiarity with the terms involved and to know what the calculation procedure. It was also planned and compared the results of the evaluated calculations with the application of the load calculation software.

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Volume: Issue: 5

Article: Effects of Seedlings Transplanting Time on The Growth And Yield of Onion at Different AEZs

M. A. Khan , M. M. Ahmed , M. M. Rahman , M.N.A.Chowdhury
Vol 3, Issue 5 ;
North American Academic Research, 3(5) 160-177, 2020, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3815288

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Abstract: This work was conducted during the winter season of 2017-2018 to determine the appropriate seedlings transplanting time at two AEZs on the yield and quality of onion bulbs (BARI Piaz-1). There were six levels of seedlings planting time such as T1: 15 November, T2: 30November, T3: 15 December, T4: 30 December, T5: 15 January and T6: 30 January and two Agro-ecological zones (AEZs) such as L1: Bogura (AEZ-4) and L2: Lalmonirhat (AEZ-2) in the experiment. The field trial was placed at the experimental farms of Spices Research Centre, Bangladesh Agricultural Research Institute (BARI), Bogura and Spices Research Sub-Centre, BARI, Lalmonirhat. The experiment was laid out in a randomized complete block design of factorial concept with three replications. The results revealed that seedlings transplanting times, AEZs and their combined effects had significant effect on the parameters studied with minor exception. The values for plant growth, onset of bulbing, incidence of bolting, maturity date, splitting & bolter bulbs and dry matter content of leaves were gradually decreased with the passage of transplanting time. Longer cold period facilitated for increasing of bolting at earlier stages of transplanting. But yield attributes and yield were increased up to the third transplanting time. After that it was decreased. However, due to inferior incidence of bolting, transplanting on 30 December exhibited the best performance for producing quality bulbs. Because of higher temperature and long day length, no bolting was occurred from 15-30 January. For the same reasons, transplanting seedling on 15-30 January gave poor yield of onion. Onion bulbs bolted bear hard centers that deteriorates quality and also decreases the market value of that bulb. The higher values of plant growth, onset of bulbing, incidence of bolting, splitting & bolter bulbs were obtained from Lalmonirhat due to longer cold period prevailing in Lalmonirhat. Hence, considering the incidence of bolting, Bogura performed better for the yield attributes, yield and quality of onion. The combined effect of 30 December and Bogura gave the best quality of yield attributes and yield of onion. Differences in weather conditions between onion growing locations affect bulb quality. The experiment may be repeated at more AEZs to confirm the consistent results.

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Volume: Issue: 5

Article: Sustainability of the Textile and Clothing Industry of Bangladesh Based on Existing Practice in Chinese Textile and Clothing Industry

SURAIYA HAMIDI, MR ZHU XIAOYU, MD. OSMAN GONY BIPLOB
Vol 3, Issue 5 ;
North American Academic Research, 3(5) 125-142, 2020,https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3782558

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Abstract: The garment industry has become a pillar of Bangladesh's economy. More than 3 million people work in the garment and textile industries. The ready-made clothing industry (commonly known as RMG) accounts for nearly 81 per cent of Bangladesh's total exports. In countries that have not traditionally worked outside the home, this sector was the first to provide large-scale employment opportunities for women. However, the diversity of these challenges and the difficulty to overcome raises the question of the sustainability of their current growth and its future growth. The sustainability of this large industrial sector must be promoted. While the world's clothing markets and companies focus on environmentally friendly products, Bangladesh's clothing and textile industries go far beyond it, posing a risk of losing the world market. The time has come for a special strategy and a sustainable approach. The study highlights the measures that need to be taken to achieve sustainability. In terms of the working environment, Bangladesh's garment industry is currently facing enormous challenges. Fire accidents, recent building collapses, minimum wages and many other problems are closely related to the sustainability of the textile and garment industry. At the same time, China is the world's largest producer of textiles and RMG. Although they have had such problems recently, they have taken enormous steps to alleviate all these major problems associated with the textile and garment industries and to promote their industrial and national economies. Therefore, the purpose of this paper is to find out the current problems and strategies to solve them according to the existing practice of China's textile industry.

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Volume: Issue: 5

Article: A Comparison Study between Chinese Woman’s Wedding Dress and Bangladeshi Woman’s Wedding Dress Saree

MD OSMAN GONY BIPLOB, MRS HOU SHANSHAN, SURAIYA HAMIDI
Vol 3, Issue 5 ;
North American Academic Research, 3(5) 104-124, 2020, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3782554

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Abstract: Since ancient times, as a national symbol and cultural development, wedding dress plays a very important role in national research. In addition, people can better understand the history of human society and explore the basic laws of the development of human society through a large number of gorgeous wedding dresses. In the development of human society, many wedding dresses have experienced various changes. As a basic model, the "six etiquette" has not changed much in China, and it is still the essential core of marriage customs. In Bangladesh, effective marriage should experience proposal, choose a day and hold a wedding. The most important aspect of marriage is wedding dress. This paper will discuss the different aspects of women's wedding dress in the two countries Chinese woman’s wedding costume and Bangladeshi women’s wedding dress Saree. Due to different cultural origins, religious concepts and geography, there are different procedures, different clothes, different activities, different colors and different wedding ceremonies between China and Bangladesh. Due to cultural exchanges, China and Bangladesh have some similarities and differences in wedding dress. This article will also discuss some similarities and differences and absorption of wedding culture between China and Bangladesh. By comparing these processes with some related stories, we can easily find the difference. Generally speaking, women's wedding dresses of the two countries give us the impression of romanticism, freedom and fairness.

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Volume: Issue: 5

Article: Railway noise- affecting the Humans and Microbial

Ma Jinsheng , Asif Mahmood
Vol 3, Issue 5 ;
North American Academic Research, 3(5) 28-42, 2020, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3777231

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Abstract: Railway is considered one of the cheap, eco-friendly and comfortable means of transportation. They are demolishing the natural sceneries, led to death or declining the wildlife inhabitants and producing an intolerable noise. The noise produced by railway is of high frequency and sound pressure level (SPL). The peaceful sound of the park and the high speed railway noise are recoded to evaluate their SPL by the sound spectrum curves. The sound pressure level (SPL) of the peaceful environment is around 42 dB and for the high speed train running at 300 km/h has a value of about 82 dB. The noise generated by high speed railway with high SPL produced inhibition phenomenon in the growth and the production of the microbial. Also, the exposure of railway noise disturbing the routine of human beings and caused many diseases. The impacts of the high speed railway noise exposure on the microbial can be described experimentally by using acoustic chamber. Low frequency sound exposure produces positive effects while higher frequency sounds (noise) exhibit inhibition and destructive phenomenon in the growth rate of the microbial. In literature, most of the authors studied on the effects of audible sound on the microbial, but there is not much work has done to investigate the effects of railway noise exposure on them. This article presents the impacts of noise generated by railway on the human and microbial.

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Volume: Issue: 5

Article: Methods to Increase the Grinding Efficiency of Spices – A Review

S. Karthigayini, S. Sahana, K.G.A. Goonasekere
Vol 3, Issue 5 ;
North American Academic Research, 3(5) 43-55, 2020, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3780393

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Abstract: This paper aims to review the current improvements in the grinding process of spices. Grinding is an important step in postharvest processing of spices. Therefore, it requires special attention in preserving aroma and flavor compounds present in them. Overall temperature increases significantly during grinding which results in loss of a considerable fraction of aroma and flavor components in spices. During grinding, quality of spices is often limited by thermal damage to the ground component. The amount of heat entering the workpiece must be controlled in order to avoid thermal damage. This is one of the main limitations of the grinding process which is to be important to understand how to overcome the factors which affect the grinding temperature. There are several methods that are efficient for different types of spices available in the world. Therefore, it is important to use correct technologies and measures to secure the quality of the spice product.

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Volume: Issue: 5

Article: Effect of various plant growth regulators on in vitro plantlet regeneration from different explants of Citrus sinensis (L.)

Md. Tauhidul Islam, Sumon Karmakar, Mutasim Billah, Nazmus Sakib, Md. Faruk Hasan, Md. Asadul Islam, Biswanath Sikdar, Uzzal Kumar Acharjee
Vol 3, Issue 5 ;
North American Academic Research, 3(5) 55-69, 2020, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3780446

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Abstract: The present investigation was intended to establish an effective protocol for direct shoot regeneration as well as root induction of Citrus sinensis using seed germinated shoot tip and nodal segments. Surface sterilization of explants was attributed with NaOCl (Sodium hypochloride) in shoot tip and nodal segments for successful contamination free culture. For direct shoot proliferation, nodal segments and shoot tips showed effective results when it cultured aseptically on MS (Murashige and Skoog) medium containing different concentrations and combinations of BAP (Benzylamino purine), GA3 (Gibberellic acids), NAA (Naphthalene acetic acid) and IAA (Indole acetic acid) the best result was observed in the combination of 1.5mg/l BAP+ 0.2 mg/l GA3. The explants were inoculated on MS medium supplemented with 8g/l Agar and 30g/l sucrose, different combination and concentration of plant growth regulators was used for plantlet regeneration. Root induction has also done here using various concentration of IAA hormone. The highest number of root induction was found to be MS containing 2.0mg/l IAA. Induced roots were elongated properly at the same hormonal concentration after two weeks of inoculation. From the above findings, it is suggested that different hormonal concentration and combination has significant effect on the propagation of sweet orange plant. The established protocol would be helpful for direct plantlet regeneration as well as proliferation of this valuable fruit crop plants.

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Volume: Issue: 5

Article: Status and outlook of Solar Photovoltaic Energy utilization in Pakistan – A review

Zunaira Anum , Zeshan Abbas , Rabia Khatoon
Vol 3, Issue 5 ;
North American Academic Research, 3(5) 85-103, 2020, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3780520

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Abstract: To overcome the shortage of energy, Pakistan must develop its own indigenous energy resources, such as hydropower, solar and wind energy. Pakistan is in an area of one of the highest solar streams in the world. This great potential can be exploited to produce electricity, which can be presented to cold communities in the hilly areas of the north, south, and western deserts. Consequently, this paper discusses the situation and prospects for the use of photovoltaic energy in Pakistan. In this energy scenario, the PV energy shares are in the range of a fraction of a percentage compared to total conventional energy supplies. Main emphasis in this study has been given on presentation of data about photovoltaic energy (PV) installations in the country, the on-going activities, development projects, PV planning and accomplishments of public sector PV institutions and organizations. Fortunately, Pakistan is among those regions where sunlight warms the surface throughout the year and therefore has a strong force of generating solar energy.

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Volume: Issue: 5

Article: Numerical investigation of impact of various wind loads on the structural stability and strength of solar panel supporting structure

Muhammad Waqas, Dilawar Ali Khan , Waleed Ahmad , Abdul Rouf , Rozeena Aslam , Saeed Jamal
Vol 3, Issue 5 ;
North American Academic Research, 3(5) 70-84, 2020, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3780500

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Abstract: Nowadays, the uses of renewable energy resources are growing rapidly. Several renewable resources such as hydro, wind, solar and tidal are commonly used all over the world. Following this trend, the implementation of large area solar arrays is considered to be necessary. Several design methodologies and approaches have been accessible in order to obtain maximum efficiency of solar panel supporting structure. In this study, Finite Element Method (FEM) was established to investigate the impact of various wind loads on the structural reliability and strength of solar panel supporting structures. The wind speeds of 20 m/s, 25 m/s, 30 m/s, 35 m/s and 40 m/s were used for the analysis of solar panel supporting structure. Wind loads were also calculated by mathematical approach. The results show that solar panel structure was significantly affected by wind loads applied on the surface of solar PV module. The results obtained from the FEM analysis that total deformation and maximum equivalent stresses were increased by increasing the wind loads. The maximum value of equivalent stress can be found at joint sections of solar panel supporting structure and total deformation is higher at centre of the structure as well as at base of the structure. The maximum and minimum value of equivalent stress 62.866 Mpa and 15.75 Mpa can be found at 40 m/s and 20 m/s respectively. Similarly, maximum and minimum value of total deformation 0.3631 mm and 0.0911 mm can be found at 40 m/s and 20 m/s respectively. The knowledge of stress distribution and deformation play a vital role for structure designs, stability and strength of hydro solar panel supporting structure.

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Volume: Issue: 5

Article: Financial Development and Economic Growth: The Evidence of Sri Lanka

Maduranga Pushpika Kumara Withanawasam, Wang Shaoyuan
Vol 3, Issue 5 ;
North American Academic Research, 3(5) 11-27, 2020, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3774740

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Abstract: Individual countries and panels of countries have been studied the association between financial development and economic growth using different methodologies. There are three kinds of results — first one unidirectional relationship second one bidirectional relationship and third one no relationship at all. Studies of Sri Lanka have insufficient; there have different ideas of conclusions and one unique method they have applied the papers. The purpose of the paper is to realize the relationship between financial development and economic growth in Sri Lanka. The annual data sets are used in 1947 to 2016 period of the Sri Lankan economy. This thesis has ten variables that can be obtained from the Central Bank Reports of Sri Lanka from 1950 to 2016. In this thesis, the unit root test, the vector error correction model (VECM) and the Chow test method are used to perform the tasks. In between short and long-term decisions, it can be used VECM and, eventually, by economic or political policy changes or unexpected economic shocks, can be used chow tests. The study found that the causal relationship between Money Supply (M2), Loan (LOAN), Investment (INVEST), Government Debt (GD), Current Account Balance (CAB), Consumer Price Index (CPI), Average Weight Deposit Rate (AWDR) to the Gross Domestic Product (GDP). There are no short-term causal relationships from Loans (loans), Government Debt (GD), Current account balances (CAB), Consumer Price Indices (CPI) and Average Weight Deposit Rate to the Gross Domestic Product. The conclusion of the objective reaffirms that M2 and economic stability are of great importance in Sri Lanka. The factors that affect Sri Lanka's long-term financial development and economic growth are then identified. Developing Sri Lanka as a Financial Center, it will be a catalyst for economic growth and greater international trade. So, involvement Financial Center and Port City, Sri Lanka can be maximized their economic growth and financial development.

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Volume: Issue: 5

Article: Containerization, Box Logistics and Global Supply Chains: The Integration of Ports and Liner Shipping Networks in Asia

Mazharul Islam Khan Mazu, MD. Shahidul Islam, Abu Rayhan
Vol 3, Issue 5 ;
North American Academic Research, 3(5) 1-10, 2020, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3772170

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Abstract: The investigation of ports in store network frameworks is a developing zone of significance which has attracted more consideration from analyst’s late years. This paper presents another viewpoint in this exploration zone by looking at the calling examples of compartment delivering administrations so as to comprehend the elements of port availability and between port connections in the stockpile chains. Observational proof is drawn from four significant ports in East Asia, to be specific Shanghai, Busan, Kaohsiung and Ningbo. The investigation recognizes the transportation limit, exchange courses and land areas associated with the ports, delivering lines included, and the extensity and force of between port connections among the four compartment ports from liner dispatching system's viewpoint. The discoveries show that the majority of the transportation limit utilized on the significant east–west exchange courses became non-selective and included calls at least two of the four ports. Port organizers, terminal administrators and bearers could gain by circumstances through misuse of integral connections that exist among the chose ports, for example, offering a bundle for delivery lines to call at an arrangement of terminals claimed by a similar terminal administrator. Strategy and research suggestions just as proposals are talked about for different partners worried about port arranging and territorial turn of events.

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Volume: Issue: 4

Article: A Meta-Analysis of Effective Supervision on Educational Institutions

Ismail Shinwari , Farmanullah Sultani
Vol 3, Issue 4 ;
North American Academic Research, 3(4) 715-730, 2020, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3767547

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Abstract: Effective supervision is a fundamental part of administration conveyance in social help organizations. Research on the adequacy of school-based projects for anticipating or decreasing forceful conduct was combined with a meta-analysis.

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Volume: Issue: 4

Article: DESIGN OF A BASE-ISOLATION SYSTEM FOR SEISMIC PROTECTION OF BUILDINGS ACCORDING TO SEISMIC ZONE FACTOR OF INDIA

Vinay Soni , Li Haiwang , Tiane , Arif Hossain
Vol 3, Issue 4 ;
North American Academic Research, 3(4) , 1-25, 2020, https://doi.org/ 10.5281/zenodo.3765303

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Abstract: A practical solution to avoid structural damage in building during earthquakes involves the use of base isolation, which consists of decoupling the superstructure from its foundation to reduce transmission of seismic waves from the ground into the structure. The main objective of this paper is to develop a new seismic isolation device containing rubber, steel and spring as well which will react resistive in nature during earthquake and can bare lateral and vertical displacement too which as result will not affect the structure of a building. Device contains mild steel sheet of 2.06% carbon, up to 1.65% of manganese, up to 0.5% of silicon and sulphur and phosphorus as impurities, a die springs which are made up of rectangular wire instead of circular, unlike their ‘compression’ counterparts, a elastomer (rubber) sheet named as KL301 which have Shear modulus of 4300 kPa and the thickness sheet is 20mm with diameter of 182mm are used. Test are on simulation based on sliding condition (earthquake resistive building) and on non-sliding condition (earthquake nonresistive building). The seismic isolation device, which is placed on the plinth level, consists of outer steel plate, rubber plate, inner steel plate and spring braces. Spring box allows for free support of the structure in terms of (1) They can control movement in all directions, (2) They can retain deformation in all directions, (3)They can bare horizontal as well as vertical forces (wind, earthquake) on the structure of a building. As a result of simulation by linear dynamic possessing random vibration and response spectrum analysis test on both the building the mass participation were different on both the building which shows that a building without base isolation system have more damage compared to building with a base isolation device by approx. 27% difference.

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Volume: Issue: 4

Article: Correlation of Glycated Hemoglobin and Testosterone in Chinese men of Henan Province with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

Raiana Jannat Ahsan , Guijun Qin, Yanling Liu , Sakurul Islam
Vol 3, Issue 4 ;
North American Academic Research, 3(4) 708-714, 2020, : https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3765716

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Abstract: In majority of the cases of diabetes the severe and persistent complications contribute to different ailments and even demise. Since the prevalence of diabetes is steadily rising throughout the age range, one-third of type 2 diabetes patients are found to have low levels of testosterone. As glycated hemoglobin acts as a biomarker for the assessment of control and severity of diabetes we focused on determining the correlation between testosterone and glycated hemoglobin in Chinese patients with type 2 diabetes and also to analyze the association between testosterone and glycated hemoglobin in type 2 diabetic, prediabetic patients and control group. Research Design and Method: The testosterone-glycated hemoglobin association was studied in 156 type 2 Diabetes patients, 159 Prediabetes patients and 180 healthy men. In addition to the aforementioned correlation, the association of SHBG and Free testosterone to other factors such as age, BMI, lipid profile, and HbA1c was also analyzed in 3 participant classes. Result : Mean concentration of testosterone in T2DM patients 5.5±2.2 ng/ml is low than Control (6.47±1.4 ng/ml) and Prediabetic group (6.2±2.3 ng/ml) with a P value of less than 0.001 and 0.002 respectively. Free testosterone levels were significantly lower in T2DM patients (11.8±5.9pg/ml) and prediabetic patients (12.6± 5.3 pg/ml) than control group (15.5±3.4 pg/ml) with a P value of less than 0.001 for both. In T2DM patients there was an inverse correlation between testosterone and HbA1c (r= -0.268, P=0.001), BMI (r= -0.29, P<0.001), TC (r= - 0.211, P=0.008), TG (r= -0.33, P=0.001) and positive association with HDL(r= 0.231, P=0.004); SHBG correlated positively with age (r=0.475, P<0.001), HDL (r=0.191, P=0.01) and negatively with BMI (r= -0.392, P<0.001), TG (r=-0.453, P<0.001), TC (r=-0.258, P=0.001) and HbA1c (r=-0.207, P=0.009). Free testosterone correlated negatively with age in all 3 groups of participants. The negative association between testosterone and Glycated hemoglobin persisted even after adjusting for age and BMI. In multiple regression analysis, BMI and HbA1c were identified as independent variable for Testosterone. Conclusion: A significant inverse association between Glycated hemoglobin and testosterone in patients with type 2 diabetes was observed. As HbA1c indicates the glycemic control of past 3 months in type 2 diabetes patient with high level of Glycated hemoglobin is an indicator to check the testosterone level along with other routine tests for determining presence of asymptomatic and dormant complications.

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Volume: Issue: 4

Article: Optimized designed electromechanical system based on eddy current for vibration suppression in cantilevered beam

Zakim Hussain , Ye Xu , Khalid Mehmood , Asif Mahmood , Adnan Waqas , Muhammad Yousaf
Vol 3, Issue 4 ;
North American Academic Research, 3(4) 662-682, 2020, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3764521

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Abstract: Eddy current is produced when a conducting coil started movement through the static magnetic field or when the magnetic field which is time varying moved through the static conducting coil. Such kind of current when passes through the conducting coil, a magnetic field generates having an opposite polarity that resists to change in magnetic flux. The vibrations in vibrating structures ‘using the concept of electromagnetic principle of electromotive force (EMF) combining with a shunt circuit RLC known as electromagnetic shunt damper (EMSD) that dissipate mechanical energy to electrical energy. In this study a newly designed mechanical CAD model along fabricated RLC shunt circuit is used for vibration suppression in cantilever beam. Moreover, some other factors like effect of EMSD distance (1mm, 2mm and 3mm) from coil which is attached with edge of beam and frequency responses on first and second modes are analyzed through experiments and ANASYS simulation. Results revealed that maximum damping ratio 4.92% is achieved at 2mm distance as compare to 1mm (1.93%) and 3mm (1.67%) distance. This work demonstrates that effect of magnetic lines distance from coil play an important role for eddy current generation in electromechanical system for vibration suppression in cantilever beam.

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Volume: Issue: 4

Article: Design of Motion Profile of Stepper Motor for Elevator Using Arduino Uno

Barun Kumar, Prof. Wang shi ying, Atta-Ur-Rehman , Md Ahmed Sanuar Hossain, Khan shahnewaz sohagh
Vol 3, Issue 4 ;
North American Academic Research, 3(4) 683-695, 2020, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3764537

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Abstract: Elevators are one of the most important inventions in human history, are one of the key players in shaping urbanization of our society and required technological advancements to continue their safe and efficient use. Nowadays, many motion profiles are used in an elevator to improve its efficiency and comfortably of human beings. This paper will present the design and simulation of the motion profile of a stepper motor which comprises the use of the Arduino microcontroller and Arduino code to produce optimize motion profile output and it will use in the elevator system to get its high efficiency and accuracy. A timer interrupts program is written in Arduino IDE for stepper motor in point-to-point motion method for a given time to reach its constant acceleration/deceleration and maximum speed. A graph of this motion profile is plotted in excel from the time output of the serial plotter of Arduino IDE versus the speed that is given in the program of the motor.

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Volume: Issue: 4

Article: Improvement overseas customer satisfaction

MUSTAFA FROTAN, EN PING LI
Vol 3, Issue 4 ;
North American Academic Research, 3(4) 697-707, 2020, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3765585

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Abstract: : How to improve the overseas customer satisfaction? This question is the focus of this research. Hence, the aim is on improving overseas customer satisfaction. However, customer satisfaction is the main focus. Customer are the reason we are in business and customer satisfaction is what keeps them coming back. It takes a tremendous effort to gain a new customer and only seconds to lose one. Service must be exemplary if we want to sustain and grow our customer base and ultimately our business. In a small company it is very evident if customers are dissatisfied. People complain directly to the proprietor. The situation is very different in a large company. Customers are dealt with by many different people. There are multiple touch points for any single customer which could cause dissatisfaction – the sales representation, the customer service team, the delivery people, the finance department and so on. The managers of the company undoubtedly have hundreds of customers, possibly scattered around the world, and the only way they can know for sure how satisfied they are by carrying out a survey. This brings with it a number of potential problems and the survey itself is the least of these. Measuring customer satisfaction is easy compared to the task of implementing improvements.

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Volume: Issue: 4

Article: Numerical Analysis on Cooling Fan Characteristics

Dulmina Wijerama
Vol 3, Issue 4 ;
North American Academic Research, 3(4) 651-661, 2020, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3764508

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Abstract: A trial and a numerical examination were led to think about the stream fields of an upgraded hub fan dependent on a business accessible pivotal fan. The PIV estimations showed the external stream field of the hub fan and gave a decent understanding with the 3-D numerical outcomes by subjective and quantitative approvals. Prompt static weight arrangements on the pivoting cutting edges and the streamline examples situated in the rotor part delineated the subtleties of stream qualities in the inward locale of the hub fan, which were accepted to have cozy association with the streamlined clamor age. The time averaged speed and weight arrangements on the estimating plane among rotor and stator uncovered the clamor radiation related with the turbulence kinetic energy (TKE) dispersions just as weight variances prompted by the rotor-stator collaboration. The wind current speed dispersions close to the fan outlet were likewise acquired to break down the blockage impact brought about by the wire direction channel.

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Volume: Issue: 4

Article: Effects of Cryogenic Treatments on Wear Resistance and Lifetime of Gear

Anuj. A. Desai, Dr. Zhang Ruiliang
Vol 3, Issue 4 ;
North American Academic Research, 3(4) 549-565, 2020, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3758784

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Abstract: Wear resistance of metal resources may remain effectually enhanced through deep cryogenic treatments. In this research work, several unfathomable cryogenic treatment circumstances remained contemplating, along contradictory soaked periods among satisfying and moderating. The core aim remains scrutinizing the impacts of unfathomable cryogenic treatment and reconnoitering the affiliation amongst the automatic characterization and the micro-structure of GB 35CrMoV toughen. Firmness then comparative attire proportions of examples stayed estimated from Vickers-hardness trial and the pin-on-disk attire trial, correspondingly. Damaged surfaces remain considered thorough a non-contact visual surfaces profiler. Microstructures stood premeditated through skimming electron optical microscopes (SEM) besides X-ray diffractions (XRD). Important developments in stiffness besides attire confrontation stay experimental for advanced cryogenic soaked periods; the root mean square deviation (RMS) parameters (Sq.) were active for evaluating the impact of unfathomable cryogenic treatment happening damaged superficial jaggedness; the enhancements were recognized toward hastened carbides. The mode of action may be elucidated not individual by way of endorsed impact of unfathomable cryogenic treatments in rottenness kinetics of martensite’s, nonetheless similarly by way of quickening happening the Ostwald seasoning procedure.

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Volume: Issue: 4

Article: Production of fuels and chemicals from biomass : Generated from oil and similar byproducts

Zahid Muhammad, Zhishan Zhang
Vol 3, Issue 4 ;
North American Academic Research, 3(4) 612-627, 2020, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3757038

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Abstract: Natural frameworks can change over inexhaustible assets, including lignocellulosic biomass, starch harvests, and carbon dioxide, into powers, synthetics, and materials. Ethanol and different items are currently gotten from starch crops, for example, corn. Compound based innovation is being worked on for transformation of lignocellulosic biomass (e.g., wood, grasses, and farming and civil squanders) into fuel ethanol. Biomass derived oil (BDO) reforming with CO2 was carried out at 800 C under atmospheric pressure in a tubular fixed bed vertical reactor packed with quartz particles.

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Volume: Issue: 4

Article: Advantage and Disadvantage of Globalization in Cambodia Context

SOEUNG Seyhak
Vol 3, Issue 4 ;
North American Academic Research, 3(4) 566-588, 2020, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3758974

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Abstract: This paper demonstrated the advantage and advantage of globalization in Kingdom of Cambodia Context. In this context, I introduced about the advantage and disadvantage of globalization to Cambodia, what is the challenge that Cambodia facing. This paper also demonstrated the way in which globalization has made Cambodia grow significantly in terms of the expansion in economy, creation more jobs, increased foreign investment and foreign aid, especially case study about poverty reduction. On the other hand, globalization also has impacted Cambodian society by exploiting the Cambodian people in cheap labor forces.

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Volume: Issue: 4

Article: Factors Affecting the Job fulfillment of Employees; A case study of Cement factories industry in Sindh, Pakistan

Imtiaz Ali Mallah, Paras Rani Mahar, Lutif-ul-Rehman, Aalia Aslam, Azra Soomro, Unaib Afzal, Dildar Ali Maree
Vol 3, Issue 4 ;
North American Academic Research, 3(4) 589-611, 2020, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3758987

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Abstract: The purpose of this investigative study is to decide the most persuasive components influencing the activity fulfillment and general occupation fulfillment (GOF) of workers. The study carried out at Cement industry in Sindh, Pakistan. The rewarded workers are essential driver for achievement of the association. Significance and need of fulfilled representatives are inescapable, and their assistance is to build the benefit and hold the association notoriety in each focused market (FM). The information has been gathered through different sources including essential and auxiliary sources, 327 questionnaires were conveyed among the workers of different Cement factories in the distinctive areas of the province. This examination has been led with the graphic and inferential measurements, Pareto investigation and connection coefficient to decide the most powerful factors influencing the activity fulfillment of workers and to break down the connections between the general occupation fulfillment, characteristic, and outward factors which impact the general occupation fulfillment of representatives in Cement factories of Sindh .Open finished inquiries in Likert scale arranged and sorted out to gather the information. The outcomes are very shocking so that the representatives denied the frame sensible pay benefits in solid working conditions, which justify based incidental advantages, accomplishments and gaining from work-itself. Different proposals of this examine exploration are featured and prescribed to the government and to the partners. The constraints and strategy for future heading of research are likewise talked about.

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Volume: Issue: 4

Article: To Use or Not to Use. Investigating M-health Acceptance by Citizens in Malawi Using UTAUT and Trust

Annabelle Gadabu
Vol 3, Issue 4 ;
North American Academic Research, 3(4) 453-489, 2020, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3756213

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Abstract: Personal health management is a relatively new concept in Malawi which allows patients to manage health through mobile health (mHealth). Chipatala Cha Pa Foni (CCPF) project, translated from the Chichewa language to "health center by phone" is a hotline service that serves the general public. However, the use of this service in Malawi is considerably low and few studies have been carried out to investigate factors that influence acceptance and use. This study empirically investigates determinants of acceptance and use using a theoretical model founded on the Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology (UTAUT) and trust. Data was collected using a structured questionnaire from 379 respondents across 3 districts. Using Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) technique, data was analyzed and results showed that trust, effort expectancy, and performance expectancy positively influenced behavioral intentions. Findings also showed that four out of seven mediation effects between several variables including facilitating conditions and social influence were not supported. The results offer empirical support for several elements of the model used in the investigation in line with prior studies. The study offers novel insights into the mediating role of trust between UTAUT constructs and behavioral intentions. Since UTAUT is a fundamental theoretical model in technology acceptance research, modifying the model to suit the patients’ context contributes to growth in health research.

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Volume: Issue: 4

Article: VIETNAM WAR: Why the American Lost in Vietnam War

SUY Bunlay
Vol 3, Issue 4 ;
North American Academic Research, 3(4) 525-535, 2020, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3756278

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Abstract: Vietnam War is thought to be the best-known military conflict after the World War II. This is because of the US’s far-reaching involvement in the war during the 1960s. The Vietnam War originated from the Vietnamese struggle to liberate the country off the French colonization. The United States kept supporting France and by 1954, the Americans were covering approximately 80 per cent of the cost of the French campaign. With fear of the so-called ‘domino theory’ combined with the already massive cost, the Unite States, under Eisenhower administration, did not accept the unified Vietnam ruled by the DRV and began to involve more in the conflict in Indochina. At the end of the story, it was the United States who lost in the war in Vietnam. In this context, it might be questionable how a powerful country like the United States, that defeated the powerful Japanese and ended the World War II, lost in war against a poorlyequipped Vietnam. Therefore, this paper is intended to point out the relevant factors that contribute to the defeat of the United States in Vietnam War.

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Volume: Issue: 4

Article: The importance of leadership training for Head of Department: a study of a public university in Afghanistan

Ismail Shinwari , Sariullah Sari, Farmanullah Sultani
Vol 3, Issue 4 ;
North American Academic Research, 3(4) 509-524, 2020, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3756270

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Abstract: This little research has adapted clearly on the system of identifying comprehensive training prerequisites for HOD and shows the designed plan and activity of a program to generally consider the activity requirements for HOD of universities. Results from a couple of step plans opened those reports and supporting, personnel matters, legitimate issues, expert improvement of HOD. Managers had positioned as the most important preparation required. Benefits of these strategy techniques will reduce issues to get achievement, potential cut off points, ways for up and coming examination, are pondered.

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Volume: Issue: 4

Article: Investigation of Urban Earthquake Disaster Shelter and Relief Base in Bangladesh

MD ARIFUL HOSSAIN, HAIWANG LI, TIANE LI, VINAY SANI, SAID IKRAM SADAT
Vol 3, Issue 4 ;
North American Academic Research, 3(4) 536-548, 2020, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3757278

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Abstract: Bangladesh is a south Asian developing country which is used to struggle with various natural disasters and the earthquake is one of them. Bangladesh is of the most earthquake venerable countries of the world[1] but Bangladesh is ill prepared to tackle the aftermath of any strong earthquake. Geographical location of Bangladesh makes it ideally suited to earthquake. Bangladesh is surrounded by the regions of high seismicity which include the Himalayan Arc and shillong plateau in the north, the Burmese Arc, Arakan Yoma anticlinorium in the east and complex Naga-Disang-Jaflong thrust zones in the northeast.[2] It is also the site of the Dauki Fault system along with numerous subsurface active faults and a flexure zone called Hinge Zone.[2] These weak regions are believed to provide the necessary zones for movements within the basin area. Bangladesh is the world’s most densely populated area, any future earthquake shall affect more people per unit area than any other seismically active regions of the world. Here, I have tried to discuss about the risks of earthquake disaster in Bangladesh and the historical earthquakes that occurred in Bangladesh.

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Volume: Issue: 4

Article: The Economic Benefits and Costs of The China- Uganda Relationship

Arafa Mutimba Nakijoba
Vol 3, Issue 4 ;
North American Academic Research, 3(4) 395-405, 2020, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3753622

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Abstract: This paper examines the economic benefits and costs of the relationship between China and Uganda which originates from Uganda’s post-independence period of 1962. The mutual Uganda–China relations are developing at a steady pace, from the onset of formal diplomatic ties especially after 1986 when president Museveni rose to power. Its varied parts embody historical links, diplomatic relations, multilateral co-operation, trade and investment, and public media engagement. At an equivalent time, there are differences between the two countries that continue to shape ties and distinguish them from China’s relations with other African countries. Uganda is a diversified economy endowed with abundant resources not yet exploited which many foreign investors have had an eye on. China is seen as a key competitor in sectors Uganda views as strategic, as well as being an investor in resources. China has become an influential player in Uganda’s economy and development. This trend has brought opportunities and challenges to both economies, which share a similar global vision. This has made the two emerging countries to work towards closer strategic co-operation that takes account of the structure of bilateral economic ties, domestic diversity and overlapping interests.

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Volume: Issue: 4

Article: Verification of the closed loop current controls of Rotor & Grid side converter (RSC & GSC) model of DFIG based Wind Turbine

MithunMondal , Sudeeppokharel , Md ZannatulArif
Vol 3, Issue 4 ;
North American Academic Research, 3(4) 430-441, 2020, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3753639

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Abstract: The close loop current control consists coupling terms with PI regulator in d & q component of the current. All these current loops based on reference transformation (like DQabc) so on & Phase locked loop so on, that is quit complex thing can be make accurately model as transfer function of second order. The current control model will be compared to the equivalent closed loop current control transfer function by applying the second order system. By this technique, easily can be calculated PI regulator control gain. Then apply the unitary step response for comparing the result between the current control loop & equivalent current control transfer function. Finally, we will be applied the inverse-Laplace transform, where the dynamic behavior is given by natural frequency into the exponential term.

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Volume: Issue: 4

Article: An Evaluation of Grade 12th English Language Textbook for Afghanistan: From Teachers’ Perspectives

Hamza Atifnigar , Mohammad Sharif Hasanzoy , Muhammad Yaqoob Seraj , Zia ur Rahman Zaheer
Vol 3, Issue 4 ;
North American Academic Research, 3(4) 413-429, 2020, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3750386

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Abstract: : Textbook evaluation is the only resolution for developing a standardized curriculum and syllabus in the area of teaching and learning. This paper aims to evaluate grade 12th English textbook entitled English for Afghanistan that has been recently introduced by the Afghanistan ministry of education. This paper also seeks to identify the general attributes and language teaching content of the selected book to see whether it fulfills the needs of grade 12th English language learners. The results of this study bring the attention of curriculum developers, book designers, and policymakers to provide equal priority to each language learning skill and make it appropriate for the age of grade 12th learners. A quantitative approach was used, and data was collected through the five scale Likert style checklist questionnaire adapted from the quantitative study of (Mukundan & Nimehchisalem, 2012). The finding indicates that most criteria of the checklist were aligned with the general attributes of the book, and to the most extent, the book satisfies the needs of grade 12th learners. However, due to its complexity, the book is not suitable for the age of the target students. Furthermore, it was also found from the evaluation of the content of teaching-learning criteria that most of the integrated skills of the English language, including reading, writing, and speaking, were broadly focused and favorable for students. At the same time, listening was not concentrated at all in the textbook.

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Volume: Issue: 4

Article: An Assessment of Climate and Land Cover Changes at Local Level: A case study of Rautahat District, Nepal

Rajesh Sigdel , Om Prakash Prasad Kalwar, Prabin Poudel , Pawan Karki , Jharna Sharma ,Deepa Dahal , Catherine Mahae B. Jandug
Vol 3, Issue 4 ;
North American Academic Research, 3(4) 267-283, 2020, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3750386

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Abstract: This study was carried out in Rautahat District to assess climate and land cover changes at the local level. The main objective was to assess changes in land cover and climatic variables in the Churia and Terai regions of Nepal. The major indicators selected for this study were land cover, temperature, rainfall, river flow, flood, drought and fire. Landsat images of 1989 and 2017, MODIS (Terra and Aqua) and VIIRS fire locations data from 2002 to 2018, CHIRPS rainfall data from 1981 to 2017, MOD11A2 V6 temperature data from 2001 to 2016 and Bagmati river discharges at Pandhere Dovan from1988 to 2015 were used for this study. Similarly, for drought analysis meteorological data from Simara was used. Supervised image classification method was applied to classify Landsat images into forest, agriculture, settlement, bare land and water cover using maximum likelihood algorithm in ERDAS Imagine and changes in land covers were analyzed in ArcGIS. Temperature and rainfall data were extracted from Google Earth Engine and their time series responses were plotted. Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI) was analyzed for drought. Results show that forest area in the district has increased by 8%. Annual rainfall has increased by 3 mm per year and temperature has increased by 0.06oC. Fire incidence has increased by one incidence per year. The year 2012 was extreme drought year having -2.54 SPI value. Similarly, The Bagmati and Bakaiya river beds have expanded by 2.5% per year. The annual water flow in Bagmati River has decreased by 1.84 m3 /s per year.

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Volume: Issue: 4

Article: A Study on Nutrients Accumulation in Agricultural Runoff by Using Organic Manure in Form of Pellets: Case Study of Muyange Marshland in RWANDA

Ronaldo Muvunyi, Rémy Patrick Tumwizere, Félicien Majoro, Concilie Mukamwambali, Anabella K. Umuhoza, Danny Kanamugire and Emmanuel Hagenimana
Vol 3, Issue 4 ;
North American Academic Research, 3(4) 490-508, 2020, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3756242

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Abstract: This paper conducts a comparative experimental analysis to investigate the nutrients accumulation in agricultural Runoff by Using Organic Manure in Form of Pellets. the aim consists of protecting water resources against over enrichment of nutrients from steep agricultural lands, and providing with environmental management practice for sustainable and climate resilient soil fertility management in Rwanda. Different type of household waste was collected and mixed with cow dung, then dried and crushed to make a better experimental sample. The manure laboratory test was conducted to measure the amount of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium to determine its fertilizing value compared to standards of leguminous crops and NPK. A part of manure flour was wetted to form Pellets (size 2cm x 1cm x 0.5cm) which had been used for the fertilizer deep placement (FDP) application in two first sets of land, and the remaining manure was mixed with surface soil “(for fertilizer surface application (FSA)) on another same size of land. Soil samples were collected at a depth of 0-15 cm from the surface. the samples were air dried and ground to pass through a 2 mm sieve. Beans were planted on two sets of land one with FDP and the other with FSA, the same to eggplant on the same size of land. The analysis result of the mixed manure shown that Nitrogen, Phosphorus and Potassium were found to be 0.943%, 0.0197% and 3.93% respectively for which phosphorus was not falling in the standard range of (1.6-4.2) % while others fall in their ranges (0.5-1.9) % and (2.3-12) % respectively [17]. On the other hand, the analyzed runoff from the FSA and FDP fields shown that the concentrations of nutrients (mg/l) were different: in the FSA runoff, nitrate, phosphate and potash were 0.12, 0.32 and 11.8 whereas in the FDP runoff the concentrations were only 0.044, 0.13 and 4.3 respectively. The advantageous result is that manure fertilizer was found to be effective for leguminous crops due to its way of keeping the soil fertility and increasing the water holding capacity. The study concluded that FDP should not be applied to legumes without considering the size of pellets. Large size pellets do not improve the crop yield, moreover, not suitable for the crops. Hence FSA is more acceptable for the vegetables.

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Volume: Issue: 4

Article: Enhancement of mechanical properties of Q-235 high strength steel using heat treatment process

Muhammad Imran , Muhammad Imran Lashari , Muhammad Amir Shahzad , Muhammad Ahmed Khan , Mirza Muhammad Abubakar Baig , Saeed Jamal
Vol 3, Issue 4 ;
North American Academic Research, 3(4) 442-452, 2020, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3753646

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Abstract: Heat Treatment behavior of Q235 high strength steel (HSS) for structural engineering application has been an important research topic in recent years. In this research, a review of high strength steel (HSS) behavior before and after heat treatment is provided. In this study first of all mechanical properties like Ultimate Tensile strength, Yield Strength, Toughness and Hardness are calculated before heat treatment and then performed heat treatment processes like Annealing, Hardening and Tempering and recalculate all above mentioned mechanical properties. As a result, the Ultimate Tensile Strength was increased from 347 MPa to 883 MPA, the Yield Strength was increased from 240 MPa to 750 MPa, the Hardness was increased from 105BHN to 238BHN and the Impact Toughness was lowered. It can be seen that heat treatment process greatly improves the mechanical properties of high strength steel. Therefore, the heat treatment has the advantage that the performance of material can be easily improved without changing the specimen size. In the future, a microstructure analysis of this study can also be performed.

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Volume: Issue: 4

Article: Body perception and body-shaming in China

Pilar Mejía Buenfil
Vol 3, Issue 4 ;
North American Academic Research, 3(4) 406-412, 2020, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3753626

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Abstract: We live in a world that is heavily influenced by media, where they show different body shapes and stereotypes that are taken as beautiful, and indicates that if one person doesn’t fit into that body shape ore stereotypes, then you will not be considered beautiful. In China there have been different challenges to show off a slender body shape, mostly targeted to women, in where different objects are used to show a small waist of thin body, however, this kind of challenges only adds stress and phycological pressure to women to urgently fit in the social media standard that will make them feel beautiful.

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Volume: Issue: 4

Article: Chinese Contemporary Women Ink Artist

Sunanda Rani , Dhaneshwar Shah , Dong Jining ,Wang Meiyan
Vol 3, Issue 4 ;
North American Academic Research, 3(4) 134-145, 2020, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3748819

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Abstract: This research paper focuses on the present situation and the future of Chinese contemporary women ink artist. The art of Chinese painting is famous as an ink painting andhas a long history. There are many renowned male artists from modern times to the present, but we can find documentation of women ink artist. Chinese ink painting is known as Guo Hua, it means the country or national art but the problem is that why there are very few women artists has often been discussed, they did not get recognitions equivalent to male ink artists. The women artists of Chinese ink paintings are always forgotten or ignored. Nowadays the situation is developing, society thought process also changes. Chinese ink painting has many developed forms such as Traditional ink painting, Modern ink painting, Contemporary ink painting, Abstract ink painting, etc. The art environment of Chinese ink painting has entered a new era with new positive prosperity. Women ink artists have also become an important intensity that cannot be ignored in Chinese painting. Contemporary Chinese women ink artist artworks from the subject matter, concept, aesthetic vision, composition, color, all have women an intuitive understanding of social life and different feelings of artistic expression. This paper mainly discussed the challenge, present situation and importance of Chinese women ink artists in present era.

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Volume: Issue: 4

Article: Biosurfactants-Biochar Facilitated Bioremediation of Metal Contaminated Sites: A New era of Sustainable Development

Rabail Zulekha , Riaz Bibi , Zulfiqar Ahmad , Azhar Hussian , Aslam Farooqi, Shaista Andleeb
Vol 3, Issue 4 ;
North American Academic Research, 3(4) 146-186, 2020, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3750241

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Abstract: Anthropogenic activities result in a high quantity of extraction and use of heavy metals. Heavy metals cannot be degraded and hence accumulated in environment, which in turn threatens the soil quality, plants survival and human health. Remediation of heavy metals deserves attention as it is a serious environmental issue but it is impaired the cost of these technologies. Application of biochar for remediation of such processes may provide a new solution. Efficient metal removal from soil matrix involves use of biosurfactants which subsequently help in adsorption and metals remediation by microorganisms immobilized on biochar. This review provides a state of the scientific research on biochar, its production processes, feeds tock condition and application in remediation of metal contaminate sites. As efficiency of this technology is enhanced to 100% removal, according to our present state of knowledge, this would be the first review which addresses the biosurfactants assisted bioremediation by using immobilized microorganism technology. Further research directions are identified to ensure a safe and sustainable use of biochar as a soil amendment for remediation of heavy metals contaminated soils.

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Volume: Issue: 4

Article: A survey on Efficiency and Challenge of Adult Literacy policy in Cameroon

Mounton Njoya Felix
Vol 3, Issue 4 ;
North American Academic Research, 3(4) 284-332, 2020, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3750434

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Abstract: Since it independence, Cameroon has experience several literacy policy reforms. It is important to notice that those reforms came all from certain difficulties encountered when trying to implement each elaborated policy. Currently, the literacy policy in Cameroon is that of Decentralization which means that the Central Government allows each local government to monitor literacy activities at their respective areas. My aim for this paper is to make the policy makers aware of certain difficulties that could prevent the current policy from having good results, and hope that solutions be thought about in order to strengthen it. For the Methodology, I conducted interviews at the Ministry of basic education in Cameroon, precisely the staff in charge of literacy education in Cameroon, and I also interviewed adults literacy educators. At the end of my survey, two things really retain my attention. The first one is that compare to efficiency of the current policy, challenges are too many. The second point is that literacy activities are not really among the main priorities of the government.By writing this paper, my main hope is that it helps the literacy policy makers in Cameroon to strengthen literacy activities

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Volume: Issue: 4

Article: ON CHINA, by Henry Kissinger, New York: Penguin Press, 2012. 604 pp. Softcover $18, ISBN 9780143121312

Tatiana Matias
Vol 3, Issue 4 ;
North American Academic Research, 3(4) 343-347, 2020, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3750443

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Abstract: This article intends to review Henry Kissinger’s book: “On China.” With the rising of China as an economic power and the decline of the American position, the United States is no longer alone on the leading of the international system. Since China has stepped in, the two States need to learn how to share the new international era and make efforts to maintain global peace and order. In this respect, diplomacy has and will continue to play an essential role. Described by the eyes of an American diplomat, this book analyses the history of the Sino-American relations, and its consequences for the global balance of power.

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Volume: Issue: 4

Article: Driving Factors Pushing Cambodia into Vietnam War (1960s-1970s)

Loeun Chhany
Vol 3, Issue 4 ;
North American Academic Research, 3(4) 334-342, 2020, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3750439

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Abstract: Vietnam War, also known as Indochina war, is one of the serious historical tragedies for the Vietnamese and the neighboring countries, Laos and Cambodia. Millions of people died and thousands of houses were destroyed. The war took place from the 1950s to 1970s. This war is commonly known as the competition between the Communist bloc led by Soviet Union and the Capitalist bloc led by the United States. Vietnam’s neighboring country, Cambodia, was positioning as neutral, non-allied to any bloc, yet after the coup to overthrow Prince Sihanouk in 1970, Cambodia declared taking side with Capitalist bloc fighting against the North Vietnamese government which sided with the Communists led by the Soviet Union. This paper will figure out the driving causes which drove Cambodia to shift its neutral position to be sided with the United State-led Capitalist bloc pushing the country deeply into the war causing serious tragedy in Cambodia’s history.

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Volume: Issue: 4

Article: The Impact of Training and Development on Employees’ Performance and Productivity

Md. Rafikul Islam, Dr. Jianhong Tao
Vol 3, Issue 4 ;
North American Academic Research, 3(4) 202-217, 2020, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3750245

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Abstract: Training is the acquisition of knowledge, skills, and competencies because of the teaching of vocational or practical skills and knowledge that relate to specific useful competencies. Organizational skills development is the output of training programs. Employees are the main assets of any organization. Every organization needs well-trained employees for performing the activities effectively and efficiently. Training and development is the continuous process of the organizations that helps to develop the skills, knowledge, and capabilities of every employee. The success of organizations depends on employee performance. At the age of globalization, training is crucial for the competent and challenging business. It is the point that needs to help to enhance the quality of work-life of employees and develop the organization. Training and development are the vital factors of enlightening the employee's performance in every organization. The purpose of the study is to find out the impact of training and development on employee performance and productivity. The study found out that employees are aware of training; employees are motivated through practice and training and development results in higher achievement and productivity. The study suggested that the training and development of all staff should be dynamically followed and made obligatory. The employer should give compulsory training programs for all employees to improve performance. The study decided that there is a need for continuous training and development, taking into deliberation the opposition, market dynamics, customer satisfaction, and net promoter score, among others.

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Volume: Issue: 4

Article: The Usage of Apology and Justification to Repair Integrity and BenevolenceBased Trust Violations in a Stigmatized Social Enterprise

Helen Agbornso Ashu, Xiaobao Peng, Zhang Xuehe, Olayemi Hafeez Rufai , Annabelle Gadubu, Bashiru Ibrahim, Angwi Tassang, Adebayo Olufemi David
Vol 3, Issue 4 ;
North American Academic Research, 3(4) 81-96, 2020, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3743921

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Abstract: This study investigates social entrepreneurs’ management of stigma and trust violations. In a quantitative analysis, the study analyses self-administered questionnaires of three hundred and four (304) consumers of a fictitious food processing enterprise in Cameroon using structural equation modeling and hierarchical regression analysis to confirm the relationship between apology and justification in trust repair. Findings from the study show that in repairing trust and maintaining relationship, the marketing strategy of an organization takes two forms; tendering apology and justification with integrity, benevolence as moderators. The linear regression analysis shows that benevolence has the strongest effect on trust repair than apology, justification and integrity. The study concludes that apology and justification when combined with benevolence and integrity can be much more effective for the repair of trust in a stigmatized social enterprise.

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Volume: Issue: 1

Article: Comparative study on the changes of the livelihood status of fisherman community on inside and outside embankment of Meghna Dhonagoda irrigation project

Md. Motaher Hossain, Md. Wobaidur Rob Tareq, M. Naimul Naser, Mahabuba Akther Charly, Tofael Ahmed Sumon, Gourab Chowdhury, Tasrick Araf, A. K. M. Munzurul Hasan
3, Issue 1; January-2020 ;
Nor. Am. Aca. Res. 2019 : 3(1) : 1-12; y, 2020 ; https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3746546

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Abstract: A comparative study was conducted on changes of the livelihood status of inside and outside of Meghna Dhonagoda Irrigation project. A total of five villages with 135 households head from inside and 134 from outside the embankment were randomly selected on the study area.Due to construction of embankment, 21% fisherman of inside the embankment changed their main profession of catching fish and working as fish trader (12%), fish farmer (3%), small trader (5%) and service (1%), whereas, on the outside of the embankment only 8% of them changed as fish traders (3%) and small traders (5%). All fisherman of outside the embankment use to fish in river, while, 64% and 36% of inside the embankment fish in rivers and pubic ponds with 10-15% share as harvesting cost, respectively. Although communication and other facilities have been developed inside the embankment, in case of fisherman it shows no significance at all. Although loan and health facilities of inside fisherman is marginally higher than that of the outside fisherman (83% and 75% of inside and outside fisherman, respectively have got loan facilities from NGO, Bank and Private etc.), 80% of the outside fisherman own gears and crafts, which was much higher than that of the inside fisherman (44%).Moreover, 41% and 13% of inside and outside, respectively do not possess any crafts and gears, and fisherman from both sides appeared as landless i.e. inside (97%) and outside (100%).Therefore, the study reveals that construction of embankment is considerably changing the socio-economic condition of inside fisherman than that of the outside.

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Volume: Issue: 4

Article: Disability as Diversity: Hiring Behaviors of Human Resource Specialist

Muhammad Zohaib Khan, Dr. Khalid Mahmood Iraqi
Vol 3, Issue 4 ;
North American Academic Research, 3(4) 117-133, 2020, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3746402

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Abstract: People with disabilities can be an effective human resource for the country regardless of their disabilities. However, due to the negative stereotypes associated with their performance they lack job opportunities. This quantitative study investigates the effects of features of diversity climate, subjective norms of industry, hiring intentions, attitudes and perceived behavioral control on actual hiring behaviors of managers and human resource specialist for people with disabilities in industrial sector of Karachi. A sample of 200 managers and human resource specialist from business/finance, education, retail and sales industry in Karachi has been selected for the study. The data about their hiring behaviors, effects of features of diversity climate, subjective norms of industry, hiring intentions, attitudes and perceived behavioral control was gathered on a questionnaire adapted from Araten-Bergman (2016). The results revealed that subjective norms of the industries, hiring intentions and attitudes towards PWDs significantly influence actual hiring behaviors of the managers and human resource specialist. However perceived behavioral control and features of diversity climate doesn’t have any direct influence on hiring behaviors. The study indicates a strong need for changing negative stereotypes related to people with disabilities.

