North American Academic Research

The monthly journal from TWASP 
Online ISSN: 1945-9098
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September 2021 Total article: 14


  Volume: 4 Issue: 9
Rakotoarivelo Tiana Nantenaina, Dr. Idris, S.H., M.A., Raden Achmad Gusman Catur Siswandi, S.H, LL.M. Ph.D.
Vol 4, Issue 9; September 2021
North American Academic Research, 4(9) 194-207 September 2021, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5593191
Abstract: The “Scattered Islands” comprises five islands or groups of islands located either in the Mozambique Channel west of the large island of Madagascar for the Glorieuses, Juan de Nova, Bassas da India, and Europa, or in the North East of Madagascar for the Tromelin islands. The islands In international law of the sea, especially UNCLOS 1982 and international law are of considerable importance. While their combined land area is only about 43km², their adjacent waters potentially represent 640,400km² of Exclusive Economic Zone. However, shortly before the independence of Madagascar, which took place on June 26, 1960, they were attached by Decree n° 60-555 of April 1, 1960, to the French Overseas Ministry, against the wishes of the Malagasy representatives. The legal aspect of the status of the Scattered Islands is interesting given the circumstances relating to the decolonization procedure and the attempts at conciliation that followed the Malagasy claim after this mentioned independence. Madagascar first claimed sovereignty over the Scattered Islands in 1973. It was not until 1978 that Madagascar brought official sovereignty claims to certain international organizations. These were related only to the Glorieuses, Europa, Juan de Nova, and Bassas da India, not including Tromelin

Cite this article as: Rakotoarivelo Tiana Nantenaina, Dr. Idris, S.H., M.A., Raden Achmad Gusman Catur Siswandi, S.H, LL.M. Ph.D.;  Madagascar’s Claim for the Sovereignty over the Scattered Islands which Arbitrarily Occupied by France in the Perspective of International Law: A "war of the seas";  North American Academic Research, 4(9) 194-207 September 2021, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5593191

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  Volume: 4 Issue: 9
Md Alamin Sarkar, Professor Xie Jiaping
Vol 4, Issue 9; September 2021
North American Academic Research, 4(9) 135-154 September 2021, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5550393
Abstract: The COVID-19 is a global epidemic that has infected the world and killed millions of people. Apart from human expenses, the economic and societal consequences of COVID-19 are substantial for most countries on the globe. The persistence of the disease has generated worries about several economic and strategic problems that will significantly impact the world order. This article explores the potential for a global economic recession or depression. The research shows that there may be more effort in the world to minimize China's over- dependence on the global supply chain's operation and reverse globalization and restructure the industrialization strategy

Cite this article as: Md Alamin Sarkar, Professor Xie Jiaping;  Chinese Investment in Bangladesh;  North American Academic Research, 4(9) 135-154 September 2021, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5550393

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  Volume: 4 Issue: 9
Sheikh Sultan Ahmed, Kazi Nafisa Rashed, Kaniz Fatema
Vol 4, Issue 9; September 2021
North American Academic Research, 4(9) 166-193 September 2021, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5557683
Abstract: The principle finding of this study is to examine some common proverbs that are used in Chinese and Bengali including their counterparts to shed light on significant socio-cultural differences. The study is also going to put some light on the Chinese idioms that are used with certain common elements in Bengali proverbs and Chinese Proverbs as Bengali idioms. The choice of sample proverbs and idioms are collected from random sources; Chinese proverbs and idioms same as Bengali collected from Chinese classmates, friends, some online resources and books. It would be more a cross-cultural comparative study.

Cite this article as: Sheikh Sultan Ahmed, Kazi Nafisa Rashed, Kaniz Fatema;  Proverbs or Idioms: A Cross-Cultural Analysis on How Proverbs or Idioms are Treated in Chinese and Bengali Language;  North American Academic Research, 4(9) 166-193 September 2021, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5557683

