North American Academic Research

NAAR is an international, open access journal, published weekly online by TWASP.
Online ISSN: 1945-9098
Impact Factor : 3.75 (2023) 
5-Year Impact Factor: 4.6 (2023)
Acceptance rate: 42% 
Submission to first decision: 2 days

 

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February 2022 Total article: 22


  Volume: 5 Issue: 2
Article: Prospective Review of Mining Effects on Hydrology in a Water-scarce Eco-Environment
Ntigurirwa Jean Damascene, Moesi Dithebe, Amartey Ernest Nii Laryea, Javier Alejandro Marin Medina, Zhentao Bian, MASENGO Gilbert
Vol 5, Issue 2; February 2022
North American Academic Research, 5(2) 352-365 February 2022, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6600081
Abstract: Water scarcity has become one of the most challenging problems in many countries around the world, and many aspects can be attributed to economic development activities including the emerging industrial operations and competition associated with such activities among companies in the mining industry. The effects of drought due to the uneven seasonal distribution of water resources also play an important role in water scarcity. The main objective of this review is to discuss the eco-environmental problems associated with mining in water-scarce mining area, and to propose a system that can provide the best solution to the scarcity-associated issues in different water-scarce environments, taking an example of the north-western region of China. Existing literature on water scarcity and its associated problems, environmental damages induced by mining activities such as drawdown of water level and reduced or dried up surface water, dried up soil, dead vegetation and desertification were consulted and summarized. A Four-Set-up System (4-SuS) is proposed as a future prospect, and was designed using different Software such as Adobe Illustrator, CAD and GIMP. The system is composed of water trading, the use of traded water in the underground space in synergy with pumping filtrated water back to the surface, backfilling the dried-up aquifers, and then the use of stonelayer-trapped water (SLTW) for different activities on the surface. The 4-SuS system is convertible to a Three-Set-up System (3-SuS) in case the area is too arid to possess SLTW or when the stone layer lies deep underground in such a way that it is not easy to drill for SLTW. The proposed 4-SuS system proves that, if correctly implemented considering all necessary aspects of the water-scarce environment, it is possible to trade water from phreatic zone to the water-scarce mining area, and may serve as the best solution to water scarcity challenges around the world.

Cite this article as: Ntigurirwa Jean Damascene, Moesi Dithebe, Amartey Ernest Nii Laryea, Javier Alejandro Marin Medina, Zhentao Bian, MASENGO Gilbert;  Prospective Review of Mining Effects on Hydrology in a Water-scarce Eco-Environment;  North American Academic Research, 5(2) 352-365 February 2022, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6600081

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  Volume: 5 Issue: 2
Article: Prevalence of Ectoparasites and Endoparasites in Tilapia (Oreochromis Niloticus) from Ureje River in Ado Ekiti
Adelowo O. E., Odeleye A.A., Obameso J.O. and Ologunde C.A.
Vol 5, Issue 2; February 2022
North American Academic Research, 5(2) 230-351 February 2022, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6549160
Abstract: This study provides the first investigation on parasites of O. niloticus in Ureje River. A total of sixty samples of O. niloticus were purchased from a fish farm around Ureje River over a period of six (6) months and subjected to parasitological examinations. 33 (55%) of the total sample were infected with parasites. In all, nine genera of Protozoa, three species of Nematode and one species of Trematode were isolated from different organs of O. niloticus.

Cite this article as: Adelowo O. E., Odeleye A.A., Obameso J.O. and Ologunde C.A.;  Prevalence of Ectoparasites and Endoparasites in Tilapia (Oreochromis Niloticus) from Ureje River in Ado Ekiti;  North American Academic Research, 5(2) 230-351 February 2022, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6549160

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  Volume: 5 Issue: 2
Article: Modelling and Forecasting Volatility of Returns on the Nairobi Stock Market using Arch Models
Medrine Mmayi Odinga, Islam Ali Salim, Pan Junchang
Vol 5, Issue 2; February 2022
North American Academic Research, 5(2) 309-319 February 2022, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6369283
Abstract: This study empirically models and forecasts volatility (conditional variance) on the Nairobi Stock Market using the ARCH models namely; GARCH-M (1,1), EGARCH-M (1,1) and TGARCH-M (1,1). The daily NSE 20-share index data over a period of 10-years was used in the analysis. The competing volatility models were estimated and their specification and forecast performance compared using RMSE, MAE, MAPE, TIC and R2 . The NSE stock returns exhibits volatility clustering, asymmetric effects, leptokurtosis which are common characteristics for most financial time series data. Overally, the EGARCH-M (1,1) emerged the best model with the t-distribution over the GARCH-M (1,1) and TGARCH-M (1,1) due to it’s lower values of the RMSE, MAE and MAPE. Comparison using the R2 also gave the same results in that the EGARCH-M (1,1) emerged the best due to its highest value of R2 (0.187010) unlike the TGARCH-M and GARCH-M.