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Volume: Issue: 4

Article: Nigerian Programmes For Modernization From 1985-2018; Success Or Failure

OBETA, M. Uchejeso, UDENZE Chukwudike, EZE M. Ego
Vol 3, Issue 4 ;
North American Academic Research, 3(4) 97-116, 2020, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3743927

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Abstract: : Every government of Nigeria had introduced one form of modernization package or the other up to the present Buhari regime towards better development in Nigeria. This theoretical review presents such programmes and the impact on the people which makes it successful or failure at every tenure of Nigerian government administration. The review also, provides facts that there are success and failures in some many aspect of such programmes though the Nigerians feels less impact of such modern or developmental programmes or that the programmes may be selective but various international indices presents Nigeria as poverty capital of the world which could confirm that modernization programmes might have imparted on some people but the general outcome is still weak. Nigerian leaders should evaluate past modern packages and present a better approach towards improvement by destroying corruption, restructuring, and solving the Niger Delta crisis and Biafra agitation.

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Volume: Issue: 4

Article: Need Analysis In ESP Context: A Project In English For Specific Purpose: Target Situation Analysis For Science And Islamic Studies (Environment)

Zia ur Rahman Zaheer, Wahidullah Alokozay , Hamza Atifnigar , Saifurrahman Rahmani , Ismail Shinwari
Vol 3, Issue 4 ;
North American Academic Research, 3(4) 67-80, 2020, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3742463

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Abstract: This research aims at designing an ESP course for science and Islamic studies (environment). Besides, the goal of this study is to familiarize the students with the features, requirements, and prospects of the Science and Islamic Studies (Environment), the learners will be able to choose, skim, scan and analyze academic reading materials, paraphrase and organize the ideas from reading materials into mediums of presentation specifically posters and to give oral presentations based on the posters. A total class of the second year of undergraduate students from the University of Malaysia was selected as the respondents. A questionnaire, semi-structured interview and document analysis were used as tools of data collection. The findings of this study revealed that that the students need speaking skills and reading skills the most to complete their oral presentations coursework, and they need to perform group discussions to decide on topics and to discuss the ideas for the presentations. Furthermore, it was indicated that the students need to consult with the lecturers before preparing and presenting their presentations in poster.

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Volume: Issue: 4

Article: Effect of Input-mix and Skill-mix on Cost and Outcome of Health Services: A Study of Selected Hospitals in Bangladesh

Fariha Kadir , Aninda Nishat Moitry
Vol 3, Issue 4 ;
North American Academic Research, 3(4) 13-43, 2020, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3740094

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Abstract: This study attempted to identify the influences of skill-mix and input-mix on patients’ cost and outcome of health care services measured by EuroQol-5D. The data were collected from the District Hospitals (DHs) of Natore and Rajbari; and Upazila Health Complexes (UHCs) of Goalanda and Baliakandi in 2019. The Natore DH and Goalanda UHC are referred to as ‘treatment facility’ since they had better skill-mix and input-mix and the other two are referred to as ‘comparison facility’. A total of 120 patients and/ or attendants (thirty from each facility) from the Department of Medicine and Department of Surgery were interviewed and key informant interviews were conducted with the health managers of the facilities. It was evident that Natore DH had 13% more medical professionals and 10% other support staff than Rajbari DH; Goalanda UHC had 20% more medical professionals and 5% more support staff compared to Baliakandi UHC. On the other hand, considering functional equipment, Natore DH had 25% more than Rajbari DH and Goalanda UHC had 22% more compared to Baliakandi UHC. A significant difference was found between the treatment and comparison facilities for average total cost of the respondents (USD 52.26 vs USD 67.12, p=0.016) as well as for direct medical cost (USD 13.39 vs USD 27.80, p=0.001). The study also found a significant difference in the average score of EuroQol-5D (p=0.000) of the facilities (0.49 vs 0.15). Regression result showed that the availability of skill-mix and input-mix in the hospital resulted in a significant (p=0.000) rise in the score of EuroQol-5D of the patients by 0.27 and a significant (p=0.016) reduction of direct medical cost by USD 12.72. Key informant interviews with health managers also confirmed these quantitative findings. Based on both the qualitative and quantitative findings, the study proposed some recommendations for addressing the problems of skill-mix and input-mix.

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Volume: Issue: 4

Article: Malawi’s Response, Risk Factors, and Preparedness for COVID-19

Annabelle Gadabu
Vol 3, Issue 4 ;
North American Academic Research, 3(4) 44-66, 2020, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3732795

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Abstract: The coronavirus (COVID-19) outbreak is of great concern worldwide and particularly in developing countries. Emerging in China in December 2019, COVID-19 has spread rapidly to almost all continents causing numerous fatalities and economic damage. By the end of March 2020, more than 3005 cases were reported from over 40 countries across Africa. However, Malawi is amongst ten countries that had not yet recorded a case. The experiences of other countries served as a warning to the emerging country. This paper presents an assessment of Malawi’s response, risk factors, and preparedness for COVID-19 up to 31st March 2020. An evaluation of news articles, journal papers, progress reports, and other published materials was carried out. Findings show that several key initiatives were taken by the government of Malawi including a declaration of disaster, restrictions on gatherings to no more than 100 people, travel restrictions, and the promotion of sanitation and hygiene practices. However, several gaps need to be addressed for better preparation including human resource re-allocation, improvement of quarantine facilities, provision of protective gear to healthcare workers, and intensification of sensitization campaigns. Like other emerging countries, Malawi has distinctive and challenging resource constraints. Socio-economic, cultural, technical, and political factors all play a role in determining preparedness and require a comprehensive approach.

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Volume: Issue: 4

Article: Research Study on the Influence of Natural Cracks on Hydraulic Crack Propagation in Coal and Rock Mass

Farzand Ali, Liang Wei Guo
Vol 3, Issue 4 ;
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3738773 ; North American Academic Research, 3(4) 01-12

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Abstract: With the aim of study how natural fractures affect the extension and morphology of hydraulic fracture in coal and rock mass, the effect features were studied about natural fracture on hydraulic fracture extension and morphology using specimens made of similar materials that containing artificial present fracture as the research objects and indoor simulation equipment’s, injecting fracturing fluids on fixed displacement and based on analyzing the fracturing curves. The study had shown that: the initiation pressure reduced because of the existence of natural fractures in coal and rock mass the hydraulic fracture morphology presented three cases: that were the hydraulic fracture spread along natural fracture surface stopping or continuing to spread after bypassing the natural fracture. This study has some theoretical guidance on the determination of the extraction range and yield prediction of coalbed methane through research.

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Volume: Issue: 3

Article: Evaluating the outcome of treatment using bone cement or bone graft in Giant Cell Tumor of Bone

Sakurul Islam, Jiazhen Li, MD, Yan Zhang, MD, Xin-Chang Lu, MD, Yi Zhang, MD, Sripur Manandhar, Raiana Jannat Ahsan
3, Issue 3, March-2020
Nor. Am. Aca. Res. 2020 : 3(3) : 573-589: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3738757

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Abstract: Introduction: Giant cell tumors exhibit a benign histological picture which has a high potential to show local aggressiveness and has the potency of incidental transformation into sarcoma. Intensive intralesional curettage followed by bone graft or bone cement filling is considered to be the standard method of treatment. We evaluated the outcome of intralesional curettage using bone graft or bone cement by observing complication free survival, recurrence, postoperative complications like stiffness, osteoarthritis, fracture during the follow up visits of the patients.Method: In the First affiliated hospital of Zhengzhou University total 105 patients having giant cell tumour of long bone were treated from January 2013 to December 2017. Among them we selected 78 patients who did not have a pathological fracture at the time of diagnosis, no metastasis and came for a post operative scheduled follow up. The patients were divided into 2 groups: Group A who had curettage with bone cement filling and Group B who had curettage with bone graft.Result: 39 patients were treated with intralesional curettage followed by bone cement filling and 39 patients were treated with intralesional curettage followed by bone graft. Bone cement has been considered to have better complication free survival than bone graft (P=0.001). 15 patients treated with bone cement filling developed their complications like local recurrence, fracture, stiffness of joint, osteoarthritis at a mean time of 23.4 months which is significantly higher (with a P=0.02) than 25 patients treated with bone graft who developed complication at a mean time of 12.5 months. The mean time of developing of local recurrence in patients who underwent bone curettage with bone cement filling is 25.2 months whereas in patients with bone graft the mean time for local recurrence is 11.4 months is significantly different (P=0.013). Internal fixation along with filling material gives a better prognosis than using the filling material alone (P=0.029).Conclusion: We evaluated that intralesional curettage following bone cement filling has lower recurrence rate and less complications compared to bone graft substitute. The possibility of development of complication North American Academic Research , Volume 3, Issue 03; March, 2020; 3(03) 573-589 ©TWASP, USA574 becomes less obvious if internal fixator is used along with bone cement. This can be used for prompt and longer duration of complication free survival.

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Volume: Issue: 3

Article: Development and Sustainability: Traditional Courtyard House of China and Nepal

Solank Shrestha, Ling Hu, Yunlu Zhang
3, Issue 3, March-2020
Nor. Am. Aca. Res. 2020 : 3(3) : 511-540: : https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3728274

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Abstract: Development should take into account the needs of the present generation as well as the environment, economic, social and culture. The onslaught of globalization and technology impacts the development of a developing country, resulting in changes in culture, traditions and social life. The technology, materials and skills used to build the traditional courtyard house in the olden times are primitive, simple and locally available, but include a long history of settlement, culture, tradition and social life. Beijing and Kathmandu are the capital cities of China and Nepal, where rapid industrialization and urbanization change the urban fabric and environment in a short time. The traditional built environment that is a symbol of ancient history, culture and social life is being distracted by the onslaught of globalization. An ancient structure that exhibits potential for a country’s growth should be managed and developed on a larger scale. The purpose of this paper is to focus on traditional houses that protect the sociocultural, heritage, and traditions from ancient times. A model has been developed for the sustainable development of the traditional courtyard house. It provides basic knowledge for sustainable development that will be beneficial to other contemporary houses of similar nature.

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Volume: Issue: 3

Article: Discrimination against Women in Mid-Level Position in Workplaces: A Case Study of the Public Institutions in Dhaka City

Saika Shahadat , Muhammad Ihsan- Ul- Kabir
3, Issue 3, March-2020
Nor. Am. Aca. Res. 2020 : 3(3) : 475-509: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3728269

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Abstract: This study attempted to find out the severity/degree of discrimination against women in mid-level positions at their workplace, especially in an urban setting of Bangladesh and existence of policy gap in the institutional framework, if any and then tried to provide some policy prescriptions to overcome the existing adverse environment faced by women at the workplace. This research was conducted in 2019 and used a qualitative approach using both secondary data and primary data collected through a semi-structured questionnaire with twelve female officials, working at mid-level positions, from three public institutions, e.g. civil service (CS), education sector (ES), and banking sector (BS). To have an in-depth knowledge of discrimination, secondary data sources including books, government reports, and journal articles were reviewed. It was found that, society assesses women as inferior to men and considers women to give birth and manage household services only, from the perspective of Bangladesh. These devaluations of women decrease their productivity and create an unwillingness for their works. Discrimination at the workplace links the dissatisfaction in the family. It increases absenteeism in the office and creates mistrust among colleagues. The traditional social system passing through hundred years causes different treatments for males and females. Lack of quality education and traditional mindset are another reason behind. Mental dissatisfaction also increases working errors and dropouts and reduces productivity. This research argues for a few considerations to eliminate discrimination including creating much awareness, adopting gender sensitization programs, ensuring enough women in management positions, increasing gender sensitivity, setting up at least one day-care center and personal space for women in all the government institutions, equitable share of the division of labor, ensuring quality education at all levels, and regular orientation on institutional policies and procedures between staffs.

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Volume: Issue: 3

Article: Extensive use of organochlorine pesticides in agriculture: environmental and health concerns: A review

Muhammad Hafeez, Sakhawat Shah , Xiaowei Li , Zhijun Zhang , Jun Huang , Likun Wang , Asim Gulzar , Ehsan Ali , Bahar Ali , Yaobin Lu
3, Issue 3, March-2020
Nor. Am. Aca. Res. 2020 : 3(3) : 461-474: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3728264

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Abstract: Pesticides are widely used in agriculture mainly to increase crop yields cater to huge supply of food products for increasing world population as well as to protect crops from pests and control insect-borne diseases. Increased use of pesticides (especially organochlorine pesticides) results in contamination of the environment and the excess accumulation of pesticide residues in food products and severe health impact, which has always been a matter of serious concern. Pesticide residues in food and crops are directly related to the irrational application of pesticides to the growing crops. Accumulated organochlorine pesticide residues in food products have been associated with a broad variety of human health hazards, ranging from short-term effects to longterm toxic effects. The preventive measures for pesticide residues in the developing countries are limited due to a shortage of funds and lack of defined government regulations. The impact of pesticide residues can be minimized by taking certain measures such as the rational use of pesticides, promoting organic farming, exploit natural and bio pesticides, and proper implementation and amendment of pesticide-related laws. The present article has been planned to review various aspects of organochlorine pesticide residues including their accumulation in air, soil, water and food products, impact on human health, and the preventive measures to counter their toxic effects.

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Volume: Issue: 3

Article: Bacteriological profile and antibiotic sensitivity pattern of uropathogens in hemodialysis patients attending tertiary care hospital, Kathmandu, Nepal

Abdul Karim Miya , Mehraj Ansari , Anil Dev Pant , Ganesh Rai , Kul Raj Rai, Shiba Kumar Rai
3, Issue 3, March-2020
Nor. Am. Aca. Res. 2020 : 3(3) : 448-460: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3725002

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Abstract: Hemodialysis (HD) patients are more susceptible to urinary tract infection (UTI) and UTIs are an important cause of morbidity and mortality in these patients. This study was conducted to find out the prevalence of UTI and multidrug-resistant (MDR) patterns of isolates among HD patients. A cross-sectional study was carried out from February 2018 to August 2018 at the National Kidney Center (NKC), Banasthali, Kathmandu. A total of 200 (108 male and 98 female) mid-stream urine samples were collected from patients with renal failure undergoing hemodialysis. Of them, 26% of samples showed significant bacteriuria. 22.2% and 30.4% of samples showed significant bacteriuria among males and females, respectively (p=0.19). Among the age-group, bacteriuria was ranked top at the age group >70 years (35.3.8%) followed by 51- 70 years (34.1%) (p=0.046). Nine different bacteria were isolated. Among them, the most predominant organism was Esch. coli (32.7%) followed by Staph. aureus (26.9%), Staph. saprophyticus (13.5%) and others. For the Gram-negative isolates, Imipenem (96.8%) was found to be the most effective drug followed by Amikacin (83.9%) and Cefepime (64.5%). For Grampositive isolates, Cefepime (76.1%) was found to be the most effective drug. The organisms showed 71.4% resistance to Cotrimoxazole and 57.1% resistance to Amoxicillin, Azithromycin, and Nitrofurantoin. The overall prevalence of MDR was found to be 57.7% in HD patients. Amikacin and Imipenem were found to be the drug of choice to treat UTI in HD patients. This study will be beneficial for making treatment policy and reducing the risk of UTI in HD patients.

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Volume: Issue: 3

Article: Metamorphic evaluation and tectonic implications of Mozhugongka garnet amphibolites, Lhasa terrane, Tibet

Shahbaz Bin Khalid , Yu-Xiu Zhang , Xin Jin , Li-Long Yan , Jun-Cheng Hu , Gulfam Hussain , Li-Dong Zhu
3, Issue 3, March-2020
Nor. Am. Aca. Res. 2020 : 3(3) : 431-447: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3724994

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Abstract: The Mozhugongka garnet amphibolites exhibit mineral assemblage of garnet, amphibole, albite, quartz, phengite, epidote, rutile, and chlorite. Based on the metamorphic textures, two metamorphic stages (peak metamorphism: M2; retrograde metamorphism: M3) can be observed: M2: Grt + Hbl + Pl + Qz, M3: Hbl + Pl + Qz. Metamorphic P-T calculations were conducted by GHPQ and HPQ geothermobarometers for two garnet amphibolite samples. The results for M2 and M3 are ~15-16 kbar/550-580 °C and ~6-9 kbar/400-490 °C, respectively. Mozhugongka garnet amphibolites can be geochemically and geochronologically compared with the Bailang eclogites, as both Bailang eclogites and Mozhugongka amphibolites possess OIB affinity and share similar exhumation path. Based on geochemical and retrograde metamorphic similarities, Mozhugongka garnet amphibolites may have originated from eclogites, which also exhumed during Triassic (219±1.2 Ma) along with Pangna blueschist, Jilang, Songduo and Bailang eclogites. Mozhugongka garnet amphibolites possibly mark the westward extension of Songduo metamorphic complex along with Pangna blueschist.

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Volume: Issue: 3

Article: Studies on B- Glucuronidase enzyme inhibition and insecticidal activity from Echinops Echinatus

Muhammad Kashif Zaman,Khawar Saeed , Aftab Yaseen , Muhammad Uzair
3, Issue 3, March-2020
Nor. Am. Aca. Res. 2020 : 3(3) : 404-417: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3723934

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Abstract: B-glucuronidase is a common enzyme which cleaves in B linkage and converts aglycone to a glucuronic acid. Studies have been made on this enzyme and a lot of work has been reported about specific inhibition of B-glucuronidase enzyme and insecticidal activity while to the best of our knowledge current work was conducted to check the B- Glucuronidase enzyme inhibition and insecticidal activity of a plant Echinops Echinatus for the first time. Methanol and DCM extracts of Echinops Echinatus showed weak insecticidal activity while moderate results of B-Glucuronidase enzyme Inhibition were observed.

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Volume: Issue: 3

Article: NC Machining Simulation for Design and Manufacturing of Integral Impeller Based on UG NX 12.0

Atta-Ur-Rehman , Wang Shi Ying , Imran Ali , Barun Kumar , Umar Bashir
3, Issue 3, March-2020
Nor. Am. Aca. Res. 2020 : 3(3) : 418-430 : https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3723946

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Abstract: Various advantages derive from applying 5-axis machines instead of using 3-axis machines. Main advantage is high flexibility in tool coordination in space and reduction of assembling time for complicated wok piece, multiple barricade occurs during set-up process for the further procedures by using only 3-axis machining. Eliminating the extra fixture time maximum parts can be assembled in single or two set-ups by using 5-axis machining. Integral impeller is absolute example that can be precisely designed and manufactured with high degree of flexibility in tool orientation by using CAD/CAM systems. Impellers are widely use in multiple industries such as aerospace, automobiles and biomedical industries and ship building industries. large amount of methods are proposed through researchers for impeller manufacturing. Most manufacturer use Master CAM, CATIA, UG NX, VERICUT, SolidWorks, Power mill for manufacturing of impellers. To overcome the issue of time consumption this paper explains useful strategies of machining impeller by integrating depth cut distance, change in feed rate and tool diameter by using 3 and 5-axis machining strategy simultaneously. Ball end rough milling and finishing test are conducted on aluminum workpiece. As production coast is directly linked with machining time, which is directly related with feed rate, and machining tool and machining method. This paper also describes validation analysis and brief comparison of time lag with the simulation. 3-axis machining strategy undermine because of its high ability of rigidity as compared to full five axis. Through this study, overall machining time can be reduced to 53.9 percent respectively and the cutting force model for 5axis ball end cutting force prediction is also illustrated with a carbide cutting tool.

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Volume: Issue: 3

Article: Public Health Challenges in both Developing and Developed Countries: A review

Jean Pierre Mugiraneza, Ildephonse Habinshuti, Emmanuel Nsanzumukiza
3, Issue 3, March-2020
Nor. Am. Aca. Res. 2020 : 3(3) : 371-403: : https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3722639

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Abstract: This paper compares and shows how much more developing countries are more facing public health challenges than developed countries. It presents contributions of the World Health Organization to Public health threats. We also discuss public health challenges that are still rising in both developed and developing countries. Furthermore, this article sheds light on some signs of progress that have been made in public health worldwide by individual countries and/or international organizations. In this review, some solutions and recommendations were suggested to achieve the targeted goals of Healthy people internationally.

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Volume: Issue: 3

Article: DEVELOPMENT OF CONTROL SYSTEM FOR SMALL AUTONOMOUS UNDERWATER VEHICLE

Abdel Hamid Mbouombouo Mboungam, Javid Asif , Nyamweya Willy Oenga, Naqvi Syed Majaf Hasan, Agboifo Edmond Omenonye
3, Issue 3, March-2020
Nor. Am. Aca. Res. 2020 : 3(3) : 351-370: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3722619

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Abstract: This work proposes the development of a control system for an autonomous underwater vehicle dedicated to the observation of the oceans. The vehicle, a hybrid between Autonomous Underwater Vehicles and Autonomous Surface Vehicles, that moves on the surface of the sea and makes vertical immersions to obtain profiles of a water column, according to a pre-established plan. The displacement of the vehicle on the surface allows the navigation through GPS and telemetry communication by radio-modem. This control system has been divided into navigation, propulsion, safety and data acquisition subsystems.

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Volume: Issue: 3

Article: The impact of Facebook Advertising and Electronic Word-Of Mouth (e-WOM) on Women’s purchasing decision process towards cosmetics in Dar es salaam, Tanzania.

Maria Steven Mallya , Marcellia Susan
3, Issue 3, March-2020
Nor. Am. Aca. Res. 2020 : 3(3) : 311-326: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3712451

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Abstract: In today’s marketing sphere, social media uprising has transformed the communication setting as well as impacted the marketing communication considerably thus the study sought to assess the impact of Facebook advertising and e-WOM on women’s purchasing decision process towards cosmetics. This research is a quantitative research associated with multiple regression analysis technique. The respondents of this research are women in Dar es salaam City, Tanzania. This research found that Facebook advertising have an impact on consumer purchase decision process towards cosmetics products as well as e-WOM have significant influence on consumers’ purchase decision process towards cosmetics products. Based on the multiple regression model, the coefficient regression value for e-WOM is the biggest with a value 0.939 or 93.9% this demonstrates that e-WOM has a dominant impact on purchase decision process. The study suggests that the cosmetic suppliers need to invest greatly in their Facebook advertising strategy as well as working on the customers feedbacks.

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Volume: Issue: 3

Article: An Evaluation of Secondary School EFL Curriculum in Afghanistan: A CIPP Model Approach

Abdul Qudos Karimi, Wali Khan Monib, Nazifullah Nijat
3, Issue 3, March-2020
Nor. Am. Aca. Res. 2020 : 3(3) : 289-310: : https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3712438

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Abstract: : The aim of this study is to evaluate the EFL curriculum of public secondary schools of Afghanistan employing CIPP evaluation model. The model has four dimensions including context, input, process and product. Utilizing an adopted questionnaire, 38 schools were selected through cluster sampling where 73 EFL teachers were involved as the participants of the study. The total items of the instrument pertaining to respondent opinions were 46: context 10; input 6; process 8 and product 22 (Hakan & Seval, 2011). Data were transferred and analyzed through SPSS version 24 to find out descriptive statistics (frequency, mean and standard deviation) of the participants’ responses. The main findings of the study show that most of the teachers are agree to some extent (between partly agree and agree) with the four components of the in-use curriculum. Thus, it is recommended to reform and improve the curriculum.

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Volume: Issue: 3

Article: Quadruped Robot Control System Based on STM32 Single Chip Microcomputer

Samiullah Khan , DOU Yinke , Mohammad Nazami , Syed Arslan Bukhari , Imran Ali , Usman Ali
3, Issue 3, March-2020
Nor. Am. Aca. Res. 2020 : 3(3) : 245-256: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3711115

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Abstract: Although legged robots are commonly used compared with other kind of robots, they are convenient to move any terrain. Specially, when the surface is rough and uneven. Leg robots have advantages over robot with wheel because they are ideal for circumstances of this kind. In order to implement legged robots, many motors normally need to move each joint in leg robot. The construction cost, motion of the robot and its demand for power supply and weight increased by additional motors. This research is focused on design a quadruped robot based on body structure of four legs mammals and mechanism layout can maximize the motion range of robot feet in the horizontal plane. Its control system based on STM32F103VET6, using the timers of STM32F103VET6 to produce 12-channel PWM wave to control robot’s legs. The experiments show that joints motion control of 12 degree-freedom is stable, the smarter and smaller control system can control complex movement gait precisely and the robot can achieve ground motion.

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Volume: Issue: 3

Article: Chinese and International Green Bond Market: a Comparative Analysis of the Financial Performance Between Green Bonds and Conventional Bonds

Elza Harja
3, Issue 3, March-2020
Nor. Am. Aca. Res. 2020 : 3(3) : 264-288: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3711157

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Abstract: With climate change being the leading problem of our generation, green bonds allow companies to become more environmentally responsible and sustainable; however, there is not enough information on green bond profitability. Research has shown contradictory results, but most studies conclude that green bonds produce lower yields. This research aims to help fill the literature gap by comparing the international and Chinese market, and the performance of green bonds against conventional bonds denominated in euro currency. The analysis was carried out on two data samples between 2013 and 2019, applying the Matching method and an extended Fama-French model. Compared to other studies, this research uses the Merton model to calculate the default factor for the Fama-French regressions. The results indicate that conventional bonds outperform green bonds. The research contributes by demonstrating that the default factor calculated with the Merton model is a better fit than the original default premium factor used in the Fama-French regressions.

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Volume: Issue: 3

Article: Finite Element Analysis Behavior of Concrete Filled Double Skin Tubular Short Columns with External Stainless Steel Tubes Under Axial Compression

Mohammad Rkibul Hassan, Miao Zhai
3, Issue 3, March-2020
Nor. Am. Aca. Res. 2020 : 3(3) : 204-229: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3708532

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Abstract: The increase use of the stainless steel in engineering, especially in some industrial architecture and ocean structure concrete filled double tubular column occurred which use stainless steel tube replaced the outer steel tube in CFDST. There has some research of CFDST on the static load, dynamic load, durability and construction loads, the study of CFDST with external stainless tube is still in its infancy. In this paper, using of ABAQUS establish finite element analysis model. In the analysis model, the all materials mechanic behavior and contact method have been defined. The comparison between the ABAQUS calculating results and the test results has showed their consistency. The proved model and orthogonal method, the parameter analysis has been carried out. To the stainless steel-concrete-steel tubular columns, the analysis parameters include nominal steel ratio, hollow ratio, concrete cube strength and the ratio of diameter of inner steel tube to thickness. Based on the parameter analysis, the calculating method for the ultimate bearing capacity of stainless - steel concrete which have been compared.

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Volume: Issue: 3

Article: Impact of Coronavirus & Development (DoD) in China

Kader Moahammad Abdul, Hauque Md Imdadul, Sarkar Md Sajib
3, Issue 3, March-2020
Nor. Am. Aca. Res. 2020 : 3(3) : 257-263 : : https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3711124

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Abstract: CoronaVirus (COVID-19) won’t be discussed once again because it has gained worldwide attention now. Some countries have decided to call it ‘China Virus’ as well. The topic of discussion here is DoD which implies Development over Disaster in China. In this article the impact of some precautionary measures and steps are shown and some positive points with higher possibilities in the sustainable development of China will be discussed. The goal of this article is to show some possibilities which may impact the vast majority of development in China. Socioeconomic Development has been impacted during this disaster period. Determining the production possibility and possible movement in industrial and socio-economic development is a key factor to focus on at the moment.

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Volume: Issue: 3

Article: Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease and its Interplay with Various Metabolic Disorders

Ishimwe Steven Papy, Xiang-Rong Cheng, Guo-Wei Le, Md. Serajul Islam
3, Issue 3, March-2020
Nor. Am. Aca. Res. 2020 : 3(3) : 156-187 : https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3708527

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Abstract: Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is described as exposition of multiplex liver metabolic disturbance interconnected with obesity. NAFLD is depicted by steatosis, excessive accumulation of fat in liver. This take place the time availability of fatty acid from plasma and de novo synthesis surpass liver fatty acid deposition, due to triglycerides export and oxidation. Hepatic steatosis can therefore be understood as biochemical outcome of inconsistency between interfused mechanisms of lipid biotransformation. This condition is allied to a range of various modifications in lipoproteins, fatty acids, and glucose metabolism that covers all organism's tissues. These metabolic disfunctions are believed to be the origin of possibility for diverse cardiometabolic risk agents related to NAFLD, like dyslipidemia, Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), and insulin resistance. And these disorders are hallmarks that worsen NAFLD complications, so far participating in development of simple steatosis up to advanced stages of NAFLD. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, participates as known inducer of inflammation that exacerbate this disease. Given the sharp growing prevalence and persistence of NAFLD, and its complexity that provoke or involve additional metabolic syndrome diseases, this current review discusses various mechanisms through which NAFLD develops itself and interaction with other associated hallmarks.

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Volume: Issue: 3

Article: The Impact of Training and Development On Organizational Performance: The Case of National Financial Credit Bank Bamenda, Cameroon

Prof Xin Li, Roy Ntsinu Mbifi, Agboifo .O. Edmond, Obuoson Destiny Melody
3, Issue 3, March-2020
Nor. Am. Aca. Res. 2020 : 3(3) : 187-203: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3708530

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Abstract: The purpose of this research was to study the impact of employees’ training and development on organizational performance. It was inspired by the fact that some organizations do not seem to care about improving the capacity of their worker but instead frown at and punish any weaknesses portray by the workers. To tackle the research problem, the researcher had as major objective to find out: whether National Financial Credit has training and development programs conducted for all employees; possible hurdles in the implementation of such programs and the practical effects training and development has on the performance at work. The researcher also emphasized on the various training methods designed and its implementation around the world during the training and development programs. Using the National Financial Credit, Kumba branch, the researcher got information from 300 respondents, through questionnaires, interviews and personal observation. The research also reveals that training and development is a necessity in every companies particularly for the unskilled or the less experience employees. Generally, employees’ work contribution was greatly improved due to the training methods and tools used by the company. Thus, it led to a positive impact on employee’ performance and an improvement in their skills and job efficiency.

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Volume: Issue: 3

Article: Morphological characterization of Amaranth germplasm

Taslima Jahan, Md. Sadiqur Rahman, Syed Md. Mizanur Rahman
3, Issue 3; March-2020 ;
Nor. Am. Aca. Res. 2020 : 3(3) :230-244 : https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3708534

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Abstract: To know about the phenotypic diversity of 42 accessions of amaranth (Amaranthus spp), an experiment was designed in the experimental field of Plant Genetic Resources Centre of BARI, Gazipur during 2016-17. The germplasm were classified on the basis of their use. Among them, 6 gerrmplasm were identified as leaf amaranth and the rest 36 were stem amaranth. Amaranth were also classified as hard (14.29%), medium (4.76%) and soft (80.95%) on the basis of fiber. Qualitative variation was found in branching index, stem and leaf pubescence, leaf shape, leaf margin, terminal inflorescence shape, terminal inflorescence attitude and inflorescence density index. Different color variations were exhibited in stem (green-23.81% and pink or purple-76.19%), leaf pigmentation (entire lamina purple-7.14%, margin and vein pigmented-38.10%, normal green-26.19%, more green shade on purple leaf-9.52%, more purple shade on green leaf-16.67% and light green colour-2.38%), petiole (green- 38.10%, purple- 50.0% and dark purple-11.90%), inflorescence (green-76.19%, purple-19.05% and dark purple-4.76%) and seed (brown- 4.76% and black- 95.24%) colour. The maximum co-efficient of variation was obtained from the length of top lateral branches (34.57%) followed by their lateral branches length (33.14%) and the terminal inflorescence lateral length (32%). The 1000 seed weight of the collected germplasm varied within 2.45 to 4.5g.

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Volume: Issue: 3

Article: Effects and Potential Repercussions of Blockchain Implementation on International Trade for Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises in Turkey

Mustafa Berkan Sonmez, Prof. Cheng Ming
3, Issue 3; March-2020 ;
Nor. Am. Aca. Res. 2020 : 3(3) : 55-101 : https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3701963

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Abstract: Blockchain is fairly new technology and it quickly became a very trendy topic among many different parties from governments to large enterprises. As President Xi also emphasized by saying “China Should ‘Seize Opportunity’ to Adopt Blockchain” we can see the importance of this technology for all the nations. We first heard about it with Bitcoin digital currency, however blockchain’s applications are way wider than just digital currency. At the current date there are numerous application attempts from financial industries, to insurance companies all the way to international trade. While many different groups are trying to use this technology to tackle different problems, international trade applications stand in the front line, current outdated and paper heavy state of international trade along with rapidly speeding up globalization creates a great need for an update on current international trade model. As the share in the global trade is the one of the biggest factors for countries who would like to stay in global race, many countries are looking for different applications to gain an advantage. More aggressive, less stable and easy to adept nature of emerging countries makes them more suitable for implementing new type of technologies and Turkey is one of those emerging countries who would like to catch up with developed countries in global trade race. Turkey believes key to excel and increase the share of Turkey in world trade is strongly related to performance of Micro, Small and Medium enterprises within Turkey. (SME Action Plan, 2015- 2018) Because of still under development nature of Turkish trade and finance ecosystem Turkish MSMEs face more significant difficulties comparing to developed nations. Aligned with Turkey’s action plans with this research paper, we will first try to understand the current situation and problems of Turkish MSMEs then find out in which areas can blockchain technology improve. After these two understandings we will craft and test the different hypothesizes around how and where can blockchain technology can help Turkish MSMEs to improve their contribution in international trade. Later using induction method, we will try come up with suggestions for other developing countries.

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Volume: Issue: 3

Article: The effect of Lazada e-service quality and e-recovery service quality on customer satisfaction

Razafimanjary Maminiaina Aimee , Marcellia Susan
3, Issue 3; March-2020 ;
Nor. Am. Aca. Res. 2020 : 3(3) : 102-118 : https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3702049

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Abstract: Nowadays, purchasing online has becoming a full part of our daily life and this is due to the development of the many technologies. Indonesia is actually the sixth country behind China on the first place, United States of America on the second place, Japan on the third place, followed by United Kingdom, and Germany; which use the most e-commerce. The title of this study is “The effect of Lazada e-service quality and e-recovery service quality on customer satisfaction” so its purpose is to analyse one by one the e-service quality, e-recovery service quality, and customer satisfaction, but especially to analyse the individual effect e-service quality and e-recovery service quality on customers’ satisfaction; and also the simultaneous effect of e-service quality and erecovery service quality on customer satisfaction. The data for this study is gotten form a questionnaire which will be asked with 124 respondents and SPSS and multiple linear regression are used in order to achieve the analysis. The result shows that all items for each variables are valid and reliable; the normality test and heteroscedasticity test are good; F test shows that there is a simultaneous effect of e-service quality and e-recovery service quality on customer satisfaction; t test shows that there is an individual effect of e-service quality and e-recovery service quality on customer satisfaction; analysis of the coefficient of the determination shows that e-service quality and e-recovery service quality has 58,5% effect on customer satisfaction; the analysis of multiple linear regression.

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Volume: Issue: 3

Article: A new application for PLC in smart factory by wireless technology

Islam Mohammad Saiful, MD Fazle Rabbi, Prof. Zhang Jiabo
3, Issue 3; February-2020 ;
Nor. Am. Aca. Res. 2020 : 3(3) : 136-155; https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3706397

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Abstract: Technical advancement in the industry has changed the lives of people directly in last few decades. Industrial revolution has contributed significantly to this change. Whether it is the matter of mass production, safety, or other social aspects like social economy and jobs for humans, it has affected everyday life. People are again expecting major changes in the industrial automation. The new generation of revolution that is supposed to start in next few years (tentatively 2020) has given the name Industry 4.0. Researchers and engineers are constantly. Focusing to make the smart devices and systems to support this concept. This industrial era is expected to embrace cyber-physical systems containing smart devices as its components and with the industrial internet of things (IIOT). This documents talks about an attempt to automate a simple paper rolling machine using Siemen’s S7-1200 processor and the HMI developed. The second section is about using the new platform to develop dynamic HMI that can assist to implement the concept of Industry 4.0. Literature review discusses about some of the transactions papers and other papers in renowned journals which talks about the concept, design principles, and aspects of the next generation of industrial revolution. Towards the end, the document has the results of the projects, some discussions, conclusions, and then some recommendations for future development of the project. Keywords: PLC, HMI, Automation, MIMO, Industry 4.0

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Volume: Issue: 3

Article: Characteristics of shell and tube heat exchanger by design and computational dynamics

Hafiz Muhammad Azeem Akhtar, Muhizi Musa, Yang Yunru
3, Issue 3; February-2020 ;
Nor. Am. Aca. Res. 2020 : 3(3) : 119-135; https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3706378

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Abstract: : A heat exchanger is a gadget that is utilized to move heat vitality (enthalpy) between two or more liquids, between a strong surface and a liquid, or between strong particulates and a liquid, at various temperatures and in heat contact. From various sorts of heat exchangers the shell and cylinder heat exchangers with straight cylinders and single pass is to be under examination. Here the update happens in view of temperature vacillation at the ninth zone of the pasteurizer. Heat and mechanical structure is run so as to upgrade the yield temperature of the cool liquid at the last heat exchanger in which it is splashed on the lager prepared for client use. In heat structure part geometry enhancement is finished through experimentation. Furthermore, for Mechanical structure part the regular frequency& vortex shedding of various parts of heat exchangers are researched through overseeing conditions of vibrations under unique liquid with in tubes. Utilizing computational liquid elements (CFD) the heat move of the two liquid is examined utilizing FEM recreation programming's Gambit1.3 and Fluent 6.1and the presentation of the STHEx decided in wording of factors, for example, pressure, temperature, stream rate, vitality input/yield, mass stream rate and mass exchange rate that are specifically compelling in STHEx examination.

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Volume: Issue: 3

Article: Between the Forest and the Village: the New Social Forms of the Baka’s Life in Transition

Richard Atimniraye Nyelade
3, Issue 3; March-2020 ;
Nor. Am. Aca. Res. 2020 : 3(3) : 1-24; : https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3700533

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Abstract: The Baka are part of hunter-gatherers group of central Africa generally called “pygmies”. They are most often presented as an indigenous, monolithic and marginalised entity. After a fieldwork carried out in Nomedjoh village in South-Easthern Cameroon, audiovisual and qualitative data have been collected. The theoretical framework follows the dichotomy between structuralism and constructivism. While the former considers identity as a sum of artefacts identifiable and transmissible from generation to generation, the latter, notably with Fredrik Barth, defines ethnicity as a heterogeneous and dynamic entity that changes according to the time and space. Beyond this controversy, the data from Nomedjoh reveal that the Baka community is characterised by two trends: while one group is longing for the integration into modernity at any cost, the other group stands for the preservation of traditional values. Hence, the Baka are in a process of transition.

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Volume: Issue: 2

Article: A survey on Literacy practices in adult literacy centers in Cameroon: The Mfoundi Department

Mounton Njoya Felix
3, Issue 2; February-2020 ;
Nor. Am. Aca. Res. 2020 : 3(2) : 543-570 : https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3692607

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Abstract: It became clear during the 1990s that adult literacy must be an important part of all strategies for development. It should be noted that the way literacy is practiced in literacy centers determine the efficiency of literacy programs. The aim of this survey is to know if literacy practices in the Mfoundi Department in Yaoundé Cameroon is in accordance with the expectation of learners. I used survey as data collection method. My survey took place in 5 of the seven districts of the Mfoundi Department; because Yaoundé I and Yaoundé VII have no literacy center yet. The survey was conducted in 29 literacy centers with a total of 656 respondents. As for the findings, I discovered that literacy practices does not really reach the expectation of learners, and also that learners are more interested in functional aspect of literacy than the classical aspect. By writing this paper, my main hope is that it helps to sensitize those in charge of literacy program, such as to make them pay more attention to the carrying out of literacy practices in literacy centers.

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Volume: Issue: 3

Article: Role Of Microfinance Institutions In Poverty Reduction Employment Creation And Income Generating Activities In Ghana

Ramatu Ussif, Murat Ertugrul
3, Issue 3, March-2020
Nor. Am. Aca. Res. 2020 : 3(3) 1-30; : https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3694393

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Abstract: The poor been provided with financial services like credit, insurance, savings, and investment as employment creation and poverty reduction technique has earned much importance in the country for the past decade. This article examines microfinance institutions' role in poverty reduction, employment creation, and income-generating activities in Ghana. Again, it determines whether the institution has helped in the reduction of poverty, improving the standard and condition of living of its clients/customers. Primary and secondary data were used. A total of 90 respondents were interviewed made up of customers with questionnaires and was analyzed using SPSS. From the investigation, the article found out that microfinance institutions have highly impacted positively and significantly on customers in the form of income generation, employment creation, reducing poverty, increasing the standard of living and household's well-being of the customers. Also, the emanated results from the questionnaires administered reveal a favorable relationship between microfinance, poverty reduction and employment creation since most of the beneficiaries attested to a level of improvement in their businesses through the loans they receive and also improvement in their living standards and conditions since they became part of the microfinance program. Aside from the positive impacts, the institution is not without problems/issues affecting its operations and growth. These problems/issues include Risk problem, regulatory issues, capacity building problem, and problems of information gathering and dissemination which if stakeholders address properly, the microfinance institution will continue to contribute meaningfully towards employment creation, reducing poverty and increasing incomes across the world not only in Ghana.

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Volume: Issue: 2

Article: IMPACT OF REGULATIONS AND POLICIES ON MICROFINANCE SECTOR DEVELOPMENT IN GHANA

Ramatu Ussif, Murat Ertugrul
3, Issue 2; February-2020 ;
Nor. Am. Aca. Res. 2020 : 3(2) : 509-542 : https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3692114

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Abstract: This article looks at whether financial regulations and Government policies have an impact on microfinance institutions operations in Ghana. It also looks at contributions that regulations and policies have on microfinance sector development in the country. The methodology for this paper is purely qualitative. The needed information was gathered from primary & secondary sources. The primary data source used face to face interviews, telephonic and through emails conducted with regulators, policymakers and microfinance institutions managers, using interview guide and focus group discussion guide. The secondary source was through literature reviews, books, journals, and the internet. The study revealed that financial regulations and government policies have contributed immensely to microfinance sector development through, training & capacity building, checks and balances, protecting customers and depositors, financial soundness and financial inclusion. However, despite the contribution of regulations and the policies to the sub-sector, the result of the study also identified poor regulations, lack of proper decentralization, lack of knowledge and weakness of regulators as problems with financial regulation. Furthermore, it also found out that, the policies formulated are weak and the implementation, monitoring, and supervision of the institutions is insufficient and ineffective. This article, therefore, recommends that Apex bodies should be involved in monitoring and supervision, minimum capital requirements should be made moderate, powers should be decentralized to the regional level for the effective functioning of regulations & policies in the country.

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Volume: Issue: 2

Article: The effects of Mobile IC Technology on Green Building Project Success: A Developing Country Perspective

Ashok k Shah , Yu Jintian, Manita Kusi and Dinesh Sukamani
3, Issue 2; February-2020 ;
Nor. Am. Aca. Res. 2020 : 3(2) : 498-508 : https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3692107

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Abstract: The issue of global warming is observing everywhere to find solutions. Along with Green building project success has remained an unclear problem in construction industry. Previous study found the critical success factor for green building project success, and communication was one of the main reason. In complex age, mobile technology for information and communication have possible to increase communication and share information in the green building. However, the use of mobile technology in the form of information and communication on green building project success have not studied sufficient wisdom. A focused group meeting has arranged from nine high project professional from different construction firm in Nepal for data collection. The finding of this study as use of mobile IC technology highly influence on project success by using mobile devise, tablets and laptops. Adding more in finding, proper guidance and knowledge on mobile application and software needed to all bottom to down level employee for better project productivity. This study highlights the implication of the study and mobile IC technology on safety and health for project team as well.

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Volume: Issue: 2

Article: Physical and Geographical Impediments to Female Higher Education in High Mountainous Nagar District, Gilgit-Baltistan, Pakistan

Mr. Iftikhar Ali, Dr. Arif Alam , Mr. Zulfiqar Ali , Mr. Yousuf Ali
3, Issue 2; February-2020 ;
Nor. Am. Aca. Res. 2020 : 3(2) : 439-450; https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3690261

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Abstract: This study was aimed to identify and examine the physical and geographical impediments to female higher education in the high mountainous rural Nagar district of Pakistan. District Nagar is one of the ten districts of Gilgit-Baltistan province located in the extreme north of Pakistan. The study adopted a descriptive research design. Both primary and secondary data were used for this study. A sum of 160 sample size comprised of female students, parents and teachers were purposively selected. Primary data was collected through a wellstructured questionnaire from the field by interviewing 160 respondents and a five-point Likert scale was used to record the responses. While secondary data were retrieved from the literature review and government reports. The data was coded and analyzed with the help of excel sheet and presented in the form of charts and tables. The findings of the study revealed that lack of infrastructure, lack of transport services, the remoteness of education institutions and isolation from urban cities are the main physical and geographical impediments to female higher education in district Nagar. The researcher suggested that local and provincial governments should take some proactive steps to address the physical and geographical impediments to female higher education in the study area.

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Volume: Issue: 2

Article: Relationship Management in International Supply Chains involving Maritime Transport : The role of Logistics service quality, relationship quality and Switching Barriers in creating customer loyalty

Noor Ahmed Paracha, Dr. Muhammad Asim, Salman Manzoor
3, Issue 2; February-2020 ;
Nor. Am. Aca. Res. 2020 : 3(2) : 451-472 : https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3690283

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Abstract: The analysis in the report was directed towards analyzing the impact of logistics service quality, relationship quality and switching barriers on customer loyalty in maritime logistics. The analysis has been performed in the context of Pakistan and the data was collected from freight forwarders. The sample size that was collected for the research was 200 and the sampling technique that was used was convenience sampling. The statistical techniques that were used for the purpose of analysis were regression, correlation and reliability analysis. The findings that were obtained through the analysis were that service quality in the form of operational and relationship loyalty, relationship in the form of trust and commitment and the switching barriers such as cost, availability of alternatives affect the loyalty of the freight forwarders with the shipping companies in Pakistan. The findings of the research are expected to be significant for the shipping companies operating in Pakistan.

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Volume: Issue: 2

Article: A Novel Coronavirus Emerging in World — Key Questions for Developing Countries and Under Developed Countries

Dr. Siddhartha Manandhar , Dr. Prami Nakarmi, Nishchal Baniya
3, Issue 2; February-2020 ;
Nor. Am. Aca. Res. 2020 : 3(2) : 473-497 ; https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3690311

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Abstract: Novel coronavirus, assigned as 2019-nCoV, rose in Wuhan, China, toward the finish of 2019. As of January 24, 2020, in any event 830 cases had been analyzed in nine nations: China, Thailand, Japan, South Korea, Singapore, Vietnam, Taiwan, Nepal, and the United States. Twenty-six fatalities happened, for the most part in patients who had genuine hidden illness.1 Although numerous subtleties of the rise of this infection —, for example, its birthplace and its capacity to spread among people — stay obscure, an expanding number of cases seem to have come about because of human-to-human transmission. Given the serious intense respiratory disorder coronavirus (SARS-CoV) episode in 2002 and the Middle East respiratory disorder coronavirus (MERS-CoV) flare-up in 2012,2 2019-nCoV is the third coronavirus to develop in the human populace in the previous two decades — a rise that has put worldwide general wellbeing establishments on high alarm.

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Volume: Issue: 2

Article: Assessment of the Status of Urban Air Pollution and its Impact on Human Health in the City of Chittagong

M. Jamaluddin Ahmed, Ahmed Jubaer, Md. Khorshed Ali, Md. Aminul Ahsan
3, Issue 2; February-2020 ;
Nor. Am. Aca. Res. 2020 : 3(2) : 398-417 : https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3678993

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Abstract: Air pollution has significant effects on exacerbation of asthma, allergy and other respiratory diseases. There is a great need to implement control measures in most of the megacities of the world to improve air quality and hence protect public health. Like many other megacities in the world the ambient air quality of Chittagong is also being deteriorated day by day. Main sources of air pollution in this city are arising out of the emission from the motorvehicles, industries, galvanisms, etc. Considering the severity of the problem, the current study plan was undertaken to measure the gaseous pollutants level in the air of different urban locations of Chittagong, the second largest city of Bangladesh. Atmospheric pollutants like gaseous (SO2, NO2), particulate matters (SPM) were determined in Chittagong city. Eight different sampling stations, Muradpur Circle, WASA Circle, G.E.C Circle, Proborthak Circle, Chawk-bazaar Circle, Olongkar Circle, New Market Circle and Oxygen Circle were selected for sample collection and observations during the atmospheric year 2013 -2014. The objective of the study was to determine the concentrations of gaseous pollutants (SOx, NOx) and particulate matters (SPM, PM2.5 and PM10) to find out the variation of air pollutants in different locations of Chittagong city. The concentration of gaseous pollutants was found more at highly traffic areas. The highest concentration value of SO2, NO2and SPM was observed in highly traffic area at Muradpur Circle, Olongkar Circle & New Market Circle, respectively. The lowest concentration value was found in less traffic area at WASA Circle & Proborthak Circle. The average results of gaseous pollutants, particulate matters and trace metals have been compared to national and international standards. The value of SPM in air of Chittagong city is higher than that of TLV value recommended by WHO and DOE. The elemental concentrations (e.g. Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Pb, Hg, Ni and Zn) of ambient air that collected at different locations in Chittagong city is exceeded the TLV. A strategic air quality management plan has been proposed.

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Volume: Issue: 2

Article: A Meta-Analysis of randomized Controlled trials (R.C.Ts) On The Therapeutic Effect of Electro-Acupuncture for Primary Insomnia women with perimenaupose.

David Kayembe Mwimbi (PhD) , Shuqijin (PhD) , Liang Yi(PhD) , Zhang Gaochenxi (PhD), Ella Wang (PhD) , Judy Zhu (MD) , Wang Dan
3, Issue 2; February-2020 ;
Nor. Am. Aca. Res. 2020 : 3(2) : 02; https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3690249

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Abstract: To explore the potential benefit of Acupuncture, a systematic review (S.R) was undertaken of published randomized controlled trials (RCTs) on the therapeutic Effect of Electro- Acupuncture for Primary Insomnia (P.I) women with perimenaupose. Women with diary-defined sleep deficiency reported more depressive symptoms (P=0.02) and perceived more depressive symptoms (p<0.01) than those who were not sleep deficient. Although there are few direct cross-cultural comparisons of insomnia, a worldwide study found that the highest prevalence rates of insomnia were in Brazil (79, 8%), followed by South Africa (45, 3%), Eastern Europe (32%), Asia (28, 3%). Methods: A comprehensive Study was conducted by four independent computerized literature databases which selected randomized clinical trials from the EBSCO Host electronic database. This database included (Pub Med, COCHRANE Central Register of Controlled Trails from database inception; and CNKI, web of science WANG FANG). Furthermore, randomized controlled trials are going to be published on 2019 without restriction to the language. Risk of bias was determined by the Cochrane risk of bias assessment tool. Therefore, the methodological quality of the included randomized controlled trials was assessed using de Jadad score, and the reporting of the included studies was evaluated by the Rev. Man 5.3.

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Volume: Issue: 2

Article: An Assessment of Carbon Stock in Eucalyptus Forest with Variation in Stand Age in Rawatamai Afforestation Project Area, Jhapa, Nepal

Sankalp Shah Shankar, Shankar Tripathi, Garima Sharma , Catherine Mhae Buctuan Jandug , Gunjan Gahatraj, Deepak Gautam
3, Issue 2; February-2020 ;
Nor. Am. Aca. Res. 2020 : 3(2) : 304-316 : https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3669397

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Abstract: The research was focused to quantify and compare variation of carbon stock (above and below ground) with various age stands in planted living biomass of Eucalyptus forest. Four sample plots were established in each hector for single aged plantation area. Concentric circular plots were established to measure forest biomass. Eucalyptus plants of different stand age up to pole were measured establishing circle of radius 5.64 m. For determining soil carbon content, 3 soil samples (0-10 cm, 11-20 cm and 21-30 cm) up to a depth of 30 cm were collected randomly and made composite mixing soil from each sample plots in same proportion. Collected soil sample were tested in laboratory to determine the carbon content. The data obtained from lab were analyzed with the carbon stock calculation formula proposed by Pukkala (1990) and Walkley (1958). It was carried out to assess and quantify the soil and vegetation carbon stock as well as carbon stock variation in soil and vegetation in Eucalyptus forest with variation in stand age. Random sampling was used for the estimation of above ground and below ground biomass. The biomass carbon content was taken 47% of the dry biomass as followed by Total stem volume was calculated using equation developed by Chave et. al. (2005). Root carbon was calculated as 12.5% of above ground carbon. The average bulk density of Ratuwamai Afforestation Project (RAP) was found to be 1.44 gm./cu.cm. Similarly the average soil organic carbon percent of RAP was found to be 1.19. And the average soil organic carbon percent in 0-10 cm, 11-20 cm & 21-30 cm was 1.61, 1.19 & 0.91 respectively. The total amount of soil organic carbon up to 30 cm depth in RAP was 35.97 t/ha. The carbon stock in Eucalyptus was increased with the increase in stand age. The soil carbon was fluctuated with age as well as with the presence & absence of the vegetation.

