Abstract: In today’s digital landscape, safeguarding sensitive data, especially in critical sectors like finance, is vital. This study aims to enhance Host Intrusion Detection Systems (HIDS) at Ethiopia’s Ministry of Finance using machine learning and deep learning techniques. It compares different methods of supervised and unsupervised learning to identify the most effective method for detecting threats with the Ministry’s datasets. Various algorithms, including Random Forest and XGBoost for feature selection, and techniques like SMOTE for imbalanced classes, were employed. In supervised learning, methods like Random Forest, Decision Tree, KNN, XGBoost, Nave Bayes, Logistic Regression and SVM were evaluated. In unsupervised learning, techniques like Isolated Forest, LOF, One-class and SVM were explored. The analysis revealed notable performance, with supervised models achieving perfect accuracy 100%, particularly SVM. The Isolated Forest algorithm stood out in unsupervised learning with a 99% accuracy. Deep learning, especially the denoising autoencoder, showed promising results, achieving a lower Reconstruction error of 0.17.

Abstract: Background: Stable intertrochanteric fractures are commonly treated with either Dynamic Hip Screw (DHS) or Proximal Femoral Nail (PFN). The optimal implant for early functional recovery, complications and reoperation rates remains a matter of debate. This study compared functional outcomes and complication profiles of DHS versus PFN in a 2- year single-center cohort. Methods: 284 consecutive patients with stable intertrochanteric fractures (AO/OTA 31-A1 and selected A2 without extreme comminution) treated at MIHS Janakpur between 01/2023 and 12/2024 were enrolled. Choice of implant (DHS vs PFN) was according to treating orthopedic surgeon preference and fracture configuration; baseline characteristics were recorded. Primary outcome was Harris Hip Score (HHS) at 12 months. Secondary outcomes included operative time, estimated blood loss, time to radiographic union, complications (cut-out, nonunion, infection), and reoperation. Statistical tests: Student’s t-test for continuous variables, chisquare or Fisher’s exact test for categorical variables; p<0.05 considered significant. Results: 148 patients received DHS and 136 received PFN (total n=284). Mean age was 67.2±9.5 years (DHS) vs 66.1±9.0 years (PFN) (p=0.317). Mean operative time was significantly longer for DHS (65±12 min) than PFN (55±10 min), p<0.001. Estimated blood loss was greater for DHS (250±80 ml) vs PFN (120±50 ml), p<0.001. Mean HHS at 12 months was 78.5±10 (DHS) vs 82.3±9.2 (PFN), p=0.001. Overall complication rate was 13.5% (20/148) in DHS vs 8.8% (12/136) in PFN (p=0.289). Reoperation rate was 5.4% (8/148) DHS vs 2.9% (4/136) PFN (p=0.461). Time to radiographic union was similar (14.5±3.0 weeks DHS vs 13.8±2.8 weeks PFN, p=0.06). Conclusions: In this 2-year cohort from MIHS Janakpur, PFN was associated with shorter operative time, less intraoperative blood loss and modestly better functional outcome (HHS at 12 months) compared with DHS for stable intertrochanteric fractures. Rates of complications and reoperations were numerically lower with PFN but did not reach statistical significance. Both implants provide acceptable outcomes; implant choice should consider patient factors and orthopedic surgeon experience.

Abstract: Digital transformation has emerged as a pivotal driver of organizational change, altering the foundations of strategic management in enterprises. This review synthesizes recent literature on how emerging technologies—such as Artificial Intelligence (AI), Big Data analytics, automation, cloud computing, and the Internet of Things (IoT) - are reshaping strategic planning, decision-making, and competitive advantage. It highlights how these technologies enable data-driven strategies, foster innovation, and create sustainable value, while also introducing challenges such as cybersecurity risks, cultural resistance, and ethical dilemmas. The paper concludes by outlining future research directions and managerial implications, emphasizing that digital transformation is not merely a technological upgrade but a strategic imperative for long-term competitiveness.