Cite this article as: Medrine Mmayi Odinga, Islam Ali Salim, Pan Junchang;  Modelling and Forecasting Volatility of Returns on the Nairobi Stock Market using Arch Models;  North American Academic Research, 5(2) 309-319 February 2022, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6369283

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  Volume: 5 Issue: 2
Article: Challenges Faced by United Nations Peacekeeping Missions in the Democratic Republic of Congo and the Way Forward
Bethsheba Beth Rebagamang
Vol 5, Issue 2; February 2022
North American Academic Research, 5(2) 320-339 February 2022, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6369317
Abstract: Over the years, a plethora of problems bedevilling the African continent attracted academic interest with many inquiries on the causes and possible solutions. Countries such as the Democratic Republic of Congo ( DRC), since independence, have experienced ceaseless spectre of instability leading to the presence of the United Nations peacekeeping mission for several years till present. The DRC, just like any other African country, is confronted by several issues which have contributed to the numerous threats to the country's peace and security over the years. Today, the country hosts one of the most significant, longest, and most expensive UN peacekeeping operations. Using the case of DRC, the research analyses the role UN peacekeeping operations play in maintaining peace and stability in DRC using qualitative analysis. The study aims to uncover the actions taken by the African states and regional organizations towards assisting DRC to attain relative stability. The study observes that many factors impede the UN peacekeeping operations from achieving their tasked mandate in DRC. Therefore, the challenges and future prospects of the UN peacekeeping missions in DRC are also thoroughly examined. Almost invariably, in the international intellectual discourse, contemporary challenges in DRC and the African continent are attributed to colonial legacy, lack of good governance compounded by weak institutions and corrupt leadership, scramble for the continent's natural resources, and external interference mention but the most common.

Cite this article as: Bethsheba Beth Rebagamang;  Challenges Faced by United Nations Peacekeeping Missions in the Democratic Republic of Congo and the Way Forward;  North American Academic Research, 5(2) 320-339 February 2022, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6369317

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  Volume: 5 Issue: 2
Article: Overview of Sri Lankan Publishing
Kumesh Prabhashini Gamage
Vol 5, Issue 2; February 2022
North American Academic Research, 5(2) 260-272, February 2022, doi: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6333628
Abstract: The field of print publishing in Sri Lanka is exclusively for books, magazines and newspapers. Those expressions are categorized according to language, culture and religion. This paper explores the overview of Sri Lankan publishing history from Magazine history, book history, and Newspaper history. This study driven by the secondary data from the historical resources. It was revealed that Sri Lankan publishing historically developed for communicate the religious, cultural, political and human life communicate and according to impact of the Dutch and British colonial era formal publishing methods like books, magazines and newspapers came to the Sri Lankan society and it focused to communicate their empower rules and colonial politics. After the colonial era came the commercial publishing and it changed on time to time from the content and format.

Cite this article as: Kumesh Prabhashini Gamage;  Overview of Sri Lankan Publishing;  North American Academic Research, 5(2) 260-272, February 2022, doi: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6333628

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  Volume: 5 Issue: 2
Article: Agricultural Biodiversity and its Contribution to Food Security: A Case Study in Tharu Community, Chitwan, Nepal
Madhavi Parajuli, Krishna Kumar Pant, Rabindra Adhikari
Vol 5, Issue 2; February 2022
North American Academic Research, 5(2) 236-245 February 2022, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6332018
Abstract: This study aims to study the contribution of household agricultural diversity on food security in ethnic Tharu community of Terai, Nepal. Household (HH) surveys including field observations, key informant interviews and focus group discussions were conducted in four Village Development Committees (VDCs) (Khairahani, Meghauli, Gardi and Baghauda) to study agricultural biodiversity and its contribution to food security at HH levels. Out of 160 HHs, 40 HHs from each VDCs were surveyed by random sampling method. Structured and semi-structured questionnaires were used to conduct HH survey. The percentages of HHs involved in the study were 84% (Khairahani), 85% (Meghauli), 81% (Gardi) and 84% (Baghauda). Agriculture was the main occupation and 85% (Khairahani), 75.5% (Meghauli), 80% (Gardi) and 82% (Baghauda) had kitchen garden in their HHs. The number of diverse crops (crop biodiversity) per year in Tharu communities on-farm were the highest in Khairahani (54) followed by Baghauda (52), Gardi (50) and Meghauli (47). Positive linear correlation was observed between the number of months fulfilled by own production and the agricultural biodiversity was documented on farm and in the kitchen garden. The percentages of HHs that could feed for 12 months were 43% (Khairahani), 28% (Meghauli), 35% (Gardi) and 38% (Baghauda). Likewise, the percentage of HHs that could feed for >12 months were 50% (Khairahani), 45% (Meghauli) and 53% each in Gardi and Baghauda. The highest (70%) of the HHs consumed food thrice a day in Khairahani with the highest percentage of satisfaction (90%). The percentage of hunger satisfaction then decreased in the order; Baghauda (86%), Gardi (80%) and Meghauli (73%). More than 80% of the HHs in Khairahani, Gardi and Baghauda and more than 70% of HHs in Meghauli had food sufficiency. Hence, all the Tharu communities in the study areas were food secured.