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Volume: Issue: 2

Article: SOCIAL ENTREPRENEURS ROLE ON POVERTY REDUCTION THROUGH JOB CREATION

Papel Tanchangya, Chu Yingjing, Nazmul Hasan Chowdhury
3, Issue 2; February-2020 ;
Nor. Am. Aca. Res. 2020 : 3(2) : 420-438 : https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3685356

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Abstract: Social entrepreneurship is relatively a new concept or a new way of doing business which has been gaining a lot of attention in the business world. Not only this concept is being focused by the entrepreneurs, public sector or civil society but also the academic community is paying attention towards this subject through the production of the research paper. This paper is an attempt of creating an understanding towards the role of job creation by social entrepreneurs in reducing the poverty around the world which is a great concern for the nations. Poverty is one of the main challenges in global economic development. United Nations has reported that around 1.3 billion people around the world are multidimensional poor that not only means low income but also another number of indicators such as poor quality of life, poor health, and low-quality education. These indicators are linked with lower income because lower the income lower will be the expenditures. Thus, job creation acts as a path way that ensures the availability of money for the poor people so that they can spend it on their needs especially on the education and health which apparently lead them to have a better quality of life. The researcher has chosen qualitative research design because the nature of the topic in consideration does not incorporate any numerical information that is why the qualitative research design is more appropriate than quantitative design. The findings of the study highlight some ways or strategies that can be adopted by social entrepreneurs in order to increase job creation as well as this study give some useful suggestions than can help the social entrepreneurs to ensure their contribution in poverty reduction

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Volume: Issue: 2

Article: Therapeutic Effect of Chinese Herbal Medicine (Kanglaite Injection) plus Chemotherapy (Docetaxel plus Cisplatin) Versus Treatment with platinum-based Chemotherapy alone for Non-Small Cell Lungs Carcinoma Among Male and Women Adult Patients (25 to 75 years old)

David Kayembe Mwimbi (MS, PhD), Shuqijin(MS, PhD), Zhang Gaochenxi (MS, PhD),Wang Dan (MS), Ella Wang (PhD), Judy Zhu (MD)
3, Issue 2; February-2020 ;
Nor. Am. Aca. Res. 2020 : 3(2) : 350-378 , https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3677567

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Abstract: Several systematic reviews for Therapeutic Effect of Chinese Herbal Medicine plus Chemotherapy Versus to treatment with platinum-based chemotherapy alone for Non-Small Cell Lungs Carcinoma among Male and Women Adult Patients (25 to 75 years old) have recently emerged. Their results are far from uniform. So therefore, Lungs Cancer related diseases have a profound economic impact on health care systems global wide, thus Kanglaite Injection combined with Docetaxel plus Cisplatin have been shown to have beneficial effects than treatment with platinum-based chemotherapy alone.

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Volume: Issue: 2

Article: The “String of Pearls” in South Asia: Why there will always be a “Checkmate”

Felix Amoh-Siaw
3, Issue 2; February-2020 ;
Nor. Am. Aca. Res. 2020 : 3(2) : 378-393 ; https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3678985

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Abstract: The accusation that China is encircling India in the Indian Ocean through the “Spring of Pearls” became popular within the academic and media streams since 2004. With China financing the construction of ports along the coasts of friendly states in the South Asian region, the criticisms became harsher as opponents feared the “activation” of the so-called pearl strings. After almost two decades since the use of the phrase, there has not been any militarization (activation) of Chinese-sponsored ports. This paper seeks to explain why the “string of pearls” has not been “activated” to this day. It argues that the supposed “string of pearls” faces critical challenges in South Asia. Multi-party democracy (in other words the domestic politics) together with the Interests of the U.S and her allies, counter-responses from India, and self-imposed principles on the part of the Chinese government, will encumber any probable activation of the “pearl strings” into naval or military bases in South Asia.

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Volume: Issue: 2

Article: Review Study of The Impact of Globalisation on Motivation’s Health Personnel of TCM And Western Medicine on The Quality of Care In Developing And Low Countries

David Kayembe Mwimbi (PhD) , Shuqijin (PhD) , Ella Wang (PhD) , Judy Zhu (MD), Zhang Gaochenxi (PhD) , Liang yi (PhD)
3, Issue 2; February-2020 ;
Nor. Am. Aca. Res. 2020 : 3(2) : 02; : https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3669391

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Abstract: Community health Personnel’s (CHPs) are an increasingly important component of health systems and programs. Despite the recognized role of The Impact of Globalization on Motivation’s Personnel Health of the Tcm and Western Medicine in ensuring CHPs are effective, The Impact of Globalization on Motivation on Doctors is often under-supported by the Chinese government in Beijing. Little is known about what constitutes adequate Globalization and how different Globalization strategies influence performance, motivation, and retention in the world. Methods: To determine and evaluate The Impact of Globalization on Motivation’s Personnel Health of the Tcm and Western Medicine on the quality of Care in development countries including the strategies used in low- and middle-income Africa’s countries and discuss implementation and feasibility issues with a focus on (GMHPs).

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Volume: Issue: 2

Article: A Review on the performance of some cassava peeling machines developed

Osei Seth
3, Issue 2; February-2020 ;
Nor. Am. Aca. Res. 2020 : 3(2) : 97-165; https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3669373

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Abstract: Different operations are involved in the processing of cassava tubers for consumptive or industrial purposes. Most of the operations have been mechanized successfully except the peeling process, which still poses to be a major global challenge to engineers, henceforth, full attention is needed to develop a scientific solution to boost cassava production in the world market. The objective of this work presents some Strengths and limitations, performance evaluations, theoretical models, different functions, future areas of focus, and factors affecting some cassava peeling machines developed like the abrasive peelers, knife-edge peelers, stationary outer-drum peelers, etc. The peeling machines reviewed operated within 40-1500 rpm speed range, have 45-100% peeling efficiency, 2.7-2400 kg/hr throughput capacity, and 0-44% flesh losses. Several factors like the tuber physic mechanical and the machine properties affected the performance of the machines, of which some were the parameters of the theoretical models developed. Generally, increased machine speed increased the flesh losses and the throughput capacity, but the peeling efficiency increased in some machines and got decreased in others. The mechanical and the chemical methods combined in some of the works could not yield the desired result, it rather increased food losses. From the study, cassava peeling machine with a 100% peeling efficiency and 0% flesh losses, that is capable of giving the desired result has not been developed yet, hence, an artificial intelligence and biosensing technology should be considered in future developments.

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Volume: Issue: 2

Article: Web-Based Monitoring System for Optimal Collection and Disposal of Solid Waste Using Geographic Information System (GIS)

Akpotuzor Sylvia A. , Ofem Ajah O. , Agana Moses A.
3, Issue 2; February-2020 ;
Nor. Am. Aca. Res. 2020 : 3(2) : 30-58 ; https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3660159

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Abstract: This research developed a Web-based Monitoring System for Optimal collection and Disposal of Solid Waste using Geographic Information System (GIS) with the aim of improving an effective waste management system and also providing a geographical view of waste collection bins and their locations in the study area. The rationale of this research was to provide a geo-spatial view of solid waste bins by allowing the public lodge complaints about filled waste bins in the covered region and also reducing the transit time it takes for garbage truck drivers to dispose waste at the major dump-site. This work adopted the Ymodel web-GIS Development Methodology (YWDM) in developing the system. Also, object oriented analysis and design methods were used in developing the logical aspect of the system. On the analysis, development and implementation, the system uses Geographic Information System (GIS) combined with web technologies. While evaluating the system, as a proof of concept, dynamic tests were carried out during the validation process to test the functionalities of the system. Finding shows that the system can receive information dynamically at real time about waste bin situations within the study area and proactively take an action to evacuate wastes from storage locations. Transportation route was also optimized based on analysis of waste collection bin locations which results in ensuring that minimal time is spent on disposing wastes into the landfill. In conclusion, the work has shown that automating the waste management process by the use of a web-based monitoring system for optimal collection and disposal of solid wastes will improve waste management in Nigeria and beyond.

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Volume: Issue: 2

Article: Content Analysis of Microstructure of Oxford English Sindhi-Dictionary 2010

Jamil Ahmed, Dr. Ambreen Shahriar, Sadia Inayat
3, Issue 2; February-2020 ;
Nor. Am. Aca. Res. 2019 : 3(2) : 15-29; https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3660154

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Abstract: The aim of this research was to critically analyze the microstructure of the oxford English Sindhi dictionary (2010). In order to achieve the aim of the study, an objective was set to find out the way information was presented in the microstructure of OESD (2010) which was the sample of the study. Afterwards, the study was designed qualitatively as per the nature of the study and it was decided after going through a huge corpora related to critical dictionary analysis. The dictionary was analyzed through content analysis. This required a sample to be selected and taken from every twentieth page of the dictionary. The results of the study were discussed descriptively. The results of the study showed that there was a lot of information present in the microstructure of the dictionary. This information was related to meaning, labels including word class, symbols, abbreviations etc. It also included pronunciation of words. First of all meaning was present at lexical level and in the form of definitions. Secondly, the word class of the entries was also given in front of them. Moreover, abbreviations and acronyms were also present in the microstructure but these were not differentiated from each other. Most importantly, certain phonemes were presented in a wrong way. That is to say the symbols which were given for the sounds did not represent the actual sounds of the given words. This was found to be one of the mistakes which might have taught the learners wrong pronunciation of the words.

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Volume: Issue: 2

Article: A Review of the relationship between parental involvement and academic achievement of secondary school students

Tanzina Akter
3, Issue 2; February-2020 ;
Nor. Am. Aca. Res. 2019 : 3(2) : 1-14; https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3637680

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Abstract: This paper audits the examination writing on the connection between parental association (PI) and scholastic accomplishment, with exceptional spotlight on the optional school (center and secondary school) level. The outcomes first present how singular PI factors correspond with scholastic accomplishment and afterward move to progressively complex examinations of numerous factors on the general build portrayed in the writing. A few PI factors with relationships to scholarly accomplishment show guarantee: (a) correspondence among kids and guardians about school exercises and plans, (b) guardians holding elevated requirements/desires for their kids' tutoring, and (c) guardians utilizing a legitimate child rearing style. We end the outcomes area by talking about the discoveries considering the impediments of non experimental look into and the changed impacts of youngsters' versus guardians' points of view on scholastic accomplishment.

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Volume: Issue: 1

Article: The impact of Political Stability and Absence of Violence/Terrorism on foreign direct investment flows in the Arab countries

EBRAHIM ABDULRAHMAN, AL-DAKHLI ABDULLAH HAMID ABDULLAH SAIF
3, Issue 1; January-2020 ;
Nor. Am. Aca. Res. 2019 : 3(1) : 189-201; https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3629946

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Abstract: Foreign direct investment is considered one of the main sources of any economy. Countries seek to attract foreign direct investment flows to them. This results in the improvement of the economy, the transfer of technology and the foreign currency of the host country and the provision of employment opportunities. The Arab countries are considered to suffer from the scarcity of foreign direct investment In this study, we studied the impact of political stability and the absence of violence on direct foreign investment flows. In the wake of the waves of protests that emerged in the so-called Arab Spring. These protests turned into violent waves of violence and terrorism, which led to the low economic level of these countries, including foreign direct investment flows. Our study shows that foreign direct investment flows to Arab countries are concentrated in those countries that enjoy political stability, security and financial abundance, and are lower in poor countries and those suffering from waves of violence and political instability.

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Volume: Issue: 1

Article: Examining Factors in 2015 TIMSS Australian Grade 4 Student Questionnaire Regarding Attitudes Towards Science Using Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA)

Wai Wai Kyi
3, Issue 1; January-2020 ;
Nor. Am. Aca. Res. 2019 : 3(1) : 210-222; https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3632120

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Abstract: This study is based on the result from student questionnaire about Grade 4 Australian students’ attitudes towards science. The respondents for this study are (n=6009) students who responded to TIMSS 2015 student questionnaire and the instrument which is chosen for this study is the set of 26 items with 4-point Likert scale. This study employed exploratory factor analysis (EFA) to examine the possible smallest number of factors which are associated with the attitudes towards science; science lessons, science teachers and learning science. According to the result from exploratory factor analysis, it is suggested that 2 key factors can explain students’ attitudes towards science. The two-component solution explained a total of 53.24% of the variance, with Component 1 contributing 41.91% and Component 2 contributing 11.33% respectively. Set of items in factor 1 could be identified and labelled as “Attitudes towards learning science and confidence in science lessons” and those belongs to factor 2 can be labelled as “Attitudes towards science teacher”.

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Volume: Issue: 1

Article: Impact on agricultural productivity in Guinea of R&D Investment, Foreign Aid and Climate Change

Sow Madiou , Yong Ji Xue, Ashique Hussain , Laxmi Khanal
3, Issue 1; January-2020 ;
Nor. Am. Aca. Res. 2019 : 3(1) :86-106; https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3611652

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Abstract: The purpose of this study was to examine the role of foreign aid, climate change and investment in R&D in the agricultural productivity of Guinea. For this purpose, this study assessed the impact of two dimensions of R&D investment (i.e. R&D expenditure and R&D researches), three dimensions of foreign aid (i.e. NDA, aid effectiveness, official aid received) and three dimensions of climate change (i.e. access to electricity, CO2 emission, renewable energy consumption) on the two dimensions of agricultural productivity i.e. Agriculture Value Addition (AVA) and crop production. The 30 years’ data was collected about the current variables for Guinea and the time series analysis was performed to check the relationships. The findings of the current study showed that R&D investment has a significant and negative impact on crop production but does not have a significant impact on AVA. Furthermore, the results showed that RDR has a significant positive impact on AVA, but it does not have significant impact on crop production. The impacts of ATC and REC on crop production as well as AVA are significant and positive. Furthermore, only one dimension of foreign aid (i.e. official aid received) showed a significant and positive impact on AVA however, there was no significant impact on crop production caused by any of the dimensions of foreign aid.

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Volume: Issue: 1

Article: Security Risks Faced by Tajikistan and Its Impact on the “Silk Road Economic Belt Initiative”

Makhmadnazar Firdavsi, Hashim Ali, Arshad Saleem, Professor Guo Shu Yong, Professor Yang Chang
3, Issue 1; January-2020 ;
Nor. Am. Aca. Res. 2019 : 3(1) : 147-161; https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3627740

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Abstract: Tajikistan is currently actively promoting the implementation of “Silk Road Economic Belt Initiative” to stimulate the development of the nation’s economy, which has created a favorable trade cooperation environment for Tajikistan and China. Under the boosting of “Silk Road Economic Belt Initiative”, the two countries will hopefully form a comprehensive strategic cooperative partnership. Although Tajikistan’s economy and infrastructure to some extent lags behind other central Asian countries, it has abundant mineral and hydraulic resources that compensate for China’s deficiency in economic cooperation. Besides, Tajikistan has unique geographical and cultural environment that makes it the “outpost” in guarding regional security as well as the unstable factor in constructing “Silk Road Economic Belt Initiative”. For this reason, the analysis of the categories and causes of Tajikistan’s security risks plays an important role in promoting “Silk Road Economic Belt Intiative”. This essay attempts to study the cause of Tajikistan’s security risks and its influence on the implementation of “Silk Road Economic Belt Initiative” by sorting out Tajikistan’s risk types and their characteristics. “Silk Road Economic Belt Initiative” has an essential significance to both China and Tajikistan, and Tajikistan’s security and stability affect its operation and effects. Based on Barry Buzan’s security theory, this essay systematically analyzes Tajikistan’s security risks during 2014-2016 with the aim to add to the theoretical system of “Silk Road Economic Belt” and guarantee the efficient implementation of “Silk Road Economic Belt Initiative”.

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Volume: Issue: 1

Article: Mauritanian Effect of Trade Openness on Economic Growth

Yehdhih Ahmed Bezeid
3, Issue 1; January-2020 ;
Nor. Am. Aca. Res. 2019 : 3(1) : 162-188; https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3627744

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Abstract: The main Objective of this paper is to analyze the effect of trade openness on Mauritanian economic growth. Thus trade openness is considered as a central and explanatory element towards convergence between countries. It turns out that international trade is one of the essential levers of the Mauritanian economy; the objective of this study was to analyze the effect of trade openness on the economic growth of Mauritania over a period from 1986 to 2016. The empirical and theoretical literature exists on this problematic but gives contradictory results. To analyze the effect of trade liberalization on growth In Mauritania, we have used the least squares (OLS) method and Vector Autoregressive (VAR) we found our data on World Bank and the Mauritanian national statistical office.The result shows that there is a positive relationship between trade openness and Mauritanian economic growth.

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Volume: Issue: 1

Article: Investigating the wear characteristics of metal matrix composite coating deposited on AA5083 Al-alloy by laser surface engineering technique

Imran Ali , Naiming Lin , M.M Quazi , M. Nasir Bashir , Hammad Sadiq , Faisal Sharaf
3, Issue 1; January-2020 ;
Nor. Am. Aca. Res. 2019 : 3(1) : 138-146; : https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3626448

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Abstract: Laser composite surfacing technique is an emerging field of surface engineering that has been applied in automotive, aerospace and manufacturing industries. This technique provides inherent advantages of robust and localized processing. In addition, it allows for materials researchers to explore the potential combination of various materials. In this research work, laser composite surfacing of Ni-WC-TiO2 has been deposited on AA5083 wrought aluminium alloy. The microstructure, mechanical and tribological properties were evaluated by scanning electron microscopy integrated with energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy and ball on plate tribo-meter. Laser composite surfacing led to the formation of Al-Ni based intermetallic matrix phases. It was observed that the wear resistance in-terms of weight loss was improved to about 4.1 times and the friction coefficient was reduced to about 37.5 % when compared with the Al-Si substrate. The wear mechanism of the substrate was reduced from severe adhesive oxidative to that of mild abrasive.

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Volume: Issue: 1

Article: Analyzing the factors that affect to increase logistics costs in Pakistan

Asif Safeer, Dr. Mohammad Asim, Mr. Salman Manzoor
3, Issue 1; January-2020 ;
Nor. Am. Aca. Res. 2019 : 3(1) : 117-137; https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3626428

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Abstract: The analysis in the research is directed towards identifying the factors that contribute towards increase in logistic costs within manufacturing industry of Pakistan. The elements that have been highlighted as positively associated in this regard include lack of information sharing, warehousing, delays and the choice of vehicle. The results were obtained through the data collected from the managers of the organizations through survey. Sample of 50 managers was used to complete the survey. The statistical techniques such as regression and correlation were applied to test the relationship between the relevant variables.

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Volume: Issue: 1

Article: Effect of Altitude on Total Carbon Stock of Coniferous Forest (Pinus wallichiana) in Lete and Kunjo V.D.C of Mustang District, Nepal

Jyoti Bhandati , Dhruba Bijaya G.C., Can Li
3, Issue 1; January-2020 ;
Nor. Am. Aca. Res. 2019 : 3(1) : 107-116; https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3611905

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Abstract: Pinus wallichiana forest is the most important vegetation type in Mustang, Nepal, with a significant potential to mitigate climate change issues through carbon storage. However, little is known about the carbon stock of these pine forests, particularly in remote areas of Nepal. Forests play an important role in regional and global carbon (C) cycles, and estimates of total carbon flux in forest systems are important for evaluating the ecological and economic benefits to local people. The aim of this study is the estimation of net carbon stock and the documentation of the effects of elevation on carbon storage in Pinus wallichina forest. Total mean carbon stock for the forest as a whole was found to be 177.09 tC ha-1 . Total forest carbon stock was significantly higher at lower elevation range of (2200 – 2500 m) as compared to middle and higher elevation ranges. Soil carbon stock was 1.33 times higher than tree biomass carbon. Further research in different climate types, soil types and forest age should be conducted for carbon storage in Pinus wallichina forests.

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Volume: Issue: 1

Article: SCM as An Effective Tool To Enhance Production And Quality In The Organization

Mohammad Ahsan, Dr. Mohammad Asim, Mr. Salman Manzoor
3, Issue 1; January-2020 ;
Nor. Am. Aca. Res. 2019 : 3(1) : 65-86; https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3609144

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Abstract: SCM mostly is consider by the firm globally, this management mostly interlinks quality management perspective. This competitive global era does not allow the organizations to diverge when it comes to production and quality management. Reviewing an open literature about SCM it can be evaluated that quality and production management problems within and after production firm’s SC contexts are essential. SCM can supports a structural and periodic implementation of resolutions for various stages as in product summon back, late delivery of product and many more issues. This paper has address the interlinking bridge between SCM in terms of production and quality. SCM is a procedure of improving business strategies to make them more flexible, rapid and more competitive. The fundamental purpose that supply chain management exists for is to upgrade the product or maintenance and provide a competitive edge. Successful SCM involves a change in managing individual functions to integrate activities into key points of SC processes, due to which SCM expected to draw out a significant role in organization’s role play. The primary reason of this study is to study and examine the main specks that influence the organization in terms of production and quality, and also considering the tools of supply chain management to enhance this productivity and quality for the organization.

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Volume: Issue: 1

Article: Evaluation of antioxidant activity and brine shrimp lethality bioassay of Randia dumetorum stem extract

Mizanul Hassan, Abdullah-Al-Ragib, Md. Tanvir Hossain, Sazaul Morshed Sazib, Muhammad Zukaul Islam
3, Issue 1; January-2020 ;
Nor. Am. Aca. Res. 2019 : 3(1) : 1-14; https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3611649

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Abstract: This research study accomplished to explore the antioxidant activity as well as cytotoxicity assessment like brine shrimp lethality bioassay of distinct fractions of Randia dumetorum stem extract.

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Volume: Issue: 1

Article: Agricultural and Manufacturing Sector Determinants of Electricity Consumption, Price, and Real GDP from Pakistan

Kashif Abbasi, Kangjuan Lv , Muhammad Asif Nadeem , Arman Khan , Rabia Shaheen
3, Issue 1; January-2020 ;
Nor. Am. Aca. Res. 2019 : 3(1) : 21-46; https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3604943

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Abstract: For the upcoming years, Pakistan’s electricity consumption forecasts estimated to exceed electricity generation capacities. In this study we explore the causal relationship between electricity consumption (EC), electricity price (EP), and real GDP at the various sectors, and general level from the period 1970 – 2018 in Pakistan, by using Johansen Cointegration test and Vector Error Correction Model (VECM). The following determinants selected, such as EC, EP, GDP, other electricity consumption (OEC), and urbanization population growth (UPG) from agricultural and manufacturing sectors. The outcomes indicate that there is a constant long-run relationship exist in agricultural and manufacturing sector. While short-run causality also supports the hypothesis in both sectors. These results support the hypothesis and indicate that electricity consumption, price, and economic growth in Pakistan spurs, but not the other way around. Moreover, the research findings could be beneficial for policymakers, as well as electricity management to strengthen the long-lasting economic policies.

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Volume: Issue: 1

Article: Diagnosis of Complex System in Mechanical with Multiple Failure Sources

Md Nahiduzzaman, Mst Suraiya Farzana, Barua Chapal, Zakaria, Md Tanvir Hayat2
3, Issue 1; January-2020 ;
Nor. Am. Aca. Res. 2019 : 3(1) : 01-20; https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3604515

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Abstract: This paper proposes a method to accurately locate the source of product quality drift in a flexible manufacturing system (FMS). Based on the relationship between fault sources, a fault propagation mechanism in the production process is proposed to explain fault propagation after production. Logic diagnostic models are used to reduce the search space for suspicious equipment in the production process; however, this does not help to accurately locate the faulty equipment. In the proposed method, we model this reduced search space as a Bayesian network, which uses historical data to calculate the conditional probability of each suspicious device. This method helps to make accurate decisions to locate the cause of product quality drift, whether it is one of the devices in the production process or the product itself

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Volume: Issue: 9

Article: Contribution of Leasehold Forestry to Users Household Income in Sahidlakkhan Rural Municipality, Gorkha, Nepal

Deepa Khanal , Deepak Gautam, Jyoti Bhandari, Suman Bhattarai, Gunjan Gahatraj , Catherine Mhae B. Jandug, Keshab Baral
2, Issue 9; September-2019 ;
Nor. Am. Aca. Res. 2019 : 2(9) : 142-152 ; https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3598134

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Abstract: We appraised contribution of Leasehold Forestry on household income in Sahidlakkhan Rural Municipality, Gorkha, Nepal based on key informant interview, household level questionnaire survey and group discussion among user groups and committee members. Lorenz curve and Gini coefficients were used to study the income inequality among sampled households. Average household income of the users found to be increased but inequality did exist among different economic classes. The poor spends more time in LHF activities and their income is also found more LHF with compare to rich and middle classes. Regular supervision in LHFUGs activities by forest specialist, special package program focusing to poorest HHs to improve their financial status are recommended and government should harmonize poor oriented concept of the leasehold forestry to Community Forestry program for sustainable forest management as forests are more important to them.

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Volume: Issue: 12

Article: USING HANDS-ON ACTIVITIES TO IMPROVE THE CONCEPTUAL UNDERSTANDING OF SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL STUDENTS IN ELECTRICAL CIRCUITS

Raymond Achengkwoa Kaburi, Kojo Donkor Taale, Victor Antwi
2, Issue 12; December-2019 ;
Nor. Am. Aca. Res. 2019 : 2(12) : 249-371; https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3593562

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Abstract: This research work sought to improve the conceptual understanding of students

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Volume: Issue: 12

Article: Climatic Variability and Wetland Resources in Rupa Lake Catchment, Nepal

Deepak Gautam, Suman Bhattarai, Rajesh Sigdel , Catherine Mhae B. Jandug, Abdullah Mujahid , Dhruba Bijaya G.C
2, Issue 12; December-2019 ;
Nor. Am. Aca. Res. 2019 : 2(12) : 82-91; : https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3568477

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Abstract: Climatic variability with temperature increase is serious concern for wetland resource management and regulates the benefits. Key informant interview (n=5), focus group discussion (n=4) and household survey (n=60) were undertaken to appraise the local experience regarding status of wetland resources with climatic variability. Local households were stratified and chosen close settlement as respondents for the study. Meteorological data from 1979 to 2009 were used to analyze climatic trends where least-squares curve fitting technique was used to appraise trend. We observed both maximum mean temperature and minimum mean temperature have been annually increasing with the rate of 0.0490C and 0.0400C respectively, where overall temperature was found to be increased at the rate of 0.0450C annually. The mean maximum temperature was recorded ever the highest 280C in 2009, and seasonal maximum and minimum temperature trend of the winter was higher (0.051 and 0.067), which can be perceived as indication of global warming. The annual precipitation trend was increasing but Monsoon and winter precipitation was found to be decreasing, which directly affects wetland resource and agricultural productivity. Promotion of indigenous knowledge with training and education are suggested as the best option for coping the problems.

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Volume: Issue: 12

Article: Influence of Trust and social presence in m-commerce adoption intention in Bangladesh: An empirical study

Yong Ding ; Monira Akter ; Md Mizanur Rahman
2, Issue 12; December-2019 ;
Nor. Am. Aca. Res. 2019 : 2(12) : 232-248; https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3597052

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Abstract: M-commerce is advanced form of traditional business. Although, the initiatives by the companies frequently upgrade their facilities to develop m-commerce, yet consumers’ adoption rates are still low in many developing countries. This study aims to investigate the factors that predict consumers’ intention to adopt and the influence of consumers' trust and social presence in m-commerce. Further examine moderating role of social presence with social influence and trust in m-commerce adoption intention. A theoretical model is integrating with the help of Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology model (UTAUT2), trust and social presence. The quantitative data is collected (n = 418) and analyzed through Partial Least Squares-Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM). The research result shows that performance expectancy, social influence, trust and social presence significantly influence the adoption intention. Social presence has interacting moderator effect on social influence, and trust. However, effort expectancy has not significantly influence on adoption in m-commerce. The findings have some theoretical enlightenment and practical implications.

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Volume: Issue: 12

Article: Contribution of Ecotourism on household income: A study from Buffer zone of Shivapuri Nagarjun National Park, Nepal

Laxmi Khanal
2, Issue 12; December-2019 ;
Nor. Am. Aca. Res. 2019 : 2(12) :220-231 ; https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3593556

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Abstract: Rural Nepalese communities are largely characterized by high levels of unemployment and deprivation, low level of skills but very rich in natural resources, so ecotourism is one of the potential sustainable land use that can help local communities ' economic well-being. This study examines the total income of the household in the trials routes three villages of Shivapuri Nagarjun National Parks which are directly and indirectly benefit to local communities by the national and international visitors. Data were collected 372 with the local residents. It indicates that ecotourism offers correctly available employment opportunities. Ecotourism is seen as the practice that most contributes to improving the quality of life of people inareas with increased financial and attitudinal support. By improving economic well-being, ecotourism has a high potential effect on remote communities, so it is considered better positioned for the further growth of tourism, especially ecotourism. Promoting ecotourism in these areas would encourage more participation of local communities than other activities of the household. OLS model used for the data analysis. Total income is in the dependent variable and off farm income, on farm income, livestock income, income from the selling goods and giving services are taking as independent variables.

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Volume: Issue: 12

Article: Semiotic Study on Bangladeshi Clothing Brands Advertisements

Muhammd Mustafiz
2, Issue 12; December-2019 ;
Nor. Am. Aca. Res. 2019 : 2(12) : 182-195; https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3592540

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Abstract: Advertised objects (e.g. texts, images, signs) have multidimensional meanings. Within the modern mechanisms of fashion advertising clients are being encountered by numerous adverts through walking, shopping, and overall each and every movement they do. In the light of semiotics advertisements are not solely images or written words, it has subtle meanings. Meaning may be too discontinuous and ambiguous that every time and every person will decipher those in a bunch of different forms. The term here seems much compatible with the characteristics of advertised images is Polysemy, an image entitles to many meanings at a time. Thus advertisements (e.g. rhetoric of image) create dynasty of myths over human imagination. This research will focus how consumers interpret and perceive advertisements disseminated by photographers and image designers for promoting their online products acceptance (i.e. marketing). Four advertisements will be studied based on Roland Barthes Semiotic Analysis method. Also this study integrates other semioticians’ commentaries on semiotic analysis as the study of signs including words, pictures, and nonverbal expressions as well as their interrelationships to figure out how advertisements are mostly interpreted as the ends of encouraging vulgar consumerism, sexist mindset, and overall dehumanization of our society.

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Volume: Issue: 12

Article: Study on Opium Addiction and It is Problems During Implementing Anesthesia

Mohammad Aemal Nikjow MD
2, Issue 12; December-2019 ;
Nor. Am. Aca. Res. 2019 : 2(12) : 210-219; https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3592547

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Abstract: Opium is a highly addictive non-synthetic narcotic that is extracted from the poppy plant. The opium poppy is a critical source for many drugs, including morphine, codeine, and heroin. Opium abuse creates diseases that scientists consider as part of psychiatric disorders. So opium abusers have several significant challenges during the anesthesia for surgical operations. The aim of this study is twofold: first, review of the status of problems of opium abusers in anesthesia, and second, review the clinical management problems of patients with opium abusers during anesthesia, based on the evidence in this field. During the peri-operative, these medical issues discuss the new clinical outcomes for these patients and demonstrate some of the main problems facing physicians

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Volume: Issue: 12

Article: Social Media and its impact on product branding in Bangladesh

Mohammad Saiyedul Islam, Krishna Bhowmick, Mohammad Akbar Hossen
2, Issue 12; December-2019 ;
Nor. Am. Aca. Res. 2019 : 2(12) : 196-209; https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3592543

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Abstract: In today’s competitive business world, for surviving business needs proper branding. Branding is essential to every industry regardless of the size because it helps distinguish a company from its competitors. Product branding is not free of cost; it is tough for enterprises, especially Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) of Bangladesh, to carry out a successful product branding program through traditional marketing activities. However, social media has evolved over the last few years to become the most affordable for product branding. Nowadays, social media is among the ‘best possibilities available’ to an item to get in touch with potential customers. Social networking websites are the method to interact socially. Promoters are considering many different social media possibilities and beginning to apply new social projects at a higher rate than ever before. There is no universal product branding strategy suitable for all companies, but the appropriate one may be built according to the company goals and means. Social media, especially facebook, is becoming an excellent tool for B2C product branding. Recently booming of internet users in Bangladesh is enhancing this opportunity for all sizes of companies. They can enjoy the benefit of social media to promote the product brand cost-effectively if they overcome the current challenges. This paper discusses the ideas of social media and social media promotion, other aspects like the development and advantages, role and benefits of medial social branding, perspective, and importance of social media in publicity, social media promotion methods. It also presents an outline of social media promotion in Bangladesh.

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Volume: Issue: 12

Article: The Role and Impact of NGOs in Battered Woman Syndrome Cases : A Case Study of Bangladesh

Rebeka Ahmed, Asma Mehboob, Bushra Bibi
2, Issue 12; December-2019 ;
Nor. Am. Aca. Res. 2019 : 2(12) : 152-166; https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3592137

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Abstract: This study examines the events of domestic violence and Battered Woman Syndrome (BWS), the role and influence of NGOs in BWS issues from around the world and specifically focusing on Bangladesh. Detailed researchstudies show that, these effects can vary depending on cultural and regulatory conditions. In a subsequent study,the impact of women's status on violence is highly contextual, as it depends on the degree of cultural conservatism in the region. Currently, expert testimony should explain the consequences of abuse in each case due to widespread misunderstandings and misconceptions regarding domestic violence victims in Bangladesh. Many other non-governmental organizations have adopted the grassroots approach and have established a village-level development program for the immediate need of women, as well as long-term approval. Our study shows that NGOs play a positive and important role in preventing abuses of women, which is a common phenomenon in Bangladesh, and need changes in women's protection legislation to prevent domestic violence. Bangladesh's effective non-governmental violence prevention (BWS) strategies should be incorporated both publicly through information campaigns and advertising, as well as through a community network.

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Volume: Issue: 12

Article: The Study on Measuring Effects of Corporate Management on Brand Value For Employees in Health Care Sector in Turkey

H. Nisa Tekin, Md. Shahin Howlader, Md Nazmul Huda , Md Asaduzzaman, M. Esat Erkek
2, Issue 12; December-2019 ;
Nor. Am. Aca. Res. 2019 : 2(12) : 117-151; https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3588817

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Abstract: : In today's modern marketing environment, as the goods and services offered by the enterprises have a similar structure, the importance of the non-intangible and non-purchasing business assets, especially the reputation concept is increased. Recently, the perceptions of the social stakeholders about the enterprise are among the most important issues and in this context, it can be said that the brand values of the enterprises with strong corporate reputation are high. In this study, the effects of corporate reputation management practices on brand value were investigated. In this context, a literature study on the subject and a field research in the health sector were included. In the application part of the study, the data were analyzed with structural equation model by using SPSS AMOS package program and the effect of corporate reputation management practices on the brand value was higher in private hospitals compared to public hospitals in terms of doctors and managers working in hospitals.

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Volume: Issue: 12

Article: Effectiveness of Integrating Hands-On Activities In The Learning of Chemical Bonding in High-School Setting

Raymond Achengkwoa Kaburi, Feifei Tao, Agboifo Edmond Omenonye, Ruby Hanson, Lan Yan
2, Issue 12; December-2019 ;
Nor. Am. Aca. Res. 2019 : 2(12) : 92-106; https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3588654

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Abstract: This research work sought to improve the perception, attitude and conceptual understanding of students, through the use of hands-on instructional approaches in chemical bonding. The final year general art four (4) Students of John Evans Atta- Mills Senior High School numbering 50 was the sample used for the study. The research instruments used included observation, interview, questionnaires and tests. It was observed that these students believed that, the content of chemical bonding is difficult and boring, also the concept was always taught without practical activities (hands-on activities) hence the wrong perception and low conceptual understanding of students which facilitate no attempt to excel in the subject. The students were engaged in hands-on activities, group work and constant use of teaching and learning materials to develop and sustain their interest in the subject. It was deduced that the lack of activities involving learners affected their conceptual understanding and performance in integrated science. It is hoped that learners will be more engaged in the teaching and learning process through the use of hands-on activities to help change their perceptions, improve the conceptual understanding and also to develop and sustain their interest in the subject matter.

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Volume: Issue: 12

Article: A Comparative Study of Administrative Litigation System of China and Bangladesh

Masum Billah
2, Issue 12; December-2019 ;
Nor. Am. Aca. Res. 2019 : 2(12) :167-181; https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3590110

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Abstract: The purpose of this article is to explain the most important factors that differentiate the litigating between China and Bangladesh. This research is theoretical in nature as well as descriptive in the case of comparison. The data of this research was collected from secondary sources. The outcome of this research is specified based on theoretical and also practical to apply rules and regulations in court procedure between these countries. The ultimate finding of this research is that the Chinese Litigation System occupies a much more significant proportion of the law than do the corresponding parts of the Bangladesh Administrative Litigation System.

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Volume: Issue: 12

Article: Evaluate the dyeing performance of silk fabric by using four different reactive dyes

Mahfuzun Nahar Supty, Al Mamun Md Abdullah, Md. Sajib Miah, Md. Moidul Hasan Sizan, Nishat Tasnim Nowrin, Md. Forhad Ali, Rony Mia
2, Issue 12; December-2019 ;
Nor. Am. Aca. Res. 2019 : 2(12) : 107-116; https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3588724

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Abstract: The four different types of reactive dyes Levafix BR blue EFFN, Remazol BR Blue RSPL, Remazol Yellow RR and Remazol Orange RR were applied for the dyeing of silk fabric. The dyeing condition was same for all dyes for producing 0.5%, 1.5% & 3.0% shades. The dyeing performance of dyes were evaluated by using color fastness to wash, color fastness to rubbing, color fastness to perspiration, color strength & Reflectance%. From the above test results, Remazol Yellow RR was excellent compared to other 3 group of dyes. It also showed better exhaustion & Fixation percentage.

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Volume: Issue: 12

Article: Financial Innovations and Financial Performance: Perceptions of Commercial Bank Executives

Morris Ayaa Mensah, Sir. Agboifo Edmond Omenonye, Dr. Williams Gabriel Brafu-Insaaidu, Lan Yan
2, Issue 12; December-2019 ;
Nor. Am. Aca. Res. 2019 : 2(12) : 1-35; https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3564931

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Abstract: The emergence of technology in the Ghanaian banking sector has had a huge impact in the development of financial innovative products today. The introduction of these financial innovative products has transformed and continues to revolutionize banking today, and banks in Ghana are no exception to this transformation. This study aims at examining the impact of financial innovations on the financial performance of selected banks in Ghana in terms of their income or revenue generation, efficiency, liquidity, profitability and general patronage of banking services in Ghana. This work is a survey of bank executives from universal banks in Accra and Kumasi. Questionnaires were administered to find out the opinions of bank executives on the impact of financial innovations on financial performance. From the study, it was discovered that financial innovations improve significantly the efficiency, liquidity and profitability of the banks. In addition, its recommended that corporate banks must make it a policy as part of their strategic management process to establish an efficient and effective marketing department to oversee the publicity of all financial innovative products. It is also recommended that the pricing of innovative products should be reasonable in order not to further scare prospective customers or users.

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Volume: Issue: 12

Article: Solutions to Improve the Quality of Transaction Activities at Communes of Vietnam Bank for Social Policies

Hoang Minh Hien, Wei Huai An
2, Issue 12; December-2019 ;
Nor. Am. Aca. Res. 2019 : 2(12) : 63-81; https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3568488

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Abstract: For 17 years of operating of Vietnam Bank for Policy Policies, although the quality of commune transactions with the poor has been improved, there are still some limitations. on infrastructure, training, organizational structure etc. Therefore, this study is designed to assess the existing difficulties and recommend solutions to improve transaction activities. Research results from interviews with people related to operations of VBSP at high and low performing branches by phone or in person or via questionnaire. The research was conducted 60 transaction offices of 20 branches, representing regions throughout the country of Vietnam which gather and analyze data on the status of transaction activity in the commune to clarify the necessity to enhance the quality of commune transactions and directing activities of VBSP in the coming period.

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Volume: Issue: 12

Article: Water Quality Assessment of the Betkot Lake, Sudurpaschim Province, Nepal

Ramesh Raj Pant, Til Maya Dhakal, Lal B. Thapa, Upendra Baral, Alina Dangol, Tarka B. Chalaune, and Khadka B. Pal
2, Issue 12; December-2019 ;
Nor. Am. Aca. Res. 2019 : 2(12) : 36-62; https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3566682

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Abstract: Wetlands are the most productive ecosystems in the world, and are also considered as the kidney of nature. The lentic environments i.e., lake, and ponds are the inland water bodies, not only provides the water but also supports the livelihood, habitat of plants and animals, regulates the hydrological cycle, and aesthetic values including other environmental services. The study on the hydrochemistry of the lentic ecosystems will have immense significance in updating the existing environmental and chemical database and also support to maintain their ecological health. The Betkot Lake, located in the Kanchanpur district, of Sudurpaschim Province, Nepal plays a key role in the ecology of the lowland Terai region and the present study emphasized on the hydrochemical assessment of its water quality. Besides ecological importance, the water body have a significant role in irrigation, fisheries, power generation and domestic water use. Recently, the lake has been witnessing severe deterioration in water quality mainly due to anthropogenic activities. For further assessment we had collected altogether 13 water samples in winter season, 2018, and the parameters of water temperature, pH, EC, TDS, DO, turbidity, free CO2, major cations, and anions including alkalinity, phosphate, ammonia, hardness, BOD and COD were analyzed. The results revealed that the water quality meets the guideline of Nepal’s Drinking Water Quality; however, some parameters like concentrations of DO, BOD, COD and ammonia didn’t meet the Nepal Water Quality Guidelines for Aqua Culture in some of the sampling locations. In addition to the usual interactions of Lake Environment with the fragile local land topography, the lake is subjected to anthropogenic interference due to its proximity to the increasing settlements and mobility of people around the lake. Multivariate statistical methods i.e., Hierarchical Cluster Analysis (CA) and Principal Component Analysis (PCA) were applied to assess the influence of pollutants disposal and their controlling mechanism. Particularly, the PCA results demonstrated that both natural and anthropogenic factors contributing to the contamination in the lake with 87.37 % cumulative variance. On the other hand, the CA results differentiate the sampling locations into four clusters and the pollution index level indicated that the all the sites are slightly polluted. Meanwhile, the quantitative pollution level exhibited in different clustering sites by using Pollution Index that indicated the outlet area was relatively more polluted than inlet sides.

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Volume: Issue: 11

Article: Physicochemical Characteristics of Groundwater Quality from Chittagong Area, Southeastern Bangladesh

D. A. Chowdhury and M. Jamaluddin Ahmed
2, Issue 11; November-2019 ;
Nor. Am. Aca. Res. 2019 : 2(11) : 390-422; https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3558801

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Abstract: Chittagong is one of the major developing cities in Bangladesh; its area is rapidly increasing and a large number of populations live in Chittagong City Corporation (CCC). Majority of the people are using the groundwater as a prime source for their domestic needs, besides the CCC is supplying them with an allocation of treated water. Our research work has been focused on various essential physical and chemical parameters including color, odor, transparency, pH, conductivity, salinity, total dissolved solids (TDS), dissolved oxygen(DO), Chemical oxygen demand(COD), sulfate, nitrate, ammonia, orthophosphate, chloride, fluoride, M. alkalinity, P. alkalinity, hardness, calcium, magnesium, arsenic, iron, potassium, manganese, chromium, nickel, cadmium, lead silver, mercury and zinc of water samples from various districts of Chittagong region. An attempt has been made in this study to evaluate the groundwater quality of Chittagong region. Groundwater samples were collected from shallow wells, deep wells and hand pumps of different heavily industrialized and domestic blocks. The work has been confined to Chittagong region and districts. Since the water quality is expected to vary with season, multiple samples have been collected from 100 sites at an interval of 2 to 3 weeks in each district before and after monsoon for hydrological year 2016 -2018. The water samples have been analyzed using standard method for physicochemical parameters as prescribed by APHA, using standard techniques and compared with WHO drinking water quality standards. The laboratory findings of water quality parameters were also compared with the recommended values set by DoE and BSTI. The concentration of different constituents of most of the groundwater samples were within the permissible limits of BSTI drinking water quality guideline except As, Cd and Pb. Results of water quality assessment identified the problem areas in respect of arsenic. The results also provided data to understand and quantify the threat of the impact of climate change on freshwater resources of this region. The results also provided data for water quality of groundwater resources of Chittagong area to match national and international standards for drinking, agricultural, industrial and livestock requirements.

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Volume: Issue: 11

Article: An Overview of Environmental Protection and Sustainable Development under : International Economic Law

Asma Mehboob, Rebeka Ahmad Kizee, Bushra Farooq
2, Issue 11; November-2019 ;
Nor. Am. Aca. Res. 2019 : 2(11) : 344-358; https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3562475

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Abstract: This paper examines an overview of environmental protection and sustainable development worldwide under the umbrella of international economic law. In this paper we have addressed the environmental pollution growth along with the development of environmental protection laws for the last few years. It is clear that environmental protection and sustainable development ‘has developed into too flexible theory to serve its essential purpose under the International Economic law. The paper analysis the theory of sustainable development that has determined the society to recognize and develop into responsive of the significance of ecological factors as well as of the function and services that the environment offers. Accordingly, it needs to be replaced with a basic title for the environmental movement. In this paper, we want to prove that sustainable development, Environmental protection must be considered in the determination of the line of action of International Economics law process. Specifically, the article will discuss various sources of implementation. Now it’s the time that international community seriously think and reconsider their approach regarding environmental protection law under the international economic law, with today pressing global warming and environmental issues which is facing and great concern for all over the world.

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Volume: Issue: 11

Article: One and half Century Long Tree-Climate Relations in Western Nepalese Himalaya

Deepak K. Kharal , Deepak Gautam , Catherine Mhae B. Jandug , Abdullah Mujahid
2, Issue 11; November-2019 ;
Nor. Am. Aca. Res. 2019 : 2(11) : 324-331; https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3562426

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Abstract: Altitude is a strong determinant factor in the local climate and is an important factor to consider when examining the association between tree and climate relations. Dendroclimatic approach was carried out to examine such relations by extracting the 50 cores of the Abies spectablies. Out of 50 cores, 41 series from 26 trees were well cross dated and samples were analyzed by using ARSTAN program to build the chronology. 155- years long ring width chronology spanning from 1899 to 2017 was developed. The result showed that the growth of Abies spectablies was positively correlated with total precipitation of four months and negatively correlated with eight months in a year. Similarly, the growth of Abies spectablies was negatively correlated with the mean monthly temperature of nine months in a year and positively correlated with the mean monthly temperature of January, August and July only. From the analysis, it was concluded that few months are favorable for the growth of the Abies Spectablies and most of the months were unfavorable. If the moisture availability decreases and drought increase the condition will be more severe in the growth of this plant in the upcoming day.

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Volume: Issue: 11

Article: Water Treatment: Enhancing Chlorobenzene Biodegradation by Delfia tsuruhatensis Using Water- silicon Biphasic System

Nishchal Baniya, Juwer Ansari, Nabin Neupane, Akshyama Aryal, Pratik Baral, Sabin Dotel
2, Issue 11; November-2019 ;
Nor. Am. Aca. Res. 2019 : 2(11) : 359-370; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3563213

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Abstract: In spite of being read for more than 20 years, little is thought about the components fundamental the treatment of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from mechanical off-gases in two-liquid phase bioreactors (TLPBs). Late reports have featured a noteworthy confuse between the high abiotic mass exchange limit of TLPBs and the low VOC biodegradation rates now and then recorded, which proposes that a procedure impediment may likewise be found in the microbiology of the procedure. Subsequently, this examination was led to survey the key job of microbial attributes on the execution of VOC biodegradation in a TLPB utilizing three distinctive hexane debasing consortia. At the point when silicone oil 200 cSt (SO200) was added to the frameworks, the relentless state hexane end limits (ECs) expanded by a factor of 8.7 and 16.3 for Consortium A (hydrophilic microorganisms) and B (100% hydrophobic microorganisms), separately. Within the sight of SO200, Consortium C bolstered a first unfaltering state with a 2-overlap increment in ECs pursued by a 16-overlay EC increment after a hydrophobicity move (to 100% hydrophobic microorganisms), contrasted with the framework denied of SO200. This work uncovered that cell hydrophobicity can assume a key job in the effective execution of TLPBs, and as far as we could possibly know, this is the principal report on hydrophobic VOC treatment with selective VOC take-up inside a nonbioavailable non watery stage. At long last, a free arrangement of analyses demonstrated that metabolite collection can likewise seriously hinder TLPB execution regardless of the nearness of SO200.

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Volume: Issue: 11

Article: Developing a Cost Efficient RADAR System

MD Sezadur Rahman, MD Toushif Pramanik, Hosne Ara
2, Issue 11; November-2019 ;
Nor. Am. Aca. Res. 2019 : 2(11) : 324-331;https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3562411

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Abstract: RADAR is an electromagnetic coordination for the detection and location of targeted objects. A radar transmits pulses of radio waves or microwaves which bounce off any object in its trail. Radars have been used for military application, highway patrol, ballistic missile guidance, airport traffic flow control, navigation, positioning, mapping, spying or tracking and many other solicitations. In this paper we’ve shown how we developed a resourceful cost efficient tech using basic components that reflects all the possible techniques a radar consists of. It uses ultrasonic sensors to identify objects in range and passes the data to Arduino microcontroller. Arduino UNO board is sufficed to control ultrasonic sensor, the movement of it and also to interface the sensor with digital display. The prototype of the system is implemented and coding for Arduino control is developed Experimental results show that the system can detect objects within the range with high accuracy and perfect for indoor applications.

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Volume: Issue: 11

Article: Kinematics Analysis and Verification of Six-DoF Humanoid Robotic Manipulator

Usman Ali, Guo Wenliang, Hammad Sadiq , Atta-Ur-Rehman , Samiullah Khan , Simbarashe Charekwa
2, Issue 11; November-2019 ;
Nor. Am. Aca. Res. 2019 : 2(11) : 362-372; https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3554579

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Abstract: The joint coordinate system of the six-degree-of-freedom manipulator is established, and the kinematics equation of the six-degree-of-freedom manipulator is established according to the D-H parameter method. Forward kinematics finds the position and attitude of the end mechanism based on the joint angle of the joint. Inverse kinematics uses geometry methods to solve according to the selections. Using MATLAB to compare the forward and inverse kinematics solution is multiple poses to verify the accuracy of the algorithm and choose the last frame six with the origin at the center of the end-effector flange.

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Volume: Issue: 11

Article: Progress of China Fintech and Deregulation

Sora Ju
2, Issue 11; November-2019 ;
Nor. Am. Aca. Res. 2019 : 2(11) : 373-389; https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3558552

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Abstract: As Fintech has proliferated over the last few years and most of countries have put more effort to adopt it at state level. It is apparent that Fintech brings more of cost-cut, security, and reliability to a greater number of people. At this moment, as China nurtured a myriad of Fintech giants and became one of Fintech powers so that it brings a surprise to the world. In general, each of China Fintech subsectors has flourished. It is because Chinese government is open to easing regulatory control which welcomes new entrants into a market and makes a natural competitive atmosphere with the old. Also, the state’s remedial action where it complements downside of law and system afterwards is so practical that it has paved way for the prosperity of Fintech. On the other hand, despite the fact that Korea has been well known as cutting-edge technologies, it is most unlikely that Korea is playing a leading role in Fintech due to trap of legislation which impedes the progress of Fintech industry. Also, the existing financial institutions fear bearing the burden of investment in Fintech. The paper suggests the proposition of how Korea develops it along with the speed of world Fintech through the study on China’s case. First of all, China took ‘Inclusive Finance’ that embraces non-financial sectors in it. Particularly, it reduced the regulation of Fintech and provided new markets and business opportunities. Furthermore, it set a definite political way which accumulated experiences of permitting testing businesses and induced a competition. The progressive approach through tests backed up the drawback of system afterward.

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Volume: Issue: 11

Article: Economic contribution of women in Bangladesh and their financial obstacles as an entrepreneur

Mohammad Nazim Ud dowla Khan, Guo Lifang
2, Issue 11; November-2019 ;
Nor. Am. Aca. Res. 2019 : 2(11) : 348-361; https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3553160

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Abstract: This article presents background information and research results from a study on the economic contribution of women through their unpaid work. The purpose of the research was to obtain an approximate figure of the economic value of the daily work performed by women in Bangladesh, work consisting of household tasks, farming, etc. for which they receive no pay.

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Volume: Issue: 11

Article: MICROSTRUCTURE AND CORROSION ANALYSIS OF RRA HEAT TREATED AA7075-T6 TEMPERED ALUMINIUM ALLOY

Hammad Sadiq , Kou Ziming , Wu Juan , Imran Ali , Muhammad Umar Bashir , Usman Ali
2, Issue 11; November-2019 ;
Nor. Am. Aca. Res. 2019 : 2(11) : 307-317; : https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3551610

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Abstract: RRA heat treatment has improved the strength and corrosion resistance of AA7075 composite. The conditions of RRA heat treatment are optimized. In this paper, the optimized heat treatment parameters were found by performing different analyzes. Corrosion resistance and Strength of AA7075 composite were evaluated from the tensile test, hardness test, EDS, and SEM. From the results, we concluded that the parameters which improved the strength and corrosion resistance of AA7075 composite include preaging at 120 °C for 24 h, retrogression at 210 °C for 8 min, and reaging at 120 °C for 24 h.

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Volume: Issue: 11

Article: Diabetes Mellitus Survey in the Bangladesh: A Sub-study

Rifath Jahan Antora, Suraya Easmin Chowdhury
2, Issue 11; November-2019 ;
Nor. Am. Aca. Res. 2019 : 2(9) : 333-347; https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3553108

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Abstract: Diabetes mellitus is quickly expanding worldwide yet the best increment is normal in creating nations including the Philippines. It is of general wellbeing worry to screen countrywide predominance of diabetes as it prompts noteworthy cardiovascular-related mortality just as huge entanglements such end organize renal sickness, visual deficiency, lower leg removals and visual impairment. Procedure: This is a national review to gauge the pervasiveness of diabetes and pre-diabetes utilizing the criteria of the World Health Organization through a stratified multi-organize inspecting configuration speaking to every one of the 17 districts in the nation. Results and Discussion: The national commonness of diabetes in the year 2018 was 7.2% (6.5-7.9); impeded glucose resilience 7.0% (6.1-7.8) and impeded fasting glucose was 2.2% (2.2-3.1). There was a more noteworthy commonness of people with diabetes in the urban territories at 8.5% (7.5-9.5) contrasted with the provincial territories at 5.7% (4.6-6.8). Diabetes is somewhat increasingly prevalent among females at 7.4% (6.4-8.3) contrasted with guys at 7.0% (6.1-8.0). End: The pervasiveness of diabetes mellitus in the Bangladesh is ascending with the pervasiveness in 2018 at 7.2%. The pervasiveness of pre-diabetes surpasses that of diabetes mellitus at roughly 10.2%.

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Volume: Issue: 11

Article: Social media-based entrepreneurial tendency among Asian women towards sustainable development

Luyu Chen, Lixia Chen, Syed Far Abid Hossain
2, Issue 11; November-2019 ;
Nor. Am. Aca. Res. 2019 : 2(11) : 290-306; https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3551297

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Abstract: The key purpose of this paper is to explore Social media-based entrepreneurial tendency among Asian women. The study tried to explore the hidden issues behind Social media-based entrepreneurial tendency which may change the ultimate low image of Asian women in the contemporary era. The authors used systematic literature review to do the research. First, the existing literature was reviewed extensively to find the gap and then a thorough analysis of existing literature was conducted with a set of quality assessment questionnaire based on social media and the attitude of women entrepreneurs. To analyze the data, authors used systematic literature review. Results show a significant relationship about Social media based entrepreneurial tendency among Asian women. Women may change their image as well as they may lead a prestigious life with the help of social media in entrepreneurship. The study was conducted with a limited number of women entrepreneurs from China which may affect the generalizability of the result. This study aims to fulfill the gap in the current literature by analyzing the contemporary scenario of women entrepreneurs and their aims and motivation to do better in innovative ways.