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  Volume: 4 Issue: 9
Md. Shahidul Islam, Farhana Najnine, Mst. Amina khaton, Md. Romij Uddin
Vol 4, Issue 9; September 2021
North American Academic Research, 4(9) 152-165 September 2021, https://doi.org/10.5281/z enodo.5554063
Abstract: Field studies were carried out to investigate the effect of the date of transplanting and spacing on the yield and yield-related parameters of Superamandhan. The experimental treatments included four transplanting dates viz. 15 June, 30 June, 15 July, and 30 July 2014, and 6 spacings viz. 80 cm × 60 cm, single row (S1); 80 cm × 60 cm, double rows (S2); 80 cm × 50 cm, single row (S3); 80 cm × 50 cm, double rows (S4); 80 cm × 40 cm, single row (S5) and 80 cm × 40 cm, double rows (S6). The experiment was laid out in a Split-Plot Design with three replications assigning date of transplanting to the main plots and spacing to the sub plots. The size of the unit plot was 12.8 m2 (4.0 m × 3.2 m). Results of the study showed that the effect of date of transplanting and spacing had a significant effect on all the parameters, except 1000-grain. From the analysis of the yield data, it was observed that late transplanting decreased yield. The highest grain yield of 4.28 t ha-1 was obtained from transplanting on 15 June, while the lowest grain yield of 2.30 t ha-1 was found on 30 July transplanting. The results show that due to the higher number of plant densities on narrower spacing the yield was higher than the wider spacing. The highest grain yield (3.93 t ha-1 ) was obtained from 80 cm × 40 cm, double rows spacing, and the lowest grain yield (2.93 t ha-1 ) was obtained from 80 cm × 60 cm, single row spacing. The interaction effect of date of transplanting and spacing was also found significant for yield and plant characters of Superamandhan, except 1000-grain weight. Results of the present study revealed that transplanting on 15 June with 80 cm × 40 cm double rows spacing was found to be the best for obtaining maximum grain yield of Superamandhan.

Cite this article as: Md. Shahidul Islam, Farhana Najnine, Mst. Amina khaton, Md. Romij Uddin;  Effect of Date of Transplanting and Spacing under Raised Bed System on the Yield of Superamandhan;  North American Academic Research, 4(9) 152-165 September 2021, https://doi.org/10.5281/z enodo.5554063

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  Volume: 4 Issue: 9
Dr. Amrih Patriotomo
Vol 4, Issue 9; September 2021
North American Academic Research, 4(9)124-134, September 2021, https://doi.org/10.5281/z enodo.5543873
Abstract: So far, the development of direct selling in Indonesia has been around for more than 30 years. As a member of the World Direct Selling Association, the direct selling industry in Indonesia has made good progress. Whether it is laws and regulations, government management, or the operation of enterprises and distributors, as well as the development of company operations, they have reached a very mature stage. Direct selling is used in Indonesia to sell a variety of products. Direct selling companies that have done a good job in this regard include Amway, Tiens Group (health product company "MLM"), New Era, etc. These companies have a presence in the publicity and business model of Indonesian culture. With a certain degree of internal consistency, they have better promoted their own brands in Indonesia’s relatively open direct selling environment, and have gained good brand influence and huge wealth. Many Indonesian companies have also made gains by copying the business models of multinational direct selling companies

Cite this article as: Dr. Amrih Patriotomo;  The Current Conditions that Need to Be Met by a Listed Company in Indonesia's Health Products (PT PMA) and the Applicable Laws and Business Management of Commerce;  North American Academic Research, 4(9)124-134, September 2021, https://doi.org/10.5281/z enodo.5543873

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  Volume: 4 Issue: 9
Bissih Fred
Vol 4, Issue 9; September 2021
North American Academic Research, 4(9) 110-123, September 2021, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5535312
Abstract: Due to a growth in the consumption of mixed meals, it is becoming increasingly necessary to collect more exact quantitative data on specific food components. The purpose of this article is to evaluate the consumption of meat, chicken, and fish before and after the disaggregation of mixed meals, as well as the contribution of meat, poultry, and fish to energy and nutritional intakes in a representative sample of individuals. Following the disaggregation of mixed meals, reduced estimates of red meat (9 percent), chicken (25 percent), and fish (18 percent) intakes were obtained, while greater estimates of processed meat intakes were obtained (17 percent). After disaggregation, meat/poultry/fish contributed approximately 25% of total energy intake, 49% of protein intake, 29% saturated fat intake, 26% iron intake, and 38% zinc intake, which was significantly higher than their contributions reflected in survey data containing a variety of different dishes. Children consumed 118 g of meat/poultry/fish per day, while adults consumed 162 g per day, with chicken and beef accounting for the majority of the calories consumed by both groups. These findings give a thorough picture of meat, poultry, and fish consumption in Australia, and also highlight the need for more population studies to disaggregate reported dietary information in order to produce a more exact estimate of consumption in future years.