Cite this article as: Madhavi Parajuli, Krishna Kumar Pant, Rabindra Adhikari;  Agricultural Biodiversity and its Contribution to Food Security: A Case Study in Tharu Community, Chitwan, Nepal;  North American Academic Research, 5(2) 236-245 February 2022, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6332018

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  Volume: 5 Issue: 2
Article: Treatment of Adult Humeral Shaft Fractures Using Titanium Elastic Nail System
DC Gopal Sagar, Shriwastav Ravi, Prakash Chand Yadav, Sujeet Kumar
Vol 5, Issue 2; February 2022
North American Academic Research, 5(2) 302-308, February 2022, doi: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6335846
Abstract: Introduction: Humeral shaft fractures can be treated both conservatively and surgically, options being plate osteosynthesis and intramedullary nailing. Titanium elastic nail system (TENS) that act as load sharing and stress shielding devices has advantages in terms of being minimally invasive, no risk of radial nerve palsy, preserving fracture hematoma and avoids complications like malunion, delayed union, rotational problems and joint stiffness seen with fractures managed non-operatively. We studied the rate and time of union along with the functional outcome and advantages/shortcomings of such fractures using TENS in our center. Methods: This prospective study was done in Nepalgunj Medical College Hospital, Nepalgunj between January 2018 to January 2019. It included 43 patients (age >18 years) with closed or open (grade 1) acute traumatic diaphyseal fractures of humerus. All fractures were fixed with two titanium elastic nails of appropriate size in a retrograde fashion from distal humerus using C-arm under general anesthesia. Cases were followed up at 2, 4, 8 weeks and 3, 6, 12 months after surgery and functional outcome was evaluated using Constant shoulder score and Mayo elbow performance score at 6 months. Data were entered in structured pro forma and statistical analysis was carried out using SPPS 20.0. Results: Out of 43 cases, mean age of patient was 35.39 years (range 21-61 years). 23 (53.5%) were males and 20 (46.5%) were females. 35 (81.4%) cases had closed fracture and 8 (18.6%) had grade I open fracture. Fractures were of proximal 3rd in 13 (30.23%) cases, middle 3rd in 19 (44.18%) and distal 3rd in 11 (25.58%) cases. All 43 (100%) cases were operated by closed technique. Average duration of surgery was 15.48±5.5 minutes (ranging 9-31 minutes). Average hospital stay was 1.9±0.6 days (ranging 1-3 days). Radiological union was achieved in 12.4±2.7 weeks (8-24weeks). Functional outcome in final follows up at 6 month using Constant Shoulder Score was excellent in 40 (93.02%) cases, good in 2 (4.6%) and fair in 1 (2.3%) case. Mayo elbow score was excellent in 41 (95.34%) cases and DC Gopal Sagar1* , Shriwastav Ravi1 , Prakash Chand Yadav2 , Sujeet Kumar shah3 1 Department of Orthopedics Nepalgunj Medical College, Nepal 2 Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, P.R china 3 Nepalgunj Medical College, Nepal RESEARCH ARTICLE North American Academic Research, 5(2) | February 2022 | https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6335846 Monthly Journal by TWASP, USA | 303 good in 2 (4.6%) cases. Superficial surgical site infection was seen in 2 cases (4.6%) and exposure of nail tip and neuropraxia was seen in 1 case. Radiological union was seen in 100% patients at final follow up after 1 year. Conclusion: TENS is a superb minimally invasive option in treatment of adult diaphyseal humerus fractures with excellent and timely union with minimal complications and preserving joint function.