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Volume: Issue: 11

Article: Grid-Connected Three Phase Hybrid AC to DC Microgrid Controlling System using Bidirectional Converter

Khan Shahnewaz Sohagh, Xiaoqing Han, Lei Wang
2, Issue 11; November-2019
Nor. Am. Aca. Res. 2019 : 2(11) : 36-44; https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3549833

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Abstract: Micro grids are emerging as one of the promising solutions to integrate various types of distributed renewable energy sources with the utility grid. Though the existing grids are AC grids, today’s electrical loads comprising of power electronic based equipment and distributed renewable energy generation make DC micro grids more attractive. However, an individual AC micro grid and DC micro grid requires multiple conversions of power at the user end for DC loads and AC loads respectively, resulting in less efficient system. Thus, hybrid AC/DC micro grid seems to be the best solution to avoid substantial energy losses in multiple conversions. However, there are several technical challenges in the implementation of hybrid AC/DC micro grid, which need to be addressed. This paper presents an overview of hybrid AC/DC micro grid and discusses the important key issues and challenges to be overcome for its practical implementation.

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Volume: Issue: 11

Article: Export Potentiality of Flower Industry: A Case Study on Bangladeshi Flower Industry

Salma Akter Laboni, Jarin Sadia Promy, Shah Zubayer Abdullah
2, Issue 11; November-2019
Nor. Am. Aca. Res. 2019 : 2(11) : 251-271; https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3549088

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Abstract: Flower being introduced as a business item to the international market by Colombia, in the early eighteenth century, has attracted many other countries as a means of earning foreign currencies. Bangladesh flowers cultivation was commercially established in 1980’ in Jhikargachar, a district of Jessore. Over the years, this business has taken a good shape in the domestic market. Europe and North America have been dominating the flower industry for many years but suddenly export of flowers has seen a decline in this region as the importers are moving toward lower-priced markets like Kenya, Ethiopia, Ecuador, China, Israel, Malaysia and India. Bangladesh has also experienced a drastic change in the flower cultivation. Flower cultivation is highly profitable compared to agricultural crops. The study reveals that because of natural advantages. Such as fertile soil, good climate conditions and other facilities, a bright prospect of flower business and floriculture which is the competitive advantage of Bangladesh. The study examined the export volume of flowers of Bangladesh and anticipated future export value. This paper also describes the latent aspects which can help Bangladesh controlling the global export market. The paper examined domestic markets and explained various factors that are hindering local production and marketing. By minimizing the complications Bangladesh can ensure uninterrupted production of flowers which can pave the way to export. This article starts with a clear focus on flower business, objectives of the study, scope, methodology. And the later sections cover with data analyses. Finally, the study has offered some possible arena where this research can be further expanded.

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Volume: Issue: 11

Article: Study on the Development of Sino-Thai Tourism Trade Services

Jiraporn Naksuk
2, Issue 11; November-2019
Nor. Am. Aca. Res. 2019 : 2(11) : 272-282; https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3549116

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Abstract: The full text is based on tourism services trade issues between China and Thailand. First, through a lot of data to illustrate the development of tourism between the two countries before, including the development of the history and development of the status quo. Secondly, China and Thailand noted in the tourism trade in services in the problems, "zero fare" issue, as well as China and Thailand tourism trade deficit problem exists mainly on trade in services in the Thai tourism market today. In response to these problems, the author lists the measures taken by the two governments, and put forward their own ideas. Finally, the future of China and Thailand tourism service trade development and make prospects. Keywords: Travel ; Service Trade; Thailand;

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Volume: Issue: 11

Article: Modern conditions for overcoming sanctions in the Russian Federation

Malolychenko Iakov
2, Issue 11; November-2019
Nor. Am. Aca. Res. 2019 : 2(11) : 283-289; https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3549123

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Abstract: This article is devoted to the study of sanctions applied against the Russian Federation by the countries of Western Europe and the United States, as well as ways to overcome sanctions measures and packages. The article will consider the reasons that led to certain sanctions against the Russian Federation, as well as analyze the consequences of the measures taken to mitigate or overcome the sanctions taken against the Russian Federation. Keywords: Russia, Economic sanctions, Europe, USA

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Volume: Issue: 11

Article: Study of Humanistic Education: A solution to Language Teaching in Bangladesh

Ferdousi Akter, Md. Al Mamun
2, Issue 11; November-2019
Nor. Am. Aca. Res. 2019 : 2(11) : 238-250 , https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3545047

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Abstract: In an antediluvian pedagogic system of language teaching, the teacher is seen to play a dominating role in the classroom instructions. But it can be argued and asserted that students can learn a second or foreign language rapidly and effectively if they are provided with an approach in ELT is such an attempt that puts its main focus on the student’s inner world and places the learner’s thoughts, emotions and feelings at the forefront of all linguistic development. It reduces the anxiety and offers a teaching and learning platform that not only constructs learner’s knowledge but also provides them a self-realization of their own potentiality. However, this paper first presents an overview of humanistic approaches and then discusses the impacts off the humanistic approach on language teaching in general and English language teaching in particular. It also advocates for the potential applications of the humanistic approach in the language teaching context in Bangladesh.

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Volume: Issue: 11

Article: A study on the effects of Foreign Direct Investments on Cambodia’s Economic Growth

Sophanara Huon
2, Issue 11; November-2019
Nor. Am. Aca. Res. 2019 : 2(11) : 219-237; https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3545041

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Abstract: Foreign direct investment plays a key role in improving development, economic growth, and global integration. The importance of FDI provides benefits to countries with economic growth through increased national income, the creation of new jobs, higher wages, experience, greater exports, skilled management, and increased productivity through new technologies. In this way, FDI becomes the objective for developing countries to absorb the capital inflow and many new technologies to improve their economy through their policies to attract more and more foreign direct investment. Cambodia undertakes a new policy of identical treatment for absorbing all investors both local and overseas. The new law helped enhance increasing investment projects and gave a wider opportunity for foreign investors to get benefits from their investment in the Kingdom. This paper attempts to analyze the effects of foreign direct investment and its importance on the economic growth of Cambodia. The study uses time-series data from 1995 to 2018. The study uses a correlation matrix and multiple regression analysis techniques to analyze the data. Data access was done in the Excel program, which could be converted into STATA/SE 12.0. The data has been obtained from the World Development Indicators (WDI) database published by the World Bank and the Ministry of Labor and Vocational Training of Cambodia. The result revealed that FDI has positive effects on the economic growth of Cambodia, and most importantly, the employment opportunities were created for the domestic population, which in the long term helps unemployment and poverty reduction. Finally, the study recommends that to attract more and more FDI, the government should bring reforms in the domestic market, keep strong macroeconomic and political stability, and develop human capital resources in the country. Keywords: Effects, Foreign Direct Investment (FDI), Economic Growth, Cambodia

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Volume: Issue: 11

Article: A Study on the Occupational Safety and Health in Perspective of Disaster Management Approach: Research on Ready-Made Garments Sector of Bangladesh

Sabbir Ahmed Galib, Mohd Raisul Islam Khan, Dr. Md. Humayun Kabir, Shah Zubayer Abdullah
2, Issue 11; November-2019
Nor. Am. Aca. Res. 2019 : 2(11) : 196-218; https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3545009

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Abstract: During the last three decades' workplace safety has emerged as an area of major concern for employers as well as employees. This research focuses the present scenario of occupational safety and health in Readymade Garments (RMG) sector of Bangladesh, the achievement of Accord, Alliance and National Tripartite Plan of Action (NTPA) after Rana Plaza accident. Primary data collected through Key Informant Interviews (KII) with garment workers, managers, safety committee members, fire service civil defense official, development agency like World Bank and UN professionals. Secondary data collected through the review of literature on the study related to occupational health & safety, workplace safety, legal settings, sustainability compact studies and by reviewing recent published and unpublished materials. The study shows that 6 years after the establishment of the Accord, more than 1600 of its enlisted factories has completed 90% of their initial remediation works among which 227 factories has done all of their suggested remediation works. On the other hand, 428 members factories of the Alliance of North American brands led initiative has completed all items identified in their initial reports before ceasing their activities in Bangladesh and under the national initiative from the Bangladesh Government, it’s members have completed 30% remediation work. The study also revels that Accord field activities including verifying the remediation works and its workplace safety programs are more transparent than the others. Key informants of this study have appreciated the present development of the Accord and alliances as well as they have criticized different relevant issues which may have negative effect on the achievement on both platforms. With the efforts of the Accord and Alliance significant development in the workplace safety have achieved but still more work needs to be done. There also lies a big challenge for smooth transition of these external organizations to carry over their future works by the local bodies with transparency, rigorous, readiness and well enforcement.

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Volume: Issue: 11

Article: An investigation on the exchange rate regime of Saudi Arabia and its impact on the economy

Helmi Mohammed Salah
2, Issue 11; November-2019
Nor. Am. Aca. Res. 2019 : 2(11) : 171-182; https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3542321

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Abstract: Purpose: the study aims at analyzing exchange rate system of Saudi Arabia and its influence on the other economic indicators such as economic growth, inflation and the rate of CPI. Moreover, it identifies the reasons for choosing such an exchange rate and weather a fixed or a flexible exchange rate is more effective in enhancing the economy. In short, the value of this paper is to answer the following key questions: a) What are the various types exchange rate regimes that has been used in Saudi Arabia over the pastime? b) What’s the impact of the current exchange rate on the economy of Saudi Arabia? c) Weather a fixed or a flexible exchange rate regime could be a better choice for the economy of Saudi Arabia. Methodology: to carry out this study, thorough research and analyses of the previous literatures, firm's websites, and Expert reports regarding exchange regime was done. Moreover, this paper studied the relationship between the actual exchange rate and its impact on the economy’s performance. Taken in mind that the price of oil is decreasing, the study illustrated how the current exchange rate will serve the economy in such a case. Findings: The overall findings show that the fixed exchange rate regime has served the economy of Saudi Arabia for the period 1986-2014. While the flexible exchange rate system, which used in the period of 1973-1986, has led to a depreciation in currency and an increase in the inflation rate. The reason for this, is that, since Saudi Arabia completely depends on oil, it has a no diverging economic cycle relative to the United States. Thus, the dollar peg is likely to serve the economy until Saudi Arabia becomes a meaningfully diversified economy, with exports denominated in a mix of currencies. Moreover, in the era of using a fixed exchange rate. Limitations: this study has some limitation such as, the span of the time was short, the scarcity of the studies in this Area, especially in the Arab region.

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Volume: Issue: 11

Article: Trade Relations Between China and Italy: Driving Factors

Alessia Fucetola
2, Issue 11; November-2019
Nor. Am. Aca. Res. 2019 : 2(11) : 157-170; https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3542287

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Abstract: This paper attempts to provide a better comprehension of the trade relations between China and Italy with particular attention to the factors that strengthen this cooperation. This choice was not accidental. China is a country that has recently experienced an incredible economic growth and it is now regarded as one the driving forces of the global economy. On the contrary, following the economic crisis, the level of entrepreneurial activities in Italy has sharply decreased over the last decade. However, besides their economic differences a growing interdependence of Italy and China has reinforced over the last decade and it is predicted to become even tighter within the next ten years. To conduct this study, the available literature review concerning the economic relation between Italy and China was studied. At the same time, all the major sources regarding the Italian foreign trade were carefully analysed and all the most relevant data collected. The research produced several key findings regarding the pull factors of China and Italy’s trade relations. The driving forces towards a strong and stable partnership between the two countries are mainly three: the revolutionary One Belt One Road project, the Italian government’s policies to promote the awareness of ‘Made in Italy’ on foreign markets and the growing number of the Chinese direct investments in Italy. The information obtained with this research are significant in shaping the current Sino-Italian trade relations. Thus, this study might be a good starting point for all those Chinese and Italian companies who want to comprehend the nature of the relation with their oversea counterparts and elaborate effective strategies to penetrate each other markets.

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Volume: Issue: 11

Article: The Impact of China’s Foreign Direct Investment on Economic Growth of Lao PDR

Phetsamone Phommouny
2, Issue 11; November-2019
Nor. Am. Aca. Res. 2019 : 2(11) : 183-195; https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3543924

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Abstract: : FDI is considered to be a significant factor in order to support economic growth, the inflows of foreign capital is not only creating more employment to the host countries, but it also provide a dynamic benefit to those countries in term of technological transfer. A large amount of capital comes in through these investments more and more industries are set up, and it helps to promote the international trade. The current paper attempts to analyze the impact of Chinese FDI on Laos’s economic growth. The secondary data sources were obtained from the World Development Indicators (WDI) database published by the World Bank (WB), the Bank of Laos (BOL) and the Ministry of Planning and Investment (MIP) of Laos. The study analyzes time series data from 2005 to 2018, by following independent variables including Chinese foreign direct investment, foreign exchange rate, inflation rate and interest rate. The study used correlation and multiple regression analysis techniques for data analysis. The results of the study found that China's FDI has a positive impact on the economic growth of Laos. The study recommends that the government should bring reforms in the domestic market to attract foreign direct investment in Laos.

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Volume: Issue: 11

Article: Gravity model in Thailand with ASEAN and NON-ASEAN Empirical analysis in Trade

Yok Boonpektrakul
2, Issue 11; November-2019 ;
Nor. Am. Aca. Res. 2019 : 2(11) : 113-121; https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3539675

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Abstract: In this paper, the trade volume between Thailand and ASEAN members and non-members is empirically analyzed by using the gravity model. The 1995-2018 panel data were used to establish a gravity model with variables such as distance from Thailand to each country, GDP, per capita GDP and whether it is an ASEAN country. According to the results of the gravity model, the economic aggregate of each country, the distance from Thailand and whether it is an ASEAN country have a significant influence on the trade volume between Thailand and each country.

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Volume: Issue: 11

Article: Assessing the Extent and Effects of Vehicles’ Noise Pollution and CO Emissions on Human Health in Urban Areas of Faisalabad, Pakistan

Zawar Hussain ; Lizhen Gao ; and Muhammad Moeen
2, Issue 11; November-2019 ;
Nor. Am. Aca. Res. 2019 : 2(11) : 132-156; https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3539681

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Abstract: There are so many types of large number of vehicles are moving on the road in Faisalabad like motor rickshaws, motorcycles, cars and heavy traffic trucks and buses etc. Thirty different locations were selected for CO monitoring and forty locations were selected for noise monitoring in whole city. Two different instruments were used to measured two different parameter, integrating sound level meter model 6226 was used to measure noise pollution and yellow fluke meter was used to measure CO level. Data was collected in two different time morning as well as evening, maximum noise was measured 99 db in the commercial zone in the evening time and maximum CO was measured in the industrial zone in the evening time that was 42 ppm greater than morning time. On the basis of health effect data 37% people affected with noise pollution and according to data that 45% people was affected with respiratory disease due to CO pollution of vehicle emission. Similarly 32% people was effected with allergy, 35% giddiness, 50% ENT (Eyes and throat), and 42% people was affected from CO emissions from vehicles emission, maximum locations are exceeding the standard limit of EPA (Environment Protection Agency) of Pakistan.

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Volume: Issue: 11

Article: CEO Duality and Risk: A Case of Textile Firms Listed on Pakistan Stock Exchange

Mahboob Ullah, Niaz Mohammad Hamdard, Noor Ahmad Sahar
2, Issue 11; November-2019 ;
Nor. Am. Aca. Res. 2019 : 2(11) : 122-131; https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3539678

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Abstract: Sound governance system can inculcate investors’ confidence. Good practices of corporate governance craft the iconic position of corporations by making performance strong and reducing risk. The fundamental purpose of this study was to evaluate the influencing role of CEO Duality on risk of Textile manufacturing corporations listed on the Pakistan Stock Exchange (PSX). For achievement of research objective, twenty Textile sectors firms listed on the PSX was employed from the period 2010 to 2018. Hypotheses were tested by deploying correlation analysis and fixed effect regression model, and results were tested via Best Linear Un-biased Estimator properties of regression. The findings reveal that CEO duality has positive association with solvency risk. The study support the hypothesis and preceding studies that have also documented positive relation between CEO Duality and risk. This study is imperative for Textile sector firms in developing economies like Pakistan in understanding the importance of corporate governance practices as CEO duality increases corporate risk and lose investor trust in under developing country like Pakistan.

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Volume: Issue: 11

Article: Connected Decycling Number of Pm x Pn

Sajid Hussain, Shahid Hussain
2, Issue 11; November-2019 ;
Nor. Am. Aca. Res. 2019 : 2(11) 97-112; https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3533923

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Abstract: There are many results on the decycling number (G) of a graph G is the smallest number of vertices can be removed from a graph G so that the resultant graph contains no cycle, that is, induced forest. A decycling set containing exactly G vertices of G is called -set.

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Volume: Issue: 11

Article: The Critical Success Factors of Developing New Products in the Marketplace

Rakhimboev Muzaffar, I.A. Saparniyazov
2, Issue 11; November-2019 ;
Nor. Am. Aca. Res. 2019 : 2(11) : 85-96 mber, 2019 ; https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3533916

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Abstract: Development of Successful new product is rough, particularly for truly new products. How can companies productively expand and commercialize such kind of products and what types of factors affect new Product success? The latest study aims to respond to this main question. An amount number of Leaders are capable of creating completely new industries are supported to build conditions under which groups could learn from failures, past experience who wish to develop their company’s capacity to build up the kind of products. And also critical success factors are also significant in some business areas. With the purpose of fulfilling their purposes, the studies have focused entirely on many features of the management of new product development in companies, and also challenged to weave them to a number of substitute effects. This has entitled for the quantity of “success” itself. And this paper also concentrates on four innovation strategy with examples.

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Volume: Issue: 11

Article: Realism in the Novel of Thomas Hardy

Mst. Nilufar Yasmin, Rafi Imam
2, Issue 11; November-2019 ;
Nor. Am. Aca. Res. 2019 : 2(11) : 74-82; https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3533971

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Abstract: Fundamental to Thomas Hardy's fiction and verse, just as his memoir, scenes of move continually sanction characters' connections to history and memory and investigate the phenomenology of volition and of self-misfortune. A full range of sociality exists crosswise over such moves, from delighted collectivity to sorrowful self-antagonism, concentrated romance to private joy. Solid investigates moving additionally for its affinities with work, engineering and battle. The differently danceable rhythms of his productive, metrically aspiring stanza enlighten what the essayist's praised inspirations of time may owe to move. In a few of the books, move prompts iridescent dialects of tangible surface and populates elucidating sections with a thickness and dynamism that may represent Hardyean authenticity at its generally test. Close literary examination, move hypothesis and neurophysiology propose that Hardy's moves may transform stationary adding something extra to a method of mimetic and kinaesthetic vision – a demonstration of moving by different implies.

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Volume: Issue: 11

Article: Factors effecting trade barriers in international business between China and USA and its impacts on Bangladesh market

Mohammed Hasan Tarek, Dr. Salah Uddin Rajib
2, Issue 11; November-2019 ;
Nor. Am. Aca. Res. 2019 : 2(11) : 62-73; https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3530948

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Abstract: Administration and Congressional leaders struggle with rapidly-changing political and economic environments in the United States, it is increasingly clear that those environments are inexorably linked to equally-rapid and unexpected changes abroad. Moreover, many of these changes are occurring in regions of the world and countries only marginally of interest to most American policy makers in the past. Bangladesh is one such country. Bangladesh is facing new, pressing difficulties that necessitate U.S. action. The U.S. economic outlook and, just as significantly, the global economic outlook is not good. Trade benefits provided now by the United States to countries in sub-Saharan Africa, the Caribbean, Mexico, Israel and Jordan are diverting exports of Bangladesh’s most important product toward producers on those regions. The ramifications for export earnings, employment, even economic and political stability are not insignificant.

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Volume: Issue: 11

Article: Inherited Hindrance Aspect in Asian Pacific Family Businesses

Nanieil Shaky
2, Issue 11; November-2019 ;
Nor. Am. Aca. Res. 2019 : 2(11) : 36-48; https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3529880

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Abstract: In the social exchange business, China is a relatively young advantageous, where Alibaba started mass networking a few years ago. In the past, there was no middle class, and the economy had a restrictive power base which recently becomes more flexible. These changes provided the opportunity for the family business to grow as an economic power. This paper will demonstrate how the economy of China can be affected by family business behavior and cultural influence. The concept of nepotism, cynicism, and succession of obligation plays a significant role in the Chinese family business. This paper tries to analyze the reasons for nepotism, cynicism, and succession within the traditional Chinese family culture. By measuring the positive and negative aspects of this relationship, processes can be implemented to combat nepotism, cynicism and poor succession planning.

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Volume: Issue: 11

Article: Investigation of color yield & color space between different parts of a garments body

Tonmoy Paul , Miraduzzaman Chowdhury , Kamrul Hassan Bhuiyan , Rony Mia , Suraiya Sultana
2, Issue 11; November-2019 ;
Nor. Am. Aca. Res. 2019 : 2(11) : 18-35; https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3529872

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Abstract: In textile dyeing industry, body part & accessories part of garments is dying in a same recipe & condition in a dyeing machine. Most of the time fabric type between body part & accessories is different. The objective of this work to finds out the color yield & space deviation between body part & accessories part fabric. By Kubelka-Monk theory, we explained the deviation between body part & accessories part of fabric in K/S, wavelength curve & difference in lightness and darkness (L), difference in red and green (a), difference in yellow and blue (b), total color difference (E) value for color space.

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Volume: Issue: 10

Article: Examine upon the progress and Development of Accounting Management Under Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises in The Peoples’ Republic of China

Jamil Ahmed Channa, Imran Maqbool Thebo
2, Issue 10; October-2019 ;
Nor. Am. Aca. Res. 2019 : 2(10) : 221-227; : https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3526233

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Abstract: : In the mid twentieth century, the board bookkeeping was made with Taylor's hypothesis of logical administration. The executives bookkeeping is a ceaseless improvement process that offers some incentive included worth, structure, measure and oversee money related and non-monetary data frameworks for endeavors. This procedure coordinates the administration activities, inspires conduct, bolsters and makes social qualities, which are expected to accomplish hierarchical system, strategies and business destinations. The examination and utilization of the board bookkeeping in China began lately. Then It began late 70s and mid 80s.Throughout the time around thirty years the board bookkeeping had gained incredible ground under both hypothesis and perform. Numerous realities have demonstrated that China's administration bookkeeping has step by step moved from amount and standard management to the executives of expense and esteem, and from undertaking and division the board to far reaching and vital administration. As of late, with the usage of monetary strategies, for example, division spending plan, contribute ment audit and execution evaluation, "far reaching spending plan", "zero-base spending plan", "spending control", "duty appraisal" and other present day the executives bookkeeping hypotheses and techniques had been used in different undertakings in China. However, the moment so as to administration bookkeeping is shaped and created in China isn't extended all things considered. There are numerous deformities and deficits in China's administration bookkeeping. The hypothetical formation, extent of the research and down to earth use of the board bookkeeping are to be demonstrated & improved, and there’s as yet impressive gap for advancement. This issue is progressively genuine under little and medium-sized ventures [1]. This paper considers present improvement position of the board bookkeeping in little and medium-sized endeavors and aspects which influence the administration bookkeeping in the little and medium-sized undertakings, at that point proposes answers for meet the advancement needs of the executives bookkeeping in little and medium-sized ventures.

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Volume: Issue: 11

Article: The impact of corporate governance on firm performance in Bangladeshi insurance companies

Abid Hossain Shawon, Prof. Gulinaer yusuf
2, Issue 11; November-2019 ;
Nor. Am. Aca. Res. 2019 : 2(11) : 46-83; https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3529841

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Abstract: An imperative determinant of enhancing corporate execution is great corporate governance. Great corporate governance is additionally helpful for advancing corporate financial imperativeness and enhancing the dimension of corporate monetary execution. From the current lettering, the exploration on monetary corporate governance is commonly centered on the managing an account industry, yet the examination dependent on insurance agency administration is generally few, particularly the test on the effect of insurance agency administration on business execution is not very many. The current writing predominantly centers on the hypothetical premise of insurance agency administration. With the posting of expansive insurance agencies, real insurance agencies are likewise in the market. Including a segment of open data exposure on their official site, the majority of this data have established the information framework for the examination of this paper. This paper basically utilizes the accompanying two strategies: First, writing examination. Through books, insurance agencies 'sites, Bangladesh, protection yearbook, RESET budgetary research database and different approaches to get writing. And this exploration information, condense household and remote research results, and acquire the most recent information in Bangladesh, writing gives the important hypothetical premise, while information can all the more likely mirror the genuine circumstance of our nation, in order to accomplish hypothetical application practically speaking. At last, it advances relating proposals on the enhancement of insurance agency administration from four angles: value improvement, board streamlining, and official inspiration enhancement and data exposure. Proposals as to enhance the administration structure of insurance agencies in Bangladesh. Finally, it goes for taking care of office issues, planning the connection between partners, empowering the organization to settle on logical choices, with the goal that all parts of the organization's advantages are kept up.

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Volume: Issue: 10

Article: Allocation of Resources in An Islamic Economic System

Hodo Farah Ahmed
2, Issue 10; October-2019 ;
Nor. Am. Aca. Res. 2019 : 2(10) : 211-220; https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3526222

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Abstract: The Islamic economic system is the collection of rules, values and standards of conduct that organize economic life and establish relations of production in an Islamic society. These rules and standards are based on the Islamic order as recognized in the Koran and Sunna and the corpus of jurisprudence opus which was developed over the last 1400 years by thousands of jurist, responding to the changing circumstances and evolving life of Muslims all over the globe. Contrasts the Islamic economic system, which rejects interest but considers moral factors and the will of Allah when measuring welfare. Explains how these ideas can be expressed in the accounting price of capital (for objective factors) and by Islamic welfare criteria; and how they differ from the Pareto Criterion and capitalist concepts of utility.

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Volume: Issue: 10

Article: Entrepreneurial factors that contribute to the success of Entrepreneurs

Muttahir Hussain, Dr. Ammar Hussain, Dr. Yang Rui Juan, Al-Absi Waledh Ahmed Abdulraheem
2, Issue 10; October-2019 ;
Nor. Am. Aca. Res. 2019 : 2(10) : 176-185; https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3520187

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Abstract: Entrepreneurship is considered as one of the main driver of market and development. Entrepreneurs play an important role in economic development through innovation, creativity and employment. They discover new ideas and provides business opportunities to deliver goods and services. This research aims to study the factors that contribute to the success of entrepreneurs and to analyze the relationship between entrepreneurial factors and the success of entrepreneurs in Gilgit. Concerning the methodology, three entrepreneurial factors personality traits, access to finance and government support were taken in the study using quantitative approach. Using convenient sampling technique, 151 entrepreneurs were selected as respondents. Data were collected from an adapted questionnaire using 5-point Likert scale. Correlation and regression analysis were used to test the relationship between entrepreneurial factors and entrepreneurial success. The study analyzed the significant relationship between entrepreneurial factors and entrepreneurial success. This research will be practicable for scholars and the researchers who are studying entrepreneurial factors. Future research may be conduct this study on a large scale in different geographic regions.

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Volume: Issue: 10

Article: Effectiveness of dyeing with dye extracted from mango leaves on different fabrics by using various mordants

Burhan Uddin Banna, Rony Mia, Khaleda Sharmin Tanni, Nafisa Sultana, Al Mojnun Shamim, Rahat Khan Turzo, Foysal Khan Limon, Muhammad Tanjil
2, Issue 10; October-2019 ;
Nor. Am. Aca. Res. 2019 : 2(10) : 123-144; https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3519880

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Abstract: Nature provide us with many resources containing beautiful colors. Natural dyes are now one of the most important research areas for researchers. In this work, the dye was extracted from mango leaves & it was applied on the dyeing for Silk, Cotton & Polyester. The Extraction medium was set up by continue the change of pH value range from 3 to 12. The maximum relative color strength of the extracted dye liquor was found to be at pH 10. The optimum dye extraction conditions i.e., the temperature, time, and material-to-liquor ratio were found to be 98 °C, 60 min, and 1:10, respectively. Different types of mordant is used for fixation. Because Mordanting gives more effective shade in case of dyeing with natural dyes. Here, silk produce fine shades by using different mordants but gives darker shade by using ferrous sulphate>alum, alum>tin>tannic acid. Cotton & Polyester gives average result & lighter shades than silk. but by using alum>tin Cotton gives dark shades than other mordants, by using ferrous sulphate>alum>tin polyester gives a little bit darker shade than other mordants.

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Volume: Issue: 10

Article: Comparison of Nephron Sparing Surgery versus Radical Nephrectomy in patients with PT1B renal cell carcinoma A meta analysis of randomized controlled trials

Hualei Chen, Atogebania Wedam Julius, Dr. Samuel Kaba Akoriyia, Xiaoan Zhuo
2, Issue 10; October-2019 ;
Nor. Am. Aca. Res. 2019 : 2(10) : 109-122; https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3519865

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Abstract: The purpose of this study was to analyze Articles of nephron sparing surgery (NSS) to radical nephrectomy (RN) for Localized Renal Cell Carcinoma (RCC), of two different surgical by means of the method of meta analysis, in order to provide evidence for clinical treatment of Localized Renal Cell Carcinoma. Methods:Articles including randomized controlled trials (RCTs) studies around the world about nephron sparing surgery (NSS) to radical nephrectomy (RN) for Localized Renal Cell Carcinoma (RCC), were searched by Pubmed, Ovid, CENTRAL(CochraneLibrary), EMBASE, EI, CBMdisc, VIP,WanFangData; studies were chosen at last for Meta-analysis. Results:In accordance with the inclusion criteria selected There were 16 RCTs studies of (NSS) versus RN for RCC included in this Meta-analysis.A total of 20972 patients from 16 studies were included,of which NSS group of 4952 and a RN group of 16020. After 3 years of cancer specific mortality relative risk (RR) RR=0.88,95%CI [0.70 1.12], P=0.30; after 5 years of cancer specific mortality relative risk (RR) RR=1.07,95%CI [0.75 1.51], P=0.71;After 7 years of cancer specific mortality relative risk (RR) RR=0.88,95%CI [0.77 1.01], P=0.07;the postoperative recurrence of tumor is the relative risk (RR) RR=1.03,95%CI [0.69 1.55], P=0.88; postoperative tumor metastasis comparison of relative risk was (RR) RR=0.99,95%CI [0.77 1.27], P=0.92; the occurrence of postoperative bleeding is the relative risk (RR) RR=1.58,95%CI [1.03 2.42], P=0.04; There were statistical significance;the occurrence of postoperative renal failure cases compared to the relative risk (RR) RR=0.97,95%CI [0.68 1.41], P=0.89; the occurrence of postoperative mortality compared to the relative risk( RR) RR=0.92,95%CI [0.68 1.23], P=0.56. Conclusions:There is no significant differences between NSS and RN with regard to five year cancer related mortality.Tumor recurrence and metastasis. NSS could maximally preserve the function of the remaining nephron and reduce the risk for kidney function failure.Although RN is superior in the prevention of prospective complications,NSS is an effective and reliable treatment for localized renal cell carcinoma.

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Volume: Issue: 10

Article: A Simple Spectrofluorimetric Method for the Determination of Cadmium at Ultratrace Levels in some Real, Environmental, Biological, Tobacco, Food, Fertilizer, and Soil Samples Using 2, 3, 4, 5, 7 pentahydroxyflavone

Abdul Hakim, Faisal Hossain, Israt Jahan, M. Jamaluddin Ahmed
2, Issue 10; October-2019 ;
Nor. Am. Aca. Res. 2019 : 2(10) : 145-175; https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3519939

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Abstract: A very simple, ultra-sensitive and highly selective non-extractive spectrofluorimetric method for the determination of cadmium at ultra-trace levels using 2,3,4,5,7pentahydroxyflavone(morin) has been developed. Morin reacts in a slightly acidic (0.00050.002 M H2SO4) aqueous solution with cadmium and to form intensely fluorescent chelate, which has high fluorescence intensity ( ex =424 nm; em=485 nm).

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Volume: Issue: 10

Article: Chinese Grammatical Errors and Phonetic Analysis—in Indonesian Scholars (Kesalahan Tata Bahasa Mandarin dan Analisis Fonetik — pada Pelajar Indonesia )

Dr. Amrih Patriotomo
2, Issue 10; October-2019 ;
Nor. Am. Aca. Res. 2019 : 2(10) : 98-108; https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3515554

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Abstract: : In this world has many languages are using for communication purposes, including English, Mandarin, Indonesian, Japanese, Korean and Arabic. One of the languages that is currently in great demand is Mandarin. The Chinese nation is the largest nation in the world with a population of more than one billion spreading all over the world. Almost in all countries can be easily found communities of Chinese descent. In Indonesia, communities of Chinese descent are often found in various regions.Seeing the conditions at this time the market demand for mastering Mandarin language is increasing, so in this case the author wants to give a little description and analysis of the "Functions and Benefits of Mandarin Language Learning", "Mistakes That Often Occur in Mandarin Language Learning, especially (Chinese Grammatical Errors and Phonetic Analysis—in Indonesian Scholars)" along with suggestions and methods for learning Mandarin Chinese.

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Volume: Issue: 10

Article: Facile deposition of GaAs thin film on glass substrate via post annealing in open air

Nasrullah Wazir, Tariq Aziz
2, Issue 10; October-2019 ;
Nor. Am. Aca. Res. 2019 : 2(10) : 62-72; https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3510213

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Abstract: Gallium arsenide (GaAs) films were grown on glass substrates by resistive heating technique under a vacuum pressure 7.6×10-5 mbar at room temperature. In an open environment, samples were post-annealed at the temperature 250oC, 280oC, and 320oC in a homemade tube furnace. Different characterizations of all post-annealed GaAs samples were done through X-ray diffraction (XRD), Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) and Rutherford backscattering spectrometry (RBS). XRD analysis showed that the material has polycrystalline textures. Surface morphological structures were characterized by SEM. Elemental compositions were done by EDX and RBS, no evidence of contaminations found. Moreover, we derived that the post-annealing treatment was not affecting the GaAs thin films in an open environment.

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Volume: Issue: 10

Article: Self-Defense Legislations, Yesterday, Today and Tomorrow: A Study from Afghanistan Perspective

Mahfuz Ullah Arify, Mohammad Aimal Haqmal, Ahmad Gul Wasiq
2, Issue 10; October-2019 ;
Nor. Am. Aca. Res. 2019 : 2(10) : 73-85; https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3510234

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Abstract: The legal system of Afghanistan contains Islamic, Statutory and customary rules. It has developed over centuries and is presently varying in the context of the rebuilding of the Afghanistan. The supreme law of Afghanistan is the Constitution of Afghanistan. Furthermore, there is composite of legislation which stems from different historical eras. The so-called four volumes of civil law were formulated on the basis of Egyptian models and promulgated in the time of the monarchy. Other legislation came into force under of President Daoud Khan, the Democratic Republic (1978-1992), the Mujahideen (19921996), the Taliban regime (1996-2001) and the existing Islamic Republic of Afghanistan. Article 130 of the Afghanistan Constitution establishes that judges must apply the constitution and legislation and may only resort to Hanafi Fiqh (one of the Schools of Islamic Law) if a essential legal rule cannot be found in the written laws. According to the Afghan law system, administration of justice, accused is presumed to be innocent till proved guilty. In such conditions, it is load upon prosecution to prove its case against the accused. But in certain circumstances, the weight of proving guilt of the accused move towards accused and the law makes the accused responsible to prove his innocence. This kind of condition ascends when accused after commission of crime taken a ground as a defense for the unlawful act done. It is named plea of defense. There are numerous bases existing to the accused in Afghanistan Penal Code (1925, 1975, and 2017). The Afghanistan Apex Courts while identifying the plea of Self-Defense delivered specific guide lines for the trial courts so as to evade any error of judgments since it is the central principle of administration of justice that accused should not be convicted if there is a miniature doubt on amount of the prosecution. In this article we will use the various judgments of the superior courts so as to grasp on a final conclusion that how accused can take advantage of the plea of self-defense and in what conditions the choice of self-defense cannot be look into contemplation.

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Volume: Issue: 4

Article: Cover photo

NAAR
Volume 2, Issue 4; April -2019
NAAR

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Abstract: NAAR-Cover Photo

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Volume: Issue: 10

Article: Factors Affecting Cost Overrun in Construction Projects in Zimbabwe

Tafadzwa Natasha Mavengwa , Dinesh Sukamani (PhD), Mkhokheli Nyoni
2, Issue 10; October-2019 ;
Nor. Am. Aca. Res. 2019 : 2(10) : 43-61; https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3489806

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Abstract: This study aims to investigate and identify the factors that cause cost overrun in construction projects in Zimbabwe. To achieve the aim of this paper the following was done: identifying different factors that lead to cost overrun, collecting and analyzing questionnaires from the respondents and ranking the data according to its significance. The factors of cost overrun were ranked which, listed out the top ten factors. The top ten factors of cost overrun were: financial difficulties, currency changes, poor contract management, material price fluctuation, laws and regulations, poor feasibility and project analysis, delay in decision making, foreign labor permits, political interference and delay in approving design documents. The research assists in providing a better understanding of the factors of cost overrun in construction projects in Zimbabwe. The data was used to rank the factors according to their importance and also find the difference between the public and private sector using ANOVA test.

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Volume: Issue: 10

Article: Factors Affecting Risk Management in Developing Countries

Mkhokheli Nyoni, Dinesh Sukamani (PhD), Tafadzwa Natasha Mavengwa
2, Issue 10; October-2019 ;
Nor. Am. Aca. Res. 2019 : 2(10) : 23-42; https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3489804

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Abstract: Developing countries construction projects are associated with various levels of risks. One of the common factors affecting risk management in developing countries is the lack of project management standards familiarity. The main purpose of this paper is to investigate the most significant factors affecting risk management in developing countries construction projects. The research approach starts with extensive review of literature to provide several factors list which was also thoroughly looked at to reach final factors list that has all the factors that may affect risk management in developing countries construction projects. A set of 12 main factors and their sub-factors were selected and a survey by questionnaire was conducted to identify the most effective factors among them all. Results were further analyzed using the Relative information index (RII) and the Analysis of variance (ANOVA). Results indicated that factors related to government instability are the most dominant in developing countries. However, there are many other factors not to be ignored that have a greater impact in risk management in construction projects of developing countries.

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Volume: Issue: 10

Article: Proposed an Electricity Market Model for Bangladesh: Based on NORD Pool Model

Md Zannatul Arif, Umma Habiba Sadia, Md. A.Wazed
2, Issue 10; October-2019 ;
Nor. Am. Aca. Res. 2019 : 2(10) : 11-22; https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3477679

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Abstract: Now a day’s all over the world is focusing on the electricity sector. But this electricity market is facing the deregulated industry structure. Bangladesh is a typical developing country in South Asia. In Bangladesh; the power sector is improving gradually. After Independent Bangladesh has started the reform of the electricity sector and taken some initiative for blanching the power sector. In the power sector, some of the countries have created an environment where trading of electric energy is conducted in a market environment. In this environment, power producers compete for the market share through electricity trading. A potential trading system is very important for free and fair competitive electricity market action. We proposed in this paper the electricity trading market model of Bangladesh aspects based on the Nord pool Electricity market model. Also, we have shared some ideas and hidden issues of the electricity market that will flourish in the power sector.

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Volume: Issue: 10

Article: Comparative analysis of traditional handmade fabrics and modern machine fabrics - Traditional brocade craft and computer embroidery combined with DIY

Li Dong Ying
2, Issue 10; October-2019 ;
Nor. Am. Aca. Res. 2019 : 2(10) : 1-10; : https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3473678

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Abstract: As the economy continues to evolve, modern technology is impacting anything traditional. Apparel fabrics also follow the latest fashion life, replacing traditional handmade fabrics with modern machine fabrics. People who know the post-consciousness gradually discover the reliability of traditional handmade fabrics and begin to strive to recall and pursue natural fabrics from ancient times. As a result, most scholars have long distances in collecting traditional fabrics, some are field trips, others are collecting historical data and consulting documents. Of course, I personally can only verify the materials from ancient books, but the only ones familiar with the traditional Tujia brocade fabrics, so the combination of brocade fabrics and computer embroidery, with the greatest difference to confirm the traditional crafts and modern embroidery Combine.

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Volume: Issue: 9

Article: An Investigation on the Anti-allergic Impacts of the Native Probiotic Bacteria Isolated from the Honey Crop of Asian Honey Bees on Allergic Mice Model

Arrafy Rahman, Md. Ahasun Habib, Jyoti Sikder, Md. Furkanur Rahaman Mizan, Most. Khalida Jinnath, Most. Fahima Khatun, Muhammad Abdul Hannan, Fahmida Khatun, Sonia Akter
2, Issue 9; September-2019 ;
Nor. Am. Aca. Res. 2019 : 2(9) : 126-141; https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3459932

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Abstract: Probiotic bacteria exert positive effects on human health. Among a wide range of health beneficial effects, the anti-allergic effect is an important one. One indication of allergic reaction is the increase in IgE level in our body. The mechanism initialized by probiotic bacteria leads to the decrease of IgE level that ultimately inhibits the allergic reactions. The present study is aimed to screen anti-allergic effect of native probiotics isolated from nectar. The probiotic bacteria were isolated from the nectar sample collected from Rangpur district of Bangladesh. The isolated probiotic bacteria were then subjected to morphological and biochemical tests. These morphological and biochemical tests allowed us to ensure that the isolated bacteria were the probiotic type. Then animal trial was conducted using these probiotic isolates. In the study, mice were used as the animal model. At the end of the trial, the blood samples isolated from different mice groups were analyzed. It has been found that, the probiotic isolates had significant effect (p<0.05) on the IgE level of the mice used this experiment. IgE levels of treatment group 1, treatment group 2 and treatment group 3 were found (9.76±0.2 IU/ml), (5.69±0.14 IU/ml) and (3.22±0.11 IU/ml), respectively. While the probiotic isolates had no significant effect (p>0.05) on the eosinophil count and peripheral lymphocyte count of the mice used the experiment.

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Volume: Issue: 9

Article: Legal and Institutional Mechanism of Transparency: Bangladesh Perspective

Md. Shadat Hossen, Atiqur Rahman
2, Issue 9; September-2019 ;
Nor. Am. Aca. Res. 2019 : 2(9) : 92-112; https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3451502

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Abstract: In the modern state mechanism, the concept of ‘transparency’ gets more importance incessantly. Citizens are interested to see accountable and transparent government. A Hidden, ambiguous, unfair technique, in the government activities are caused of disrelish of its citizen. People are interested to know what, why and how government performs and runs. It indicates the consciousness as well as the legal expectation that government all activities are visible and understandable. Bangladesh, as a modern and democratic state also includes right to freedom of thought and conscience and of speech of the citizen as fundamental rights in article 39 of its Constitution. Besides, Article 11 of the Constitution of the People's Republic of Bangladesh guarantees basic human rights including access to information. For ensuring transparency of the government functions, the Constitution has guaranteed the freedom of thought and conscience. Access to information and freedom of expression are closely connected. If information is not available, the freedom of expression will be meaningless. The 1990s marked as era media freedom as granted in the constitution. Despite the freedom, the media face many challenges in performing their functions. After long time in 2009 the government has enacted the right to information Act. Besides the Universal Declaration of Human Rights have recognized freedom of expression and opinion as a Human Rights. For making the declartion mandatory, the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR) adopted and opened for signature, ratification and accession by UN General Assembly resolution 22004 (XXI) of 16 December 1966 and became effective on 23rd March 1976. Bangladesh ratified the ICCPR in 2000 and is pleased bound to guarantee access to information to all its citizens. In spite of above legal instrument the government can’t ensure transparency as well as freedom of expression properly. Therefore, this research will highlight the legal and institutional structure of transparency in Bangladesh henceforth an analysis of impoverished transparency caused by some contradictory Acts of the country itself.

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Volume: Issue: 9

Article: Conversion of Ligno Cellulose to Biofuel

Nishchal Baniya
2, Issue 9; September-2019 ;
Nor. Am. Aca. Res. 2019 : 2(9) : 113-125; https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3457643

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Abstract: : A two-stage process using aqueous ammonia and hot-water has been investigated to fractionate corn stover. To optimize the fractionation process so that hemicellulose recovery and purity in the liquid hydrolysate were maximized, the experiments were carried out employing response surface methodology (RSM). A central composite design (CCD) was used to evaluate and confirm the effectiveness and interactions of factors. The optimal fractionation conditions were determined to be as follow: (1) First-stage reactor operated in batch mode using a 15% NH4OH solution (WNH3 =15%) at 1:10 solid:liquid ratio, 60 °C and 24 h; (2) second stage percolation reactor operated using hot-water at 20 ml/min, 200 °C, and 10 min. The model predicted 51.5% xylan recovery yield and 82.4% xylan purity under these conditions. Experiments confirmed the maximum xylan recovery yield and purity were 54.7% and 83.9% respectively under the optimal reaction conditions.

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Volume: Issue: 9

Article: Assessment of seat design based on buttock pressure and anthropometrics data

Sunil Kumar Yadav, Jay Krishna Yadav, Nageshwar Kumar Yadav
2, Issue 9; September-2019 ;
Nor. Am. Aca. Res. 2019 : 2(9) : 84-91; https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3441608

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Abstract: Today’s global competition has prompted many automotive manufacturers to design their products based on consumer’s preference and satisfaction. A car driver controls the vehicle and his/her comfort and safety is important to avoid any road injury or unfortunate accident. There are three main objectives for this paper. This paper is to investigate the relationships between car drivers’ anthropometric characteristics, comfortable postural angles and seat adjustment, to analyze the force distribution on the car seat and to design a driver car seat that gives comfort and safety ergonomically to the driver. In this case, the measurements need to be taken for both car and the driver and also to propose a design a driver car seat that provides comfort and safety to the driver. This design should be based on ergonomic factors including design, materials used and safety. These findings enhance our understandings of car drivers’ perceptions of posture comfort and safety. The data findings and relationship discussed will assist the manufacturers in designing a drivers’ car seat with ergonomics value.

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Volume: Issue: 9

Article: Study on the effects of Multilayered and Multi-Directional Stitched on the Ballistic performance of Kevlar fabric

Suraiya Sultana, Elvis Mittra, Rony Mia, Al Mojnun Shamim, Miraduzzaman Chowdhury, Afshan Zareen, Bayazid Bustami Shaun, Zhongmin Deng, Mafzal Ahmed
2, Issue 9; September-2019 ;
Nor. Am. Aca. Res. 2019 : 2(9) : 46-83; https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3406857

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Abstract: The aim of this study is increasing inter-yarn friction by using newly developed multi directionally stitched structures for superior ballistic protection of Kevlar fabrics. The para-aramid woven texture was utilized. The structures were in unstitched and sewed structures. In the stitching part used Cotton yarns line the structure in one, two and four bearings though Kevlar® yarn was used to make as it were the four-directionally-sewed structures in six designs with one and two layers. The yarn pull out apparatus was created and the yarn pullout test was performed on single woven texture and sewed structures. Flexural rigidity for fabric is the essential properties, particularly for Ballistic application of superior fabrics and Optical Microscopic test done to watch the progress of the pulled-out portion. Ballistic tests were performed on the structures using 9 mm. In the event that the connected dynamic vitality level is under the yarn breaking expansion, crease in the symmetrical yarns at the fabric structure is right off the bat expelled, and from that point yarn pull out happens in the structure plane and later stage fabric distortion happens in the out-of-plane course of the structure. This wonder proceeds from the outside to the inside layers. In the event that the connected motor vitality level is over the yarn breaking expansion, right off the bat incomplete also, add up to fiber breakages and along these lines crease evacuation and yarn pull out stages happen. These wonders occur as different yarn disappointment in the external layers and for the most part pleat evacuation also, yarn pull out towards within layers happen. In the two cases, fabric and structure bowing were disregarded. The vitality retention dimension of the sewed structures was somewhat higher than that of the unstitched structures because of the way that some of the vitality was retained to delaminate the interlayer, which was bolted by the sewing yarns. Moreover, the tapered profundity in the sewed structure was low contrasted and that of the unstitched structure.

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Volume: Issue: 9

Article: Characterization of Ridge Gourd Germplasm

Taslima Jahan, Dr. Md. Nazirul Islam, Md. Sadiqur Rahman, Afroza Begum
2, Issue 9; September-2019 ;
Nor. Am. Aca. Res. 2019 : 2(9) : 29-45; https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3405622

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Abstract: To know about the genetic diversity of 80 accessions of ridge gourd, an experiment was designed in the experimental field of Plant Genetic Resources Centre (PGRC) of Bangladesh Agricultural Research Institute (BARI), Joydebpur, Gazipur, during the Rabi season of 2017-18. Eighty germplasm of ridge gourd were included in the experiment but out of them only 44 germplasm were germinated and among them finally seeds of 40 collections could be collected for characterization. Wide variations were found in both qualitative and quantitative characters among the germplasm and concerning all the characters, the TT-177, AR-197, ATR-18, AHM-215, AC-338, TT-167, AMA-244, KI-38, N-6, RAI-296, AMA-395, AMA-182, TT-26, RC-155, BD-10281 and BD-10282 germplasm were the promising lines for future breeding programs and other research also. germplasm were found as the promising lines.

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Volume: Issue: 9

Article: The role of state in Prostitution: An anthropological exploration in a frontier city of Bangladesh

Parimal Kumar Roy
2, Issue 9; September-2019 ;
Nor. Am. Aca. Res. 2019 : 2(9) : 14-28; https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3386549

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Abstract: As a worldwide phenomenon, Prostitution exists in all countries but its form and types are different. Despite the relationship between state and prostitution is inseparable, we should know the state’s approach to prostitution management, which has been explored in this paper. Anthropological research methodologies – participant observation, depth interview – were research tools for primary data collection in a qualitative manner. Previous researched books, related journal, are also used as a secondary data source. As risky job, only limited number respondents are interviewed using the snowball research techniques in 2005 in Sylhet city. Although, free market economy instigates to the prostitution and state is associated with profession. So, overall woman’s position has been identified in Prostitution which is a work or profession whatever we like to say it. But state role is leaning to man and against to devastating to this profession.

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Volume: Issue: 9

Article: TESOL : Empirical study on child education development in China

Lazina Hossain Neshe
2, Issue 9; September-2019 ;
Nor. Am. Aca. Res. 2019 : 2(9) : 01-13; https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3384353

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Abstract: This article displays the consequences of an examination concerning the spot of English in the educational plan in China. The examination shows that the development of English as a worldwide language is having significant effect on approaches and practices in all nations reviewed. Be that as it may, it likewise uncovers critical issues, including perplexity and irregularity, at the degree of arrangement, especially with respect to the issue of period of beginning guidance, imbalance in regards to access to compelling language guidance, deficiently prepared and talented educators, and a disjunction between educational plan talk and academic reality.

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Volume: Issue: 8

Article: Performance of Promising Potato Clones for Growth and Yield Characters in Bhaktapur, Nepal

Gainju, A., Shrestha, A. K., Manandhar, S., Upadhyay, K. P.
2, Issue 8; August-2019 ;
Nor. Am. Aca. Res. 2019 : 2(8) : 132-142; https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3372914

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Abstract: A study was conducted during 2018 in Bhaktapur district of Nepal (1348 masl) to evaluate the growth and yield of promising potato clones. Five promising clones of potato (PRP 35861.18, CIP 384866.5, PRP 226267.11, CIP 388676.1 and PRP 85861.11) provided by National Potato Research Programme, Nepal and 'Desiree' (released variety as a check) were arranged in a Randomized Complete Block Design with 4 replications. The results revealed that there was significant variation regarding the growth parameters of the clones. Desiree showed the earlier and the highest germination as compared to the promising clones. The highest plant vigor and plant height was observed in PRP 35861.18 while the highest stem thickness and ground cover were in PRP 226267.11. All the 5 promising potato clones were resistant against the late blight while the check variety (Desiree) was highly susceptible. Higher yield was obtained in PRP 85861.11 (24.5 mt/ha), CIP 388676.1 (24.43 mt/ha) and PRP 226267.11 (24.38 mt/ha). The tuber distribution also showed significant variation with the highest oversize tuber number per plant as observed with CIP 388676.1. The farmer’s ranking and organoleptic taste of boiled potato was higher for PRP 226267.11 and PRP 85861.11 respectively. Further research in other agro-ecological zones should be carried out before releasing these clones as new variety.

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Volume: Issue: 8

Article: Ethical and Literary Impact of Buddhism on Myanmar

Dr - Tin Tin New ,Yee Mon Phay
2, Issue 8; August-2019 ;
Nor. Am. Aca. Res. 2019 : 2(8) : 1219-228; https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3382346

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Abstract: It contributes to the development of the Myanmar literature through creative thinking, word by word and literary translation composed the named Parayana Vatthu.

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Volume: Issue: 8

Article: Mantra Reciting of Burmese Buddhists

Yee Mon Phay, Dr- Tin Tin New, AMR Abdel Wahed
2, Issue 8; August-2019 ;
Nor. Am. Aca. Res. 2019 : 2(8) : 202-218 ; https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3382337

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Abstract: The term “parit” in Myanmar is derived from Pali word ‘paritta’ in accordance with the rule of omitting final syllable (uttaralopa). Actually, the paritta discourses are the suttas preached by the Buddha for the purpose of keeping as an enclosure to be free from troubles and dangers. These suttas are the most popular and handiest ones among lay people. They recite Parit every day to get blessing, to be in safe, to not to get disturbing from evils or devils. The paritta-recitation and listening to it can be regarded as religious activities in Theravada Buddhist countries.