Cite this article as: Bissih Fred;  Influence of Nutritional Requirement on Fish, Meat and Poultry Consumption;  North American Academic Research, 4(9) 110-123, September 2021, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5535312

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  Volume: 4 Issue: 9
AWAIS SULTAN, QIONG LIU, HUANG KAIKUN, XU XING
Vol 4, Issue 9; September 2021
North American Academic Research, 4(9) 53-62 September 2021, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5526817
Abstract: Many scholars have proved that path planning in a multiple automated guided vehicle (AGV) system is an NP-Hard issue. Traditionally, numerous mathematical strategies have been used to complete this difficult task. Based on a genetic algorithm, this research provides an efficient path planning solution for many AGV systems. The constraint in the optimization task is that, each AGV starts and returns to his starting place, minimizing single path distance of each Agv.Travelling to a unique set of pick-up stations, each pick-up station is visited by exactly one AGV for goods picking up. The Cost Function is to search for the shortest path the least distance needed for each AGV to travel from the start location to individual points and back to the original starting place. The experimental results show that the total path distance of all AGVs and longest Single AGV path distance are shortened by using the modified genetic algorithm.

Cite this article as: AWAIS SULTAN, QIONG LIU, HUANG KAIKUN, XU XING;  Route Planning for Multiple AGV System Using Genetic Algorithm in Manufacturing Warehouse;  North American Academic Research, 4(9) 53-62 September 2021, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5526817

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  Volume: 4 Issue: 9
Ali Raza, Yiwen Ju, Azeem Shah, Salman Ahmed Khattak, Aamer Asghar, Peng Qiao, Lei Xiao
Vol 4, Issue 9; September 2021
North American Academic Research, 4(9) 78-91, September 2021, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5528787
Abstract: The Cretaceous Chichali Formation in Chichali Gorge section, Trans Indus Ranges, is 60m thick. The Chichali Formation is divided into different members based on lithological variations, i.e., lower, middle, and upper members. The lower member ~25m comprises carbonaceous sandy shale inter-bedded with fine-grained glauconitic sandstone. The shales of this member are complete with Belemnites fossils. The middle member is ~20m thick, composed of thick fine bedded grained glauconitic sandstones with shale having few Belemnites. The upper ~25m thick member is comprised of dark green glauconitic sandstone, which lacks Belemnites. The results of the geochemical analysis of investigated shales samples show slight variations in TOC results, with the highest value of 0.41 wt% (CPC-1) and the lowest value of 0.12 wt% (CPC-10). The highest TOC value is reported in the dark black carbonaceous shales, full of Belemnites (lower member) of the Chichali Formation. In contrast, the lowest value of TOC is reported in the upper greenish shales, which lacks Belemnites (upper member) of the Chichali Formation. It has been observed that all the samples have less than 0.5 TOC wt%, which indicates that the Chichali Shale is below the minimum limit required for a rock to act as a potential source rock.

Cite this article as: Ali Raza, Yiwen Ju, Azeem Shah, Salman Ahmed Khattak, Aamer Asghar, Peng Qiao, Lei Xiao;  Field Investigations and Organic Content Measurement of Cretaceous Chichali Shale, Chichali Gorge, Trans Indus Ranges, Pakistan;  North American Academic Research, 4(9) 78-91, September 2021, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5528787