Cite this article as: DC Gopal Sagar, Shriwastav Ravi, Prakash Chand Yadav, Sujeet Kumar;  Treatment of Adult Humeral Shaft Fractures Using Titanium Elastic Nail System;  North American Academic Research, 5(2) 302-308, February 2022, doi: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6335846

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  Volume: 5 Issue: 2
Article: Determination of Market Efficiency, Volatility and Asymmetric Effect Using Time Series Models at Nairobi Stock Market
Medrine Mmayi Odinga, Islam Ali Salim, Pan Junchang
Vol 5, Issue 2; February 2022
North American Academic Research, 5(2) 274-291 February 2022, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6335739
Abstract: Stock market efficiency is an important concept, especially in a growing economy like the Kenyan one. This study empirically determines the form of market efficiency, time-varying volatility effect, and asymmetric or leverage effect of the Nairobi Stock Exchange (NSE) market. Secondary data at the daily NSE 20-share index for the period spanning from January 2001 to December 2010 was used. The market efficiency was determined basing on unit root tests, ADF test, PP test and the non-parametric Runs test. The results indicated that stock returns follow an ARMA (2,1) stochastic process with significant positive serial correlation. The ADF test and PP test clearly gave evidence that the NSE index were non-stationary (random) at level and stationary (non-random) for the first and second differences.

Cite this article as: Medrine Mmayi Odinga, Islam Ali Salim, Pan Junchang;  Determination of Market Efficiency, Volatility and Asymmetric Effect Using Time Series Models at Nairobi Stock Market;  North American Academic Research, 5(2) 274-291 February 2022, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6335739

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  Volume: 5 Issue: 2
Article: The Development of Advanced Aerospace Composite Using Additive Manufacturing
HAQUE MD IMDADUL, RANA RUHUL AMIN, SARKAR MD SAJIB
Volume: 5 Issue: 2
North American Academic Research, 5(2) 292-301 February 2022, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6335762
Abstract: Moving to digital manufacturing based on additive manufacturing (3D printing) is a key focus of modern aerospace technologies. The unique physical properties of graphene and its composites, combined with the capability of additive manufacturing, promise to open up a plethora of new opportunities and challenges. There are some parts in aerospace structures made by 3D printing such as rocket engine nozzles (Lockheed Martin), parts of F35 fighter engine (Northrop Grumman), and a fuel tank (RedEye and Lockheed Martin). Boeing Company uses numerically controlled machines to produce more than 200 parts for ten different aircraft. This work investigated the mechanical properties of graphene/nylon-6 composite material. Different mass fractions of composite molded parts were selected to test the properties. As of the time of this report, 0 wt%, 0.1 wt% and 1 wt% graphene/nylon composite drawing parts have been made. After analyzing the test data, the tensile strength, young modulus, shear strength, and fracture toughness curves have been obtained. According to the existing data, the strength of raw materials has obviously improved when the composition is 0.1 wt%, but the strength has decreased when the composition is too high.

Cite this article as: HAQUE MD IMDADUL, RANA RUHUL AMIN, SARKAR MD SAJIB;  The Development of Advanced Aerospace Composite Using Additive Manufacturing;  North American Academic Research, 5(2) 292-301 February 2022, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6335762

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  Volume: 5 Issue: 2
Article: Analysis of the Public Space in the Old Sana’a City
Manal Abdulwali Saeed Al-Jabali, Prof. Gao Jing
Vol 5, Issue 2; February 2022
North American Academic Research, 5(2) 92-104 February 2022, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6218353
Abstract: The formation of public spaces contributes to improving the quality of urban life to achieve comfort and health for urban communities. public spaces are an important component of any urban formation because they contain the various activities of the inhabitants. They are among the elements that reflect the overall image of the city and the relationship between humans and the environment in which they live. This study aims to describe the significance of public spaces as places for social interaction and cultural activities and their benefits from several social, economic, and environmental aspects in the old Sana'a city as a case study. This study relied on analytical and descriptive methodologies to reach the research objective. This study concluded the balanced distribution between public spaces and buildings in the city, and the diversity of their functions to suit the needs of the city's residents. It also contributed to raising the economic and social level and improving the climate among the residential neighborhoods by providing shades and reducing the temperature through narrow, curved streets.

Cite this article as: Manal Abdulwali Saeed Al-Jabali, Prof. Gao Jing;  Analysis of the Public Space in the Old Sana’a City;  North American Academic Research, 5(2) 92-104 February 2022, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6218353

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  Volume: 5 Issue: 2
Article: An Analysis on the Relationship between Art and Science and Technology on the Twenty-eight Constellation of Yuhuang Temple in Zezhou
Yao Yu, Yan Peng
Vol 5, Issue 2; February 2022
North American Academic Research, 5(2) 246-259 February 2022, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6332219
Abstract: In Jincheng, the Zezhou Yuhuang temple is a ritual sacrificial structure. Its plane layout and architectural form reflect Chinese traditional religious beliefs' etiquette and sacrificial practices. In terms of decorative statues, the portraits of the Yuan Dynasty's 28th constellation are the most classic. Furthermore, the colored glaze art of the Yuhuang temple exemplifies the organic relationship between art, science, and technology. The religious structures in southeastern Shanxi represented by Zezhou Yuhuang temple have realized the unity of colored glaze art, science, and technology from this perspective. The colored glaze shape of the twenty-eight nights burned on the main ridge of the Yuhuang temple in the Jin Dynasty is of great artistic value, and the character color and artistic features of its costumes are astounding. The 28th clay sculpture at the Yuhuang temple's main ridge is mainly reflected in its production background, the increase of types, the enrichment of content, the preservation of color, and so on in art, science, and technology.