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Volume: Issue: 8

Article: SEM Approach to Explore Technology Acceptance Decision and Behavioral Intention to Use of Information Technology (IT) Innovation Services in Educational Institutions: A Comparative Study between Two Districts in Bangladesh

Nusrat Sharmin Lipy, Gazi Md. Shakhawat Hossain, Md. Sharifur Rahman
2, Issue 8; August-2019 ;
Nor. Am. Aca. Res. 2019 : 2(8) : 181-201; https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3382088

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Abstract: The aim of this empirical study is to assessing and comparing the perception of teachers towards acceptance and behavioral intention to use of IT innovation services in educational institutions. Methods: The present study followed the UTAUT model and based on the model constructs questionnaires were designed to predict the degree of acceptance. A survey instrument was administered to participants in both Barishal (250) and Patuakhali (200) in Barishal division. The obtained information was analyzed using the statistical software package SPSS version 22.0. This study tested the model using structural equation modeling using AMOS-23. Results: The propensity to act showed that positive mediating effect between behavioral intention and use behavior. Seven predictors of the model yielded 89% of the total variance explained in the final measured behavioral intention to use of IT by teachers. Both samples have a favorable perception of behavioral intention to use of IT innovation services in education institutions 85.6% and 85.4% respectively, and only a small percentage has negative intention to use of IT innovation services in their jobs 4.57% and 5.8% respectively. Based on the statistical outcome of study area it is interestingly noted that actual difference between Barisah and Patuakhali districts education institutions teachers’ negative behavioral intention is a very few percentage (Appr. 1.23%) among the teachers. Conclusion: The result indicates that the improvement of IT innovation services is required in the educational institutions. Directorate of Education general interventions should focus on promoting IT innovation among teacher’s professionals. Finally, this paper introduces important methodological guidelines for measuring perceptions of behavioral intention to use of IT innovation services that currently do not exist. Limitations: The number of male and female teachers is not equal and our respondents were mostly men compared to women. Practical implications: This study extends to knowledge on IT innovation services research by using UTAUT models in the context of technology acceptance. The TADU model is a useful tool for policy makers to assess the likelihood of success for new technology introductions and the possibility of actual use. It helps the education planner to understand the driver of technology acceptance and allows them to design interventions for teachers to use of IT innovation services. Originality/value: This study is one of the first to utilize and revised the UTAUT model to the technology acceptance in order to develop a more robust model. It improves the model by identify new variable and adding propensity to act as a mediator that is able to measure the effect of other factors on the relationship between behavioral intention and usage behaviors.

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Volume: Issue: 8

Article: Palm Leaf Manuscripts (Pe Sar)

Dr-Minn Thant, Dr- Tin Tin New, Yee Mon Phay
2, Issue 8; August-2019 ;
Nor. Am. Aca. Res. 2019 : 2(8) : 173-180; https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3382013

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Abstract: Behind the existing of literature, we want to know about the letters which were written on something. In particular, palm leaves were mostly used. Palm leaves were easily available in large number, and writing on palm leaves was easier than other. So they were dutiful for writing. In this paper, therefore, palm leaf manuscripts and their background history will be presented according to periods and regions.

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Volume: Issue: 8

Article: A Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) Approach to Explore the Association between Corporate Social Responsibility and Financial Performance: A Single Mediating Mechanism

Gazi Md. Shakhawat Hossain, Md. Shahinur Rahman, Samir Das
2, Issue 8; August-2019 ;
Nor. Am. Aca. Res. 2019 : 2(8) : 155-172; https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3378207

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Abstract: The past couple of decades have seen a growing interest in Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) research in both business and academia. It has been observed that a substantial number of studies on CSR and Financial Performance (FINP) have focused almost entirely on large firms. As pointed out earlier, the bulk number of studies on the link between CSR-firm performances is from developed countries. Thus, a limited number of studies have been conducted in developing countries and more especially in Bangladesh. We cannot generalize the findings from developed countries to developing countries without further research, therefore, requiring more research on the association between CSR and firm performance in manufacturing companies. Objective: This paper aims to exploring how CSR dimensions influence the financial performance and whether the mediating effect of selected organizational factors determine the relationship between CSR and financial performance. Methods: A self-administered questionnaire was used along with the simple random sampling method to collect 371 respondents’ views from medium and small scale manufacturing firms in Bangladesh. The results were analyzed by using SEM. Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) was performed followed by structural model to examine the proposed model. Findings: The findings demonstrated that CSR positively affects financial performance and organizational factors fully mediate the CSR-FINP. Furthermore, this study indicates the important order of CSR dimensions which are as follows; environmental protection, social, legal and economic dimension. In addition, it was found that small and medium scale of manufacturing firms carry out moderate level of CSR activities. Implications: The mediation of organizational factors in CSR linkage to financial performance is a major contribution to the literature which may help to explore the relationship between CSR and firm performance. Originality /Values: Results of the model would be practical and useful for business managers who seek a competitive solution for succeeding in a business crises and work in the settings of domestic as well as international business. Limitations and Further Research Direction: Methodologically, we used simple random sampling for data collection. Therefore, the employees may not be representative of the wider population. Thus the findings of this study cannot be generalized to other industrial sectors in Bangladesh. However, future research could be carried out on large samples.

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Volume: Issue: 8

Article: Impact of Pali on the Development of Myanmar Literature

Dr- Tin Tin New, Yee Mon Phay, Dr- Minn Thant
2, Issue 8; August-2019 ;
Nor. Am. Aca. Res. 2019 : 2(8) : 143-154; https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3377041

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Abstract: Buddhism introduced Myanmar since the first century AD and there prospered in about 4th to 5th century AD in Sriksetra (Hmawza, Pyay), Suvannabhumi (Thaton), Rakhine and Bagan. Since that time, people of Myanmar made their effort to develop and prosper Buddhism having studied Pali, the language of Theravada Buddhism. In Bagan period, they attempted to create Burmese scripts and writing system imitating to Pali. From that time Myanmar Literature gradually had been developed up to present. In this paper it is shed a light about influence of Pali on Myanmar Literature.

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Volume: Issue: 8

Article: Effect of Tungsten Content on Corrosion Resistance and Hardness of Aluminum by Electro-less Coating

Muhammad Azeem ullah, Salah Ud Din, Ayesha Azeem, Faisal Nazeer, Abdul Malik, Muhammad Nouman Khan, Muhammad Sajid
2, Issue 8; August-2019 ;
Nor. Am. Aca. Res. 2019 : 2(8) : 100-109; https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3371786

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Abstract: Nickle-Tungsten-Phosphorous (Ni-W-P) alloy coating was prepared by electro-less nickel plating on pure aluminum sheet. For activation of aluminum surface, pickling and zinc immersion was carried out. Furthermore, reinforcement and reduction of corrosion potential, copper electroplating was inspected before deposition for better adherence. In this present research work focus on the variation of tungsten content in chemical plating bath for constant plating time. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) was used to observe the surface morphology of the samples. Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy (EDS) was used to determine the coating composition and thickness of the coating catalyst. Behavior of hardness was measured by Vickers hardness tester techniques while its porosity have been observed by stereoscope. The medium used for corrosion resistance testing was 0.9% sodium chloride (NaCl) with hydrochloric acid (HCl) giving 4-5 pH. The predominant phase in the coating was nickel along with phosphides of nickel and nodules of tungsten content. Coating showed higher hardness and good corrosion resistance as compared to substrate. With increase in tungsten content, hardness increased and spherical size was decreased. Hence, uniform and thick coating was obtained.

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Volume: Issue: 8

Article: Causes for Prosperity of Sasana (Admonition) and Causes of its Downfall

Khin Myint Myint
2, Issue 8; August-2019 ;
Nor. Am. Aca. Res. 2019 : 2(8) : 123-131; https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3371828

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Abstract: Sasana is admonition.

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Volume: Issue: 8

Article: Verbal Action in Buddhist Literature

Phyu Phyu Thein, Aye Myat Thu, Mya Thuzar Hlaing
2, Issue 8; August-2019 ;
Nor. Am. Aca. Res. 2019 : 2(8) : 110-122; https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3371796

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Abstract: This paper is about the nature of good and bad conducts in verbally, their consequences and the factor s of four verbal misconducts. This paper points out that the fruitful words can give the secular and in secular benefit in both present and future existences. These benefits can also be got the listeners too. Therefore, in order to describe the nature and consequences of verbal good conducts and bad conducts and to apply the verbal good conducts for establishing the peaceful social relationship, this paper is presented. This paper is presented by using destructive method and extracted from Pali texts, commentaries, sub-commentaries and their texts.

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Volume: Issue: 8

Article: Factors that Contribute to the Objective and Subjective Career Success of Project Managers

Shilimi Moono, Yibin Li
2, Issue 8; August-2019 ;
Nor. Am. Aca. Res. 2019 : 2(8) : 81-99 ; https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3367810

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Abstract: Career success is the main focus of career scholars as well as organizational stakeholders. Historically, career success has been conceptualized and measured objectively, mainly as salary, rank, or number of promotions. However, the changing nature of work has also necessitated a change in the way many employees view success, adding a more subjective component. Although there has been theoretical discussion and calls to develop a comprehensive measure of subjective career success, no contemporary comprehensive quantitative measure exists. The goal of this study was to highlight the factors that contribute to the objective career success as well as the subjective career success of project managers.

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Volume: Issue: 8

Article: Migration Impact on Remittances Special Focus on Gulf Countries: A Case Study of Pakistan

Muhammad Asif Nadeem, Syed Muhammad Raza Abidi, Naimat Ullah Khan, Liting Zhu
2, Issue 8; August-2019 ;
Nor. Am. Aca. Res. 2019 : 2(8) : 62-80 ; https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3367786

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Abstract: This article is a case study of Pakistan's labor migration to the Gulf countries from 2006 to 2018. The outflow, patterns and trends of the Pakistani labor force in the Gulf countries and their current structure and the categories of migrants’ labor workers like as skilled and unskilled are discussed. It also provides the summary of reasons for labor migration from Pakistan to the Gulf States, such as unemployment, low salaries and poverty. Labor migration in the Gulf States refers to the flow of population in the region mainly for employment purposes. Pakistan has been actively involved in dispatching workers to the Gulf region and the rest of the world. In terms of cash remittances received, Pakistan is the world's leading labor sending country. Labor exports reduce unemployment; increase wages, and remittances sent to the country, improve the international balance of payments, reduce poverty, improve health, educational outcomes, promote economic development, and reduce the negative impact of mountain society. We have studied who, why and how many people allocate and move for labor from Pakistan to Gulf region and the factors involved in labor migration along with its effects.We have found Saudi Arabia and UAE are highly generated remittances countries in the Gulf regionand about (44.18%) and (35.44%) respectively.

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Volume: Issue: 8

Article: Performance of Okra(Abelmoschus esculentus L. Moench) under Different Irrigation Frequencies

Titki Djoal Tarassoum
2, Issue 8; August-2019 ;
Nor. Am. Aca. Res. 2019 : 2(8) : 49-61; https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3367784

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Abstract: Okra (Abelmoschus esculentus L. Moench) was grown on sandy-loam soil in a dry tropical climate of Vilanculos under four irrigation frequencies using a hand-held bucket irrigation system. Irrigation frequencies consisted of IF1: Watering the plants twice a day (once in the morning and once in the afternoon), IF2: Watering once a day in the afternoons, IF3: Watering once a day in the mornings, and IF4: Watering twice a day (once in the morning and once in the afternoon) at one-day intervals. Okra plants grown under IF1 and IF3 were significantly taller, but exhibited lower average growth rate (P <0.05) than those under IF2 and IF4. However, the different watering frequencies had no significant effect on plant diameter. Plants under IF1 produced significantly longer fruits, but fruit diameter was statistically similar under IF1 & IF2, and fruit weight similar under IF1, IF2 & IF3. While watering twice a day resulted in relatively taller okra plants and longer fruits, the results from this study suggest that watering plants once a day in the mornings (IF3) represented a viable water-saving irrigation strategy for optimal okra plant height and fruit weight.

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Volume: Issue: 8

Article: Buddhist Councils and their Effect on Buddhist Literature

Aye Myat Thu,Dr. Phyu Phyu Thein, Ni Ni Win
2, Issue 8; August-2019 ;
Nor. Am. Aca. Res. 2019 : 2(8) : 41-48; https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3364846

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Abstract: This paper is presented with a view to enabling to know that the dhammas preached by the Buddha are existing well organized as Buddhist Literature in the forms of Sutta, Vinaya and Dhamma due to the benefits of the six conventions of Sangayana that are accepted by the Theravada Buddhists.

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Volume: Issue: 8

Article: A study on the impact of risk and competition on bank profitability in Bangladesh

Mohsin AKM, Lei Hongzhen
2, Issue 8; August-2019 ;
Nor. Am. Aca. Res. 2019 : 2(8) : 1-40; https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3359666

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Abstract: Born in 1971, Bangladesh witnessed a phenomenal growth in banking industry since the liberalization policy was introduced in 1980s. Before the liberalization policy, there were only four domestic banks (Sonali Bank, Pubali Bank, Rupali Bank, and Janata Bank) in Bangladesh and they were nationalized. There were only three foreign banks. However, there was no private bank. As a result, there was no competition in the banking industry of Bangladesh. The banking market was highly concentrated and dominated by four nationalized banks. The profitability of banks was highly unsatisfactory due to risk and competition. Still banking industries are facing those types of risk and competition for generating profit. As much as possible we are trying to find out sort of risk and competition of bank in Bangladesh. Bank lending rates were taken as a proxy for interest rate while Return on Assets (ROA) and Return on equity (ROE) were taken as a profitability of the banks. The failure model was used in the study to witness the effects of interest rate on profitability. The results show that the interest rate has more effects on both ROA and ROE in private banks as compared to the public sector banks. We introduce a new perspective to systematically investigate the cause-and-effect relationships among competition, innovation, risk-taking, and profitability in the Bangladesh banking industry. Our hypothesis are tested by the structural equation modeling (SEM), and the empirical results show that (i) risk-taking is positively related to profitability; (ii) innovation positively affects both risk-taking and profitability, and the effect of innovation on profitability works both directly and indirectly; (iii) competition negatively affects risk-taking but positively affects both innovation and profitability, and the effects of competition on risk-taking and profitability work both directly and indirectly; (iv) there is a cascading relationship among market competition and bank innovation, risk-taking, and profitability.

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Volume: Issue: 7

Article: The Twin Deficit Hypothesis: An Empirical Analysis for Uganda

Namwanga Damalie, Akuei Daniel
2, Issue 7; July-2019 ;
Nor. Am. Aca. Res. 2019 : 2(7) : 239-271; https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3357228

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Abstract: This study explored the validity of the twin deficit hypothesis in Uganda for the period 1980-2017. The methodology involved employing the Johansen co-integration test to find out whether there exists a long run link among variables current account deficit, fiscal deficit, RGDP, lending Interest rate and real effective exchange rate. The VECM is used to check how stable is the long run link between the variables while the granger causality test was done to conclude the direction of causality between current account deficit and fiscal deficit. The result confirms a long run link between all variables and we supported the Twin Divergence Hypothesis (TDivH) in Uganda since, VECM empirical results propose that fiscal deficit is negatively linked with current account deficit both in short run and long run and this is statistically significant at 5% level with a reasonably high speed of adjustment towards equilibrium. Increase in fiscal deficits improve current account deficits however granger causality test result show that causality is reversed running from current account deficit to the budget deficit. Policy initiatives should be directed towards improving current account deficit through value addition to Agriculture products exported in order to increase foreign exchange earnings. Additionally, maintaining a conducive Marco-economic environment is essential, strengthening external policies, expanding employment generating projects, improving domestic infrastructure inform of roads, electricity supply, and proper storage facilities for agriculture products will further improve domestic production and minimize on massive importation of consumer goods that can be locally produced. If these policies are well implemented, current account deficit balance will improve. Lastly the government of Uganda needs to minimize on excessive non-development expenditures especially in political administrations that in most cases over use tax payers money with no or less profit.

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Volume: Issue: 6

Article: A CASE OF POSTPARTUM QUADRIPARESIS

Akinmola Olukayode, Omoyele Olusola, OfagborEkitumi Robert, Isuajah Chukwuka Emmanuel, Okusanya Oluwatomi Babasola
2, Issue 6; June-2019 ;
Nor. Am. Aca. Res. 2019 : 2(6) : 48-53; https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3247938

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Abstract: CASE DESCRIPTION : A case of a 37 year old female P3+1 (3A), who presented with an eleven day history of progressive weakness of all limbs and inability to walk. On examination, she was not in obvious distress, however, power in both upper and lower limbs was less than 5/5. She was admitted as a case of Quadriparesis ?cause. Urgent serum electrolytes requested on admission revealed marked hypokalaemia of 1.3 mmol/L. Serum magnesium measured after 24 hours of IV potassium correction for deficit and daily requirements with minimal improvement in serum potassium values revealed hypomagnaesemia. She subsequently developed polyuria and polydipsia with urine output of 4.5 – 10.1 liters a day. She was then managed as a case of severe hypokalemia with nephrogenic diabetes insipidus using Tabs Ibuprofen 400 mg 6 hourly, Tabs Amiloride 5mg daily, and calculated potassium correction. She improved with resolution of all symptoms at discharge and restoration of serum potassium value.

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Volume: Issue: 7

Article: The Act of Taking Intoxicant from Buddhist Perspective

Dr. Phyu Phyu Thein, Aye Myat Thu
2, Issue 7; July-2019 ;
Nor. Am. Aca. Res. 2019 : 2(7) : 227-238; https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3349839

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Abstract: Today's world is infested with many evil deeds. This paper is presented with the aim of studying why there are numerous evil deeds. Of the various kinds of evil deeds, some evil deeds are committed on account of using intoxicating drinks and drugs because even a soft minded person does not hesitate to commit evil deeds such as telling lies, stealing other's property, killing life, etc.

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Volume: Issue: 7

Article: The Important Role of Gratitude in Human Society from Buddhist Perspective

Aye Myat Thu, Phyu Phyu Thein, Ni Ni Win
2, Issue 7; July-2019 ;
Nor. Am. Aca. Res. 2019 : 2(7) : 218-226; https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3349771

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Abstract: Doing a favour means giving assistance bodily, verbally or materially when one is in need. Regarding gratitude, there are two kinds of persons, namely, a person who is in the habit of doing a favour and a person who is in the habit of requiting a favour as he knows the debt of gratitude he owes. Moreover, regarding requiting a favour, there is one who does not requite gratitude although he is aware of the other’s gratitude. There can be a person who does not only know the favour done to him but also he requites that favour. There can be person who not only recognizes the other’s favour but also he does not requite the debt of gratitude. In this paper, the persons who particularly know the gratitude of the other and the benefits acquired as a result of requital of the gratitude, the persons who are ungrateful and the advantages experienced as a result of ingratitude will be drawn from the Buddha’s Teachings and presented.

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Volume: Issue: 7

Article: Washing Effects Investigation on Physical Properties of Denim Fabric

Afshan Zareen, Farzana Akter, Shamima Sarker, Rasnatun Ferdous, Moyinul Islam, Suraiya Sultana, Md Mehedi Hasan Rubel
2, Issue 7; July-2019 ;
Nor. Am. Aca. Res. 2019 : 2(7) : 209-217; https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3348382

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Abstract: : Garments washing is a significant part of garments industry and it’s mainly applied on denim garments. It is provided with a lucrative and classy outlook by chemical or wet washing process and mechanical or dry washing process. The most widely used dry washing process for garments are scraping, sparing, whickering, damage, rubbing to develop a new look and effect. This paper deals with three types of washing (Enzyme, Acid, Bleach) effects on denim fabric .Typical industrial washing procedures and techniques were followed and then physic-mechanical properties were analyzed under standard condition .This study will give an indication of the effect of different washing method by changing physical and chemical properties also imparting desired effect on garments.

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Volume: Issue: 7

Article: Efficiency and Productivity of Commercial Banks: Evidence from Bangladesh

Nazneen Fatema , Abu Bakkar Siddik, Abdullah Mohammed Ibrahim
2, Issue 7; July-2019 ;
Nor. Am. Aca. Res. 2019 : 2(7) : 190-208; https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3344973

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Abstract: The study investigates the relative technical efficiency and productivity change of Bangladeshi commercial banks during the period 2013 to 2017. We utilize the Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) technique to evaluate the efficiency of sample banks and The Malmquist productivity index (MPI) to assess the productivity expands of banks over time. The empirical results indicate that listed commercial banks in Bangladesh were technically inefficient. We discover that there are only six banks which have been technically efficient, while rests of the sample banks are classified as technically inefficient. The study also illustrates that only 3 among the 19 banks employed in this paper displayed an overall improvement in productivity and sixteen banks presented an overall decline in productivity. The outcomes form this study are anticipated to add notably toward resolution-making for controllers, lawmakers, bank managers, shareholders, and also to the existing information on technical efficiency and level of productivity of the Bangladesh banking area.

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Volume: Issue: 7

Article: Investigation of the Association of Surgical Site Infection with Socio demographic Factors and Clinical Factors

Arrafy Rahman, Md. Ahasun Habib, Muhammad Abdul Hannan, Jyoti Sikder, Most. Khalida Jinnath
2, Issue 7; July-2019 ;
Nor. Am. Aca. Res. 2019 : 2(7) : 177-189; https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3344759

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Abstract: A surgical site infection (SSI) is an infection of a wound from a surgery. It is a global problem in the field of surgery associated with long hospital stay, higher treatment expenditure, morbidity and mortality. The objective of this study was to determine the correlation of post-surgical wound infection with several socio-demographic factors including gender, age group and occupation as well as some clinical factors like – duration of hospital stay, surgery performed and the comorbidities of the respondents. Methodology and Results: This cross sectional study involved 250 patients suffering from post-surgical wound infection as respondents and the culture sensitivity tests of bacterial isolates obtained from pus samples. The study was conducted from June 2017 to May2018. Data regarding the patient’s age, gender, occupation, surgery performed, duration of hospital stay and comorbidity was documented using a standard questionnaire. Male patients suffered from post-surgical wound infection more (68.2%) than female patients (31.8%). Patients aged from 51 to 60 years old were more affected (21.5%) than the patients of other age groups. According to this study, employees were at higher risk (20.5%) compared to people from other occupations. Post-surgical wound infection was more frequently observed in the patients who went for hand surgery in burn unit (17.9%). Intensive occurrence of this type of infection was found in the patients who stayed in the hospital from 11 to 20 days (35.4%). Statistically significant correlation (p<0.05) was observed in case of age group and duration of hospital stay. Conclusion and Significance: This study will help the public to become more conscious about surgical site infection and help them to maintain good health and hygienic environment everywhere. This study will also assist the clinicians to select appropriate therapeutic measures for particular patients.

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Volume: Issue: 7

Article: A Study on the preparation method and characterization of seasoning powder

Shwe Sin Win, Phyu Phyu Tun, Seinn Lei Lei Phyu
2, Issue 7; July-2019 ;
Nor. Am. Aca. Res. 2019 : 2(7) : 165-176; https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3334951

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Abstract: This study deals with the preparation of seasoning powder from the two sources of vegetables: sweet potato and pumpkin. Vegetable seasoning powder can be used to enhance the taste and flavor of cooking. The nutritional value of as prepared seasoning powders such as moisture, ash, protein, fat and fiber contents were determined and compared with literature value. The shelf life of prepared samples was also studied. The studied shows that the nutritional values are comparable with literature value. The most suitable shelf life of the prepared sample is four months.

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Volume: Issue: 7

Article: Lady Trainees with Baby in FTC: A Case Study of BPATC

Parimal Kumar Roy, Jahid Siraz
2, Issue 7; July-2019 ;
Nor. Am. Aca. Res. 2019 : 2(7) : 154-164; https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3334947

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Abstract: Without foundations training, no officials will undergo training, which is mandated by the Bangladesh PublicAdministrationTrainingCenter(BPATC).Foundation Training Courses 64th& 65th batches as well as lady trainees, were chosen who had children and who were aged 1to3years, while participating in a course; basically 25 female participants were deliberately taken to describe the abovementioned titles, "Lady trainee with the baby: BPATC case study."The average age of the mother trainees is 29.23years, and the average age of the child is 15.28 months.As a public training institution, offering customers the facilities, the baby care center has been studied and the recommendations will contribute to the extension of the baby care center.To write this paper, a questionnaire was conducted in open and close form and two FGDs were conducted to search for clear concepts on the associated subjects.BPATC runs a baby care center to provide the facilities for lady trainees who, however, do not want to stay behind in comparison with their fellow trainees.To overcome the inconveniences of the mother trainee, BPATC has made such a huge effort and is never judged by the beneficiaries. The position of baby care center has been disclosed in this paper in the eye of the service recipient.What are the perceptions of BPATC, the baby care center and the course, were determined by interviews during the course. In addition, to validate the data, contact them by telephone. However, this number of customers is limited.In addition, the lessons learned will take steps to upgrade the services and help others to establish a childcare facility.

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Volume: Issue: 7

Article: The Impact of Brand Concept Dimensions on Customer Commitment (A survey of Apple iPhone Users in Bandung, Indonesia)

Uchenna Collins Agbarakwe, Marcellia Susan
2, Issue 7; July-2019 ;
Nor. Am. Aca. Res. 2019 : 2(7) : 133-153; https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3334909

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Abstract: Technology needs, especially smartphones, are now very huge; it cannot be denied that many smartphone brands compete with each other to get the highest market share. Overall, several well-known brands such as Samsung, Xiaomi and Oppo are the top three smartphone brands that are most widely used in Indonesia, but there is one smartphone that, although it has a market share not as big as the three brands, is considered the most exclusive because the market is only for a certain group of people who understands the brand, the Apple iPhone. The purpose of this research is to find out whether the brand concept possessed by the Apple iPhone can impact customer commitment, because it is known that the Apple iPhone users tend to continue to use the same iPhone brand, despite other competing brands in the same product category.The research method used is the descriptive research method with a quantitative approach, whereby the population is the Apple iPhone users in the city of Bandung. Data collection is by questionnaires, interviews and observations, while the data analysis technique uses descriptive analysis and also multiple linear regression analysis.The results showed that brand concept dimensions consisting of aesthetic benefits, functional benefits and symbolic benefits had a significant influence in shaping customer commitment. As for the three dimensions of the brand concept, it is known that symbolic benefits have the strongest impact on customer commitment compared to the other two dimensions.

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Volume: Issue: 7

Article: Obstacles for Women Entrepreneurs in Bangladesh

Mohammad Nazim Ud Dowla Khan
2, Issue 7; July-2019 ;
Nor. Am. Aca. Res. 2019 : 2(7) : 122-132; https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3333733

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Abstract: Studies on women entrepreneurship have witnessed a rapid growth over the past 30 years. The field is in an adolescence stage with a considerable number of journal articles, literature reviews and books being published on women entrepreneurs. The objective of this study is two fold. First is to examine the number of papers published on women entrepreneurship in 12 established entrepreneurship journals from 1900 to 2016. Second is to assess the growth of the field by specifically reviewing literature reviews published from 1980s till 2016 and put forward future research directions. Our review findings suggest that there is still a long way to go in terms of building a strong theoretical base for research on women entrepreneurship. The lens of feminist theories can be applied in conjunction with the existing entrepreneurship theories to advance the field. Methodologically, past research is dominated by the positivist paradigm and there is a need to embrace innovative methods to build explanations using a constructionist approach. Further, studies are mostly restricted within national boundaries primarily being conducted in developed economies. There is a need to build transnational networks and foster professional communities to enable the growth of the field.

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Volume: Issue: 7

Article: Importance of Nanoparticles, Synthesis, Characterization and its Applications in the New Era of Research

Qurat-ul-ain Shaikh, Shehbaz Ali Mallah
2, Issue 7; July-2019 ;
Nor. Am. Aca. Res. 2019 : 2(7) : 111-121; https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3270966

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Abstract: In nanoscience, there had a wild place of Nanoparticles, because of their Nanostructure, complex reactivity and solidity. In this work we have circled the Importance of Nanoparticles in our daily life and their routine synthesis in laboratories, but also discuss the extended (Green) method for synthesis of Nanoparticles which were approachable to the environment. By acquainting with different methodologies for the characterization of Nanoparticles and their applications in field of Nanoworld has discussed.

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Volume: Issue: 7

Article: Effect of Harvesting Time for Quality Seed Yield of Fennel

M. Ratna, R. Sarker, M.Z. Ali, R. Ara,M.M. Rahman, M.M. kamrozzaman
2, Issue 7; July-2019 ;
Nor. Am. Aca. Res. 2019 : 2(7) : 104-110; https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3270929

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Abstract: A field experiment was conducted at Spices Research Sub-Centre, Faridpur during rabi season, 2016-17 to find out the proper harvesting stage of fennel both for chewing and seed purpose and to assure best quality fennel both for chewing and seed purpose. The experimental field belongs to high land of Low Ganges River Floodplain (AEZ 12) with clay loam in texture. The experiment was laid out in a Randomized Complete Block Design with three replications. The experiment comprised of seven harvesting stage viz. 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 55, and 60 days after flowering. The results revealed that different treatments had significant effect on yield and quality attributes of fennel seed. The fennel umbels which were harvested at 35 days after flowering (DAF) were superior to rest of the harvesting stages and recorded maximum sensory Scores and good for chewing quality fennel with seed yield of 1.32t/ha. However, for obtaining maximum seed yield (1.82 t/ha) umbel/seed should be harvested/picked after 45DAF or 50 DAF.

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Volume: Issue: 7

Article: Depression and Self-Esteem Among Preoperative and Postoperative Breast Cancer Patients in Peshawar

Hafsa Iqbal, Alam Zeb Khattak
2, Issue 7; July-2019 ;
Nor. Am. Aca. Res. 2019 : 2(7) : 91-103; https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3270712

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Abstract: The current study was conducted to find out the level of depression and self- esteem among the preoperative and postoperative. Level of self-esteem and depression among post operative (mastectomy and lumpectomy) were also investigated. Method: The cross-sectional study was conducted at Institute of Radiotherapy and Nuclear Medicine (IRNUM) at the province of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Peshawar. 120 sample of breast cancer were selected. 60 were preoperative and 60 were postoperative breast cancer patients. Their age ranges from 26 years to 55 years. Purposive sampling technique was used in the study. Urdu version of self-esteem scale (1999) and Depression scales were used (1992). SPSS 21 version was used for data analysis. Results: It was hypothesized in the study that there is a significant negative correlation between self-esteem and depression in preoperative and postoperative Breast Cancer. The results also shows the negative correlation amongst self–esteem and depression in lumpectomy and mastectomy Breast Cancer patients. Conclusion: it was concluded that there is no significant difference between the degree of depression and self-esteem in preoperative, postoperative, mastectomy and lumpectomy patients.

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Volume: Issue: 7

Article: Research on Energy Trade Between China and Turkmenistan

Dovdanov Dovletgeldi, Zhen Dao Wen
2, Issue 7; July-2019 ;
Nor. Am. Aca. Res. 2019 : 2(7) : 76-89; https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3268238

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Abstract: As China's economy has extended, so has its requirement for vitality. Subsequently, China has expanded its local vitality limits and created import procedures for oil and gas. In its global vitality exercises, China has advanced through an arrangement of stages. The reason for this paper is to concentrate on China's most recent stage: making an overland vitality organize, provided fundamentally by Turkmenistan and turning into the vitality center point of an incorporated Asian market – China's later "Silk Road" proposition. This paper additionally inspects the effect of Chinese vitality ventures on the possibilities of Central Asian vitality makers progressing to developing markets.

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Volume: Issue: 7

Article: Performance Evaluation and Present trend analysis of State Owned Commercial Banks: An Empirical Study of Bangladesh

Shahinoor Rahman, Morshadul Hasan
2, Issue 7; July-2019 ;
Nor. Am. Aca. Res. 2019 : 2(7) : 66-83; https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3267976

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Abstract: The purpose of this study is to present a scientific and logical analysis which will help to evaluate and compare the financial performance of six state-owned commercial banks in Bangladesh named Sonali Bank Limited, Rupali Bank Limited, Agrani Bank Limited, Janata Bank Limited, BASIC Bank Limited and Bangladesh Development Bank Limited (BDBL). In this regard, this research work is divided into two parts- first one is; Evaluation of the financial performance of six state-owned commercial banks in Bangladesh, and the second one is Compare the financial performance of the six state-owned commercial banks in Bangladesh and identifying the factors liable for their better or poor performance. Literally, the banking industry plays an important role in the development of the Bangladesh economy. But the present performance of the banking sector is not satisfactory. They are crushed with lots of crises which are pushing them into destruction. So, it is very important to appraise their use of assets, treatment of liabilities, income, revenue and contribution, and distribution of owner’s equity. By analyzing the financial performance, the banks are ranked according to their performance, and the factors are determined, which are influenced by their performance and are responsible for their better or poor performance. To make an evaluation of the financial performance, Growth rate, average, and different statistical methods. These are the two steps of this study. In this report, secondary data is used, and the sources of information will be acquired from the Annual Reports of the banks from the year 2013-2017 and their websites. I hope this research paper will help the investors, creditors, governance body, managers, and all other stakeholders for rational decision making about these banks.

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Volume: Issue: 7

Article: Estimation Evaluation Land Use Efficiency by DEA Model-Case Study in Vietnam

Tam Nguyen Thi Minh,Hassan Bashir
2, Issue 7; July-2019 ;
Nor. Am. Aca. Res. 2019 : 2(7) : 11-28; https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3265401

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Abstract: Increased urbanization in Vietnam disturbing land use efficiency related to natural resources and quality of human life and development. Therefore, land use efficiency become an inherent requirement under growing population and land resources for national and regional sustainable development. This study presents an evaluation of land use efficiency in Vietnam using DEA (Data Envelopment Analysis) and Super-Efficiency DEA model. In general, Vietnam land use efficiency is low, only 8 among 63 provinces have high land use efficiency. The results show that Super-efficiency DEA model can effectively rank the efficiency DMU completely, by thatHo Chi Minh City tops the list of land use efficiency of Vietnam in 2017, followed by Ba Ria-Vung-Tau, BacNinh, NinhThuan, Da Nang, Vinh Long, AnGiang and Lai Chau. NgheAn andThanhHoa, the two largest provinces of Vietnam located get the lowest land use efficiency value. There is no certain relation between the efficiency of land use and the grade of the province. This study may provide a reference for the decision maker in land use planning to get high efficiency and sustainable land resources.

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Volume: Issue: 7

Article: A review on factor influencing the involvement of male partner in antenatal care in Nepal

Sharmila Pokharel
2, Issue 7; July-2019 ;
Nor. Am. Aca. Res. 2019 : 2(7) : 01-10; https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3265391

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Abstract: Male involvement in antenatal care (ANC) is an operative approach for improving maternal health results. Though women are sole child producers, the participation of men in financial support and other decision making cannot be out looked. This study reviewed different papers from different study area to analyze the involvement of male partner in antenatal care in Nepal. This study used various literatures all over the country. The analysis of the literature review provided some ideas which led in the identification of some important factors like involvement of male in birth preparedness, financial support, birth companionship, decision making for pregnancy and delivery, responsibility for house and children in the absence of female counterparts, etc. As men play an important role in birth preparedness which points towards economic and emotional support, despite the participation of male during birth preparedness is prohibited in some cultures. So, men should be provided with adequate knowledge and information regarding the need of a woman during pregnancy and provide adequate support and involvement during antenatal care. So, this review recommends to take more efforts to provide education to the community to boost the male participation in ANC to improve the women’s health and child safety uprooting the prohibitions in cultural background.

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Volume: Issue: 6

Article: Impacts of the Belt and Road Initiative on the Development of Cote d’Ivoire

Sahui Magby Henri Joel Regis
2, Issue 6; June-2019 ;
Nor. Am. Aca. Res. 2019 : 2(6) : 206-216; https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3261864

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Abstract: The Belt and Road Initiative was introduced in 2013 by China to the world. The initiative reached several countries in Africa where several development projects are conducted. Cote d’ Ivoire, which is also an African country, accepted to deepen its cooperation with China by joining the well-promoted Belt and Road initiative. The purpose of this paper is to analyze the evolution and impact of the Belt and Road Initiative in Cote d’Ivoire. An investigation of official sources, economic factors, interviews, and SWOT analysis leads to the finding that the Belt and Road Initiative was successfully implemented in Cote d’Ivoire and is contributing to the development of the country. The notion of win-win promoted by China seems to be effective.

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Volume: Issue: 6

Article: Analyses of the Hybrid bus Passenger’s Satisfaction of Lanzhou, China

Md. Nuruzzaman, Rokshana Akter Bristy, Md Zahir Ahmed
2, Issue 6; June-2019 ;
Nor. Am. Aca. Res. 2019 : 2(6) : 191-205; https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3257781

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Abstract: The paper examines the service indicators of the newly implemented hybrid bus in Lanzhou city, China, which has not been rigorously studied yet. The bus transport in the city is the only way of mass transportation, which was considered as one of the most polluted cities in the world. It was a big challenge for the policymakers to develop a better transportation system by not hindering the environment. A newer transportation facility always needs to be analyzed if the passengers are accepting this well. Comprehensive exploratory factor analysis has been used to identify the vital service indicators which are finally packed into key factors by the confirmatory factor analysis and regression analysis. Our study suggests that the mass level people care more about their riding experiences than environmental concerns. Transport policymakers can use this information while implementing the new mode of buses.

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Volume: Issue: 6

Article: Impact of China Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC) on Fruit Industry in Gilgit-Baltistan

Ali Zulfiqar, Dr. Gao Meng, Yousuf Ali, Hussain Muttahir, Malik Muhammad
2, Issue 6; June-2019 ;
Nor. Am. Aca. Res. 2019 : 2(6) : 177-190; https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3257756

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Abstract: Gilgit-Baltistan (GB) is consider one of important contributor of fruit production in Pakistan however, Production of fruit is low as compare to other parts of country due to different factor like, remoteness, Shortage infrastructure (road), lack of market and traditional practice’s etc. Therefore, this study was aimed to develop linkages between CPEC and fruit industry of GB. The study was based on both primary and secondary data as well as quantitative and qualitative data. Primary data was collected from field through face to face interview using well-structured questionnaire and secondary data was collected from different sources i.e. books, articles and journals. Simple Random Sampling Technique was used to collect data from farmers and Shopkeepers and the Snowball sampling technique was used to collect data particularly from middlemen. The data was collected from three type of respondents i.e. farmers, shopkeepers and retailers. The data was collected through well-structured questionnaires including both quantitative and qualitative parts. Data was described with the help of graphs and tables. The data shows that there were strong linkages between CPEC and fruit (Dry and Fresh) industry of GB. The finding of this study revealed that hindrance that decline fruit production in like lack of transportation, low price, climate change, lack of market information, lack of government service, lack of cultivated land tradition method of production, pest and disease, lack of industries and lack of technical expertise. The opinion of respondents regarding does “CPEC will open new opportunities for local people to boost their fruit production and uplift their livelihoods” is very positive as 74% farmers, 85 % shopkeepers and 90% middlemen agreed with the statement. The research also revealed that 90% farmers, 80%, shopkeepers and 86% middlemen were in opinion that CPEC will improve communication and accessibility with other parts of the country while, 87% farmers, 85% shopkeepers and 90% middlemen agreed that it will reduced transportation cost. The study also finds that 75% farmers, 60% shopkeepers and 80% middlemen claimed that after implementation of this project agriculture and life standard of farmers will improve because it helps to improve our fruits production. Moreover, the data shows that average gross production of fresh fruit in Manipin was greater than gross production in Syedabad on the other side. One of the interesting finding of the study is that the Opinion on “Negative Implication of CPEC on GB” Environment i.e. 80% local farmers, 85% Shopkeepers and 90% middlemen claimed that CPEC will further lead climatic changes in GB, 73% farmers, 70% Shopkeepers and 80% middlemen agreed that CPEC will lead land degradation. 75% farmers, 80% Shopkeepers and 50% claimed that after implementation of CPEC local fruit industry will not able compete Chinese exports.

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Volume: Issue: 6

Article: The Core Elements in Sustaining Effective Professional Development for Early Childhood Education Teachers

Joyce L. Bautista, Sopia binti Md Yassin
2, Issue 6; June-2019 ;
Nor. Am. Aca. Res. 2019 : 2(6) : 163-176; https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3257648

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Abstract: The increasing demand for a new culture for quality education implicates a new way of thinking and implementing effective continuing professional development for early childhood education teachers. Early childhood education teachers need to be able to commit themselves to continuing professional development to remain current and to successfully achieve high quality education for all young children and their families. Effective continuing professional development programs help early childhood education teachers grow personally and professionally. The inclusion of the core elements that make continuing professional development effective is more important than the type of activities being considered in most programs. (Desimone, 2009; Desimone, Porter, Garet, Yoon, &Birman, 2002; Garet, Porter, Desimone, Birman, & Yoon, 2001). The core elements provides a framework in sustaining and unifying the vision that will guide the conduct of professional development programs for early childhood education teachers and to make them relevant to the needs of the times. The core elements in sustaining effective professional development should be: 1) assessment-focused; 2) learner-focused; 3) content-focused; and 4) community of practice-focused. School administrators, professional development providers and early childhood education teachers will be on the right path given the right framework with comprehensive outcomes in planning for professional development programs.

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Volume: Issue: 6

Article: An Insight into the petroleum system and hydrocarbon potential of Miano and Kadanwari blocks, Central Indus Basin, Pakistan

Saif-Ur-Rehman Khan Jadoon, Ishtiaq Ahmed Khan Jadoon, Ding Lin
2, Issue 6; June-2019 ;
Nor. Am. Aca. Res. 2019 : 2(6) : 148-162; https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3252225

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Abstract: The main purpose of this paper is to evaluate the hydrocarbon potential of Miano and Kadanwari blocks, located in the Central Indus Basin (CIB), Sindh province, Pakistan. Kadanwari and Miano fields located in between two extensive NW-SE oriented regional highs i.e. Jacobabad-Khairpur and Mari-Kandhkot High were discovered in 1989 and 1993 respectively. The CIB is an extensional basin exhibiting normal faulting. Borehole data from 5 wells was used to assess the petroleum system of the two fields. Well logs of Miano-02 and Kadanwari-10 were analysed to calculate the petro-physical parameters such as the volume of shale, porosity, water saturation, and hydrocarbon saturation. These fields are interpreted to have significant recoverable reserves of 1662 (BCF) equivalents to 280 (MMBOE).

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Volume: Issue: 6

Article: Mansehra Dolerite Deposit Assessment and Quarry Development Evaluation of Doga Sayyedan Site Higher Himalayas, North Pakistan

Umair Khan Jadoon, Ding Lin, Muhammad Rameez Zeb, Ahsan Ali Khan, Malik Muhammad Saud Sajid Khan, Yasin Rahim, Syed Tallataf Hussain Shah
2, Issue 6; June-2019 ;
Nor. Am. Aca. Res. 2019 : 2(6) : 102-110; https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3248887

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Abstract: Being a part of Higher Himalayan region, Mansehra district and surrounding areas are always explored for the commercial mining due to its rich natural mineral resources. This study for the first time provides detail physical characterization of the Mansehra Dolerite, in order to calculate the potential reserves for the industrial and commercial use. Geochemical Laboratory test for the studied dolerite revealed that SiO2are highest lying between47.03 and 48.64 (wt.%), whileAl2O3 content varies from 13.8 wt.% to 15.21 wt.%. Iron (Fe2O3) ranges from 12.03 wt.% to 14.43 wt.% and MgO from 6.3 to 7.21 wt.%. TiO2content is low having a range of 0.77 – 1.95 wt.%. CaO composition ranges between 9.57 and 11.51 wt. %. Compositionally, Dolerite consists of fine to medium grained, anhedral to subhedral grain shape. The measured porosity is < 5%, hardness is 6.3 and specific gravity is 3.2. Whereas, the mechanical properties includes compressive strength i.e. ~13071 Psi which indicates its best usage for industrial purpose. On the surface, the body is extending over a length of about 80 to 100 meters. In order to reveal the potential reserve estimation, (Length x Width x Depth x Specific Gravity) formula is used. From six Quarries, total reserves of Quarry No 1, 2 and 3 is1.15 Million Tones whereas for Quarry 4,5 and 6 boulders are extracted giving the potential of 150 ton per month. Ratio of recovery from the mine is about 40 to 45% which is about 456750 Tons where as 30% of waste is used for the production of cobbles, aggregate and for building materials. By using the advance techniques of mining one can enhance the production in the future.

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Volume: Issue: 6

Article: Research on Computer Simulation of the Stitch Forming Jacquard Warp-Knitted Fabric

Jalal Ahmed, Afshan Zareen, MD. Mamunur Rahman, Farzana Akter, Shamima Sarker, Moyinul Islam, Rasnatun Ferdous, Md Mehedi Hasan Rubel
2, Issue 6; June-2019 ;
Nor. Am. Aca. Res. 2019 : 2(6) : 102-110; https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3247962

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Abstract: Based on a supplementary study on jacquard standards warp knitting technology and their construction, this study offers the modern simulation design model of computer-aided design (CAD) to fabricate stitch forming jacquard warp-knitted fabric highly methodical. In particular, the application of knitting CAD technology develops it more expedient to design and manufacture fabric for textile industry it brings huge social and economic advantage. According to the research of warp knitting technology is the basic of computer graphics and other programming technical tools as like as VC++6.0, integrative is a key to complete the study. At first, the thesis establishes the process of fabric simulation model and expansion of stitch forming jacquard warp knitted fabric in essence. After that, the research analyses the structure and improvement of the stitch forming jacquard warp knitted fabric, acquire the appearance of fabric looks as well as affects the parameters of its. The research is correlated with mathematical models and technical methods for simulation of this type of fabric. Finally, the research designs the software (CAD) which is applied to simulate the stitch forming jacquard warp knitted fabric, and also develop with the computer programming tool VC++6.0. Comprehend the simulation this kind of fabric construction and gets final design with some fabric effect.

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Volume: Issue: 6

Article: What the Buddha taught about peace for Laymen

Dr-MINN THANT, YEE MON PHAY, AMR ABDELWAHED
2, Issue 6; June-2019 ;
Nor. Am. Aca. Res. 2019 : 2(6) : 76-89; https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3247938

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Abstract: The Buddha taught not only the matters to lead to Nibbana (liberation, the ultimate goal of Buddhism), but also the secular matters to gain peace and happiness along the course to be born in the circle of births. The guidance of Buddha’s secular matter is excellent ways and means to live in mundane household life. If one or others follow those ways and means, they will be able to accomplish any affair thoroughly and successfully. Nowadays many associations are established to bring about the welfare in religion, social affairs, and politics. The religious and social associations help those who are victims of calamity, giving the needs to them. Similarly, those from political parties or groups are trying to find solution of diversion in the country and to reconcile them.

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Volume: Issue: 6

Article: Organogram for Medical Laboratory Services in Nigerian Public Health Institutions

Obeta, M.U ., Eze, E.M., Ofojekwu M.N., Jwanse, R.I., Maduka, M.K.
Volume 2, Issue 6; June-2019 ;
Nor. Am. Aca. Res. 2019 : 2(6) : 69-75; https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3246909

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Abstract: Departmental or Directorate organogram is a chart or graphic representation of reporting hierarchical relationships with descriptive roles and responsibilities. Organogram in many human resource related processes is employed to make decisions including, but not limited to, recruitment, classification, organizational development activities such as restructuring, and training and medical laboratory services is not an exception. The organogram of various health institutions exists with or without medical laboratory services, organogram for medical laboratory services in Nigeria provided by this paper puts all health institutions in a clear picture of nature of the organogram every health institution running medical laboratory services should look like in near future with emphasis on medical laboratory management.

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Volume: Issue: 6

Article: The Causes and Effects and Control Systems of Industrial Air Pollution

Md Owahedur Rahman, Muhammad Bilal Tariq
Volume 2, Issue 6; June-2019 ;
Nor. Am. Aca. Res. 2019 : 2(6) : 54-68; https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3245566

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Abstract: Air pollution happens when gases, dust particles, exhaust (or smoke) or scent are brought into the climate such that makes it unsafe to people, creatures and plant. Air pollution undermines the wellbeing of people and other living creatures in our planet. It makes exhaust cloud and corrosive downpour, causes malignancy and respiratory maladies, decreases the ozone layer climate and adds to worldwide warming. In this modern age, air pollution can't be dispensed with totally, yet steps can be taken to lessen it. The administration has created, and keeps on creating, rules for air quality and statutes to confine outflows with an end goal to control air pollution. On an individual dimension, we can lessen our commitment to the pollution issue via carpooling or utilizing open transportation. Furthermore, purchasing vitality effective lights and apparatuses or generally decreasing our power use will diminish the pollutions discharged in the generation of power, which makes most of mechanical air pollution.

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Volume: Issue: 6

Article: Peak Caller: A Peak Calling Algorithm for DNase-seq Data

Hamdan A. Taleb
Volume 2, Issue 6; June-2019
Nor. Am. Aca. Res. 2019 : 2(6) : 31-47 ; https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3243632

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Abstract: With the development of bioinformatics, the performance of Next Generation Sequencing (NGS) technology is also improving. Peak detection is always a very active field in NGS, because the success of data analysis largely depends on the accuracy of peak detection. based on the characteristics of existing peak detection technology, in this paper we developed a peak detection algorithm for DNase-seq data analysis. The process of PeakCaller algorithm mainly includes the following three stages: 1) data preprocessing; 2) data analysis, which is specifically divided into a) detecting the genomic location of dnase-seq data, b) using gaussian convolution to trim configuration data, c) determining candidate peaks, and d) determining DHSS peaks; 3) algorithm performance evaluation. PeakCaller algorithm is a peak detection algorithm for DNase-seq data. PeakCaller is written in Python3. the algorithm is open source and available at: https://sourceforge.net/projects/peakcaller1/

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Volume: Issue: 6

Article: Analysis of Annual and Seasonal Temperature Variability in The Karnali River Basin, Nepal

Arati Poudel, Ayush Raj Gyawali
Volume 2, Issue 6; June-2019
Nor. Am. Aca. Res. 2019 : 2(6) : 18-30 ; DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3243460

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Abstract: This study analyses the change in the annual and seasonal trend of maximum and minimum temperature (Tmax and Tmin) and diurnal temperature range (DTR) for a period of 30 years (1986- 2015). The Karnali river basin (KRB) in the western region of Nepal is selected for this study as sufficient studies are not available in this region and is more susceptible to the impacts of climate change. The results clearly show that both Tmax(0.038 °C year-1) and Tmin(0.026°C year-1) is increasing significantly in KRB but the magnitude is higher for Tmax. Seasonally, pre-monsoon and monsoon shows a significant rise in temperature. The DTR trend is increasing annually (0.011 °C year-1) and in pre-monsoon and monsoon while decreasing in post-monsoon and winter season. This clear rise in temperature in KRB is parallel with the global and regional warming scenario.

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Volume: Issue: 6

Article: Assessment of The Ecological Health Status of River Berga Using Benthic Macroinvertebrates as Bioindicators, Ethiopia

Lammessa Berisa, Aschalew Lakew, Alemayehu Negassa
Volume 2, Issue 6; June-2019
Nor. Am. Aca. Res. 2019 : 2(6) : 09-17

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Abstract: Riverine ecosystem is one of the most productive ecosystems in the world that supports a large proportion of the earth’s biodiversity.Numerous plants and animals survive and grow in water and thus, it serves as home of aquatic organisms.However, anthropogenic activities in theriver system and its catchment have adverse effect on the existence of aquatic biota and hamper the provision of good quality water.This study was conducted to assess theecological health status of River Berga using benthic macroinvertebrates as bioindicators. The study was carried out at three sampling sites (Cecafe, Melka fiche and Kimoye) in December 2016, February and April 2017.Sampling sites were selected based on land use pattern, habitat types, substrate structure and other human activities.Macroinvertebrates were collected using a standard hand netwith frame width of 25*25 cm and the collected macroinvertebrates were identified to family level. A total of 7295 benthic macroinvertebrates comprising 38 families, 10 orders and 3 phyla were recorded. Among benthic macroinvertebrates, Ephemeroptera (53%), Trichoptera (36.23%) and Diptera (4.67%) were the dominant taxa groups. Diversity index such as Shannon-Weiner diversity and biotic scores like ETHbios showed increasing degradation along the river channel mainly from non-point sources of pollution and physical disturbances. The presence of few pollution-sensitive taxa such as(Leptophlebiidae and Philopotamidae), and some moderately-sensitive taxa like (Psephenidae) at site one, implies the upper section was not as polluted as the downstream sections. Comparisons of sites with selected benthic invertebrate indices reflect increasing level of ecological degradation of the river that requires management actions.Comprehensive and long term study may be required tounderstandfactors impacting the river.

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Volume: Issue: 6

Article: Characterization of Maize Production System of Gorkha, Nepal

Sagar Ghimire, Santosh Marahatta, Dinesh Marasini, Natasha Bhattarai
Volume 2, Issue 6; June-2019
Nor. Am. Aca. Res. 2019 : 2(6) : 01-08

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Abstract: A study was conducted to investigate maize farming system, production constraints, present market situation and marketing constraints of maize crop in Gorkha district. Maize growers were purposively selected, 75 samples were taken through simple random sampling and data collected from the semi-structured questionnaire and were analyzed using MS Excel and SPSS. The maize yield was normally distributed and was categorized into three categories: high, medium and low. The average household size was found to be 5.4, 61% of the household member were economically active and around 66% of the economically active population was involved in agriculture. The average land holding was 0.85 ha where 63% of the total land holding was used for maize cultivation. The livestock standard unit (LSU) was highest for the low yield category farmers. On an average seed rate used was 38.45 kg ha-1. The average urea application rate in the study area was only 20 kg ha-1. The major problem of production was hailstorm and the major problem of marketing was lack of marketing knowledge. The total cost of production was highest for low yield category farmers. The average yield of maize in the study area was 3.85 ton ha-1 with the benefit cost ratio of 1.18.