Cite this article as: Yao Yu, Yan Peng;  An Analysis on the Relationship between Art and Science and Technology on the Twenty-eight Constellation of Yuhuang Temple in Zezhou;  North American Academic Research, 5(2) 246-259 February 2022, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6332219

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  Volume: 5 Issue: 2
Article: Role of Foreign Remittance in Rural Poverty Reduction
Panthee Anjana
Vol 5, Issue 2; February 2022
North American Academic Research, 5(2) 130-146 February 2022, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6261411
Abstract: There has been a rapid increase in remittance inflows in Nepal since the last decade. Contribution of remittance to foreign exchange earning exceeds export, foreign direct investment (FDI) and foreign aid and economic growth is also improving simultaneously. The practice of remitting money by foreign workers to the home country has a significant history in Nepal. The ability to make these remittances allowed the remitter’s families to buy land, educate their children and improve their standard of living and that of their village as a whole. The increased global integration and the enhancement in communication technology have facilitated migration of youths from Nepal to foreign countries; as a result, the flow of remittances started growing at a higher pace from gulf and other countries to Nepal. Consequently, remittance has become an important contributor to Nepalese economy. This study adopted the descriptive and analytical method. It was found that remittance has increased their household economic and social indicators after returning from foreign employment. It was found that majority of households improved the conditions of housing, provided good education of their children, improved the health of their family members. Moreover, they have started to wear good clothes and increased the savings. It has been concluded that the economic and social condition of all families who have involved in foreign employment have been increased. It was in both aspects i.e. economic as well as social. This study has been carried out to analyze the role of foreign remittance in rural poverty reduction of the study area.

Cite this article as: Panthee Anjana;  Role of Foreign Remittance in Rural Poverty Reduction;  North American Academic Research, 5(2) 130-146 February 2022, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6261411

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  Volume: 5 Issue: 2
Article: Methodological Comparison in Genomic-Wide Association Studies for Several Traits in Arabidopsis and Soybean
Medrine Mmayi Odinga, Jian-Ying Feng, Yuan-li Ni, Xiu-li Yue, Yuan-Ming Zhang
Vol 5, Issue 2; February 2022
North American Academic Research, 5(2) 147-220 February 2022, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6320996
Abstract: In genome-wide association studies (GWAS), hundreds of thousands single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) are genotyped for several hundreds of individuals. Usually, only a very smaller subset of these markers is associated with the trait. Existing methods require Bonferroni correction for multiple tests, which often is too conservative when the number of markers is extremely broad. To address this concern, a series of methods have been proposed in previous studies. However, the knowledge about how to select these methods is limited. Five multi-locus GWAS methods (pLARmEB, pKWmEB, mrMLM, FASTmrEMMA and ISIS EM-BLASSO) and one single-locus GWAS method (GEMMA) were evaluated using five traits in Arabidopsis thaliana, including LN10, LN16, and LN22 (leaf number at a flowering time at 10 0C, 16 0C, and 22 0C, respectively), fresh and dry weights (FW and DW) and five quantitative traits in Soybean including LR (length of main root), LH (length of hypocotyls), BS (biomass of seedlings), fresh and dry weights of root (FWR and DWR). As a result, 482 SNPs were found to be associated with the above five traits. Among these SNPs detected, sixty-seven (13.9%) SNPs were common across six methods. Around these significantly associated SNPs, sixty-six previously reported genes had been found to be associated with the above five traits. Among these known genes, twelve (18.2%) were common across the five methods. Approximately 10 to 20 % SNPs or genes were common. With the water treatment, LR, LH, FWR, DWR and BS in 286 soybean accessions were measured in 2014 and 2015. These phenotypic values along with 106013 SNPs were analyzed by the above six methods. As a result, 460 SNPs were found in the two years to be associated with the above five traits. Among these SNPs detected, 159 (34.57%) SNPs were common across various methods. Approximately 35% SNPs were common. With the salt (NaCl) treatment, the above five soybean traits were also measured in 2014 and 2015. These phenotypic values were also analyzed by the above six GWAS approaches. As a result, 718 SNPs were found to be associated with the above five traits. Among these SNPs detected, 189 (26.32%) SNPs were common across six methods. Around these significantly associated SNPs, eighty-three previously reported genes were found to be associated with the above five traits. Among these known genes, ten (12.05%) were common across the five methods. Approximately 12 to 30% SNPs or genes were common. In summary, approximately 10 to 35 % SNPs or genes were common across the six GWAS methods in Arabidopsis thaliana and soybean datasets. It means that GWAS methods are complimentary in nature. Therefore, this study provides evidence that multiple GWAS methods can be adopted simultaneously in real data analysis. These results provide useful information in crop genetics and breeding.

Cite this article as: Medrine Mmayi Odinga, Jian-Ying Feng, Yuan-li Ni, Xiu-li Yue, Yuan-Ming Zhang;  Methodological Comparison in Genomic-Wide Association Studies for Several Traits in Arabidopsis and Soybean;  North American Academic Research, 5(2) 147-220 February 2022, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6320996

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  Volume: 5 Issue: 2
Article: Crack Damage Detection and Size Assessment in CFRP Plate Based on Magneto-Strictive Transducer
Muhammad Qaisar Abbas, Xiaoyu Wang, Jiajing Song, Muhammad Saqlain Qurashi, Shusen Zhang
Vol 5, Issue 2; February 2022
North American Academic Research, 5(2) 221-235 February 2022, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6321225
Abstract: Carbon fiber reinforced plastics (CFRP) plates are gradually replacing steel in the aerospace and automotive sectors due to their high specific gravity and strength. In service, the material is assembled in the form of a shell riveted or bolted to the selected substrate to ensure that the material is firmly connected to the surface. In this paper, we present detection of hole-cracks phenomenon by using low-frequency ultrasonic guided wave to monitor the health state of CFRP plate structure. The excellent magneto-strictive (transducer) coupling characteristics of Galfenol material and the dispersion equations for Lamb and SH0 wave were solved by using COMSOL software. The ultrasonic transducer was designed for excitation of low-frequency guided wave. Thus, convected wave equation simulation and experiment verified that super transducer and stimulate the Lamb wave (S0), mode wave (A0), feasibility wave (SH0). Then, based on the magnetic circuit Ohm's law and the driving magnetic field required by Galfenol, the sizes of each component and the relevant parameters have been designed. In order to improve the propagation energy of Lamb wave in the crack damage detection, an optimization convected wave method is used for defect determination. Simulation results show that the particle displacement in CFRP plate is increased by 65.3% after optimization, which proves the effectiveness of the proposed convected wave method. Using ultrasonic guided wave and mechanical magneto-strictive technology to monitor the structure strength of the hole, the position and degree of damage can be obtained effectively. Lastly, the experiments were completed which determined that the defect position was critical and improved. The coordinate error is controlled fewer than 11.09%.

Cite this article as: Muhammad Qaisar Abbas, Xiaoyu Wang, Jiajing Song, Muhammad Saqlain Qurashi, Shusen Zhang;  Crack Damage Detection and Size Assessment in CFRP Plate Based on Magneto-Strictive Transducer;  North American Academic Research, 5(2) 221-235 February 2022, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6321225

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  Volume: 5 Issue: 2
Article: Integration of Supply Chain Management in Tunisian Small Scale Farmers
Firas Trabelsi, Yuan Yanhong
Vol 5, Issue 2; February 2022
North American Academic Research, 5(2) 116-126 February 2022, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6260864
Abstract: The goal of this article is to show how supply chain management knowledge may be acquired and incorporated in a small or medium-sized organization to improve existing business efficiency while also creating new business opportunities. The case study method has been selected. The thesis' findings corroborate the traits and challenges identified in earlier SME literature. Furthermore, this research adds to the body of knowledge by delving into the development process of supply chain management adoption in small and medium-sized businesses. It is proposed that the solution be adjusted to the demands of a small or medium-sized business to account for time and resource restrictions. Continuous improvement is described in the thesis as a method for managing change and embedding collaboration in a small business. Furthermore, it has been demonstrated that internal integration must be established before external integration and collaboration may take place, even in small businesses.

Cite this article as: Firas Trabelsi, Yuan Yanhong;  Integration of Supply Chain Management in Tunisian Small Scale Farmers;  North American Academic Research, 5(2) 116-126 February 2022, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6260864

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  Volume: 5 Issue: 2
Article: Sightless Photo-book Design
MD Rahat Kabir
Vol 5, Issue 2; February 2022
North American Academic Research, 5(2) 127-129 February 2022, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6261158
Abstract: This paper will show how braille photo book can help sightless people to develop their art skill. If a blind person has proper training and opportunity, blindness can be reduced to a physical nuisance. The problem of Braille literacy is creating a major hurdle in enabling the visually disabled people in achieving a rightful place in the society. The use of Braille system photo-book is inevitable for such people. My project emphasizes on the use of photo-book to make sure that sightless people can feel the nature of art and photograph, and as they can use their four senses properly even better than an ordinary human being they can feel this far more better than our ability. Whether or not it is valid, individuals who are outwardly weakened are regularly involving a greater number of hints in their current circumstance than located individuals. It can incorporate non-visual pieces of information, for example, wind course, smell of the bread shop, hotness of the sun yet these things are likewise more conflicting and in this manner additionally viewed as less solid. To build the dependability of the pieces of information utilized, vision weakened regularly join the utilization of various faculties. For instance they might involve a Designing for outwardly hindered material milestone followed by a hear-able sign to affirm that they are moving toward a milestone.