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Volume: Issue: 5

Article: Printed complex image quality checking for fabric-cloth

Abdullah-Al-Mamun, Rocky Chakma
2, Issue 5; May-2019
Nor. Am. Aca. Res. 2019 : 2(5) : 235-246

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Abstract: The printed-image-quality checking problems of clothes in the testing process were proposed to build a new cloth-printed-image-quality testing system automatically. In this testing system, the machine vision is important of the testing system to perform the machine vision as well as the image processing. Therefore, in this research, the printed image quality of the cloths was analyzed to check the quality checking system due to check the complex printed image pattern in the cloths. The Halcon software was used to achieve the functions for image acquisition and display as well as image processing and operational control of the complex pattern. In this processes, it was included some key step such as selecting the partition, the image pre-processing, image conversion, and image parameters analysis and image defect detection. Firstly, the image registration area was automatically selected according to the regional characteristics of the printed complex image pattern, and then the system was achieved to perform the fast image registration based on the shape of the graph matching algorithm. At last, the system was used area pixel calculation algorithm to complete the defect detection of the printed image to ensure the quality of the printed complex pattern on the cloth. The experimental results were shown that the proposed method was selected the image registration-area automatically from the printed complex image pattern of the cloth. However, the methods were finished by the image registration of the defective detection as quickly, precisely and effectively. According to the research, the system has been found high measurement accuracy as well as efficiency, and it was met the needs of actual production, provided a new way for the printed image quality measurements of the cloths.

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Volume: Issue: 5

Article: Examining the role of NPM practices in a developing country perspective : a study from Pakistan

Wan Ming, Qurat ul Ain Rashid
2, Issue 5; May-2019
Nor. Am. Aca. Res. 2019 : 2(5) : 216-234

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Abstract: In last twenty years, reforms in public management have become a significant subject in several developing and developed countries. Previous studies have tried to assess the implementation of NPM in several aspects like effectiveness, change and improvement. The aim of this study is to empirically examine the direct influence of management style/support, decentralization, accountability and environmental characteristics (socio, political and bureaucratic) as moderator on the direct relationship between key NPM constructs and perceived organizational performance. The quantitative data was collected from public sector from Pakistan through a structured questionnaire (n = 453). The data was analysed through AMOS 23.0. The results indicated the significance for the adoption of NPM in the public sector of Pakistan. The results of this study also confirm the need of ‘modernization’ amongst policy-makers and public service managers. The results also confirm that the adoption of management style/support from private sector in public sector could be more effective than traditional. Moreover, this study highlights that over-politicization of the public sector is considered as negative trend towards the adoption of NPM reforms in public sector organizations. The findings of this study will helpful for managers to develop appropriate strategies to improve public sector performance in developing countries.

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Volume: Issue: 5

Article: A Case Report on Congenital Lober Emphysema(CLE)

Sudipta Roy,ARM Luthful Kabir,Rahat Bin Habib,Mahmuda Hassan,Hamidur Rahman, Taslim Uddin Ahmed,Kazi Selim Anwar, Md. Ahasan Ali4, Fouzia Sultana
2, Issue 5; May-2019
Nor. Am. Aca. Res. 2019 : 2(5) : 208-215

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Abstract: Congenital lobar emphysema (CLE) is a rare congenital pulmonary malformation and it is characterized by hyperinflation of one or more lobes of the lungs. The disease is usually encountered in infants aged less than 6 months. Here we are reporting a case of 9 years old boy whose diagnosis was made as CLE at 8th month. The boy had respiratory distress since neonatal period. CLE was suspected on the basis of clinical presentations and persistent hyper-lucent area in left lung herniating into the right on serial chest X-ray(CXR). Lobectomy was performed and histopathology confirmed the diagnosis of CLE.

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Volume: Issue: 5

Article: Air Pollution Control Policies in China

Fatima Batool
2, Issue 5; May-2019
Nor. Am. Aca. Res. 2019 : 2(5) : 186-207

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Abstract: In developing countries, feeble environmental regulatory institutions regularly undermine ordinary summon and-control policies. Accordingly, these nations are progressively trying different things with elective methodologies that intend to produce new gauges for the health harm of air pollution over a 13-year plan and age, from 2017 to 2030. The Chinese government defines required objectives of reduction of emission and decrease of energy in its thirteenth Five-Year Plan period, green belt activities and 2030 sustainable development goals. This investigation utilizes China to demonstrate the health impacts of air pollution and health advantages coming about because of different air pollution control situations in China, outline how policies and measures have been actualized by and by in the region as a reaction to the National Environmental Five Year Plan issued by the central government and show how the different reactions have added to meeting targets.

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Volume: Issue: 5

Article: Efficacy of fungicides against Stemphylium blight disease of lentil under field condition

Shah Md. Ariful Islam, Md. Amirul Islam, Ashraf Uddin Ahmed, Md. Atikuzzamman, Md. Rafiqul Islam
2, Issue 5; May-2019
Nor. Am. Aca. Res. 2019 : 2(5) : 177-185

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Abstract: Experiments were carried out to search for resistant source(s) and chemicals controlling stemphylium blight disease of lentil at Plant Pathology Division, Bangladesh Agriculture Research Institute, Joydebpur, Gazipur during the period of September 2013 to April 2014. The experimental design was RCBD in field condition having three replications. Eleven lentil test entries along with 2 check variety BARI masur1 and BARI masur7 were evaluated. Altogether 6 fungicides i.e. Rovral 80WP (Iprodione, 0.2%), Secure 600 WG (Fenamidone+ Mancozeb, 0.1%), Nativo (Tebuconazole+Trifloxystobin, 0.2%), CM 75WP (Carbendazim+ Mancozeb 0.2%), Dimox 35 (Dimathomorph+Cymoxonil, 0.05%) and Vita Flo 200 FF (Carboxin +Thiram, 0.05%) were evaluated along with a control. The minimum disease score (1.0) was recorded in Rovral 80 WP treated plot and the highest disease score (4.0) was counted in control plot. Among the six fungicides Rovral 80 WP from the iprodione group gave the best performance in respect of plant height (35.50 cm), number of branch per plant (8.33), number of pod per plant (36.67), number of seed per pod (1.98), thousand seed weight (18.50 g) and grain yield (1280 kg/ha).

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Volume: Issue: 5

Article: Woman and Child Trafficking and Its Social Implications in Southeast Asian Countries

Marshall Irby
2, Issue 5; May-2019
Nor. Am. Aca. Res. 2019 : 2(5) : 147-155

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Abstract: This research paper explores the Global Initiative presented by the United Nations in regards to human trafficking being managed on an international alongside intranational implementations of laws. Globalization and poverty have had a fundamental impact on the world, specifically Southeast Asia. Women, children and sex labor workers have felt the grunt of most policies like the “Palermo Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons, especially Women and Children.” Theorized is how these protocols and laws will exacerbate the problem are expounded and solutions are presented.

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Volume: Issue: 5

Article: Conceptual Framework of Integrative Logistics in Supply Chain Management for Maritime Port Logistics Chain

Shah Zubayer Abdullah, Mahadi Hasan Miraz, Li Yibin, Shah Asif Abdullah, Tanjila Salwa
2, Issue 5; May-2019
Nor. Am. Aca. Res. 2019 : 2(5) : 139-146

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Abstract: Integrative logistics in SCM is and will continue to be a crucial and topical issue to come in Maritime Port Logistics in China. Because of the mass customization, globalization and e-commerce trends, worldwide logistics management has got more importance in business operations. In this perspective, the costing of transportation has become more important in accounting than cost of sold goods. Furthermore, Integrative Logistics in SCM remains relevant as new policies by administrations often generate new feelings, sentiments, needs and expectations in Maritime Port Logistics Chain which makes it imperative to further explore and investigate the research. The aim of this paper is to show, what is the Maritime port logistics chain and how integration works in supply chain for Maritime port logistics chain. To detect the major functions that influence the logistics performance of the port system, the authority of port has a magnificent role, communicating with the stakeholders involved in international trade logistics, such as exporters, importers, logistics operators, customs agents, inland carriers, and shipping lines.

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Volume: Issue: 5

Article: Performance of Pest Exclusion Net (PEN) on The Growth, Yield and Pest Infestation in Cabbage

Farzana Rahman, M.A. Rahim, M. M. Hossain
2, Issue 5; May-2019
Nor. Am. Aca. Res. 2019 : 2(5) : 130-138

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Abstract: The experiment was conducted to observe the growth, yield and pest infestation in cabbage. The experiment was conducted with three different treatments viz. PEN without pesticides; no PEN with pesticides and No PEN no pesticides (control) and six varieties of cabbage namely Atlas-70, KY-Cross, Green coronet, Red Queen, Lourels and Noresh-101. The growth, yield and pest infestation had significant variation with varieties and different treatments. The maximum plant height (40.15 cm), maximum diameter of head (19.53 cm), maximum marketable yield (55.09 ton/ha) were observed from PEN without pesticides; whereas the minimum plant height (38.0 cm), minimum diameter of head (19.33 cm), minimum marketable yield (39.56 ton/ha) were observed from control treatment. The minimum pest infestation in plants (8.33), minimum total weight (1.65 kg) of cabbage, minimum fresh weight (1.26 kg), minimum loose leaves number (12.52), minimum weight of loose leaves (0.39 kg), minimum head thickness (13.23 cm) were also observed from T1. On the other hand, the maximum plant infestation number (26.78) was recorded from T3 and maximum total weight (1.73 kg) of cabbage, maximum fresh weight of head (1.32 kg), maximum number of loose leaves (13.69), maximum weight of loose leaves (0.41 kg) per plant, maximum head diameter (13.49 cm) were recorded from T2. Some varieties show significant difference in case of infestation and individual weight of cabbage. The number of infested plant and the head infestation percentage were the lowest in Noresh-101 but the individual cabbage weight and total marketable yield were the highest in Atlas-70 under PEN without pesticides.

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Volume: Issue: 5

Article: Effects of Different Soil Treatment Methods on the Performance of Green Bean Plants (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) II Efeitos de diferentes Métodos de Preparo do Solo no Desempenho da Cultura do feijão-verde (Phaseolus vulgaris L.).

Titki Djoal Tarassoum, Angélica Augusto Lovane
2, Issue 5; May-2019
Nor. Am. Aca. Res. 2019 : 2(5) : 114-129

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Abstract: The performance of green bean plants (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) under different soil treatment methods was assessed in a field experiment conducted on the campus of Escola Superior de Desenvolvimento Rural (ESUDER) in Vilanculos. The experiment consisted of a randomized block design with three treatments (CM-Conventional Method of soil preparation, CMM-Conventional Method of soil preparation with a mulch cover, and DPM-Direct Planting Method) in four (4) replications. Seed germination, plant height and bean pod production were determined for each soil treatment. Seedling emergence was observed at eight (8), ten (10) and twelve (12) days after sowing (DAS) under MCM, MC and DPM, respectively, and the maximum plant height was recorded 49 DAS in all treatments. Plant height was higher under CMM until at about 35 DAS, but was similar under the CM and CMM thereafter. However, the average growth rate was higher under the CM. The number of bean pods produced per plant was higher under the CM, while the length of pods was similar under the CM and CMM. The different methods of soil preparation had no significant effect (P>0.05) on green bean pod weight, and the total yield of bean pods. Therefore, the CMM provided a better environment for seed germination, but the added mulch cover had no effect on plant growth rate and on production of green bean pods. The authors wish to thank Celio Alho, Edna Chicico, Edson deBrito and Nilza Guambe for their assistance in soil preparation and data collection Resumo: O desempenho do feijão-verde (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) sob métodos diferentes de preparo do solo foi avaliado em um experimento no campo da Escola Superior de Desenvolvimento Rural (ESUDER) em Vilanculos, utilizando-se o delineamento de blocos completos causalizados, com três tratamentos do solo (Método de preparo do solo Convencional -MC, Método de preparo do solo Convencional com Mulching - MCM, e Método de Plantio Direto - MPD), e quatro (4) repetições. Para cada tratamento, foram realizadas avaliações da germinação de sementes, altura das plantas, e a produção de vagens verdes. Foi observado a emergência das mudas das plantas oito (8), deis (10) e doze (12) dias após semear (DDS) em tratamentos MCM, MC e DPM, respetivamente, e a altura máxima das plantas ocorreu 49 após o semear, em todos os tratamentos. A altura das plantas foi maior sob CMM ate 35 DAS mas era semelhante sob CM e CMM depois disso. Porem a taxa de crescimento foi maior sob CM que resulto também em maior número de vagens verdes per planta. O comprimento de vagens de vagem era maior sob os métodos convencionais (MC e MCM), mais as variáveis peso e produtividade de vagens verdes não foram significativamente influenciado (P> 0,05) pelos diferentes métodos de preparo de solo usados no presente estudo. Conclui-se que a adição do mulching no método convencional de preparo do solo proveu um ambiente melhor para germinação de sementes, mas não tive efeito na taxa de crescimento do feijoeiro e na produtividade de vagens verdes. Os autores desejam agradecer Célio Alho, Edna Chicico, o Edson deBrito e Nilza Guambe para a ajuda deles na preparação do solo e coleção de dados.

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Volume: Issue: 5

Article: Labor Wage of Bangladesh

Debajani Chakraborty, Debasree Chakraborty
2, Issue 5; May-2019
Nor. Am. Aca. Res. 2019 : 2(5) : 109-113

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Abstract: The wage rate is increasing year to year in all sectors of Bangladesh.The highest wage rate was in manufacturing industry and lowest was in fisheries.The highest and lowest percentage change was 67 % and 4 % in manufacturing industry, 32 % and 7 % in construction sector, 21 % and 8 % in agriculture sector and 16 % and 3 % in fisheries sector respectively.

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Volume: Issue: 5

Article: Reduced Nitrogen Enhance Growth, Leaf Profile and Biomass of Wheat Through Proper Management, Soil And Foliar Sulfur Application in Alkaline Soil of Semiarid Region

Muhammad Bilal, Akhlaq Ahmad, Bismillah Shah, Atiq Ur Rahman, Javed Iqbal, Abdul Jalal, Ali Shan, Shehryar Khan
2, Issue 5; May-2019
Nor. Am. Aca. Res. 2019 : 2(5) : 96-108

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Abstract: Higher application of nitrogen (N) increase cost of production and pollute underground water due to leaching of N. The aim of this study was to assess the influence of reduced N and sulfur (S) on wheat. Five reduced levels of N (10, 20 , 30, 40, 50%) along with recommended N (120 kg N ha-1) and control ( 0 kg N ha-1) and two S levels (15 and 30 kg ha-1) were applied in 2014. S was applied as 100% to soil or 50% soil + 50% foliar at boot stage. 20% reduced N (90 kg N ha-1) produced more leaf area tiller-1 (LA), leaf area index (LAI), crop growth rate (CGR) and biomass compared with other treatments. S @ 30 kg ha-1 resulted in more LA, LAI, CGR and BM than 15 kg S ha-1. S application as 50% soil + 50% foliar performed better than 100% soil application. 20% reduced N, 30 kg S ha-1 applied as 50% soil + 50% foliar is recommended for enhancing growth attributes of wheat.

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Volume: Issue: 5

Article: Mathematical Universe

Prof. Zhu Mao Chun, Agboifo Edmond Omenonye, Benjamin Chris Ampimah
2, Issue 5; May-2019
Nor. Am. Aca. Res. 2019 : 2(5) : 78-95

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Abstract: Travelling through time is what we do on our everyday world in different means that could be walking, running sailing, cycling, flying, etc. when we do this we tend not to notice the effect because it’s on a small scale, since the age of nine down through my primary, secondary to my present state I have wondered how and why our universe is like this. The whole idea of my publication is to through lights on the massive doubts of we humans that time travel is possible through various means, as I will explain on the body of my presentation.

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Volume: Issue: 5

Article: Investigation of Anti-Microbial Susceptibility of Clinically Isolated Escherichia coli

Atiq Ur Rahman, Bismillah Shah, Akhlaq Ahmad, Javed Iqbal
2, Issue 5; May-2019
Nor. Am. Aca. Res. 2019 : 2(5) : 68-77

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Abstract: An antibiotic resistance is a problem which has overwhelmed the whole world. Theresistant achieved by a bacterium may be attained through genetic change in chromosomes or plastids. One of the species of bacteria notorious for antibiotics resistance is Escherichia coli. E.coli is a gram-negative bacterium which is present everywhere, therefore in the present study, this bacterium was collected from different patients admitted in two hospitals of Peshawar, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan namely, Khyber Teaching Hospital (KTH) and Hayatabad Medical Complex (HMC). Our current work was designed to determine the susceptibility of E.coli to different antibiotics. All the collected samples were cultured using Mueller-Hinton agar media. Activity of different antibiotics was assayed against all the collected samples. The antibiotics used were Tazobactum (Tzp110), Ciprofloxacin (Cip5), Ceftriaxone (Cro30), Aztrionam (Atm30),Amoxicillin (Amc30) and Ceftazidime (Caz30). From the zone of growth inhibition the activity of pre-mentioned antibiotics were determined. The result revealed that Tzp was the most effective antibiotic among the tested samples. Cip and Amc were the second and third most effective drugs respectively.

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Volume: Issue: 5

Article: Numerical Modeling Techniques Focus on Heat Exchanger Modeling

Raqibul Hassan, Xiande Fang
2, Issue 5; May-2019
Nor. Am. Aca. Res. 2019 : 2(5) : 60-67

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Abstract: Heat exchange is key methods of vitality transport, vitality discussion, vitality protection, and vitality the executives in the nature and numerous applications, for example, heat exchangers, warm vitality stockpiling frameworks, gas turbines, air ships, and human body. Thermodynamic investigation is fundamental for different fields of physical science and for science, concoction designing, advanced plane design, mechanical building, cell science, biomedical building, and materials science and is valuable in different fields, for example, financial aspects. Warmth exchange concerns the age, use, transformation, and trade of warm vitality and warmth between physical frameworks. Warmth exchange is ordinarily ordered into warm conduction, warm convection, warm radiation, and exchange of vitality by stage changes. As a rule, it is hard to acquire investigative arrangements of thermodynamic and warmth exchange issues, and numerical demonstrating and examination are turning into an amazing asset in related regions. Countless and computational procedures are created for demonstrating and breaking down thermodynamic framework and warmth exchange process. A lot of the writing was distributed, and maybe significantly more is accessible as grouped work with the business on this significant subject. This review article centers around the most recent headways in thermodynamics and heat exchange.

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Volume: Issue: 5

Article: Influence of Ethephon on Vegetative Character, Flowering Behaviour and Sex Expression of Cucumber in Pokhara Lekhnath, Kaski

Pandey Pratap, Jha Ritesh Kumar, Shrestha Arjun Kumar
3, Issue 5; May-2019
Nor. Am. Aca. Res. 2019 : 2(5) : 01-13

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Abstract: The research entitled “Influence of ethephon on vegetative character, flowering behaviour and sex expression of cucumber in Pokhara, Lekhnath, Kaski” was conducted in Kaski, Nepal during 11th January, 2017 to 15th April, 2018. Bhaktapur Local variety of cucumber was used under study as it is popular among farmers. The experiment was laid out in Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with 4 replication and 5 treatments (four different doses of ethephon @ 200 ppm, @ 300 ppm, @ 400 ppm and @ 600 ppm as well as (water spraying) as control. Spraying was done twice, the 1st at true two leaf stage and the second at four true leaf stage. It was observed that all the doses of ethephon reduced the plant height compared to control. Ethephon @ 400 ppm and @ 600 ppm produced significantly higher number of nodes per plant than control. The number of primary branches increases with increasing dose of ethephon.Ethephon @ 600 ppm produced 7.72 nodes more as compared to control.Ethephon @ 600 ppm produced female flowers at the lowest node and male flowers at the uppermost node as compared to other treatments. Ethephon @ 400 ppm resulted in earlier female flowering (3.68 days sooner compared to control). Ethephon @ 600 ppm delayed the appearance of first male flower by 3 days as compared to control. Ethephon @ 400 ppm was found superior to other treatments for increasing total female flowers and reducing sex ratio. The total female flowers per plant was increased by 64.65% with ethephon @ 400 ppm as compared to the control. The highest sex ratio was obtained with control (3.350) while the lowest (1.262) with ethephon @ 400 ppm.

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Volume: Issue: 5

Article: Evaluation of Rice (Oryza sativa) Germplasm for Some Important Agro Morphological Traits using Multi-Varivate Analysis in Mansehra, Pakistan

Abbas Khan, Javed Iqbal2, Fida Muhammad Abbasi, Bismillah Shah, Attiq Ur Rahman, Akhlaq Ahmad
2, Issue 5; May-2019
Nor. Am. Aca. Res. 2019 : 2(5) : 51-59

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Abstract: The present study was designed to evaluate the different morphological traits of rice germplasm. The experiment was laid out in randomized complete block design (RCBD) with 19 rice genotypes replicated 3 times during 2014 at NTHRI, Shinkyari, Pakistan. Nine plants per plot were selected randomly to record the important agro morphological data viz. Plant height, no of tillers, panicle length, primary branches and secondary branches per panicle, flag leaf length, flag leaf width, filled grains, unfilled grains, thousand grain weight, and grain yield per plant, grain shape and grain size. All the recorded data were analyzed through SPSS 16.0 and Statistix 8.1. The results revealed that the vegetative growth attributes i.e. plant height, number of tellers, were significantly affected in line 4 (162.6 cm) and JP-5 (19), respectively. Whereas primary branches and secondary branches of rice plant were increased in line 150 (24.3 and 115.6 cm), respectively. Leaf length and leaf breadth were significantly increased by line 3(3) (51.3 cm) and 3 (8) (2.5 cm), respectively. Major yield contributing attributes like panicle and grain length, grain breadth, grain length/grain breadth, 1000 grain weight, yield per plant, filled grain and un filled grain were increased in line 140 (34 cm), line 154 (8.3 mm), line 78-5 (2.7 mm), line 154 (4 mm), line 154 (35 g) line 106-13 (60 g), line 106-13 (290), line 150 (328.3), respectively.

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Volume: Issue: 5

Article: Review on Anesthetic for Laparoscopic Liver Resection

Mintah Bright Darko , Odowa Yusuf Ahmed, Cai Xiu Jun, Wang Yi Fan
2, Issue 5; May-2019
Nor. Am. Aca. Res. 2019 : 2(5) : 41-50

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Abstract: We identify the expansive scope of soporific contemplations that influence the result of patients experiencing laparoscopic liver resection. Key components for great results after laparoscopic liver resection are cautious patient choice and hazard stratification, fitting checking, methods to decrease blood misfortune and transfusion, and dynamic recuperation the board. Albeit a portion of these key components are the equivalent for open liver task, there are explicit soporific contemplations of which both the careful and anesthesia groups must know to accomplish ideal patient results after laparoscopic liver resection. While novel focal points of laparoscopic liver resection commonly incorporate diminished intraoperative dying, transfusion necessities, and a lower occurrence of postoperative ascites, explicit difficulties incorporate administration of the confounded interchange between low-volume anesthesia and expanded intraabdominal weight due to pneumoperitoneum, with extra contemplations in regards to circulatory help to treat intense blood misfortune with requirement for new change at times. This article will address in detail the preoperative, intraoperative, and postoperative analgesic contemplations for patients experiencing laparoscopic liver resection that both the careful and anesthesia group ought to know about to improve results.

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Volume: Issue: 5

Article: A Comparison of Forest Policies and Management Practices Between Nepal And China - An Exploratory Study

Subina Shrestha, Shivaraj Thapa
2, Issue 5; May-2019
Nor. Am. Aca. Res. 2019 : 2(5) : 30-40

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Abstract: Nepal and China, despite the difference in the size of the nation, the economy and its socio-political structure, both the countries have a common objective of conserving and flourishing the forests and forest resources of their country. Both these nations have gone through forest reforms in the past three decades and have formulated policies that suit their best interest. Although in a different scale, there has been a positive change in the forestry of China and Nepal after the forest reform in the 1980’s. But China has had remarkable accomplishments in comparison to Nepal. The reason behind this is due to the difference in management practices of these two economies, the forest policy of China being oriented towards conservation and increasing the productivity of the forest while the forest policy of Nepal being conservation oriented and emphasizing more on tackling socio-economic problems. Lastly, the major reason is the difference of national investment in these two economies. Nepal can learn from the management practices and trends of China to rehabilitate and improve the forest resources of the country. However, the question that new management practices and policy will be a success in Nepal given the political situation, socioeconomic structure and corruption can be a viable topic for future researches.

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Volume: Issue: 5

Article: Efficient Extension of Tradition and Economy Through Designed Space for Fashion in Bangladesh

Fowzia Akter
2, Issue 5; May-2019
Nor. Am. Aca. Res. 2019 : 2(5) : 15-29

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Abstract: Design space for fashion is newly introduced in Bangladesh which is differentiated from the other commercial complex. My research has firmly concluded that in Bangladesh, the fashion manufacturing industry is a large scale industry, which is hungry of proper services, designing, sample-making ,sample testing and workshop. Proposed as an integrated development catering to the fashion industries requirements of Bangladesh as a “one-stop-solution” which also work as a “HUB”, the project would be developed on a commercially self-sustaining. Moreover, Fashion came in to existence as an answer to those needs. In other words, which is very much needed for the development of Fashion Business and in Education in Bangladesh & particularly in this region. The global scenario of Fashion Business in a liberalized market is another propeller as the competition in quality and pricing is tough to go through. It will help to improvise the fashion as fashion institute and industry globally again of quality design intervention and price because the manufacturers especially the textile manufacturers, will be able to go for mass manufacturing The Project has been envisaged in view of the current state of fashion and related industries in Bangladesh and the integrated development would provide commercial, industrial and residential spaces. And to integrate and synergies Fashion Business with economic growth of the nation and help it to convert its dream of becoming the largest economic powerhouse of the world in near future.

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Volume: Issue: 4

Article: New Era of Community Forest Resources Management

Jitendra Chakma, Deepak Gautam
2, Issue 4; April-2019
Nor. Am. Aca. Res. 2019 : 2(4) : 199-207

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Abstract: Community forest management, as it has been contended above, is a methodology with much potential to drastically change the top-down, unified woods the board approach that has been ordinarily utilized and to offer some dimension of independence to networks to take an interest in woodland the executives and increase more straightforward advantages. At its root, network ranger service is about the devolution of capacity to nearby networks to deal with the woodland, and furthermore to think in an unexpected way about how to deal with the asset. Like all network based backwoods the executives approaches, network ranger service, obviously, faces difficulties, for example, control relations, strife and limit building, which can totally undermine achievement if not tended to. Given the participatory network based nature of this methodology, as depicted in the writing, network ranger service can possibly support more extensive based social learning than customary ways to deal with woodland the board, since nearby individuals are legitimately engaged with the executives. Truth be told, it has been contended that fusing social learning in this community multi-partner process is significant, since it is through social discovering that networks can learn and share thoughts, and make aggregate move to manage dangers and vulnerabilities that are a section of woods the board. This turns out to be significantly increasingly significant if the network timberland's understood objective is accomplishing economical timberland the executives, which has truly turned into a regulating objective for most backwoods the executives approaches.

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Volume: Issue: 4

Article: Comparison Between “Indo-European Languages System (English, Dutch)” and “Austronesian Languages System (Indonesian)”

Amrih Patriotomo
2, Issue 4; April-2019
Nor. Am. Aca. Res. 2019 : 2(4) : 193-198

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Abstract: “Indo-European languages system (English, Dutch)” and “Austronesian languages system (Indonesian)”have close relationship because modern Indonesian language has a lot of words that are adopted from English and Dutch.

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Volume: Issue: 4

Article: Microbial Water Pollution in Pakistan

Seerat Ul Ain Bhutto, Sanjrani M.A, Nafees Khaskheli, Sadam Chandio
2, Issue 4; April-2019
Nor. Am. Aca. Res. 2019 : 2(4) : 185-192

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Abstract: Overall pollution of surface waters with microbial pathogens is of generous wellbeing concern. This review will focus on the health effects caused by microbial contamination. Furthermore, it also help us to determine quality and availability of water in Pakistan, various contamination sources as well as preventative measures at domestic and national level. At the end, recommendations are outlined for readers to overcome from the problem of microbial contamination.

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Volume: Issue: 4

Article: Power, Exergy, and Economic Analysis of Photovoltaic (PV) and Photovoltaic-Phase Change Material (PV-PCM) System

Ahmed Amirul Arefin, Gu-Yeon Wei, Willam Dally, Shanhui Fan, Rezwan Khan, Akhtar Kalam
2, Issue 4; April-2019
Nor. Am. Aca. Res. 2019 : 2(4) : 173-184

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Abstract: A significant fraction of the solar radiation falling on photovoltaic (PV) panels gets converted into heat thus reducing the efficiency of photovoltaic power plants. Depending on the type of solar cell performance of PV panels falls by 0.5% for every degree rise of temperature.The temperature regulation of PV power systems therefore becomes important especially for areas experiencing consistently high temperatures to improve PV efficiency. The goal of our research work is to emphasize the Phase Change Material (PCM) cooling capability also figure out the feasibility of third generation solar cell.The heat stored into the PCM can bedischarged into the working fluid when the solar radiation is less intensive or unavailable; this can extend its service time to the targeted building.This kind of material is known for its high storing capacity of the temperature which will enhance the cycle lifetime of any device, in this research work we have used capric acid as PCM. Experimental setup consists a direct application on a PV panel was carried out, capric acid is tested in order to study its properties and capacity of absorption. The results shows that around 13% of the energy can be saved.Exergy of PV-PCM is higher than compered PV.To determine the temperature of a photovoltaic panel numerical validation of the modeling is being used and making and economic study for the future scope and feasibility for long run.

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Volume: Issue: 4

Article: How Ride Hailing services Utilized Technological Innovation as One of Their Strategies in Creating Blue Ocean? Case Study Based on Go-Jek, Bandung, Indonesia

Edgar Edmund Ngao
2, Issue 4; April-2019
Nor. Am. Aca. Res. 2019 : 2(4) : 150-172

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Abstract: Technological Innovation (TI) is acknowledged as a Value Innovation. Companies that do not utilize TI, often end up with innovation that breaks new ground, but does not unlock potential groups of customers. Its revolution has driven global development over the past two decades in an exceptional way which has paved ways for many new business ventures from various sectors in creating huge market share within the present market. TI has been used with those ventures as a strategy along with other strategies. In ride hailing sectors, Go-Jek Indonesia is one among those new ventures that has successful managed to use TI and hence grow and develop into a very large competitive company in short period of time. This study intended to examine how these strategies have helped in creating competitive advantage as well as addressing transportation challenges. A literature review of Technological Innovation theory and strategies has been a tool in creating a strong theoretical foundation for this study. Where Generic strategies and Intensive Growth strategy has been reviewed in light of Technological Innovation strategies. The study methodology has used a quantitative approach. The quantitative approach is descriptive in nature of the results obtained from primary and secondary data sources. The data results obtained from the primary source were utilized for statistical procedures. This study has conclusively found that to win customer satisfaction, certain important factors such as application functionality and usefulness of the ride hailing service has to be attained. The study went further to understand the underlying strategy that has influenced Go-Jek Indonesia to attain its competitive advantage. This study concluded that a mix of cost leadership and product differentiation strategies (that is focus strategy) together with technology has made a strong impact in increasing their competitive advantage. The study recommends ride hailing services to accept the improvements of communication channels, the need for ongoing training of their contractors and staff, and the need to be aware of the government rules and regulations.

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Volume: Issue: 4

Article: The Issues that Cause Problems to Speak English as a Second Language for Undergraduate Students of Sindh, Pakistan

Ali Siddiqui, Abdul karim keerio
2, Issue 4; April-2019
Nor. Am. Aca. Res. 2019 : 2(4) : 138-149

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Abstract: English language speaking is considered one of the most difficult and challenging task for language learners. This is a case study, investigating the speaking difficulties of the students at University of Sindh, Jamshoro. Also highlights the factors that affect student’s practical and communicational aspect of English language. Hopefully the study will be fruitful for the L2 learners in Sindh university context and will lead to possible solutions to enhance the speaking performance of students. To analyze and interpret data, simple percentage tables and graphs were used. The study shows that students were facing number of English speaking problem including lack of vocabulary, grammar illiteracy, shyness, connecting ideas, lack of practice, inappropriate environment, pronunciation and accent. Based on the findings of study, it was recommended that there is need of extra classes on communication practice activities. However, teachers should play their active role to encourage students and to overcome shyness. Teachers should expose Students in front of class by providing maximum opportunities in practical activities. Moreover, vocabulary also plays main role, teacher should engage students in vocabulary building exercises.

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Volume: Issue: 4

Article: The Teaching Trends and Methods in Public Schools, Private and Madrasahs: A comparative Study

Abdul Karim Keerio, Dr Shabana Sartaj, Syed Waqar Ali Shah
2, Issue 4; April-2019
Nor. Am. Aca. Res. 2019 : 2(4) : 129-137

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Abstract: In Pakistan three different types of Educational institutions functions including systems public, private and madrasahs. The hypothesis of this research is to identify key differences in private. Public and madrasah school in context of teaching methodology. The paper will explore the differences between these three school systems mentioned above. It will not include the critical analysis because the research requires only description of teaching methodology. This paper is based on interviews, focused group discussions, survey questionnaire and class room observation conducted with private, public and madrasah teachers/students in Hyderabad to gauge what, in their view, is the teaching methodology. We have selected the schools which were suitable for this research. We attempted to analyze the curriculum of these schools systems and its impact on the students. It also provides some recommendations for these three school systems.

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Volume: Issue: 4

Article: Hierarchical NiCo2O4@GO@PPy Nanorods are Grown on Carbon Cloth as Supercapacitor Electrodes

Dr. Moyinul Islam, K M Faridul Hasan, Xing Lu
2, Issue 4; April-2019
Nor. Am. Aca. Res. 2019 : 2(4) : 116-128

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Abstract: Supercapacitors are one of the promising energy storage devices, which have been widely explored for energy storage applications owing to their unique characteristics like high power density, long cycle life (>100,000 cycles), and environmental friendliness. The electrode materials play a key role as the performance of supercapacitors is primarily depended on the types of the electrode materials. Therefore, it is imperative to explore new electrode materials that simultaneously exhibit a high-capacitance, high cycle life as well as high conductivity.

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Volume: Issue: 4

Article: Symbolism and Semantics Colors in Kazakh Culture

Sarmanbetova Ulbossyn, Rajiv Mandal
2, Issue 4; April-2019
Nor. Am. Aca. Res. 2019 : 2(4) : 101-115

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Abstract: This paper focuses on symbolism colors in phraseologies in Kazakh culture identity. Symbolism colors and Kazakh phraseologies consist greatly from Kazakh national traditions and culture as well as Kazakh national lifestyle. These six symbolism colors are widely related with Kazakh’s world cognition. This article analyzes color phraseologies by etymological analyze. According to the etymological analyze, colors do not show or mean the colors, it describes the shape, character and Kazakhs’ world cognition.

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Volume: Issue: 4

Article: Case of Risk Management: Dairy Product Companies In Turkey

Canan GUMUS, Gürkan SARIKAYA, Md Mehedi HASAN
2, Issue 4; April-2019
Nor. Am. Aca. Res. 2019 : 2(4) : 85-100

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Abstract: With the impact of globalization, today's businesses are affected not only by the country in which they operate, but also by events in other countries around the world. In particular, the corruption or fraudulent transactions of international and large capital firms adversely affect the markets of the whole world. Regulatory agencies have set rules and standards to prevent corruption and fraudulent transactions. One of these rules is the accountability of managers. In order to perform their duties, managers are required to identify, analyze and implement the risks that they may face in relation to operational activities and to combat these risks. These practices are addressed under the name of ‘risk management’. Our objective in this study is to control the risk management activities of milk production companies in Turkey, which have entered ISO 1000 between 2014 and 2016. The data were obtained by using a face-to-face questionnaire. At the same time, Brazil ranked fourth in the list of countries producing the highest milk in the year 2016, as well as the most risk factors for dairy production in Turkey. As a result, the absence of a risk management and Risk porting System in milk enterprises by almost 50% indicates that risk management practices are not sufficient for milk processing.

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Volume: Issue: 4

Article: The Risk of Foreign Exchange Currency in a Public-Private Partnership (PPP) Projects and Djibouti Currency Forecast

Nasra Moussa Nour, Hu Hao
2, Issue 4; April-2019
Nor. Am. Aca. Res. 2019 : 2(4) : 76-84

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Abstract: Unpredicted Foreign exchange (FX) rate changes produce to a serious risk factor, particularly in public-private partnership (PPP) infrastructure projects in developing countries. The risk exists since PPP extends their offer commonly locally and generate incomes in local currency, while their expenditure costs and managing and maintenance cost designated by significant monetary forms. Multidisciplinary experience and building judgment are expected to control and forecast the exchange rates In this paper, we are going to yearly models the exchange rate between USD/DJF (Djibouti Franc) and contrasts the actual information with forecasting one using time series analysis over the period from 2011 to 2018. The official yearly data of OANDA is used for the present study. Mainly, this paper is to apply the ARIMA model for forecasting the exchange rate between USD/DJF by using the Box-Jenkins approach. The precision of the forecast is compared with Root Mean Squared Error (RMSE).

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Volume: Issue: 4

Article: Study on Hemigraphis hirta as an Alternative to Antibiotics against Bacteria causing Urinary Tract Infection

Rashidul Islam, Shoshi Prasad Shil, Md. Akter Hossain, Md. Ariful Islam, Debasish Kumer Paul, Abdullah-Al-Jubayer, Soma Kundu, Md. Sarafat Ali, Dababrata Paul
2, Issue 4; April-2019
Nor. Am. Aca. Res. 2019 : 2(4) : 66-75

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Abstract: Development of new antibiotic is the prime interest to the researcher now a days as the choice of antibiotic has become limited day by day. Here, we reported the efficacy of methanol extract of Hemigraphis hirta against UTI causing bacteria Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. Total 10 samples of urine were found positive for UTI. The positive samples were subjected to bacterial identification. Single bacterium as Escherichia coli was found in four samples (isolates as 1a, 3a, 7a and 10a) and Staphylococcus aureus in one (6a). Both the bacteria were found at the same time in three samples (2a and 2b,3a and 3b, 9a and 9b). Ampicillin, Amoxycillin and Cefixime were 100% resistant to all isolates. Total 57.95% isolates showed high level of resistant (Multi drug resistant) against used antibiotics. About 7.95% were found as intermediate resistant and remaining 34.09% were sensitive. All Escherichia coli were sensitive to Ciprofloxacin and all Staphylococcus aureus were sensitive to Chloramphenicol. These two antibiotics were used in antibacterial assays of methanol extract of Hemigraphis hirta as positive control for Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus, respectively. Zone of inhibition of 100 mg/mL concentration of extract was ranged from 12.5 to 16.0 mm for resistant isolates and 11 to 16.5 mm for sensitive isolates. MIC values for both resistant and sensitive isolates ranged from 9.4 to18.8 mg/mL and the MBC values ranged from 18.8 to 37.5 mg/mL. The study suggests that Hemigraphis hirta plant can be a better option for treating UTI after exploring probable side effects.

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Volume: Issue: 4

Article: Tumor Evolution of Lung Cancer and Mortality

Gulam Quadir, Li Fei, Yan Chaoyang, He Ming, Li Yong
2, Issue 4; April-2019
Nor. Am. Aca. Res. 2019 : 2(4) : 60-65

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Abstract: This article is committed to consider improvement of lung cancer mortality in the world. Through the previous two decades malignant growth was altogether expanding reason for mortality and real general medical issue in world. Lung disease remains the most continuous reason for passings among other type of harmful neoplasms. Mortality improvement from lung disease and other threatening neoplasms fundamentally separated among Western and previous socialist nations. Throughout the most recent two decades lung malignant growth mortality significantly diminished among guys, while in females it was quickly expanding. Older individuals over age 65 are the most various populaces experiencing lung disease. Everybody realizes that tobacco smoking is significant hazard factor which adds to lung disease, however by and by, individuals keep on smoking. In spite of the measures taken against tobacco, smoking predominance stays high in the different nations of Asia.

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Volume: Issue: 4

Article: Safety, Feasibility and Variable Procedurals between Transradial and Transfemoral Access in Coronary Angiography

Challagulla Kethanvee, Liu Lin
2, Issue 4; April-2019
Nor. Am. Aca. Res. 2019 : 2(4) : 19-59

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Abstract: The aim of study is to evaluate the safety, feasibility, and procedural variables of transradial approach comparing with the transfemoral approach in a standard population of patients undergoing coronary catheterization procedure which is considered as one of the major drawn criticisms of the transradial approach is that it takes longer overall procedure and fluoroscopy time, thereby causing more radiation exposure for both patients and doctors. Method: Data has been collected between January 2016 and December 2018, a total of 1,997 patients in Chins-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, P.R.China, who had went for coronary catheterization and were randomly assigned to both transradial or transfemoral approaches.

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Volume: Issue: 3

Article: Use of Robot Devices in Percutaneous Coronary Interventions & Nanobots which are future Devices in Treatment of Heart Diseases

Challagulla Kethanvee, Liu Lin
Volume 2, Issue 3; March-2019
Nor. Am. Aca. Res. 2019 : 2(3) : 171-187

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Abstract: Robots which are used to do surgery of percutaneous coronary intervention are electromechanical machines that can be used to do surgeries to avoid radiation or ionization repetitive in place of humans. Robots are first introduced in 1990s to clinical medicine. The Robots which are used in Medical field are getting and used widely in surgeries due to advantages like highly precision, speed, reproducibility, great access to the areas which are under operation and endurance. In cardiovascular and coronary medicine, the medical robots are now a day routinely using for minimally invasive cardiac surgeries, with the help of Intuitive Surgical the mitral valve’s repair and for the coronary artery bypass graft surgeries. The medical robots are also being used in clinical us of endovascular surgeries and percutaneous coronary interventionals (PCI).

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Volume: Issue: 3

Article: Environmental Flow Assessment for the Main Rivers of the North-West Zone of Bangladesh

Afeefa Rahman, Chiranjib Roy, Ashequr Rahman, Fahad Jamil, Md. Shariful Islam
Volume 2, Issue 3; March-2019
Nor. Am. Aca. Res. 2019 : 2(3) : 81-101

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Abstract: This research work has been carried out to assess the e-flow of the Padma, Jamuna, Teesta and Atrai. The first objective of this study is to identify the methodology among the established environment flow measurement techniques for these rivers in order to assess the flow-demand for fisheries, navigation as well as conspicuously maintenance of Sundarbans ecosystem. However, The main objective of this study is to observe the environmental flow assessment in a balanced and systematic way by the hydrological method to documentation on the subject, to examine its physical and numerical concepts and to trace the most recent trends in environmental flow assessment related research including the emerging interactions of hydrological methods with flow of water and other related fields. In this study, these observations have been accomplished mainly based on the Hydrological Method consisting of four distinct approaches. Moreover, the Flow Duration Curve analysis has also been adopted in order to get better understanding about the E- flow of the subjective rivers in the north-west zone of Bangladesh. Based on the study, the overall analysis reveals that the Padma river demands1083 m3/s of mean annual flow during January, February and March and 21676 m3/s of mean annual flow demands during August and September in Bangladesh. In addition, the Jamuna river demands 8577 m3/s of mean annual flow during February and March and 42885 m3/s of mean annual flow during July in Bangladesh, while demanding value of mean annual flow of Teesta river is 322 m3/s during January to April and 1614 m3/s of mean annual flow during July. Furthermore, Atrai River demands only 60 m3/s of mean annual flow during February and 301 m3/s of mean annual flow during June to September so far. However, the existing flow pattern of Padma or Ganges River proves that it has less than 10% of average flow during dry period (March and April), whereas the flow is more than the flushing flow (200% of average flow) during August and September. So, these rivers are in extreme condition: too much low flow in dry period and too much high flow in wet period. It is also observed that even though the flow demand for fisheries in Padma and Jamuna rivers is so called satisfactory, the mean flow is too much below the required flow in both Teesta and Atrairiver, and consequently the sustainability of Sundarban has become a foregone concern as well.

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Volume: Issue: 4

Article: Antimicrobial Activity of Ginger Essential Oil

Bibole Lubamba Maguy,Zaixiang Lou, Mazono Mbag Pierrea
Volume 2, Issue 4; April-2019
Nor. Am. Aca. Res. 2019 : 2(4) : 14-18

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Abstract: This review surveys the antimicrobial activity of ginger essential oil, against foodborne pathogens. However, these microbes can withstand certain concentrations of ginger essential oil. In herbal medicine, ginger is recommended for a very large number of problems whether it is digestive, energy, vitality or to fight various infections. Ginger oil can cure coughs and kill the bacteria responsible for the infection. The biological activities of ginger essential oil components, disrupts the microbial cytoplasmic membrane. Overall, ginger essential oil, could be used to prolong shelf life and cure foodborne microbes.

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Volume: Issue: 4

Article: The Fate of Graphene in Biomedical Applications

Md Mokarram Hossain
Volume 2, Issue 4; April-2019
Nor. Am. Aca. Res. 2019 : 2(4) : 01-13

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Abstract: Graphene and its subsidiaries have some charming properties, which produces enormous interests in different fields, including biomedicine. The biomedical utilizations of graphene-based nanomaterials have pulled in extraordinary interests throughout the most recent decade, and a few gatherings have begun taking a shot at this field the world over. In view of the brilliant biocompatibility, solvency and selectivity, graphene and its subordinates have appeared potential as biosensing and bio-imaging materials. Additionally, because of some novel physico-compound properties of graphene and its subordinates, for example, vast surface zone, high virtue, great bio-functionalizability, simple dissolvability, high medication stacking limit, capacity of simple cell layer infiltration, and so forth., graphene-based nanomaterials become promising possibility for bio-conveyance bearers. Plus, graphene and its subsidiaries have additionally indicated intriguing applications with regards to the fields of cell-culture, cell-development and tissue designing. In this article, an extensive survey on the utilizations of graphene and its subordinates as biomedical materials has been exhibited. The one of a kind properties of graphene and its subsidiaries, (for example, graphene oxide, decreased graphene oxide, graphane, graphone, graphyne, graphdiyne, fluorographene and their doped renditions) have been talked about, trailed by discourses on the ongoing endeavors on the utilizations of graphene and its subordinates in biosensing, bio-imaging, medicate conveyance and treatment, cell culture, tissue building and cell development. Likewise, the difficulties associated with the utilization of graphene and its subordinates as biomedical materials are talked about quickly, trailed by the future viewpoints of the utilization of graphene-based nanomaterials in bio-applications. The audit will give a viewpoint to the uses of graphene and its subordinates, and may open up new skylines to motivate more extensive interests crosswise over different orders.

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Volume: Issue: 3

Article: The practice of Hadoop and Spark to Analyze Big Data in New Technologies

Canan Hasan, Md Kamruzzaman Sarkar, Md Mehedi Hasan, Md Tanvir Bin Nazim, Rifat Azim Sun
Volume 2, Issue 3; March-2019
Nor. Am. Aca. Res. 2019 : 2(3) : 208-222

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Abstract: Data publications are increasing day by day, they unit, diversity and rapidity generated data is more than the available data and difficult to analyze and construe. Billions of networked sensors are surrounded in devices that run, generate the convey data such as smart phones, automobiles , social media sites, laptop computers , PCs and industrial machines , The data obtained from different sources are structured, semi structured or unstructured form , Traditional data based systems are insufficient to process these data types. That’s why new technology introduced. The technologies developed gradually. Today’s large data sets including Collecting ,processing, analyzing and visualizing. These technologies provide great advantages for enterprises, especially by easily analyzing large unstructured data sets. The purpose of this study is to introduce the practices of Hadoop and Spark technologies used in Big Data Analysis and to discuss the advantages they provide for establishments.

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Volume: Issue: 3

Article: Intelligent Grabbing of Manipulator Based on Visual Guidance

Md Nahiduzzaman
Volume 2, Issue 3; March-2019
Nor. Am. Aca. Res. 2019 : 2(3) : 196-207

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Abstract: : The capacity to grabbing has enormously extended the potential outcomes for robots to perform observation, assessment or guide age errands. However it was just lately that exploration in elevated mechanical autonomy was develop enough to permit dynamic communications with nature. The robots mindful for these communications are called elevated controllers and for the most part consolidate a multirotor stage. A key fitness to control an ethereal controller is the capacity to limit it in the earth. Customarily, this confinement has required outside foundation of sensors (e.g., GPS or IR cameras), limiting the genuine applications. Moreover, limitation strategies with ready sensors, sent out from different apply autonomy fields, for example, concurrent confinement and mapping (Hammer), require substantial computational units turning into an impediment in vehicles where estimate, load, what's more, control utilization are imperative confinements. In such manner, this theory proposes a technique to appraise the condition of the vehicle (i.e., position, introduction, speed and increasing speed) by methods for ready, minimal effort, light-weight and high-rate sensors.furthermore, at least one mechanical arms.

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Volume: Issue: 3

Article: Risk Factors Associated with Thrombus of Lower Extremity Veins

Anfa Farah Botan, Ozer Birge, Tingting Cheng, Chang Shu
Volume 2, Issue 3; March-2019
Nor. Am. Aca. Res. 2019 : 2(3) : 189-196

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Abstract: This study aims to determine the risk factors associated with thrombus of lower extremity veins among pregnant and puerperal women. Introduction: Deep vein thrombosis (DVT) is one of the top causes of death among pregnant women in the Western world. It is a reproductive health peril for women. During pregnancy, the risk of venous thrombosis reaches up to 5-fold, and get as high as 60-fold postpartum. Its average occurrence is approximately 1 in 1000 pregnancies. Furthermore, women who are pregnant are more prone to DVT than non-pregnant women of the same age by 6 to 10-fold. During pregnancy, the incidences of thrombosis is similar among the pregnant women in each of the three trimesters and surges during the postpartum period. Materials and Methods: In this systematic review, selected studies on pregnant women with deep vein thrombosis (DVT) and venous thromboembolism (VTE) were critically determined and evaluated. The researchers used an organized method of locating, assembling, and evaluating the literature. The patients had to be pregnant and had to be diagnosed with DVT and VTE. The findings of the collection of research studies were discussed concentrating on the risk factors. Baseline characteristics recorded were age of the patient and infections and comorbidities were documented. Risk factors were then identified and evaluated in terms of rate of incidences. Results: More than 1.2 million pregnancies and related puerperal periods were studied. The frequencyrate for DVT and VTE during a pregnancy with hospitalization or not was computed per year. Women hospitalized were found more to be at risk especially if they stayed for more than 3-6 days. Moreover, puerperal venous thromboembolism was associated with obesity, elective and acute caesarean sections and postpartum blood transfusion. Conclusion: The most common risk factors associated with thrombus of lower extremity veins among pregnant and puerperal women were hospitalization, infection, hyperemesis, preeclampsia, multiple pregnancy, obesity, postpartum blood transfusion, caesarian section and intrauterine growth restriction or fetal death.

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Volume: Issue: 3

Article: Data Protection Rights & National Security Objectives: Critical Analysis of ECtHR and CJEU Case Law

Hassan Syed
Volume 2, Issue 3; March-2019
Nor. Am. Aca. Res. 2019 : 2(3) : 155-170

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Abstract: The present heightened environment of the so-called ‘global war on terrorism’ has pushed the national security and public safety to forefront of strategic policy and legislative agendas. The human rights in general and data protection rights in particular have paled in contrast to the state security agencies intrusions in available digital data of the citizens. It is then left up to the Courts such as the European Court of Justice (‘CJEU/ECJ’) Luxembourg and the European Court of Human Rights (‘ECtHR’) Strasbourg to avail opportunities presented to them in their justiciability of data protection rights interferences. Both the Courts apply the European Charter for Fundamental Rights (‘the Charter’) and the European Convention on Human Rights (‘the Convention’) respectively to carry their analysis of rights interferences with the legitimate objectives of national security and public safety. Our critical analysis of the data protection case law of both the Courts confirms that the Courts have struck a balance in protecting the individual data protection rights and the legitimate aims of national security and public safety. Our analysis shows that it was ECtHR that laid the foundation of applying the principles of necessity and proportionality consistently in its analysis of interferences with Article 8 Convention rights in pursuing the aims of fighting serious crime and terrorism . ECJ has followed ECtHR’s reasoning of necessity and proportionality in its landmark judgments of Digital Ireland , Schrems and Watson . The ECJ was confronted with the questions of blanket coverage allowing mass surveillance and access to users’ data by the state security agencies under the EU Directives. ECJ declared such measures invalid ,failing the necessity and proportionality tests in the absence of legal measures that could protect those who did not fall into the category of suspects defined under the law. ECJ accepted such interferences with Article 7 (right to privacy) and 8 (right to data protection) Charter rights necessary in pursuits of aims to fight serious crime and terrorism. The requirement of a robust legal framework that justifies ECHR Art 8 Privacy rights interferences with data protection, has been accepted by the Court as necessary in the face of security challenges such as fighting terrorism and prevention serious transnational crimes. ECtHR also considers the availability of national legal remedies for interferences through independent bodies in its analysis of necessary and proportional in a democratic society. ECJ has also laid emphasis on availability of legal remedies in cases of interferences with data protection rights while interpreting EU Legislations in the light of rights under Art 8 CFR. While ECJ protects data rights under CFR Art 8 Data Protection Right, ECtHR extends ECHR Art 8 Right to Privacy to protect data rights. Both the Courts readily acknowledge the society’s needs to fight serious crimes and terrorism in their case law. It is the balance that both the Courts strike while relying on the principles of necessity and proportionality that ensures the protection of data rights of those who abide by the rule of law in a democratic society.

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Volume: Issue: 3

Article: Logistics Performance and Global Competitiveness : The Rule on Trade

Gisela Moreno, Haiyun Liu, Nouman Mirza
Volume 2, Issue 3; March-2019
Nor. Am. Aca. Res. 2019 : 2(3) : 141-154

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Abstract: Following the line of trade literature, our study aims to understand the impact of trade facilitators (LPI and GCI) on total trade. While considering a cross section OLS of 109 countries, classified by their income-levels and regions, we emphasize on the differences in facilitations of international trade. We exhibit that irrespective of other trade facilitators, better logistics are enhancing trade flows in several regions (including Europe & Central Asia, Latin America & Caribbean, Sub-Saharan Africa, East & Asian Pacific and South Asia), whereas, competitiveness plays an important role promoting trade in Middle East & North Africa. It further implicates that countries improving their logistics services assist in the enhancement of trade.