Cite this article as: MD Rahat Kabir;  Sightless Photo-book Design;  North American Academic Research, 5(2) 127-129 February 2022, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6261158

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  Volume: 5 Issue: 2
Article: Variability of Tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum L.) Genotypes for Higher Yield and Yield Contributing Traits
Sharmin Akhter, Farhana Najnine
Vol 5, Issue 2; February 2022
North American Academic Research, 5(2) 48-64 February 2022, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6190236
Abstract: Experiments were conducted with 25 tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum L.) genotypes to study the field performance and genetic variability for yield and yield contributing characters in the field laboratory of Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh. The design was laid out following Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with three replications. The duration of the experiment was started from October 2016 to April 2017. The analysis of variances showed a high degree of variation existed among the genotypes of the studied traits. The experiment showed the highest plant height and the minimum days required for flowering was World Champion (101.2cm). The highest number of primary branches (9.76 cm) and the highest number of fruits (30.48) recorded in Joint Hybrid. Early maturity found in genotype Binatomato-9 (110 days) and the highest yield obtained from Binatomato-8 (606.80g).

Cite this article as: Sharmin Akhter, Farhana Najnine;  Variability of Tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum L.) Genotypes for Higher Yield and Yield Contributing Traits;  North American Academic Research, 5(2) 48-64 February 2022, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6190236

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  Volume: 5 Issue: 2
Article: Design and Application of Trenchless Drill Rig Manipulator for Automatic Drill Pipe Loading and Unloading from the Soil
Oscar Chijioke Nkwazema, Liu Yin, Long Wen, Franklin Nkwazema, Mariama Janneh
Vol 5, Issue 2; February 2022
North American Academic Research, 5(2) 36-46 February 2022, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6111230
Abstract: The objective of this article is to analyze the design parameters related to a trenchless drill rig manipulator as material handling equipment for automatic drill pipe loading and unloading from the soil. Trenchless technology was explained using directional drilling (horizontal directional drilling) and certain criteria for this design to be achieved were stated. This article also covered the working principle of a trenchless rig. A great deal of literature was used to back up this design, describing the trenchless drilling rig and the various stresses experienced by pipelines during installation. The interaction of pipe material with the soil was studied, and with the aid of structural mechanics’ equations, mathematical relations were formulated and used to estimate vital properties required for subsurface construction, like the bending radius of the material (pipe) and pullback force under a certain soil component, which aided the system design and analysis. The findings in this article show that the principal loading experienced by pipelines during installation and operation is bending, and the application of a trenchless drill rig manipulator under different soil types can help workers lift, maneuver, load, and unload heavy and large drill pipes as it has the ability to reach into tight spaces and carry out various functions.

Cite this article as: Oscar Chijioke Nkwazema, Liu Yin, Long Wen, Franklin Nkwazema, Mariama Janneh;  Design and Application of Trenchless Drill Rig Manipulator for Automatic Drill Pipe Loading and Unloading from the Soil;  North American Academic Research, 5(2) 36-46 February 2022, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6111230

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  Volume: 5 Issue: 2
Article: Chord: A distributed Overlay Network Mechanism for Peer-to-Peer Systems
TUNAZZINA TAFANNUM, SANJIDA AFRIN JISAN
Vol 5, Issue 2; February 2022
North American Academic Research, 5(2) 65-77 February 2022, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6190665
Abstract: This research is based on “Chord: A distributed overlay network mechanism for Peer-to-Peer Systems”. The chord algorithm is implementation of logarithmic complexity for structured peer-to-peer network. An essential issue that goes up against peer-to-peer applications is the efficient area of the node that stores a suitable data item. For this issue, Chord provides support to fix it. Chord algorithm is best for designing Peer-to-Peer network and application. Chord is based on consistent hashing. It supports one operation which is Given a key, determines which node is responsible for storing the key value. We analyze the algorithm for both peer join and peer failure. When we analyze the algorithm it gives some insight into the behaviour of the system. This paper is mainly focused on how Chord is working for peer-to-peer networks.

Cite this article as: TUNAZZINA TAFANNUM, SANJIDA AFRIN JISAN;  Chord: A distributed Overlay Network Mechanism for Peer-to-Peer Systems;  North American Academic Research, 5(2) 65-77 February 2022, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6190665

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  Volume: 5 Issue: 2
Article: Strain Measurement and Numerical Analysis of Composite Plate under Laser Irradiation
Ahmed Muhammad Rehan, Wang Gao, Li Wenzhe
Vol 5, Issue 2; February 2022
North American Academic Research, 5(2) 78-91 February 2022, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6191641
Abstract: With the extensive use of lasers in industries and the military, composite materials are becoming increasingly relevant in the field of laser protection. The huge quantity of heat energy produced by laser irradiation is the primary cause of material plate failure. The temperature field and strain field of the material plate must be examined under laser irradiation. In this article, the damage process of T300/AG80, a carbon fiber epoxy composite material, was observed and investigated at normal, high, and laser irradiation temperatures. The modulation of the strain field on the surface of composite materials during laser irradiation was investigated using numerical modeling and test comparison. The strain field distribution is consistent with the numerically computed temperature and strain field distributions. The numerical model's accuracy has been proved, and the calculation results are valuable for engineering reference.

Cite this article as: Ahmed Muhammad Rehan, Wang Gao, Li Wenzhe;  Strain Measurement and Numerical Analysis of Composite Plate under Laser Irradiation;  North American Academic Research, 5(2) 78-91 February 2022, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6191641

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  Volume: 5 Issue: 2
Article: Spatial-Temporal Analysis of Drought Characteristics in Tanzania from 1978 to 2018
Hashimu Shaibu Zuberi, Lou Yunsheng, Moses. A, Ojara
Vol 5, Issue 2; February 2022
North American Academic Research, 5(2) 19-34 February 2022, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6110605
Abstract: The economy of the United Republic of Tanzania (URT) relies on rain-fed agriculture; thus, climate variability has strong impacts on crop production, and yet the country ability to adapt to climate extremes such as drought or floods is low. In this regard, the spatial-temporal drought characteristics in Tanzania from 1978 to 2018 were analyzed by comprehensively looking at the effect of temperature on drought severity, duration, occurrence and magnitude using the monthly precipitation and temperature datasets from the Climatic Research Unit (CRU).Statistical values from Standardized precipitation Index (SPI) and Standardized Precipitation Evapotranspiration Index (SPEI) analysis were subjected to statistical tests such as Mann Kendall and Sen’s slope estimator, Pearson correlation, root mean squared error and cross-wavelet transform to determine their performance and strength. Results showed SPI and SPEI indices are significantly correlated at 99% confidence level, despite that SPEI performed better than SPI which implies that temperature has positive impacts on evaporation which help to define drought events in Tanzania. Temporal analysis indicated short-term extreme drought events in the year 1997,1999,2000,2004,2010 and severe drought occurred in 1979, 1986,1992,1998, 2000, 2003, 2005, 2006, 2010, 2012, 2013. While using a long-time scale, extreme drought events were detected in 1997, 2000, 2005, and 2006 and severe drought events were observed in 1997, 1999,2000,2003,2004, and 2011.

Cite this article as: Hashimu Shaibu Zuberi, Lou Yunsheng, Moses. A, Ojara;  Spatial-Temporal Analysis of Drought Characteristics in Tanzania from 1978 to 2018;  North American Academic Research, 5(2) 19-34 February 2022, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6110605

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  Volume: 5 Issue: 2
Article: Effects of Stress on Growth, Behaviour and Physiological Activity in Fish
Asare Derrick, Salifu Ibrahim
Vol 5, Issue 2; February 2022
North American Academic Research, 5(2) 01-18 February 2022, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6039306
Abstract: The purpose of this paper is to investigate the stresses that aquatic faunae specifically fish face and how these affect their production. Most animals experience stress, which triggers a variety of reactions involving all three regulating systems: neurological, endocrine, and immunological. Internal and environmental stresses expose fish to aquaculture settings, increasing their vulnerability to mortality and morbidity. The autonomic or limbic system is activated when the brain accumulates stress signals and processes them according to the severity, frequency, duration, and kind of stress. When the stressor is acute and short-term, the fish immune response is stimulatory, with an activation phase that specifically enhances innate responses. When a stressor is chronic, the immune response shows suppressive effects increasing the odds of infection. In general, species living close their environmental tolerance limits proved to be more susceptible to extra chemical stress. Toxicity usually increases by raising the temperature and lowering the food or nutrient levels. However, dealing with the stressor has an allostatic cost that may conflict with the immune response's requirements. The mechanisms underlying these immune regulatory changes are discussed in this paper, as well as the role of the main neuroendocrine mechanisms directly influencing the development of the immune response to stress on growth, behaviour, and physiological activity in aquatic animals, as well as their consequences.

Cite this article as: Asare Derrick, Salifu Ibrahim;  Effects of Stress on Growth, Behaviour and Physiological Activity in Fish;  North American Academic Research, 5(2) 01-18 February 2022, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6039306

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