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Volume: Issue: 3

Article: Extended Threshold Stable Election Protocol for Wireless Sensor Networks

Fuseini Jibreel
Volume 2, Issue 3; March-2019
Nor. Am. Aca. Res. 2019 : 2(3) :131-140

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Abstract: : Energy efficiency in routing protocols for Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) continue to receive more attention because the networks need them for data transmission. Threshold Sensitive Stable Election Protocol (TSEP), is reactive protocol that employed three levels of heterogeneity. The reactive nature of the protocol is because, the scheme has introduced hard and soft thresholds so that, the data will not be transmitted unnecessarily to the Base station by the nodes. This strategy has reduced energy consumption in the network. However, it was realised that, the thresholds used in selecting the cluster heads did not take into account the residual energy of the nodes and the distance between the nodes and the base station. These two factors become necessary since the nodes are mostly deployed at random. Also, the Base station is placed at the centre of the field, so when it comes application where the Base station must be outside, this protocol will have limitations. In this research work, an extended form of TSEP called eTSEP has been proposed. The new scheme introduces the distance and residual energy into the election probabilities of each level of the nodes. This will allow nodes with high residual energy and closer to the Base station to stand a better chance of becoming a cluster head. The performance of the scheme was evaluated using MatLab 2017a and compared with TSEP. The simulation results showed that, the new protocol performed better than TSEP in terms of throughputs, residual energy and the network life time.

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Volume: Issue: 3

Article: Cover page

NAAR
Volume 2, Issue 3; March-2019
Nor. Am. Aca. Res. Cover Page

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Abstract: Cover page

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Volume: Issue: 3

Article: The Legal Liabilities of the Mass Media to the Securities Holders

Beghan Beghanov,Han Long
Volume 2, Issue 3; March-2019
Nor. Am. Aca. Res. 2019 : 2(3) : 120-130

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Abstract: In spite of the fact that there is abundant proof that financial exchanges respond adversely to deceptive corporate conduct, our comprehension of the systems that shape variety in these responses crosswise over various occurrences of wrongdoing stays immature. We propose and test a structure for clarifying this variety by concentrating on the job of the media in spreading beginning data about unfortunate behavior. We contend that the flagging impacts of this data are essential for financial specialists since companies have solid motivators to restrain the data they unveil about unfortunate behavior. All the more explicitly, we conjecture that financial specialists are bound to respond adversely when the media introduces clear and sound data that unfortunate behavior happened, that the firm was in charge of it, and that the offense was the aftereffect of more profound hierarchical issues. We additionally foresee that data which flags that a firm has remedial limit tempers speculator responses when the media places fault for unfortunate behavior on the company as opposed to explicit people. We test our speculations in a special example of 345 demonstrations of corporate unfortunate behavior in five European nations. Our discoveries give expansive help to our theories, and we talk about suggestions for research on corporate wrongdoing and the job of non-state on-screen characters in controlling untrustworthy corporate conduct.

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Volume: Issue: 3

Article: “Modern Times” Charlie Chaplin's Film : An Analogy Between The Modernity and The Reality of Ergonomics”

Md Nahiduzzaman
Volume 2, Issue 3; March-2019
Nor. Am. Aca. Res. 2019 : 2(3) : 116-119

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Abstract: The objective of this article is to raise questions on the lack of proportion between human factor or ergonomics with the comedy film Modern Times(1936) by Charles Chaplin, and to understand this reality. What we realize, from that look, is that the emancipation of aircraft brought modernity, however, the emancipation of humane working conditions failed to materialize. One of the search results shows that workers routinely claim that the most common errors and failures are related to time constraints, shift pressures that lead to fatigue, memory failure, lack of knowledge, lack of training and supervision in addition to restricted spaces, atmospheric hazards, and physical risks. The conclusion shows the need of a less coercive workplace and therefore more productive. The question of the modern versus the ancient – the movie’s theme – transcends time and we will use it to show that this issue is present in the current reality experienced by maintenance workers of ergonomics. There is a need to act quickly. We must learn the facts and prevent tragedies. There is a symbolism that permeates the film to present a “Chaplinesque” criticism in relation to modernity and how we are dealing with the advancement of technology. The film begins with the sentence: Modern Times is "the story of industry, of individual enterprise - humanity crusading in the pursuit of happiness" Charles Chaplin foresaw much of what Human Factors at work proposes today. The work should be seen as an active life, not as an exhausting and stressful activity, should be an activity that generates physical and mental well-being, to bring intellectual and personal growth, it should be a socializing agent. Finally, it should be an activity that focuses on safety and humanization instead of rushing, automation & mechanism. Shouldn’t our mechanism think of maintenance quality programs to increase the productivity and quality of services without the necessary loss of quality of human being? In order to achieve a broader debate on the topic, this work has a qualitative approach, bibliographic search techniques, documents, interviews with people who have had practical experience with the researched problem, and examples analysis that stimulate understanding and give meaning to the studies.

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Volume: Issue: 3

Article: Implementation of Universal Design in Hohai University, Changzhou Campus

Md Nahiduzzaman
Volume 2, Issue 3; March-2019
Nor. Am. Aca. Res. 2019 : 2(3) : 102-115

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Abstract: The framework of universal design (UD) is a way to improve access to university campuses This paper reflects on a participatory research project on accessible space at the Hohai University. Student researcher at the Disability Resource Center conducted a map-based qualitative study with members of the campus community to investigate the view of an accessible environment. Data analysis shows the importance of hidden and stealth barriers, the accessibility of the attitude and the campus user's adaptive strategy. This paper surveys UD in Hohai university, Changzhou Campus as a case study to enable it to take lessons from a Well-connected and accessible campus in terms of UD. This paper investigates the spatial experience and the generally designed life experiences in the institutional environment, and provides a model for students to participate in applied research.

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Volume: Issue: 3

Article: Defence of Insanity : ‘Humpty Dumpty’ Law Reform

Hassan Syed
Volume 2, Issue 3; March-2019
Nor. Am. Aca. Res. 2019 : 2(3) : 72-80

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Abstract: : The Criminal law of England & Wales is famously notorious for making ‘legal sandwiches’ when confronted with criminal liabilities arising from amalgamations of Norman laws with contemporary law reforms for crimes such as theft to fatal offences such as voluntary manslaughter. The very definition of ‘Murder’ comes from Lord Coke’s seventeen century text on criminal law. Despite the seriousness of the crime of murder the statutory laws of England and Wales are silent on its definition. Lord Coke stated: ‘Murder is when a man of sound memory, and of age of discretion, unlawfully killeth within any country of the realm any reasonable creature in rerum natura under the king’s peace, with malice aforethought, either expressed by the party or implied by law’ The practitioners and students of law alike, memorize these famous words and happily go about the business of law albeit a lingering suspicion to what these words actually mean. Lord Neuberger of Abbotsbury in his famous lecture said about the reality of the ‘meaning’ in these profound words borrowed from Sir Hartley Shawcross ,‘‘‘When I use a word,” said Humpty-Dumpty’ — …………..— ' it means just what I intended it to mean, and neither more nor less.'” But,” said Alice, “the question is whether you can make a word mean different things.” “Not so,” said Humpty-Dumpty,” the question is which is to be the master. That's all”.’The defence of Insanity and its present reform debate is much like the ‘humpty-dumpty’ reference from the above quote. The title of the paper took its inspiration from Lord Neuberger, one of the truly great Jurists of our times. The slow and painful reform process on the full-defence of insanity has done little to explain the complex tension that exists within the law and the present definitions of neurosciences. It seems the law still wants to be the ‘master’ in this debate and not allow the ‘hard science’ of neurology to establish definitive rules that can guide reasonable application of this defence. This paper attempts to highlight the tensions between law and science for the defence of insanity.

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Volume: Issue: 3

Article: The Preparation and Characteristics of Briquettes From Coconut Husks as Renewable Source of Energy

Phyu Phyu Tun, Chandra Bhushan Sah, Shwe Sin Win, Kopila Shrestha
Volume 2, Issue 3; March-2019
Nor. Am. Aca. Res. 2019 : 2(3) : 58-71

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Abstract: : Utilization of garden wastes as an alternative material for fossil fuel is of interest due to its environmental friendliness. This study deals with the preparation and characterization of briquettes from coconut husks s. Two different sizes of coconut husks such as (-20) mesh size and 0.3 cm length cutting size were used in preparing coconut husks briquettes. In the preparation of briquette, the coconut husks were densified using potato starch as a binding agent by using a manual briquetting machine. The briquettes were tested to evaluate their physical characteristics like volatile matter content, ash content, moisture content, fixed carbon content, maximum density, relaxed density, and combustion characteristics such as calorific values, ignition time, cooking efficiency, burning rate, and specific fuel consumption of briquettes were determined. The characteristics of coconut husks briquettes have proved that it possesses good biomass fuel and are more feasible as comparable to firewood charcoal.

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Volume: Issue: 3

Article: Evaluation of Seed Quality and Health of Some Aus Rice Genotypes

Md. Sadiqur Rahman , Taslima Jahan, Monjur Morshed, Md. Riyadh Arefin, Dr. M. Moynul Haque
Volume 2, Issue 3; March -2019
Nor. Am. Aca. Res. 2019 : 2(3) : 50-57

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Abstract: An experiment was conducted at Seed Technology and Plant Pathology laboratory of Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Agricultural University to evaluate the seed quality and health of some were used in this experiment.

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Volume: Issue: 3

Article: Standardization of Rootstock Age on Epicotyl Grafting in Off-season Jackfruit

Md. Sadiqur Rahman , AKM Azad, Monjur Morshed, Taslima Jahan, Dr. Md. Alamgir Hossain, Fabiha Haque
Volume 2, Issue 3; March -2019
Nor. Am. Aca. Res. 2019 : 2(3) : 43-49

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Abstract: An experiment was conducted at thenursery of the Regional Agricultural Research Station, Akbarpur, Moulvibazar, Bangladesh in August’ 2017 to standardize the age of rootstock on the success of epicotyl grafting in offseason jackfruit. The experiment consisted of four types of rootstocks viz., 10, 14, 18 and 22 days old seedlings, laid out in RCBD with three replications. The results revealed that 10 days old rootstock was more suitable for epicotyl grafting in offseason jackfruit as it provided more survival rate and subsequent growth of grafts having the better healing process of the graft union.

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Volume: Issue: 3

Article: Gross Capital Formation, Trade and Economic Growth in Colombia: An empirical ARDL approach

Gisela Moreno, Haiyun Liu, Nouman Mirza
Volume 2, Issue 3; March-2019
Nor. Am. Aca. Res. 2019 : 2(3) : 33-42

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Abstract: This study shows that gross capital formation affects economic growth positively in Colombia during the period 1984-2017. Along with gross capital formation, we have considered trade variables (exports and imports). Estimations for long and short run, we have employed autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL). For directional causality, we have employed Granger-causality. Our findings, with error correction model, exhibit positive and significant gross capital formation with economic growth in Colombia in long and short run. Whereas, trade variables were found not significant in ARDL forlong run estimations. The findings of Granger-causality provide a bidirectional causality of gross capital formation and imports between economic growth, yet no causality has been found with exports. These results imply that for enhancing economic growth in Colombia, the country should increase gross capital formation. Moreover, it is important that countries in Latin America where gross capital formation is taking place very accurately, that they focus on increasing exports by improving their productivity. In addition, Colombia should imply trade policies within other countries, especially its trading partners for enhancing economic growth.

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Volume: Issue: 3

Article: Impact of Natural Events and Anthropogenic Activities on the Biodiversity of Margallah Hills National Park Islamabad (MHNP)

Sadam Hussain Chandio, Sanjrani Manzoor Ahmed, Seerat ul Ain Bhutto, Muneer Ahmed Sanjrani, Nafees Ali Khaskheli
Volume 2, Issue 3; March-2019
Nor. Am. Aca. Res. 2019 : 2(3) : 20-32

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Abstract: Margallah Hills National Park is one of the ecologically significant areas in Pakistan occupying an area of 17386 ha. It is a diverse Park having dense biodiversity of Plants, Animals and Birds species, water courses flowing through the Heart of this National Park from Kurang River and its tributaries to Soan River. Margallah Hill National Park is a home of 600 plants species, 250 birds’ varieties, 38 mammals’ species and 13 species of reptiles. MHNP has a different recreational spots that attracts the tourists to visit. In the past few years, the problem of unsustainable tourism, solid waste and wildfire (both natural and anthropogenic) has affected the biodiversity of this Park by changing in the wildlife behavior, damaging their habitats, vulnerability to disturbance in the breeding seasons and juvenile stages of their offspring. The primary and secondary data collection method through participatory approach were used to collect the information includes FGD, s, interviews and questionnaire. More than 100000 people visits the trails (5 and 6) for hiking, and almost 200000 people visits the recreational spots. In the last few years, tourist’s pressure, restaurants and huts has increased the solid waste in the recreational spots causing contamination of water courses and deteriorated the aesthetic value of this park. Natural wildfire has burnt 205.8 acres area in the last four years, which burnt all the floral species and severely impacted the wildlife and its habitat. 90% of the wildfire is caused by the anthropogenic activities except fire season (April to July). After detail analysis of the area, solid waste management plan, awareness campaigns, installation of waste bins, and up gradation of the firefighting techniques and construction of ecological bridges in the national park were proposed for the area.

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Volume: Issue: 3

Article: A New Perspective For Modern Silk Road And Changing Global Environment: The Idea of Pole Silk Road

Canan Gumus
Volume 2, Issue 3; March-2019
Nor. Am. Aca. Res. 2019 : 2(3) : 10-19

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Abstract: The Mega project -New Silk Road (NSR)- first announced by Chinese President Xi Jinping in 2013. With this project China aims to invest in infrastructure projects including railways and power grids in central, west and southwestern Asia: as well as Africa and Europe. The NSR initiatives will boost the interactions of the countries located along the Silk Road and on the possible economic corridors which may widen the map of current route. With this interaction some countries like China, Russia, Germany, etc., they may build close strategic partnerships to be ready for changing globe and global market.Moreover, with these upcoming strategic partnerships, China is going to take over the place of economic game makers with its supervision of global changes. This paper aims to conduct a desk research to analyze possible economic corridors for NSR. In this concept, the paper examines the possible upcoming environmental, global, political and economic changes and its effects on Asian countries economic integration on NSR.

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Volume: Issue: 3

Article: Capital Formation, Manufacturing Productivity, Government Consumption and Economic Growth in Colombia: An ARDL Bound Testing Approach

Gisela Moreno, Haiyun Liu, Nouman Mirza
Volume 2, Issue 3; March-2019
Nor. Am. Aca. Res. 2019 : 2(3) : 01-09

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Abstract: This study analyses the effects of gross capital formation, manufacturing output, and government consumption on economic growth from 1981-2017. We employ ARDL bound testing approach to consider the long run effects of the regressors on economic growth. Our findings, with error correction model, exhibit the positive long and short run relationship of all the regressors with economic growth. The results provide the significant of government consumption and gross capital formation affecting positively economic growth. Interestingly, manufacturing output is less significant in Colombia for short run analysis. The study provides the implications that Colombia as a developing country, needs to increase the capital stocks enhancing sectoral growth specially manufacturing sector for healthy economic growth.

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Volume: Issue: 2

Article: Manufacturing Output and Economic Growth in India:An ARDL Bound Testing Approach and Granger Causality

Hongzhong Fan, Mirza Nouman Ali Talib
Volume 2, Issue 2; February-2019
2019 : 2(2) : 112-121

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Abstract: Considering the manufacturing sector of India and its limited growth, this study analyzes the impact of manufacturing output on economic growth from 1981-2014. Along with manufacturing output, we have taken gross capital formation and population growth as control variables. For short and long run estimates, we have considered the ARDL bound testing approach. For analyzing the directional causality between variables, we have considered granger causality test. According to error correction model, our findings exhibit the significantly positive long-run relationship of manufacturing output, gross capital formation and population growth with economic growth in India. However, granger causality presents only unidirectional causality of population causing manufacturing output and capital formation. Whereas, no causality has been found between manufacturing output and economic growth. The study implies that with human resource abundance, policy makers should emphasize on the capital growth to enhance the capacities of manufacturing sector in India. Though manufacturing sector has established a positive relationship with economic growth but needs dire attention with sectoral reforms that may increase manufacturing productivity causing economic growth in the country.

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Volume: Issue: 2

Article: Determinates of Job Satisfaction and Its Impact on The Organization Commitment Evidence : From The Academic of Public Sector Colleges of Shaheed Benazirabad

Mehnaz, Muhammad Hussnain, Maqsood Ali Jamali, Shafqatulla Shaikh
Volume 2, Issue 2; February-2019
2019 : 2(2) : 93-111

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Abstract: The objectives of this study were to explore the association between determinants of job satisfaction & organizational commitment among the academic staff of public sector colleges. Faculty members are satisfied with different dimension of the job such as pay, promotional opportunities and working condition and identify those factors that have major influenced on satisfaction of job and commitment with the organization of the public sectors colleges of Shaheed Benazirabad division. This study based on the survey research design had been used. The sample size of this research is 263 of the teachers of the public sectors colleges of Shaheed Benazirabad division, Pakistan sample were acquiring by using stratified sampling techniques. For the data collection questionnaire were distributed to person to person by hand different statistical tools like descriptive statistics, correlation & regression analysis were applied in order to check the hypotheses. Findings of this study discovered that all the three factors (pay, promotional opportunities and working condition) are co-related and have a significant influence on the organizational commitment regarding the public sectors colleges of Shaheed Benazirabad divisions. It has been found that pay & working condition are highly correlated with organizational commitment. The results of this study approve that there are positive association exits between satisfaction of job and organizational commitment. Faculty members of the public sectors colleges are overall satisfied with their job and they show significant level of commitment with the organization.

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Volume: Issue: 2

Article: Using VAR Model for GDP and GACF Correlation Prediction in Yemen

Mona Alariqi, Adnan Alsanoy, Ibtisam Azzan
Volume 2, Issue 2; February-2019
2019 : 2(2) : 75-92

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Abstract: Gross Domestic Product (GDP) is one of the significant economic indicators for countries. The correct methods for predicting the volume of GDP must be taken into consideration which specifies the effect in terms of its procrastination. Conceptually, the modern analysis approach for time series and causal study (Granger approach) based on Vector auto regression (VAR) toward the formation of E-views programs and models. This paper displays a novel approach of using a VAR model to prove and improve the relationship between GDP and Gross Agricultural Capital Formation (GACF) in Yemen. Consequently, it reflects a country's gross production such as services or commodities in the year, which demonstrate the country's general economic condition. Multiple data resources which are collected from; ingredient critical resource is the Central Statistics Authority.

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Volume: Issue: 2

Article: Corrosion of Steel in Concrete Due To Chloride and Sulphate Attack

Md. Shariful Islam
Volume 2, Issue 2; February-2019
2019 : 2(2) : 65-74

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Abstract: Recently, the corrosion of concrete structures has received considerable attention related to deterioration of sea-side and industrial-side structures, such new airport, bridges, and nuclear power plants, etc. In this regards, many studies have been done on the chloride and sulphate attack in concrete structures. An experimental study is carried out on the corrosion behavior of st bar which is placed at the center of the concrete block (size 6in*4in*4in). These blocks are submerged in chloride and sulphate ion solution for weight loss measurement due to corrosion. In this experiment test was carried out using plain steel bar of dimension 8mm in diameter and 150 mm in length. The present study allows a more realistic assessment of durability for such concrete structures which is subjected to the combined attack of both chloride and sulphate. The test results indicate that, the corrosion rate due to the attack of chloride ion is more than the attack of sulphate ion. The corrosion rate due to the attack of chloride and sulphate ion is a linear function. The purposes of the study is to explore the influences of chloride and sulphate attack of concrete structures.

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Volume: Issue: 2

Article: An Australian Analysis of Teacher’s Demographics on the Overall Job Satisfaction

Silohenda H. Amuthenu
Volume 2, Issue 2; February-2019
2019 : 2(2) : 48-64

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Abstract: The Organization for Economic Co-operation Development (OECD,2005) figures of Australian teachers leaving their careers within the first five years of teaching is worrisome. Especially when compared to the fellow Programmers for International Student Assessment (PISA) competitors' figures. Not only does job satisfaction remains a determinant of teachers’ retention (Giacometti, 2005), it as well affects the performance of individual’s teachers in the classrooms. Although gender as a demographic factor has been exhausted across literature in relation to job satisfaction, the study was significant in the continued extinction of male teachers in the country. Hence, the study looked at gender and other variables such as employability status and teaching of students with special need against job satisfaction as a depended variable. This quantitative study used data that is collected by the Organization for Economic Co-operation (2013) and Development (OECD) and the Teaching and Learning International Survey (TALIS, 2013). It used a teacher questionnaire as the main instrument of data collection. Using both descriptive statistics and inferential statistics, the study concludes that gender plays a role in job satisfaction of lower secondary teachers in Australia. Specifically, our results suggest that female teachers are more satisfied as compared to male teachers, therefore offering an explanation for the outcry of the extinction of male teachers. This paper suggests a possible solution in ensuring Australian experienced teachers of both genders are retained, therefore offering a possible chance of improvement in the next PISA results.

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Volume: Issue: 2

Article: Effect of 2, 4-D on Callus Induction and Plant Regeneration in Cotyledon And Embryo Culture In Mature Chick Pea (Cicer arietinum L.)

Md. Salahuddin, Md. Monirul Islam, Dibyendu Chattarjee, S.M.Jakir Bin Alam
Volume 2, Issue 2; February-2019
2019 : 2(2) : 42-47

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Abstract: Callus induction and subsequent regeneration were investigated on MS medium supplemented with different concentrations (0, 1, 2, 3 and 4 mg l-1) of 2, 4-D; Kinetin (1.0mgl-1) and NAA (0.5 mg l-1) from different explants i.e., mature seed embryo and cotyledon explants of three varieties (BARI chhola-5, BARI chhola-6 and BARI chhola-7) of chickpea. Direct regeneration was observed at 0mgL-1 of 2, 4-D in case of embryo culture. Among three varieties BARI Chola-6 induced highest (91.33%) rate of callus. It is noticed that variety BARI Chola-6 produced maximum callus (98.67%) whereas minimum callus frequencies was found in BARI Chola-5 (96.67%) in the case of cotyledon culture. The overall response of cotyledon was better than embryo in callus induction. For regeneration of plant full dose of MS medium supplemented with different concentrations of BAP, NAA and IAA was used.

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Volume: Issue: 2

Article: Peoples' Awareness on Earthquake Vulnerabilities in Sylhet City Corporation

S. M. Jakir Bin Alam, Dr. Md. Aslam Ali, Nisat Tasnim, Fahinur Rahman Shatil, Md. Salahuddin
Volume 2, Issue 2; February-2019
2019 : 2(2) : 31-41

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Abstract: The main objective of the research was to introduce people awareness about earthquake by the respondents of houses (single, double and multi storage buildings). Eight characteristics were identified to accomplish the survey. These are age, education and family size of the respondents, causes of earthquake, knowledge about earthquake, vulnerability of earthquake and awareness of earthquake. Result of earthquake. The study was conducted in different wards of Sylhet City Corporation. Data were collected from a sample of randomly selected 72 families out of 700 families. The data were collected through personal interview by using a pre-tested structured interview schedule during the period from October to November. The results presented that majority 55.5 percent of the respondents had medium earthquake awareness, compared to 16.70 percent having high earthquake awareness 27.8 percent having medium earthquake awareness. Though most of the respondents had medium 43.10 percent knowledge about earthquake compared to 15.30 percent having high knowledge about earthquake 41.10 percent having low knowledge about earthquake. Moreover the percentage of earthquake vulnerability was high 38.90 compared to 25.00 percent of low 36.10 percent of medium earthquake vulnerability. Above the statement we clear that most of the respondents did not take any suggestions from engineers before building a house. The result is due to lack of proper training by the Govt. or NGO,s they were not so much aware about earthquake. For this reason, during after earthquake most of the respondents affected in vulnerable condition.

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Volume: Issue: 2

Article: Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS) Patient Management In The ICU : Fluconazole Case Study

Kafil Uddin Abbas, Dingshi Feng
Volume 2, Issue 2; February-2019
2019 : 2(2) : 22-30

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Abstract: Fluconazole is another all-inclusive range azole antifungal that has shown in vitro and in vivo movement. This report gives the outcomes from the initial 24 patients who were enlisted in two open-mark, nonrandomized, multicentered sympathetic preliminaries that assessed oral Fluconazole as rescue treatment for intrusive parasitic diseases. Fluconazole was normally given as an oral suspension of 200 mg four times each day or 400 mg two times every day. Eleven (46%) of the contaminations were rhinocerebral. Term of Fluconazole treatment extended from 8 to 1,004 days (mean, 292 days; middle, 182 days). Rates of fruitful treatment (finish fix and halfway reaction) were 79% in 19 subjects headstrong to standard treatment and 80% in 5 subjects with narrow mindedness to standard treatment. In general, 19 of 24 subjects (79%) endure contamination. Survival was additionally connected with careful resection of influenced tissue and adjustment or enhancement of the subjects' basic ailments. Disappointments either had compounding of hidden sicknesses or asked for all treatment pulled back; none of the disappointments got over 31 days of Fluconazole . Fluconazole oral arrangement was all around endured and was stopped in just a single subject because of a medication rash. Fluconazole seems promising as an oral treatment in patients who get required medical procedure and control their fundamental disease.

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Volume: Issue: 2

Article: Dengue in Bangladesh: The Study of Disease Transmission, Difficulties and Future Sickness Hazard

Md Ariful Haque, Mahedi Hasan, Sharif Mohammad Faysal
Volume 2, Issue 2; February-2019
2019 : 2(2) : 11-21

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Abstract: The purpose of the study was to weigh the community burden of dengue determinants on Dhaka, Bangladesh. Risk factors were investigated within a subset of 2101 adult persons from a population-based cross-sectional serosurvey, using Poisson regression models for dichotomous outcomes. Design-based risk ratios and population attributable fractions (PAF) were generated distinguishing individual and contextual (i.e. that affect individuals collectively) determinants. The disease burden attributable to contextual determinants was twice that of individual determinants (overall PAF value 89.5% vs. 44.1%). In a model regrouping both categories of determinants, the independent risk factors were by decreasing PAF values: an interaction term between the reporting of a dengue history in the neighbourhood and individual house (PAF 45.9%), a maximal temperature of the month preceding the infection higher than 28.5 °C (PAF 25.7%), a socio-economically disadvantaged neighbourhood (PAF 19.0%), altitude of dwelling (PAF 13.1%), cumulated rainfalls of the month preceding the infection higher than 65 mm (PAF 12.6%), occupational inactivity (PAF 11.6%), poor knowledge on dengue transmission (PAF 7.3%). Taken together, these covariates and their underlying causative factors uncovered 80.8% of dengue at population level. Our findings lend support to a major role of contextual risk factors in dengue outbreaks.

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Volume: Issue: 2

Article: Study on the Diagnostic Features of Green Leafhopper Cicadella viridis (L.) (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae: Cicadellinae) from China

Bismillah Shah, Yani Duan, Hassan Naveed, Yating Zhang
Volume 2, Issue 2; February-2019
2019 : 2(2) : 01-10

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Abstract: The present study was carried out at Insect Taxonomy Laboratory, School of Plant Protection, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China during 2018. Leafhoppers (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae) are minute insects creature having an active jumping ability. They usually feed on different plants sap and are considered as agricultural pests while some leafhoppers are the vector of many plant viruses. In China, the green leafhopper, Cicadella viridis (L.) is also a serious pest as they attack many fruit trees plus various crops like wheat and sorghum. Keeping in view the importance of green leafhoppers in the agroecosystem, already collected Cicadella viridis (L.) specimens from China were studied and their well-illustrated photographs plus line drawings along with their male genitalia are provided. Their morphological description is also documented for ease in their identification.

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Volume: Issue: 1

Article: Blockchain Based Digital Health Care OBOR Polices Framework

Fatima Batool, Huma Pervez
Volume 1, Issue 2; January - 2018
North American Academic Research, 2019 : 2(1) : 108-123, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13937514

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Abstract: The OBOR health exchange and cooperation, to fabricate the Health Silk Road. Blockchain technology is advancing toward the healthcare industry, and this is just the start. At this point, most healthcare associations perceive that blockchain could extraordinarily diminish the time, expenses and risk related with how they operate. In this paper, we depict a decentralized individual information the executives framework that guarantees clients possess and control their information. We actualize a convention that transforms a blockchain into a robotized get to control supervisor that does not require trust in an outsider. We will also examine the Blockchain Based Digital HealthCare OBOR Policy Framework which is included at extending health and related people-to-people exchanges, safeguarding health security, promoting health development, strengthening cooperation on health related innovation to improve people's health and well-being, enhancing social cohesion and inclusiveness. At the end we will also discuss the expected outcomes, result and future directions on it.

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Volume: Issue: 1

Article: Opinion : One Africa, Nkrumah’s Legacy Continued

Gideon Kumi, Lucy Anning
Volume 1, Issue 2; January - 2018
2019 : 2(1) : 103-107

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Abstract: Political commitment to African continental unity is undoubtedly one of the most outstanding legacies ever there is. Kwame Nkrumah was a visionary Pan-Africanist who dreamt of a united, prosperous Africa thus the concept of Continental Union Government for Africa all in an attempt to give Africa a visibility and importance even if in the negative sense. Nkrumah was one of several leading radical Pan-Africanists of the 1960s.

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Volume: Issue: 1

Article: An Historical Overview of Justice and Rationality by Alasdair Macintyre with Special Reference To Whose Justice Which Rationality

Anila Yasmin, Riffat Iqbal , Sara Batool Syed, Amna Bibi
Volume 1, Issue 2; January - 2018
2019 : 2(1) : 92-102

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Abstract: The present study aims to review and analyze the concept of justice and rationality and their relationship that how justice and rationality play a significant role for the establishment of any culture and society. The relationship of both elaborated with special reference to Alasdair Macintyre’s famous work “Whose Justice, Which Rationality” in which he presents an historical overview of justice and rationality. Professor Macintyre argued that there is no tradition-neutral origin of practical rationality that can be used to resolve disagreements about justice. Through an examination of four philosophical traditions, he argues that the conception of justice of each is linked to its own theory of practical rationality. He follows the progress of the Western tradition through “three different traditions:” from Homer and Aristotle to Thomas Aquinas, from Augustine to Thomas Aquinas and from Augustine to Hume. He maintains that there is no single conception of justice and rationality. Thus there are justices rather than justice and there are rationalities rather than rationality which are varying from society to society and person to person.

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Volume: Issue: 1

Article: The Use of Advanced and Modern Surgical Techniques in Gynecologic Malignancies – Laparoscopic and Robotic Surgeries vs Laparotomy

Nitish Beharee, J.P. Ting Wing Yuen, Romila Gobin-Beharee, Muhammad Nabeel Dookhun, Wang Jin Hua
Volume 2, Issue 1; January-2019
2019 : 2(1) 80-91

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Abstract: Women with early stage cervical cancer can either be treated with surgery or radiotherapy. However most undergo surgery. For women with stage IA2 or IB1 cervical cancer (tumors <4 cm in the greatest dimension that are confined to the cervix), radical hysterectomy is associated with high cure rates. Radical hysterectomy with pelvic lymphadenectomy has been the treatment of choice for patients with most types of gynecologic malignancies. In such patients, either laparotomy (open surgery) or laparoscopy (minimally invasive surgery performed with either conventional or robotic techniques) are surgical methods that are used for the treatment. Traditionally, radical hysterectomy has been performed through open surgery using a laparotomy incision. However, because of the multiple complications of the latter, the use of laparoscopy is becoming more and more popular. Despite the increasing use of laparoscopy, the laparotomy method nevertheless, is not expected to fade off, as it is the only option that can be used in cases where laparoscopy cannot be performed because of some clear and identified contraindications. Both the above mentioned methods have their own advantages and shortcomings. This review aims at exploring and objectively evaluating the use of robotic/laparoscopic surgery in the management of gynecologic malignancies. The main focus of this review is surgery duration, amount of blood loss, recovery period and post-operative complications of robotic/laparoscopic aided surgeries as compared to laparotomy.

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Volume: Issue: 1

Article: The Frontier’s Frontier: Africa, Now or Never

Yonghui Li, Jerry Mireku Afful, Basil Kusi
Volume 2, Issue 1; January-2019
2019 : 2(1) 66-79

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Abstract: Africa, the continent with the most sovereign countries of 54, the second largest and the second most populous continent should be boasting of success if numbers and size matter. A continent with the youngest population boasting of a vibrant youth should have a working force to turn the fortunes of the continent around but things seem to be the other way round. Can Africa make it? Can Africa rise to the level it is supposed to be? Can Africa turn the tides to its favour? How true is Dr Kwame Nkrumah’s assertion that “the Black man is capable of managing his own affairs”? An African adage goes, “The best time to plant a tree is twenty years ago. The second best time is now”. This sheds light on how the African continent missed its first time to plant its tree of manufacturing, technological development and industrialization and that now is the opportune time for its deliverance from the shackles it finds itself bound.

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Volume: Issue: 7

Article: Governmental Support in the Human Capital Dynamism and Absorptive Capacity: Innovative Performance of SMEs in Hefei

Arslan Ahmed Ansari, Sayibu Muhideen, Narain Das, Abdul Rahman Butt
Volume 1, Issue 7; December-2018
2018: 1(7): 01-25

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Abstract: SMEs are a key pillar in the local government developmental systems of the economy in the spectrum of Input-Process-Output (IPO) modeling of the innovative performance of the study. The study aims to incorporate government supports with the mediating effect of human capital dynamics to influencing absorptive capacity in an outcome of innovative performance for SMEs. Data collected from 128 SMEs operating Anhui-Hefei, China and used SEM-PLS v. 3.0 in the analysis. The findings reflected the inputs (government support and human capital dynamics) possess strong relationship in the impacting process (absorptive capacity) and output (innovative performance). Government support had an inverse relationship with innovative performance. All other variables correlated well with innovative performance. Finally, the study found most GS are either limited or not available if there are no strong network ties in the hierarchy of government.

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Volume: Issue: 1

Article: A Psycho-linguistic Study of the Role of Consciousness in Language Acquisition

Diana Alyoussef
Volume 2, Issue 1; January-2019
2019 : 2(1) 54-62

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Abstract: The role of conscious and unconscious processes in second language learning is one of the problems under dispute in applied linguistics. It is argued : the Role of Consciousness in Second Language Learning , that the notion of consciousness is both useful and possibly necessary in second language learning. Conscious processes are important in second language learning, but unconscious processes should not be neglected in language comprehension and production, both of which contribute to second language learning. He concludes that much more research is needed on learners’ noticing, which becomes intake when combined with input, on incidental learning, on implicit learning, and on what learners are conscious of as they learn a second language. The argument on the role of conscious and unconscious processes in SLL will last and needs more research. This theory lays a new theoretical foundation for constructing the theories of foreign language learning, and provides the theoretical support for renewing teaching ideas, improving teaching methods and learning strategies in English teaching and learning of China. However, whether and how the Noticing Hypothesis and L2 conscious processes are appropriate for English language education in China deserves more discussion and research.

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Volume: Issue: 1

Article: Delay In Criminal Cases of Bangladesh: A Critical Analysis

Md. Ishaq Majumder
Volume 2, Issue 1; January-2019
2019 : 2(1) 45-53

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Abstract: There is no other alternative to make the criminal justice system meaningful and trustworthy to the people without ensuring speedy and fair-smooth trail of justice. Delay plagues the administration of justice in Bangladesh at each level of the judiciary. Such backlog seems to be chronic in all district courts & Supreme courts that serve the country millions of population. Justice delayed is justice denied. This common maxim has become hackneyed and a large number of people in Bangladesh are affected by this pervasive problem directly or indirectly. The study is an effort to identify the multiple reasons which cause backlogs in criminal cases in the criminal trial system and find out a few ways to deliver a fair, speedy, accessible, affordable, equitable and trusted outcomes for the Criminal trail System in Bangladesh.

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Volume: Issue: 1

Article: Non-Formal Education For Sustainable Development In Bangladesh: A Study

Monira Sultana, Md. Shahabul Haque
Volume 2, Issue 1; January-2019
2019 : 2 (1) : 31-44

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Abstract: Education for sustainable development is significant for touching countries to a sustainable future. Education for sustainable development is the utilize of education as a tool to get sustainability. As a developing country, Bangladesh has many differences in curriculum, teacher- student ratio, school environment, teachers’ qualification and the health and nutritional status among the population. Education has been declared as the human right for almost half a century and it is important to ensure quality education for the developments of the nations of the developing countries. Formal education system offers education for all but still it is far from being universally available to all the citizens of Bangladesh. Still our education system is facing serious problems and challenges in advancing the basic education for our young and adults. Bangladesh is facing challenges in eliminating illiteracy; these challenges imitate both the inadequate school enrollment of the children and the incompatible quality of their education. Conventional education system could not improve high mortality index, low literacy rate and poor productivity of the nation. Non-formal education can be the best alternative to increase the literacy. The people of Bangladesh have been suffering for the insufficient infrastructure, less availability of technology transfer and socio–economic insolvency. Non-formal education has been considered as the most practical and determining mode of education. Outside the formal education, non formal education has been included as a wider spectrum of educational and training activities.

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Volume: Issue: 1

Article: World Order: A Brief Analysis from Westphalia to New World Order in the 21st Century

Sujit Kumar Datta, Tumpa Paul
Volume 2, Issue 1; January-2019
2019 : 2 (1) : 13-30

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Abstract: This paper will discuss the history and evaluation of world order from Westphalia to new world order. It also explores China’s search for its place in the world, in the midst of global power transitions from the West to the East, from traditional powers to rising powers, and from the U.S. to China. In these relative power shifts, what are China’s challenges? What is its purpose? What is its vision? And what is its fate? The paper argues that, in an increasingly multipolar world where China begins to assert itself and to challenge the existing order, other countries have to cope with a rising China, just as China needs to live with a hegemonic U.S.

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Volume: Issue: 1

Article: Tectonics Influence The Climate Change In The Himalayan Orogenic Belt

Bhupati Neupane, Junmeng Zhao, Sanjev Dhakal
Volume 2, Issue 1; January-2019
2019 : 2 (1) : 01-12

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Abstract: This research presents a number of facts dealing with tectonic influences to climatic change and its impacts on mountain environments. Asian climates are affected significantly by the extent and height of the Himalayan mountains and the Tibetan plateau Uplift, which began after 55–50 Ma, and further significant uplifement occurred on the Tibetan plateau about 7–8 Myr ago or more recently. However, it is more challenging to estimate the significant impact of climate during the mountain building process (Himalayan tectonics).Intense precipitation (or glaciations) has been largely affected by zones of rapid rock-uplift in the numerous mountain ranges. The Greater Himalayan region holds the largest mass of ice outside Polar Regions, which are the major source of the 10 largest rivers in Asia. Triggered by climate changes, increase in erosion rate, which expected the glacier avalanches, landslides, and slope instability and outburst floods (GLOF) from moraine- and glacier-dammed lakes. A common understanding of climate change influences by the tectonics in the Himalayan regions needs to be developed through regional and local-scale research, increased regional collaboration in scientific research and policy making so that the mitigation and adaptation strategies can be identified and implemented.

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Volume: Issue: 7

Article: Study on Different Types of Friction and Wear – Recent Advancements

Ashikur Rahman
Volume 1, Issue 7; December-2018
2018 : 1 (7) : 166-169

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Abstract: Friction is the resistance of motion between to surfaces and wear is the set of adhesion, transfer, abrasion, fatigue and oxidation. Both are the responses of tribo-system. Friction and wear vary in material type and also their temperature, pressure and load effect. In tribo-system, both are related to each other. Sliding speed and contact frequency are another causes of friction and wear. In this study, some papers are reviewed to gather knowledge about the friction and wear characteristics in different materials type and conditions (pressure, temperature and load effect).

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Volume: Issue: 7

Article: China-Nigeria Cooperation In Education And Training: A Comparative Analysis

Edeh Emmanuel Chidiebere, Wang Hui
Volume 1, Issue 7; December-2018
2018 : 1 (7) : 144-165

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Abstract: Over the past four decades, with the increase in globalization of higher education there has been an increase in number of student’s mobility to study abroad. Students have not only found interest in developed countries of Europe and America, but also found interest in developing countries like China India and south Africa. Since china renewed interest to cooperate with Africa through the platform of FOCAC the number of African students travelling to china for studies has relatively increased. This paper analyzes China's education aid to Africa through a case study of Nigeria. Nigeria is among the strategic countries in Africa’s cooperation with China through FOCAC. China’s education aid encompasses higher education and vocational training, Chinese language instruction in developing countries, school construction, and collaboration with multilateral organizations. Since the past decades Chinese university scholarships and vocational training programs as well as Chinese-language instruction have grown sharply. this paper also discussed the Four aspects of China’s education aid to Africa ranging from: (i) Confucius Institutes, which are providing language and culture-related training in host countries; (ii) longer term scholarships and short-term training for Nigerians in China; (iii) school construction and stand-alone education projects. In reviewing how these different types of aid are taking place in Nigeria, it will also be important to examine the modalities for their delivery. This paper focuses particularly on the last 2 decades, and especially the period since the start of the formal Sino-African triennial conferences through the Forum for China-Africa Cooperation (FOCAC) in 2000.

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Volume: Issue: 7

Article: Low Cost 12V Lead Acid Battery Intelligent Charger

Abdullah Al Kawsar, Sajid Muhaimeen Chowdhur
Volume 1, Issue 7; December-2018
2018 : 1 (7) : 130-143

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Abstract: An ordinary 12V lead acid battery charger not having any intelligence, charges the battery with random voltage/current. Sometimes charging a 12V lead acid battery, it absorbs high current. Which damages its long life and it is undesirable. For battery long life, we provided an intelligent charger that will charge the battery intelligently by measuring and controlling current & voltage. Actually, the charger fixes the current & voltage whenever needed by changing its duty cycle. A PIC16F690 with necessary program is used to provide intelligence of the charger. The charger uses closed-loop feedback control of battery current to automatically regulate the charging voltage using buck conversion. The charging state starts with constant current then it continues with constant voltage until decreases current ratting and eventually voltage also decreases to a float value till charging complete. Since it is a microcontroller and chip based project and having longevity of battery life, the charger is proven as cost effective. An LCD can show us the input variation time to time. The entire system has been simulated and the final design has been constructed in breadboard to measure performance. A PCB of the design is also done.

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Volume: Issue: 7

Article: Acceptance of Organic Farming and The Fertilizer Consumption In India and China – A Comparative Study

M. Karthikeyan,Zhou Deyi, Kidane Assefa
Volume 1, Issue 7; December-2018
2018 : 1 (7) :119-129

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Abstract: This paper analyses and compare the both country’s organic farming in order to give an overview for developing countries. Recent years the chemical input in land will cause issues and reduce the yield. This study compares the chemical input level in agriculture sector, on the other hand the opportunity to reduce the chemical input is organic farming. The acceptance level of organic farming by farmers and producers gives wide range of research ideas in future for the development of sustainable agriculture in China and India. A deep insight was sought from the Research Institute of Organic Agriculture that makes various publications on global state of organic farming. This research is a comparative study that is restricted to organic farming which has analyses the input level of chemical fertilizers and pesticides and the acceptance level of organic farming to reduce the chemical consumption in agriculture and way forward to sustainable development.

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Volume: Issue: 7

Article: Curriculum Development: “An Analysis of The Tyler and Taba Model”

Tariq Mehmood Bhuttah, Chen Xiaoduan, Hakim Ullah, Amna Bibi
Volume 1, Issue 7; December-2018
2018 : 1 (7) : 109-118

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Abstract: The present study aims to review and analyze the concept of curriculum and its development and the factors which are important in the development of curriculum. The term curriculum was defined by different educationalists in their own way. Some argued that it is a written document, some said that it is a mode of thought, other holds that it is a skill that how to do? etc. There are also various factors like curriculum design, implementation and evaluation which are essential for the development of curriculum. The first and foremost way to define the curriculum is through modeling. Basically the models of curriculum development are serving as guidelines to action and there are various models for the development of curriculum. But the analyses of two major models of curriculum which I use in this article are the method of Ralph Tyler (deductive/classical) and Hilda Taba(inductive/naturalistic). There is a much stress on the planning and evaluation of teacher in every model of curriculum development. According to Tyler four questions are important to shape the curriculum during its development while on the other hand the focus of Taba was on teachers input during curriculum development. These two models play a crucial and different role in the process of curriculum development. Aims and objectives are very essential in the Tyler’s classical model, while aims and objectives are only means/ ends in the Taba’s naturalistic model of curriculum development.

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Volume: Issue: 7

Article: Application of Condition Monitoring Technologies for UHVAC Transmission Lines in China

Chistear Ahmed Khan, Shanzhifei, Wang Muxue, Sunjida Afrin
Volume 1, Issue 7; December-2018
2018 : 1 (7) : 94-108

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Abstract: As of November 2017, China has built eight 1000kV UHV AC projects and ten ±800kV UHV DC projects. It has formed an “Eight Crossing and Ten Straight” UHV backbone grid. The safe and reliable operation of the transmission line largely determines the stability and safety of the entire UHV transmission system. In order to fully guarantee the reliable operation of the transmission line, it is necessary to supply the state-of-the-art condition monitoring technology on the UHV transmission line. In the article the existing transmission line condition monitoring technology is analyzed and summarized, including on-line monitoring technology such as insulator contamination monitoring, lightning monitoring, environmental monitoring, and wire breeze vibration monitoring, as well as infrared detection, ultraviolet detection, ultrasonic detection, electric field detection, etc. The demonstration gives suggestions on the advantages and disadvantages of various technologies and their application in UHV lines. With explanation and reasoning authors have suggested to use mature technologies such as environmental monitoring, wire breeze vibration monitoring, infrared detection and ultraviolet detection in UHV Lines.

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Volume: Issue: 7

Article: Environmental Impact of Lakhra Coal Mining, Sindh province, Pakistan

Sanjrani MA, Memon IH, Awan BA
Volume 1, Issue 7; December-2018
2018: 1(4) : 89-115

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Abstract: This short communication helps us to know the environmental impacts of coal mining at Lakhra, Sindh Province, Pakistan. A team was appointed to visit the area, visit coal mining site, as it is only underground mining, visit inside the site to ensure the health and safety. Report was made to help environmental readers to know the actual impacts overall on environment.

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Volume: Issue: 7

Article: Economic Assessment of Scab-Resistant Apple Cultivars in Bulgaria

Dimitar Sotirov, Stanislava Dimitrova, Iliyana Krishkova
Volume 1, Issue 7; December-2018
2018 : 1 (7) : 64-71

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Abstract: The study was carried out during 2015-2018 in an apple plantation established in the spring of 2007 at the Institute of Agriculture - Kyustendil (Bulgaria) with fifteen scab resistant apple cultivars (nine foreign and six new Bulgarian), grafted on MM 106 rootstock. The tree productivity, fruit quality and economic indicators - management costs (euro ha-1), gross output (euro ha-1), net incomes (euro ha-1), rate of profitability (%) and prime cost (euro t-1) were established. The result showed that the most productive were cultivars Teser T219, Marlena, Siyana and Gorana - with cumulative yield between 99.3 and 122.4 kg tree-1. The values of the economic indicators were influenced by the quantity and quality of the fruit and the production costs. Teser T219, Siyana, Marlena, Gorana, Florina and Besapara were the most effective cultivars from the economic point of view, with a rate of profitability above 180%.

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Volume: Issue: 7

Article: Impact of Microcredit on Agricultural Development of Farmers of Rural Areas of Pakistan

Ali Raza,Tong Guangji, Umair Kashif, Ali Abid
Volume 1, Issue 7; December-2018
2018 : 1(7) : 54-63

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Abstract: The purpose of this study is to analyze the impact of micro credit program on small farm agricultural production in Pakistan. The study compares farmers’ production value considering the obtainment of micro credit, controlling for farm, farms and production system characteristics. The data set consists of the 2016 Agricultural Census, which considers 5.2 million of small farmers in Pakistan. In addition to using multiple linear regression model to estimate the net impact of micro on total production value, we applied a propensity score matching method in order to identify pairs of family farms relatively homogeneous, one that accessed the credit and other that did not, estimating the average difference between their production values. Regression analysis showed that the access to micro had a positive and significant net effect on production value of around 18%. In addition, propensity score matching results seemed to exhibit similar evidence to those obtained by regression model. Farmers that obtained micro microcredit presented a production value higher than others, with the difference ranging from 6% to 20%. The impact is lower in the less developed regions, which is characterized by forestry, subsistence agriculture and low technology adoption. For more developed regions, where farmers are more specialized and integrated in the market, the micro has shown relevant net impacts on the production value.

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Volume: Issue: 7

Article: Cover page

NAAR
Volume 1, Issue 7; December-2018
2018 : 1 (7) : 00-00

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Abstract: Cover page

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Volume: Issue: 7

Article: Relation Between Afghanistan’s Talibanisation And Dwindled Tribalism

Hashim Ali, Allauddin, Mehnaz, Abdul Majeed Khan
Volume 1, Issue 7; December-2018
2018 : 1(7) : 42-53

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Abstract: Being the hallmark of culture of Afghan tribalism has constant the experiment of time and overrunning armies since Alexander. Contrasting other attacking principles, Tribalism not begrudged Islam due to the homogeneousness of ides and shared moral, values and ethics have occurred. The result of distortion of tribal culture is rising of Taliban in the Afghanistan because of anarchy dur6ting Soviet invasion of Afghanistan and Afghan interior war. The procedure of relocation outputs in different demographic structure resulting in substantial destruction in tribal structure. Condition intensified by the government that is weak management, missing by Soviet & particular insatiability, and scheming of tribal influential or privileged. The inflow of the contemporary armaments or ordinance and billions dollars of has been poisoned the Mujahedeen and they also were now ordinary casual preacher (proselytizers) preachers wanting of actual values of Islamic culture, ideas principals respect and administration of tribal’s culture. In the perception of Afghanistan abrasion in culture of tribal the caused are disorder social unfairness moral ethical decent and poverty. The religious inspired Taliban had benefited though threadbare tribalism in post-soviet period of time. They exploit the control blankness left through the tribes or communities and pathetic fundamental government in the Kabul. Taliban’s achievements were outstanding to the elements which they raised for the reason of common-man that was security. System that present in the Afghanistan has no answer of the issue or problem of the people of Afghanistan. Movement of Taliban had been intrinsic practicality of assembly headways without reasoning injury or harm to the already debilitated tribal culture. Taliban movement recharged the corroding the culture of tribal by getting peace and permanence in the Afghanistan and relationship the tribes below the umbrella of Islamic institutional through founding an Islamic state. Disaster of the tribal culture to determination the socio-governmental issues of the Afghan multitude in the post-soviet period of time surfaces approach for the conceptual based Taliban to representation and launch controller over the Afghanistan.

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Volume: Issue: 7

Article: Determinants of Unemployment: A social problem in Hyderabad Region Sindh-Pakistan

Mukhtiar Hussain Ibupoto, Abdul Jalil Mirjat, Sagheer Hussain Dahar, Shoukat Ali Mahar
Volume 1, Issue 7; December-2018
2018: 1(7) : 26-41

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Abstract: This article is set out to investigate the determinants of unemployment in Hyderabad region –Sindh Province –Pakistan. Unemployment as a social issue is associated with the various factors such as overpopulation, low paid system, force work face, financial crisis, job vacancy, mismatch of skills and education, migration, labor –market and so forth. The quantitative method employed for the study, and focus group interviews structured out among male and female respondents. Hence, the study revealed that unemployment is the core social problem of Hyderabad region resulting in frustration and upset within the social life of the individuals. A sample of 260 respondents was taken from the targeted population, mainly focuses on the close-ended questionnaire. Further, the raw data is analyzed through (SPSS) software, and other techniques used for analyzing the statistical data Non-parametric tests, ANOVA, reliability, Linear Regression, and correlation Chi-Square test based on the collected raw data from individuals.

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Volume: Issue: 1

Article: Apply yourself : Msc, PhD - The Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS) - List of professors

TWASP scholarship service
please do a publication for a scholarship
http://en.gscaas.net.cn/admission/guide_for_admission/index.htm

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Abstract: Call for 2019 International Students Programs; Newly updated -2018-11-22 Supervisors List-2019 Spring and Autumn Semester Link: http://en.gscaas.net.cn/admission/guide_for_admission/index.htm

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Volume: Issue: 6

Article: Factors Affecting Social Network Usage By Ghanaian Students

Latif Amadu, Syed Muhammad Sikandar, Vincent Ekow Arkorful, Abubakari Sadiq Mohammed, Nurudeen Abdul-Rahman, Abdul-Rahim Ahmed
Volume 1, Issue 6; November-2018
2018: 1(6) : 90-105

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Abstract: With the growing speed of Social Network Sites (SNSs) accelerated recently, there are increasing concerns about the possibility of young students’ engagement in negative behaviours. Children of today are considered as digital natives because of their capabilities to simultaneously undertake many things at the same time. This study aimed at investigating factors affecting social network usage by Ghanaian students. To achieve the objectives, SPSS software was used to analyze data. The quantitative research method was employed. A total of 200 students were randomly surveyed for the study. In this study it was revealed that perceived enjoyment, technology accessibility, self-efficacy, perceived usefulness and perceived ease-of-use really have influence on the attitude of the use of technology. One of the challenge for this research was that, it did not cover most of the Senior High Schools in northern Ghana. The study, amongst other things recommends to school authorities to regulate the use of smart phones on campus.

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Volume: Issue: 6

Article: The Effect of Working Capital Management on The Profitability of The Textile Industry of Pakistan

Arshad Ullah Jadoon, Sajad Ali, Muhammad Tahir
Volume 1, Issue 6; November-2018
2018: 1(6) : 64-81

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Abstract: The study examined the relationship and effect of working capital management (WCM) on the performance of the firm profitability (ROA, ROE, PM) of the textile industry of Pakistan for a period of 2008 to 2017. Working capital management is the part of asset structure which is the relationship of current asset and current liabilities, which are liquidated within one year or less. The purposive sampling techniques were used. The data includes eight variables; Profitability of the firm is used as dependent variable, Size of firm is selected as control variable whiles the remaining six are selected as independent variables. For the relationship of variables the correlation analysis was used andfor validity and hypothesis testing variance Inflation Factor (VIF) test was performed to support the validity of the regression analysis. The study used the panel data; the results of the Chow Test and Hausman Test recommend Fixed Effects Model. The finding of the study with the help of the correlation matrix reveals that all the independent variables have positive and significance correlated with the dependent variable with exception of App and ITID. 18.24% variation in the dependent variable (NOP) is explained by the independent variables. The result shows that Average Payment Period, Inventory Turnover in Days, Quick Ratio and Firm Size show a positive and significant impact on firm profitability. While Average Collection Period, Cash Conversion Cycle, Current Ratio have a negative and significant relationship with net operating profitability. Results suggest that firm can improve their profitability by reducing the number of days accounts receivable are outstanding, Cash conversion cycle could be explained with the bargaining power of supplier and the customers minimizing the investment in current asset can help in boosting the profit.

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Volume: Issue: 6

Article: What Factors Contribute to Efficient Management of The Supply Chain of Supermarket Within UK Retailers? Case Study—Sainsbury Supermarket PLC Supply Chain

Hashim Ali, Maqsood Ali Jamali, Mehnaz, Benqian Li, Putri Rakhamad Hani Nur Rimbawati
Volume 1, Issue 6; November-2018
2018: 1(6) : 46-63

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Abstract: The distribution network of Sainsbury is quite good, but the problem is that in UK many competitors around, therefore everyone trying to bit each other in every respect. Sainsbury’s always have high concentration the customer’s online orders. They mostly caring about the socioeconomically and environmental problems which Sainsbury is facing during thedelivering of products. The head office taking orders from the regional stores, and then forward to the warehouses for deliveryThe objective of this study is to assess the availability of information for the supply chain and as well as duration. This study also finds out that how the nature of supply chain brings about the usefulness of all those information, which are related to decision making. The purpose to work on this area is to get knowledge about the factors, which affect the supply chain, and as well as decision making with special reference to Sainsbury UK. This study is based on literature review and interviews from the expert of supply chain working in Sainsbury’s; this will be the brief summary of useful information that can be used for the decision-making in Sainsbury retailer supply chain.This research intends to study the usefulness of supply chain of Sainsbury in UK. It is very important that the knowledge experience of understanding the information about supply chain bring achievement towards it.

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Volume: Issue: 5

Article: Review : Art & Cultural Aspects of Medieval China and India

Rajiv Mandal, Yang Xian Yi, Wang Mei Yan, Chandra Bhushan Sah
Volume 1, Issue 5; October-2018
2018: 1(5) : 100-120

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Abstract: Work of art produced in the vast geographical region on China. It the oldest art in the world and has its origins in remote antiquity. Chinese art or Indian art is visual art that, whetherancient or modern, originated in or is practiced in China or India and by Chinese artists or Indian artists. The Chinese art in the Republic of China and that of overseas Chinese can also be considered part of Chinese art where it is based in or draws on Chinese heritage and Chinese culture. Early “stone age art” dated back to 10,000 BC, mostly consisting of simple pottery and sculptures. After this early period Chinese art, like Chinese history, is typically classified by the succession of ruling dynasties of Chinese emperors, most of which lasted several hundred years. Various civilizations often developed in separate, many people gradually came together and had made the innovations of their societies. The human figure assumed greater importance, and landscape painting acquired a new vitality. The surface of the paintings, especially the style and variety of brush strokes, became important. Still–life compositions came into greater prominence, especially bamboo painting.Porcelain, Textile, Sculpture, Architecture, Enamel etc. got an importance in the courts of dynasties after dynasties.In addition, thedevelopment in the field of religion, folk art and language in India and China during the medieval times have been important milestones in the evaluation of the composite culture of India. New religions movements like Islamism and Buddhism along with Bhakti movement contributed to this process. The composite culture characteristic of the medieval period is amply witnessed in these fields. A new style of architecture known as the Indo – Islamic style was born out of this fusion. However, it is amazing that some of the painters tried to paint the classical ragas, thereby giving form and colour to such abstract conceptions as music. Seasons or BaramasaPaintings were similarly given artistic forms. Can you ever estimate the creativity of these artists? Nowhere else in the world except perhaps in China, artists have tried to paint music or seasons.

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Volume: Issue: 6

Article: Determinants of Child Marriage among Adolescent Girls in Upper Sindh -Pakistan: Sociological analysis

Mukhtiar Hussain Ibupoto, Abdul Jalil Mirjat,Sagheer Hussain Dahar, Zareen Qadir Memon, Kashif Ali
Volume 1, Issue 6; November-2018
2018 : 1 (6) : 25-45

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Abstract: Purpose:Child marriage is stated as opprobrium for human society. Hence, child attains less than 18 years of the age. Thus, the parents, families, and communities as urged to marry off the daughters/girls at an early age in the societies. In addition to this, the study intends to determine out the determinants, strategies and essential reasons for child marriage in Upper Sindh- Pakistan. Approach/methodology/design:The approaches as comprised of the qualitative and quantitative (Mixed method) employed for data acquisition as well analysis for this study. Findings: This study has found the various determinants and the specific facts of child marriage in human society. Thus these facts are like this: fiscal support, low status of daughters, inadequate education, unfortunate situation, cultural and religious trends among the communities, the safety of virginity of the daughters, burden of daughters on the parents and families, dowry matter for daughters. Besides to this, child marriage reasons the death of women at child bear and resort to the various diseases to the women in society. Implications: This study may be fruitful for exploring out the hidden factors of child marriage and how to control the child marriage in human society. Henceforth, the findings may deepen the literature and undertake such steps for controlling and banning child marriage in society. Originality/value: - The study may provide meaningful evidence regarding child marriage and expose the positive factors reasoning the marriage in human society.

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Volume: Issue: 6

Article: Gratification of Social Media Pictography (SMP): The case of Facebook and WhatsApp

Sayibu Muhideen, Sulemana Iddrisu, Arslan Ahmed, Syed Mazahir Kazmi, Ali Hammad
Volume 1, Issue 6; November-2018
2018: 1(6) : 12-24

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Abstract: The advancing technology in the worldwide-web has enabled information communication at a fingertip, transmit easily via; newsfeed, pictures, adverts, videos, games, immediately. The Social Media front its didactic and entertaining, which requires distinctive cultural and moral values, due to the negative impact its comes within recent times. The researchers sought to explore the relationship in social media to age, gender, and individual satisfaction. Amalgam with the Uses and Gratification Theory (UGT), with three core objectives; 1) “Why do people use the social media”? 2) Explore the underlying motives by individuals’ sharing pictures and videos in the social media. 3) The effects of SMP on the individual. The research employeda mixed method through interviews, observation, and online data collection. With 155 response used in the analysis, using IBM-SPSS v.23. the results show that, among all the five coded themes, popularity is highly rated, as user needs satisfaction and communication of expressing issues to relieve pains and boredom. Even though most of the pictures and videos often shared also meant to deceive, show sentiment, prestige, and communication of personal issues to the public. The researcher concludes that the use of social media photography (SMP) it is an inevitable technology, the user should not affect others nor society. The authority of such media should control the waves by crosschecking on every uploaded picture or video to ensure sanity in the media spectrum, especially on Facebook.

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Volume: Issue: 6

Article: CFD Evaluation of Empirical Models for Phase Splitting Through T-Junction

Ahmed Safwat Nafey, Ahmed Mahrous Norelden
Volume 1, Issue 6; November-2018
2018: 1(6) : 01-11

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Abstract: Steam injection is the thermal method in enhanced oil recovery (EOR) that adds heat to the reservoir to reduce oil viscosity and improve oil recovery. Simulation programs are important tools to monitor and evaluate steam distribution network especially unequal splitting of the liquid and vapor phases may occur at (tee junction) distribution network. This paper presents two empirical models of phase splitting through T-junction (Seeger and Chien). These two models are evaluated numerically using computational fluid dynamic (CFD) calculation by ANSYS FLUENT software. These evaluation techniques show that Seeger model more representative for the phase splitting prediction of the T-junction.

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Volume: Issue: 5

Article: Characterization of Geographical Indication And Released Varieties of Guava (Psidium sp.)

Iskita Afrin, NisatTasnim, Md.Abdur Rahim, Md. HabiburRahman
Volume 1, Issue 5; October-2018
2018: 1(5) : 154-162

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Abstract: An experiment was carried out at the BAU Germplasmcentre of Fruit Tree Improvement Project (FTIP) and laboratories of the Department of Horticulture, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh during the period from March, 2012 to February, 2013. Morphological characteristics of selected guava varieties namelyBAU Guava-1 (Misti), BAU Guava-2 (Ranga), BAU Guava-3 (Chowdhury), BAU Guava-4 (Apple), BAU Guava-5 (Oval), BAU Guava-6 (Jelly), BAU Guava-7 (Seedless round), BAU Guava-8 (Seedless oval), Swarupkathi, Mukundapuri, Kanchannagar and Syeedi were done. Experiment was laid out in Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with three replications. The highest number of flowers (1678.33) was observed in the variety Syeedi and the lowest number of flowers (543.79) was observed in Ranga during on season whereas Chowdhury gave the highest number of flowers (764.53) and Ranga gave the lowest number of flowers (82.37) during off-season. During on season, the highest number of fruits (725.19) was found in Seedless Oval and the lowest number of fruits (384.62) was found in Ranga and Chowdhury gave the highest number of fruits (364.25) and Mukundapuri gave the lowest number of fruits (14.21) during off-season. The highest yield (29.19 kg) was observed in the variety Oval and the lowest yield (4.38 kg) was observed in Mukundapuri during on season whereas Jelly gave the highest yield (15.76 kg) and Mukundapuri gave the lowest yield (1.74 kg) during off-season. Based on different qualitative characters like fruit size, fruit weight, thickness of mesocarp and endocarp, number of seeds per fruit, percent edible portion Oval, Misti, Ranga, Seedless oval, Kanchannagar and Syeedi showed better performance in on season and off-season but TSS content of different guava varieties was found comparatively higher during off-season than on season.

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Volume: Issue: 5

Article: A Study of Performance Level of Nepalese Construction Firms In Construction Quality

Manita Kusi , Fuqian Zhao, Dinesh Sukamani
Volume 1, Issue 5; October-2018
2018: 1(5) : 137-153

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Abstract: Construction industry has been widely criticized for its low quality of delivery of construction projects. Research has shown that contractor’s performance can be the single largest contributor to quality problems in construction. This study aims to identify the performance level of Nepalese firms in construction quality, explore the factors that hinder the quality performance of the construction industry and to identify the most significant influencing factors that hinder the quality performance of the construction firm in Nepalese construction industry. The questionnaire was designed based on the extensive review of literature on quality performance in construction firm, study of Nepalese construction firm, and together with input, revision and modification by the expert. The data, thus, obtained were analyze using different statistical tools. The study revealed that the performance level of construction firm in Nepal is poor in delivering construction quality. In evaluation and ascertaining the importance of each quality influencing factors results of the survey revealed that one of the most influencing factors for the poor performance of the construction firms is the understanding and commitment of the contractors in construction quality. Another important factor identified is overall quality culture and the working environment of the Nepalese construction firm.

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Volume: Issue: 5

Article: Monetary Policy And Pakistan’s Economy

Mehrunnisa Khan
Volume 1, Issue 5; October-2018
2018: 1(5) : 121-136

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Abstract: This paper is basically analyzed on the bases to study the basic concept of Monetary Policy and its working and effectiveness in the economy of Pakistan. This paper is analyzed with help of research papers from various economists and some obtained data from reliable source to show that how does Monetary policy basically effects the economy of Pakistan.This paper will be providing a detailed insight and importance of Monetary policy in the economy of Pakistan. Monetary policy is a way that tells us that how can be maintained economic growth. According to the act of 1958, the central bank made policies of Monetary policy. In the simplest form Monetary policy is such a process, in which central bank and monetary authority of that country control supply of money. Pakistan has achieved a thirteen-year high growth rate of 5.8 percent FY18 and the average CPI inflation was well below the 6.0 percent target.Every year State bank of Pakistan makes its monetary policy and rules and makes unchanged policy rates. Monetary Policy involves central banks use of instruments to influence interests rates or money supply in the economy with the objective to keep overall prices and financial markets stable. Mostly, Monetary policy is generally associated with the availability of credit. However, moving forward the challenges to Pakistan’s economy have further accentuated. Monetary expansion in FY18 has been driven by government borrowing for budgetary support and healthy growth in credit to the private sector. In practice State Bank of Pakistan’s Monetary police strives to strike a balance among multiple and often competing considerations. These include controlling inflation, ensuring payment system and financial stability, preserving foreign exchange reserves and supporting private investment. Low and stable inflation provides favorable conditions for sustainable growth and employment generation over time. It reduces uncertainties about future prices of goods and services and helps households and businesses to make economically important decisions such as consumption, savings,and investments with more confidence.

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Volume: Issue: 5

Article: Revised the Title : see below

Rajiv Mandal, Yang Xian Yi, Wang Mei Yan, Chandra Bhushan Sah
Volume 1, Issue 5; October-2018
2018: 1(5) : 100-120

Show Abstract

Abstract: Work of art produced in the vast geographical region on China. It the oldest art in the world and has its origins in remote antiquity. Chinese art or Indian art is visual art that, whetherancient or modern, originated in or is practiced in China or India and by Chinese artists or Indian artists. The Chinese art in the Republic of China and that of overseas Chinese can also be considered part of Chinese art where it is based in or draws on Chinese heritage and Chinese culture. Early “stone age art” dated back to 10,000 BC, mostly consisting of simple pottery and sculptures. After this early period Chinese art, like Chinese history, is typically classified by the succession of ruling dynasties of Chinese emperors, most of which lasted several hundred years. Various civilizations often developed in separate, many people gradually came together and had made the innovations of their societies. The human figure assumed greater importance, and landscape painting acquired a new vitality. The surface of the paintings, especially the style and variety of brush strokes, became important. Still–life compositions came into greater prominence, especially bamboo painting.Porcelain, Textile, Sculpture, Architecture, Enamel etc. got an importance in the courts of dynasties after dynasties.In addition, thedevelopment in the field of religion, folk art and language in India and China during the medieval times have been important milestones in the evaluation of the composite culture of India. New religions movements like Islamism and Buddhism along with Bhakti movement contributed to this process. The composite culture characteristic of the medieval period is amply witnessed in these fields. A new style of architecture known as the Indo – Islamic style was born out of this fusion. However, it is amazing that some of the painters tried to paint the classical ragas, thereby giving form and colour to such abstract conceptions as music. Seasons or BaramasaPaintings were similarly given artistic forms. Can you ever estimate the creativity of these artists? Nowhere else in the world except perhaps in China, artists have tried to paint music or seasons.

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Volume: Issue: 5

Article: Environmental Biotechnology: A Review and Implementation Opportunities in Myanmar

PhyuPhyu Tun, Chandra Bhushan Sah, Manisha Pradhan
Volume 1, Issue 5; October-2018
2018: 1(5) : 82-99

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Abstract: This article puts light on the state and possibilities of environmental biotechnology and reviews it’s all types of areas collectively with their associated issues, challenges, and implications. Environmental contaminants & wastes could be transformed, either by recycling to generate in new forms or by sanitizing to ensure that the final product has lessharmful impact on the environment. Biotechnology replaces the chemical materials and processes along with other contaminants with the biological technologies by modifying microorganism’s genetic structure and applies to reduce environmental damage. This paper represents the potential areas and implementation of environmental biotechnology to detect, monitor and prevent environmental biodiversity of Myanmar. In the waste treatment, main thing concern for the application of biotechnology is economically and technically feasible along with the favorable degree of biodegradability/detoxication during biotechnological treatment of substances. The various exploration in the field of biochemistry, genetics, and physiology of exploitable microorganisms are extensively being implemented into commercially and used in different technologies for preserving and reversing the further deterioration of the environment.

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Volume: Issue: 5

Article: The Decentral Regional Local Development Approach

Anwerfadielsacheit Al-Behadili, Luxin Hai
Volume 1, Issue 5; October-2018
2018: 1(5) : 41-81

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Abstract: This paper deals with the theoretical background of urbanization and regional development. Thus, the main objective of this research is to achieve a scientific basis for the method of decentral regional development in order to address the problems left by the phenomenon of rapid urbanization. This requires the following study and to analyze the basic implications of this method in local development. It also deals with the benefit gained from the presented international experiences in order to enhance the process of decentralization and to create an attempt to figure out the mechanisms of managing and running the public interests. In addition, it is important to shed light on the realization of the principles of local independence which can enhance its efficiency in the utilization of resources and ensure social equity in the distribution of development revenues and achieving comprehensive development in various regions and areas of the country.

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Volume: Issue: 5

Article: The Impact of Merger on Financial Performance of Banks in Nepal

Prakash Kumar Bipin, Liu Pingfeng, Ranju Mahato, Wiraj Udara Wickramaarachchi
Volume 1, Issue 5; October-2018
2018: 1(5) : 23-40

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Abstract: Banks play a critical role in the economic developmentof any country.For developing countries it works as blood circular in the economy. Since the financial market of Nepal(as a developing country) is characterized by numerous glitches, the Nepal Rastra Bank issued the merger guidelines (“Merger-by-Laws-2011”) in order to bring stability in the financial sector and to regulate the banking sector. This study finds the impact of mergers on financial performance of banks in Nepal.The findings depict a positive impact towards mergers and provide bank stakeholders with insights upon which they can base their decisions concerning mergers.

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Volume: Issue: 1

Article: Download CV template here

North American Academic Research Education Board
Its free.
For student use only

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Abstract: No matter what stage you are at in your academic career, having a professional academic CV is essential. Applying for jobs, grants, fellowships and even conferences will all require you to submit an academic CV. This document is different from a business résumé and has a unique format.

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Volume: Issue: 5

Article: Effect of Educational Intervention on Awareness About Occupational Safety and Health Among Workers in Building Construction Industry in Nepal

Dinesh Sukamani, Manita Kusi, Ramesh Sukamani
Volume 1, Issue 5; October-2018
2018: 1(5) : 01-14

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Abstract: The aim of this study is to determine the effect of Educational intervention about Occupational Health and Safety awareness among workers in Building construction industry. A quasi- experimental design is use in research methodology, where experimental group is Bagaicha housing and control group is Road show housing phase VII both in Budhanilkatha, Kathmandu, Nepal. F ratio values comes out to be 1.839 which is greater than significance level 0.05 Which suggests there is no significant difference between these two groups which makes these groups as comparable group. After paired T-test in Experimental group and control group, we found that significance value i.e. p value of all the above parameters which is taken in account, between pre-test and post-test was found to be less than significance value of 0.05. The knowledge level among our workers is still inadequate and Educational interaction helps to increase knowledge, thus we need to organize planned Educational interaction from time to time so as to increase the awareness level of Occupational Health and Safety.

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Volume: Issue: 4

Article: Influence of The Probe Offset on Formation And Mechanical Properties of Friction Stir Welding Joint of Mg/Ti Dissimilar Alloys

Kader Mohammad Abdul, Sonam Dema
Volume 1, Issue 4; September - 2018
2018: 1(4) : 116-125

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Abstract: The macro structures and microstructures was studied to get the best rotating and welded speed with the aspect of probe offset. The whole experiment and research will be explained the convenient offset and the influence in formation and mechanical parameters. The smaller offset was providing the better output in macro and micro both view. Microscopic and normal view was clearer in different aspect. Stir Zone (SZ), Thermo Mechanical Affected Zone (TMAZ) was showing different grain situation which was represent the tensile strength, formation, mechanical and formational changes in the welded area. Which can be the measuring unit to measure the bond, strength and joint strength.

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Volume: Issue: 4

Article: Natural B Elemene Advances in Targeting Cancer Through Different Molecular Pathways

Su Pengyu, Bashir Ahmad, Zou Lijuan
Volume 1, Issue 4; September - 2018
2018: 1(4) : 89-115

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Abstract: Cancer is the leading cause of death around the world and its correct therapy is the need of time. Natural Products (NP) play a pivotal role in the cancer treatment and due to its high success and low toxicity, they catch the interest of scientists from the whole world. An approved NP, B elemene (ELE) is derived from Rhizomazedoariae which is dryrhizome formed from Curcuma phaeocaulis, Curcuma wenyujin and Curcuma kwangsiensis . ELE potentially induces in vitro and in vivo death in a variety of cancersthrough different mechanisms including apoptosis and autophagy. This review provides a comprehensive and updated overview on cancer signaling pathways targeted by ELE.

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Volume: Issue: 4

Article: Mughal Gardens And Assessment of Mughal Empireres’s Inclination Towards Lahore, Pakistan

Nadeem Ullah, Wang Jiny, Zhao Jin
Volume 1, Issue 4; September - 2018
2018: 1(4) : 68-88

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Abstract: Lahore has been the capital of Mughal dynasty and became a prominent settlement when the Akbar ordered to make this city fortified. Other Mughal capitals in subcontinent like Delhi, Agra, and FatehpurSikri were also graced with different gardens but only Lahore came to be known as a “City of Gardens”. The available research papers, online articles, books and library archives were used as a source to assess the Mughal emperor’s inclination towards Lahore. During their rule of almost two centuries (185 years), they made Lahore almost the second capital of India. From the first Mughal emperor, Babur, to the last sovereign of Mughal, Shah Jahan, tried to make it more and more beautiful city of gardens in the sub-continent. Mughal gardens always had a prevailing effect on architectural history and design which is distinguished by the countenance of art, culture, and values of Islam. Mughal gardens of Lahore have a powerful impact on architectural history and design in many parts of the world. The photo of Lahore as the "Garden City" of Asia was preserved until the start of the twentieth century but now changed due to rapid urbanization around and inside the memorials and gardens. These historical monuments should be preserved and saved as historical heritage.

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Volume: Issue: 4

Article: Empowerment of Women In Bangladesh Air Force

M Nurul Islam
Volume 1, Issue 4; September - 2018
2018: 1(4) : 56-67

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Abstract: Presently women empowerment is a very popular notion. Bangladesh Air Force (BAF) is the pioneer defense service to induct female officers in the year 2000. BAF started empowerment of women through this induction. Today quite a good number of female officers are working here beside their male counterparts. Active participation of female in BAF has not only empowered them in the office but also enhance their dignity and status at home and in the society. Presence of female officers in the working environment of various arenas of BAF encouraged other womenfolk of our country to come forward and work beside males in this patriarchal society. As a result, it reduces the age-old prejudiced attitudes of males towards females. Overall it helps empowering women not only in BAF but in the society as well.

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Volume: Issue: 4

Article: Zigbee Based Wireless Sensor Network For Building Safety Monitoring

Ahmad Faraz Hussain, Polash Kumar Das, Prabhat Ranjan
Volume 1, Issue 4; September - 2018
2018: 1(4) : 43-55

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Abstract: In recent years, Wireless sensor networks have achieved an attention on a world level. These consist of small sensors with limited power , limited resources and high efficient that can be developed for applications including smart homes, smart grids, health care, tracking, security, industrial control etc. Remote monitoring and controlling are two important aspects of WSNs. The central node collect data from distributed nodes, process the data, which enable individual to monitor and control the environment. Using this system users can conveniently know certain parameters of a building, such as temperature of a certain place, intruder on the main gate, water level of tank and send a control signal to on or off the tank motor.

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Volume: Issue: 4

Article: Brand Management Prognostications : The Case of Packaged Milk Industry of Pakistan

Muhammad Siddique, Z. B. Junaid
Volume 1, Issue 4; September - 2018
2018: 1(4) : 12-42

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Abstract: This study attempts to carry out an analysis of the packaged milk industry of Pakistan in detail. The study employees the case study methodology to study the brand management prognostications of the packaged milks. This research takes into account major producers of Pakistan’s Milk industry. The brand management effectiveness used by these milk producers have been examined by developing a conceptual framework which was tested by using statistical tools. This study has carried out in-depth analysis to find out Macro and micro objectives, firstly to study consumers preferences of packaged milk industry in Pakistan in relation to brand management activities of milk producers. Secondly, to analyze the level of customers loyalty and consumer awareness with various packaged milk brands. Findings of the study show that customers are largely effected by the marketing and advertising techniques of these brands and switch their preferences. The study recommends that in order to meet the rapidly changing scenario of the business world, the milk producers need to lay greater emphasis on strategic brand management practices.

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Volume: Issue: 4

Article: An Overview of B Cell Targeted Biologics In The Treatment of SLE

Hussenbocus Yoosuf Ali AM, Babajee Phil JJ, Lingyun Sun
Volume 1, Issue 4; September - 2018
2018: 1(4) : 01-11

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Abstract: Systemic lupus erythematous (SLE) is a chronic autoimmune inflammatory disease affecting mostly women. It is heterogenic disease involving multiple organs. The mainstay therapy is glucocorticoids, immunosuppressive and antimalarial drugs. Even though these drugs helped in improving the prognosis of the patients, there are a lot of side effects associated with them. This has recently paved the way for a new kind of treatment, which are the biologics. They work by targeting key molecules at specific places. The newly tested one for SLE includes biologics that target B cells, T cells and cytokines. As of now only Belimumab has recently been approved by FDA with many still under experiment. If, succeeded, this could revolutionize the way SLE is treated. This review gives a general description about biologics targeting B cells in the treatment of SLE.

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Volume: Issue: 3

Article: TAU Protein Hyperphosphorylation In Alzheimer’s Disease Recapitulates Development

Ajkia Zaman Juthi, Tasnim Zaman Bithi, Mona Salam, Muhammad Sharafat Hossen
Volume 1, Issue 3; August - 2018
2018: 1(3) : 26-32

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Abstract: Tau is a copious protein in both central and peripheral nervous systems. In the brain it is found predominantly in nerve cells, where it is concentrated in axons. Tau is a microtubule associated protein (MAP). The physiological function of tau is the assemblage and maintenance of the structural stability of microtubules. However, in pathological state, tau becomes abnormally hyperphosphorylated, which ultimately causes the microtubules to disassemble, and the free tau molecules aggregate into paired helical filaments. Enormous evidence suggests that tau hyperphosphorylation results from disturbance of cellular signaling, mainly through imbalance in the activities of different protein of kinases and phosphatases. Inspite of significant recent advances in our understanding of tau mediated neurodegeneration, which substantiate the notion that tau may act as a common mediator of neurodegeneration, the mechanisms leading to abnormal tau phosphorylation remains elusive.

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Volume: Issue: 3

Article: Role of a Teacher as Leader

Hnin Yu Soe
Volume 1, Issue 3; August - 2018
2018: 1(3) : 16-25

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Abstract: Teachers play vital roles in the lives of the students in their classrooms. Teachers are best known for the role of educating the students that are placed in their care. Beyond that, teachers serve many other roles in the classroom. Teachers set the tone of their classrooms, build a warm environment, mentor and nurture students, become role models, and listen and look for signs of trouble. It is universally recognized that the teacher is the key person in an education system. He or she takes a prestigious status sometimes denied to kings and emperors and he/she plays pivotal role in the learner’s life. Around him, whole system of education revolves

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Volume: Issue: 3

Article: Derivatives of DNA-Modifying Enzymes : The Tools of The Trade

Ajkia Zaman Juthi, Mona Salam, Tasnim Zaman Bithi, Muhammad Sharafat Hossen
Volume 1, Issue 3; August - 2018
2018: 1(3) : 01-15

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Abstract: The modification of mammalian genomes is an important goal in gene therapy and animal transgenesis. To generate stable genetic and biochemical changes, the therapeutic genes or transgenes need to be incorporated into the host genome. This aspect, which is beyond the scope of this article, will have to be addressed in future experiments. The available data suggest that it is possible to derive DNA-modifying enzymes with novel site-specificities by using sophisticated mutagenesis and selection systems. In this article, we discuss the opportunities provided by natural DNA-modifying enzymes, such as transposases, recombinases and integrases, to mediate the stable integration of foreign genes into host genomes. In the context of genome engineering, two properties of the DNA-modifying enzymes are important. In addition, we discuss the approaches that have been taken to improve the efficiency and to modify the site-specificity of these enzymes.

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Volume: Issue: 2

Article: Assessing The Status of Korea With Respect To Job Satisfaction, Collaborative Culture And School Climate

Ogunniran Moses Oladele
Volume 1, Issue 2; July - 2018
2018: 1(2) : 114-128

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Abstract: This study applied multilevel modeling to examine how individual characteristics, such as gender and teaching experience, and contextual characteristics, such as principal leadership, school climate and collaborative culture influenced Korean secondary school teachers’ sense of job satisfaction. Previous research identified teachers with high job satisfaction to have positive influences on their students, making it important to understand teacher job satisfaction not only for teachers but also for students. Using data based on the secondary data and instrument from the 2013 TALIS teacher Questionnaire - [<ISCED level x> or PISA schools] (MS-TQ-(X)] to measure job satisfaction which is the dependent variable and the independent variables are school climate and collaborative culture are both measured by ordinal scare. Age is measures with Ration and lastly, gender is measured in normal scale. The descriptive statistics and inferential statistics are both used. The descriptive statistics makes use of chart and some simple graph to explain gender, age distribution and educational level. The influential statistics makes use of T-Test and multiple regression analysis inferential statistics with independent T-Test and Multiple regression analysis. It therefore concluded that Collaborative culture within an organization is very important, playing a large role in whether or not the organization is a happy and healthy place to work. Through communicating and promoting the organizational vision to subordinates, and in getting their acknowledgment of the vision, it is possible to influence their work behavior and attitudes. When there is good interaction between the leader and subordinates, there will be contributions to team communication and collaboration, and encouragement of subordinates to accomplish the mission and objectives assigned by the organization, which in turn enhances job satisfaction.

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Volume: Issue: 2

Article: Review : Techniques Used in Plant Tissue Analysis for Essential Elements on Horticultural Plants and Correlate with Nutrient Requirement

Nirajan Bhandari
Volume 1, Issue 2; July - 2018
2018: 1(2) : 94-113

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Abstract: Plant tissue analysis is the direct measurement of various types of nutrients present in plant at the time of sampling. It helps to diagnose the deficiency and toxicity of particular mineral element at particular growth stage of plants before the appearance of visual symptoms. This paper intended to review the various types of qualitative and quantitative techniques used to determine the concentration of mineral nutrients present in plant tissue. The quantitative concentration of mineral elements present in horticultural crops can be determined by atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS), inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES), inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS), flame atomic absorption spectrometry (FAAS), graphite-furnace atomic absorption spectrometry (GF-AAS), spectrophotometry, ion-selective electrode method, X-ray fluorescence spectrometry, electromigration techniques, nuclear magnetic resonance technology and some electrochemical techniques. Review shows that atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS) is widely used destructive technique for the determination of several mineral elements such as nitrogen (N), phosphorous (P), potassium (K), calcium (Ca), sodium (Na), copper (Cu), iron (Fe), magnesium (Mg), manganese (Mn), zinc (Zn) and boron (B). Other non destructive techniques such as DRIS and colorimetric method are also employed to determine the mineral nutrient concentration in plant tissue.

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Volume: Issue: 2

Article: Applications of Machine Learning Algorithms in Predicting Coronary Artery Disease and Myocardial Infarction

Yaowang Lin, Shaohong Dong, William W. Chu, Xianmin Kwauk, Xudong Liu
Volume 1, Issue 2; July - 2018
2018: 1(2) : 81-93

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Abstract: Coronary artery disease (CAD) is the leading cause of illness and death worldwide. Prevention of the disease is undoubtedly the most important measure, and early diagnosis is another crucial aspect to make patients seek medical attention in a timely fashion so as to decrease the adverse outcomes from this deadly disease. Recently with the booming of artificial intelligence (AI) technologies, more researchers have been focusing on developing effective methodologies and tools in CAD early diagnosis and predictive models. Taking advantage of the complete records of total 4049 patients with 2678 patients having CAD and 1371 patients without CAD confirmed by the gold standard, cardiac catheterization, we utilized XGBoost to assess the risks of both CAD and myocardial infarction (MI) and achieved extremely high accuracies on CAD and MI prediction. Results shown by seven benchmarks were recorded, and they all demonstrated higher than expected scores. The assessment of the risks of both CAD and MI simultaneously by utilizing the identical set of data in a clinically orientated setting is a new approach. Outcome of this study shows that CAD diagnostics using machine learning can reach high accuracy. Large population of people may potentially benefit from the machine-learning models, by seeking early diagnosis and treatment, and consequently their morbidity and mortality from CAD and MI can be significantly decreased.

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Volume: Issue: 2

Article: Current Status of Renewable Energy in Cameroon

Djouedjom Talla Francine Gaelle, Zhao Xicang
Volume 1, Issue 2; July - 2018
2018: 1(2) :71-80

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Abstract: The main energy source used in Cameroon is still biomass. For cooking and heating purposes, the majority of Cameroonians still rely on biomass, which is abundant and to certain extends renewable and affordable. Electricity and gas are still very lowly used, mostly because of non-availability and non-accessibility, especially in the rural areas. According to the Cameroon Energy Situation (SEC) in 2011, the energy consumption mix was 73% biomass, 20% oil and gas products and 7% electricity totaling around 6000ktoe (Kilo tons of oil equivalent) for the whole country and converted to about 0.3toe (tons of oil equivalent) per capita. A quick comparison with the world average per capita consumption of about 2toe shows that access to energy in Cameroon is still extremely low.This clear divide between the urban and rural areas is socially and ecologically alarming as a widening of this gap could be a very realistic future scenario.

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Volume: Issue: 2

Article: Effect of Germplasm And Time of Cleft Grafting on The Success And Survivability in Amra ( Spondias spp. L. )

N. Tasnim , M. S. H. Choudhury, M. A. Rahim
Volume 1, Issue 2; July - 2018
2018: 1(2) : 61-70

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Abstract: The present experiment was conducted at the Germplasm Centre (GPC) of the Fruit Tree Improvement Program (FTIP), Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, during the period from April, 2012 to November, 2012to investigate the effect of germplasm and time of cleft grafting on the success, survivability and growth of grafts in Amra. The experiment consisted of two factors such as (i) three germplasm viz., DeshiAmra, BaromashiAmra and BorishaliAmra and (ii) ten different times of grafting viz., each 10 and 25 of April, May, June, July and August, 2012 following randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications under observation in poly tunnel condition. Results revealed that, the lowest time to bud breaking (3.15 days) and first leaf opening (8.94 days) with the highest number of leaves (32.12), graft height (26.21 cm),graftsuccess (86.59%) and survivability (83.48%) were required by the grafts of BaromashiAmra when grafted on 25 May. On the other hand, the highest time for bud breaking (10.89 days) and first leaf opening (14.27 days) with the lowest number of leaves (15.89), graft height (22.86 cm),graftsuccess (70.14%) and survivability (69.45%) were needed by the grafts of BorishaliAmra when grafted on 25 August. Therefore, the results of the present investigation suggest that 25 May grafting with BaromashiAmra performed the best; yet cleft grafting can be performed during April to August with above 70% success and survivability in different germplasm of Amra.

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Volume: Issue: 2

Article: Short Communication : Bhusawal Municipal Council (Maharashtra,India) Sewage Water and Solid Waste (Bio-Degradable) To Power Generation, Bio-Manure(Organic Fertilizer) and Treated Water

Pravin Bhagwat Khachane
Volume 1, Issue 2; July - 2018
2018: 1(2) : 53-60

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Abstract: This report deals with Sewage water and solid waste of Bhusawal municipal council to power generation, bio-manure and treated water. This concept consist of anaerobic digestion process of sewage sludge(which is generated after water treatment process of sewage water) and bio-degradable solid waste which generates Bio-gas and Bio-manure. Bio-gas is used for power generation and Bio-manure is used as agriculture fertilizer.Total mixture of sewage sludge and bio-degradable solid waste remaining after anaerobic digestion process which is organic in nature is applied to land as soil amendment and fertilizers. After complete process remaining 80% of water is treated water which is used again for Industrial or agricultural purpose. Bhusawal Municipal Council Of Population 2,02,000(approximately) Which has requirement of 25 MLD(million litres per day) of water daily,So sewage water generated is 22 MLD(85-90% of required water daily),Total solid waste generated is 68 MT/day,Wet solid waste is 41 MT/day,Paper waste is 4.42 MT/day,Wood waste is 4.01 MT/day.It is giving output of electricity generation of 5,000 KWe/day,Sewage water to treated water of 18 MLD and digested sludge used as Bio-manure is 5,000 kg/day.Currently this sewage water is added to Tapi River daily and solid waste is dumped near khedi village.

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Volume: Issue: 2

Article: Paraffin Wax As A Phase Change Material For Thermal Energy Storage: Tubes In Shell Type Heat Exchanger

Zeshan Abbas, Khuram Shahzad, Saeed Jamal , Mukhtiar Ahmad
Volume 1, Issue 2; July - 2018
2018: 1(2) : 39-52

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Abstract: An experimental study on the latent heat storage system (LHS) using paraffin wax as a phase change material (PCM) was performed to analyze thermal physiognomies. The use of phase change materials (BM) through latent heat storage (LSS) is an unusual approach to maintaining thermal energy. There is the benefit of high energy storage density and the equal temperature of the storage process. Tubes in shell type heat exchanger (HE) has been used in this project. Water circulates in tubes and around the tubes it has paraffin wax as phase change material. The focus is on charging and discharging of phase change material (paraffin wax), which is the melting and hardening of paraffin wax. The temperature distribution in paraffin wax is studied according to the different flow rates of the heat transfer fluid (HTF).The outcome revealed that the suitable inlet temperature (Th) for charging the system is 70° C. The results are obtained experimentally for different mass flow rates. This system can store thermal energy and can be used in heating applications as for heating water for winter.

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Volume: Issue: 2

Article: Victims of Circumstances The Future of African Youth

Ebenezer Acquah
Volume 1, Issue 2; July - 2018
2018: 1(2) : 29-38

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Abstract: This article has been put forward to reveal the rapid spread and the prevalence of internet fraud (especially internet fraud backed by occult practices or spiritualism) in Africa, localizing or using Ghana and Nigeria as a case study.

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Volume: Issue: 2

Article: Assessing the Developments of Ghana’s Healthcare Policies, Implementation and Obstacles

Boni Ernest Kwabena, Acquah Ebenezer, Ntim Seth Yeboah
Volume 1, Issue 2; July - 2018
2018: 1(2) : 15-28

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Abstract: This article has been put forward to give insights into Ghana’s healthcare policies which are regarded as the best on the retrogressive billboard of health policies in the sub- Saharan Africa. Healthcare policies in Ghana have been Universalist in approach providing free universal healthcare after independence in 1957 until the early 1980s.The structural adjustment program through the collaboration of the Bretton wood institutions was introduced in the sub-Saharan region to rescue the economy because of increased strife, corruption, myriad sociopolitical obstacles which led to the widespread of poverty, malnutrition, diseases and many more. These economic measures included cost recovery and cut back spending in the health sector. Nevertheless, there has been effective intercession to battle the problems encountered in the 1980’s.Despite the effective interventions, there have been challenges encountered during policy implementation in Ghana. For the first time in academic literature, this article propounds six key developmental stages in Ghana Health Sector and further posits the prospect and challenges in Ghana’s healthcare policies and recommendations are thoroughly discussed in this paper.

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Volume: Issue: 2

Article: Challenges to Educational Administration and Management in Primary Schools in Malawi

Beaton Galafa
Volume 1, Issue 2; July - 2018
2018: 1(2) : 1-14

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Abstract: Administration and management in primary schools in Malawi is very crucial because it determines the outcome of many undertakings in the school. It is central to effectiveness in the school as an institution in the same way that its negative manifestation would equally crumble it. This paper investigates the various challenges that management and administration faces in primary schools in Malawi. It is based on challenges solicited from records kept by head-teachers of selected primary schools in different zones in the districts of Mangochi, Balaka and Blantyre as well as data from one Primary Education Advisor’s office for Ulongwe Zone in Balaka. The challenges range from financing of administrative duties through lack of collaboration with relevant stakeholders to lack of pre-service and in-service training for both head-teachers and other members of staff among others.

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Volume: Issue: 1

Article: Effects of Positive Reinforcement on Students Academic Performance

Alam Zeb Khattak, Alay Ahmad
Volume 1 Issue 1, June - 2018
Pages 220-225

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Abstract: This research study was conducted to know the effects of positive reinforcement on students academic performance. For this purpose a sample of 50 subjects (20 female & 30 male) was selected having the same socioeconomic background with no cultural differences. All of the subjects were taken from a government school their age ranges from 9 to 11 years having mean age of 9.8. They were all 4th and 5th graders. It was hypothesized that positively reinforced students will score higher on recalling non sense syllables through free recall test. Results of the study confirmed the hypothesis and a significant difference was found between the scores of experimental and control groups with a mean of 0.5 for both experimental and control groups and value of “t” was 2.50 significant at 0.5 level.

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Volume: Issue: 1

Article: Structural Analysis on the Performance of MEMS Microcantilever Piezoresistive Pressure Sensors

Tamim Al Mahruz, Rezwan Matin, Fahim Bin Wahid, Tuhin Dev
Volume 1 Issue 1,June - 2018
Pages 210-219

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Abstract: This study on pressure sensors was conducted in order to determine which design yielded the device with highest sensitivity. Seven different microcantilever shapes have been used and their behaviour towards applied pressure has been studied to find out which shape showed the most displacement for the same applied pressure. A pressure of 1000 kPa was used for each model. A solid cylindrical silicon structure was used as the piezoresistor. The change in resistance of the piezoresistor was calculated due to applied pressure. The gauge factor was calculated for each model and thus the model with the best sensitivity was determined. All simulations were done in COMSOL Mutliphysics v4.4. The results indicate that the 1 µm single-crystal silicon rectangular (slotted) microcantilever sensor showed maximum sensitivity among the sensors studied.

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Volume: Issue: 1

Article: Essential Oil as a Solution to Antimicrobial Resistance : A Review

Tahmina Bilkis, Suria Sultana
Volume 1 Issue 1, June-2018
Pages 195-209

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Abstract: The worldwide escalation of antimicrobial resistance to conventional medical antibiotics is a serious concern for modern public health and welfare. Emergence of multidrug-resistant (MDR) strains among microbial infections threatens the effectiveness of current treatments and gradual decrease in clinical efficacy of antimicrobials causes thousands of deaths every year. The problem is spreading and progressing day by day at a rapid rate affecting most part of the world. To cope with this problem new improvements in present methods and novel strategies are urgently needed. Scientists and researchers around the world are searching for alternative approaches. One of the proposed methods to cope with multidrug-resistant pathogens is the use of alternative antimicrobial treatments, which include natural antimicrobial substances such as plant essential oils.Essential oils have a long history of use in the treatment of infectious diseases. From ancient times they have been found effective against a range of microbial infections. Owing to their antimicrobial activities, essential oils represent a promising solution for overcoming antimicrobial resistance. The scientific testing of essential oils against microorganisms has been taking place for many years, with the majority of the work seeking out effective solution to confront the growing multidrug-resistance. In recent times, many essential oils have been discovered to have significant cytotoxic, antibacterial, antiviral, antiparasitic and antifungal activity against a wide range of pathogens.This review is written with the purpose of giving an overview of the potential of essential oils to combat antimicrobial resistance.

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Volume: Issue: 1

Article: NIMA : An Intelligent and Interactive Social Robot with Versatile Control Systems

Nifat Sultana, Md. Mizanur Rahman
Volume 1 , Issue 1, June-2018
Pages 188-194

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Abstract: A social robot is an autonomous robot that has to be able to express emotions, communicate with high level dialogue, and use natural cues. To make the robot more interactive and communicative, lots of sensors and modules has to be used along with its moving mechanism. And thus the system becomes further more complex and expensive. This is why a design of social robot using a combination of embedded systems has been represented that can take live video surveillance and intelligent enough to solve complex mathematics. By using internet as the robot’s source of information and Android phone as the robot’s sensory and control system partially, and adding them all to the robot’s embedded system wirelessly, it has made the robot more advanced and intelligent, hence reduced cost of construction by a lot.

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Volume: Issue: 1

Article: The Causes of Economic and Cyber Fraud Among The Youth In Africa (A Case of Ghana)

Acquah Ebenezer
Volume 1 , Issue 1, June-2018
Pages 127-187

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Abstract: See thesis.

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Volume: Issue: 1

Article: Perception of Fisher Folk on Climate Change; Its Impact on Their Livelihood

Obed Nenyi Otoo
Volume 1 , Issue 1, June-2018
Pages 104-126

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Abstract: This paper analyses the perception of fisher folk at Senya Beraku about the effects of climate change and its impact on their livelihood. Senya Beraku is in the Central Region of Ghana were majority of the natives are engaged in fishing profession for their living. Interview schedule was employed to generate primary data from one hundred (100) respondents of whom sixty-two (62) were fishermen and thirty-eighty (38) were fishmongers. Questionnaire was structured base on climate change on rainfall changes (amount and patterns), sea water temperature changes, sea water warming changes, sea air temperature changes and sea air intensity changes over the past twenty (20), ten (10), five (5) years and current seasons of fishing respectively. From the results, majority of respondents perceived that over the past 20 and 10 years, rainfall pattern and amount, sea water temperature, sea water warming, sea air temperature and sea air intensity had been normal, cold, low and cold respectively. Moreover, majority of fisher folk indicated that over the past 5years and current fishing seasons had experienced intense reduction in rainfall amount and pattern, warmer sea water temperature, higher sea water warming intensity and warmer sea air temperature. Climate change impact on parameters considered have caused severe reduction in fish catch capacity and this has decreased livelihood status of fisher folk. Due to lack of education, fisher folk attributes these changes to natural events. These can be avoided by improving knowledge of fisher folk on inappropriate fishing practises that affect the climatic conditions of the sea.

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Volume: Issue: 1

Article: Secondary School Admission And Meritocracy: Impacts of The Tracking Policy on Education In Malawi

Beaton Galafa
Volume 1 , Issue 1, June-2018
Pages 89-103

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Abstract: Despite efforts by government to increase access to secondary school education in Malawi, enrolment rates remain minimal in comparison to primary school completion rates. This is largely attributed to limited space in and availability of public secondary schools in the country. Against this background, addressing the question of admission into the available public secondary schools remains critical. This is especially in view of access versus quality in the education that is provided to children and the context of Malawi as a resource-scarce country. The current secondary school admissions policy results into categorization of public schools through which selection of successful primary school candidates is made. This leads to a stratification that seems to have an everlasting bearing on the students undergoing secondary education through to university, adversely impacting greatly on social mobility. This paper examines the impact of the admissions policy on education, relating it to the legitimatizing of the social stratification that results thereafter in the society.

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Volume: Issue: 1

Article: Effects of L-Lysine on Growth and Histological Changes in Liver and Intestine of Gift Strain, Oreochromis Niloticus

Jinat Mahabub, Mohammed Mahbub Iqbal, Md. Sakhawat Hossain, Sohel Mian, Md. Naimuddin Jabed, A. K. M. Munzurul Hasan
Volume 1 , Issue 1, June-2018
Pages 71-88

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Abstract: Abstract:Four experimental diets were used for four treatments viz.T1 (SD+1.95% lysine of diet), T2 (SD+2.05% lysine of diet), T3 (SD+2.15% lysine of diet) and T4 (Control, SD+0.00% lysine of diet) with each having three replicationsto understand the effects of lysine on growth, histological changes in liver and intestine of GIFT strain of tilapia (Oriochromisniloticus).Forty-eight days old and almost uniform tilapia fry were stocked in experimental cemented tanks and fed twice a day with experimental diets containing different doses of L-lysine for 40 days from May to June 2016 and then checked the growth and health status of experimental fish atevery 10 days interval. After feeding trial results showed that, the body weight was significantly increased 13.04±0.3gm (p<0.0001) with T2 treatment followed by 10.58±0.14gm, 9.86±0.07gm and 7.79±0.05gm with T3, T1 and T4, respectively.In addition to that, the body length was significantly increased 8.63±0.81cm (p<0.0001) with T2 treatment followed by 8.59±0.08cm, 8.42±0.12cm and 8.1±0.06cm with T3, T1 and T4, respectively. SGR of fish were 2.41±0.004, 2.52±0.04, 2.45±0.07 and 2.07±0.04% with T1, T2, T3 and T4, respectively. Histological observation of liver and intestine were carried out with T1, T2, T3 and T4 treatment where the microvillus fold and height in intestine were comparatively higher in T2 treatment, but there were no vacuoles and infiltrations in T2 treatment compared to T1, T3 and T4 treatments. The present findings revealed that 2.05% supplementary lysine for Tilapia might be a good promoter for their growth and culture.

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Volume: Issue: 1

Article: Performance of Pulmonary Tuberculosis Diagnostic Tests

Steve Leumi, Barbara Atogho Tiedeu, Charly Feutseu, Eugene Sobngwi
Volume 1 , Issue 1, June-2018
Pages 49-70

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Abstract: Abstract:Nowadays, tuberculosis (TB) still remains one of the deadliest communicable diseases despite the medical advancements in recent years. Although many laboratory methods have been developed to tackle this issue, it is important to distinguish tests that detect active TB from latent TB. In most infected people, the disease remains clinically asymptomatic and microbiologically inactive. Many years after the initial infection, patients develop active TB through endogenous reactivation of the latent infection at some point in their life. Detecting patients with either form is therefore, an important component of the control of the disease. A good understanding of the effectiveness and limitations of each method will contribute to enhance the diagnosis of the disease. This review summarizes the performance of diagnostic tools in the detection of latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI) and active TB; and also discusses the way forward for future methods of the diagnosis of active pulmonary TB.

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Volume: Issue: 1

Article: Health and Production Related Benefits of Chromium Supplementation in The Ration of Dairy Animals

Ghulam Muhammad, Imaad Rashid, Sehrish Firyal, Tean Zaheer
Volume 1 , Issue 1, June-2018
Pages 47-48

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Abstract: KemTRACETM Chromium (Chromium Propionate; Kemin Industries Inc., USA) can be added to the ration of dairy animals to drive the above described benefits of chromium. Some of the large progressive dairy farmers in Pakistan have adopted the practice of chromium supplementation.

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Volume: Issue: 1

Article: Photography of South Asia : A Historical Analysis

Shariful Islam, Abir Abdullah
Volume 1 , Issue 1, June-2018
Pages 32-46

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Abstract: In this particular study the focus is on the South Asian countries and to analyze that which type of photography is being held there in from past to present. The South Asia the countries depict many cultural differences between them due to customs, culture, history and religion. In the region of the South Asia, there are many common similarities in the overall culture. To analyze all the South Asian Countries and to see historically changes in the art of the photography is the Rationale of this study. Research questions were been made. The literature review is about the knowledge and the data which is currently available in the form in the different types of websites and we collect them all too drawn the results from that. The history of the South Asia countries is being analyzed and by taking pictures of different eras of South Asian countries their culture differences are seen.

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Volume: Issue: 1

Article: Embracing The Transition of Life: A Study of Jhumpa Lahiri’s ‘The Lowland’

K. Jaya
Volume 1 , Issue 1, June-2018
Pages 27-31

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Abstract: Among the Indian women novelists, Jhumpa Lahiri is primarily concerned in her novels with the psychological crises in the lives of immigrants who are subjected to physical and psychological sufferings in a foreign land. The novelist has showed her skill in projecting the agonized mind of the alienated men and women. Her portrayal of characters in the novels invariably bears authenticity to her feminist approach, outlook and perspective. The theme of Displacement plays a key role in her novels. The keen observation of the life of immigrants and the interest in the study of their inner mind are evidence by the portrayal of her characters. Lahiri, being a woman dive deep into the inner mind of the repressed women and bring to light their alienation and loneliness which are the outcome of women’s psychological and emotional imbalances.

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Volume: Issue: 1

Article: Internationalization of Higher Education: Analysis of Factors Influencing Pakistani Students’ Choice of Higher Education Institutions in China

Mudassir Hussain, Hong Shen, Cao Shan
Volume 1 , Issue 1, June-2018
Pages 13-26

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Abstract: Internationalization is getting enormous value in current century of modern communication technology, rapid globalization and industrialization. Ministries of Higher Education and Higher Education Institutions (HEIs) in the People Republic of China on priority basis pay value to Internationalization of Higher Education (HE), thus ensure all the required facilities HEIs like English medium of instructions, foreign faculty, infrastructure, libraries, dormitories, cafes and so on to attract foreign faculty and foreign/ international students. Foreign students are a strength to HEIs, and a source of income. Since 2013 Pakistan and Chinese government initiative of Belt and Road, Pakistani students flock to china on different scholarships under Chinese Government Scholarship (CSC), Belt and Road Scholarship and culture exchange program. The aim of the research is to analyze and evaluate factors influencing Pakistani students’ choice of a Higher Education Institution(HEI) in order to explore the key factors of students selecting HEIs and to suggest further improvements for Higher Education Institutions (HEIs).

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Volume: Issue: 1

Article: Performance Evaluation of “Aluminum- Casted Cook Stove” Used in Ghana, Using Water Boiling Test Protocol

Obed Nenyi Otoo
Volume 1 , Issue 1, June-2018
Pages 1- 12

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Abstract: This study was undertaken to evaluate the performance of Aluminum-casted cook stoves using Water Boiling Test protocol with the Laboratory Emissions Monitoring System (LEMS). When the newly designed improved cook stove construction and operation is more or less similar to the traditional stove, people are ready to accept the stove. The performance of the stove has been very good encouraging compared to traditional stoves, hence has been great concern to manufactures and engineers. Currently, in Ghana the stove is readily accepted and appreciated by end users nevertheless its safety is questionable. In this study, the thermal efficiency of the stove compared to traditional stove is very improved. Based on the findings, advanced researches on manufacturing and production should be could carried out on the stove to enhance its performance, emissions, efficiency and safety to be of great use in most developing countries such as Ghana.

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Volume: Issue: 1

Article: Template for NAAR- Download and follow the style: References are importnat

Editor NAAR, Office NAAR, Authors
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DOI: XXXXX/naar/XXXXX2

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Abstract: Dear Author/s, Please follow the template attached here by. If you are not following the template- your precious publication online date will be delay.

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Volume: Issue: 1

Article: Template for NAAR- Download and follow the style: References are importnat

Editor NAAR, Office NAAR, Authors
Template
DOI: XXXXX/naar/XXXXX

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Abstract: Dear Author/s, Please follow the template attached here by. If you are not following the template- your precious publication online date will be delay.

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