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  Volume: 4 Issue: 9
Aleena Ashraf, Alqa Ashraf, Burhan Hashmi
Vol 4, Issue 9; September 2021
North American Academic Research, 4(9) 92-109 September 2021, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5528809
Abstract: Web based shopping is a moderately innovative type of retail trade. In the current era it is the most flourishing type of business throughout Pakistan. In Pakistan, electronic shopping is still not also acknowledged as famous as in many nations, and however the information of internet shopping in Pakistan is presently starting to increment quickly, the variables impacting web based shopping conduct of Pakistani buyers have not been researched. This examination expects to decide the variables influencing understudies purchasing conduct on the web. There is a need to understand if there is a relationship between independent factors like Low Price, Variety, Time Consciousness, Customer Service, Convenience, Promotion, perceived ease of use, Comparison, Trust, Attitude and availability with independent phenomena such as Purchase Intention Online. Descriptive research and a questionnaire are outlined as the information gathering technique and are utilized in the survey on work led at fifteen restaurants, 5 colleges and 5 shopping malls all over Pakistan in June and July, 2020 covering 300 sample respondents. To describe the respondents of the study Frequency measures are used. The other measures which are used to determine the relationship between above mentioned factors and online shopping intentions are; correlation and multiple regression analysis. The analysis of the statistics is performed using SPSS 20 software. The factors influencing purchase intention online are variety, convenience, time saving, and reasonable price, perceived ease of use, shoppers' Trust, customer service, promotions, and attitude. The findings suggests that all of the influencing factors such as; Price, Variety, Time Consciousness, Customer Service, Convenience, Promotion, perceived ease of use, Comparison, Trust, Attitude and availability have positive relation with students’ intention to purchase through internet.

Cite this article as: Aleena Ashraf, Alqa Ashraf, Burhan Hashmi;  College Students’ Online Buying Behavior: Identification of the Most Influencing Factors of Online Shopping Behavior in Pakistan;  North American Academic Research, 4(9) 92-109 September 2021, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5528809

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  Volume: 4 Issue: 9
Vani Dwi Nurani
Vol 4, Issue 9; September 2021
North American Academic Research, 4(9) 63-77 September 2021, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5528771
Abstract: The creative economy (EKRAF) is one of the strategic sectors in national development due to its significant contribution to the Indonesian economy. There are three EKRAF subsectors that grow rapidly and become prima donnas, they are, culinary, fashion, and craft. The culinary industry is the subsector of the creative economy with the fastest growth. The number of new competitors who moved into the same industry makes the competition in this market becomes too tight. One of the culinary industries focused on coffee commodities is Kiwari Farmers. Kiwari Farmers has its own concept in producing and packaging its products. This research is qualitative descriptive-analytical with case study research methods, which focus on evaluating the effectivity of the strategy used to see how that strategy can attract consumers by achieving the intended target market; the consumers with age range 18-28 years old and supporting the company's long-term goals, as well as designing future strategies by analysing the data obtained using the company's internal environmental analysis, namely value chain analysis, and external environmental analysis using PESTLE analysis and Porter's 5 Forces analysis combined to formulate advantages, disadvantages, opportunities, and threats (SWOT) for the company. This research shows that the differentiation strategy used so far is effective, while in anticipation of the upcoming competition the company can implement the new strategy namely best cost provider. This is aimed at the consumer response with the volume of product sales and reports of consumer visit volume. Then the results of this analysis show how to maximize the opportunity to focus on the company's long-term goals.

Cite this article as: Vani Dwi Nurani;  The Analysis of Kiwari Farmers Bandung’s Competitive Strategy;  North American Academic Research, 4(9) 63-77 September 2021, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5528771

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  Volume: 4 Issue: 9
Akib Hosen, Abdullah Al-Mamun, Md. Ashadujjaman Robin, Umme Habiba, Rafia Sultana
Vol 4, Issue 9; September 2021
North American Academic Research, 4(9) 44-52 September 2021, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5516169
Abstract: Maillard reaction is a very famous reaction in food science. This paper overviews some information on Maillard reaction which is relevant for easy learning and understanding the Maillard reaction chemistry. Depending on the previous (2000-2015) and latest (2021) information, this contribution is made. This paper shows some effect on food characteristics occurred by Maillard reaction. In this paper how food properties (flavor, color, texture, odor, etc.) are influenced and changed by Maillard reaction is discussed. This paper is also discussed some positive and negative effects of Maillard reaction on foods and on humans. This paper also shows how Maillard reaction products can affect the human health. Production of antioxidants, formation of flavor, browning, and anti-browning activity of Maillard reaction products are also reviewed here.

Cite this article as: Akib Hosen, Abdullah Al-Mamun, Md. Ashadujjaman Robin, Umme Habiba, Rafia Sultana;  Maillard Reaction: Food Processing Aspects;  North American Academic Research, 4(9) 44-52 September 2021, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5516169

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  Volume: 4 Issue: 9
Dimitri D.H. Owassa, Jingbo Yin
Vol 4, Issue 9; September 2021
North American Academic Research, 4(9) 01-18 September 2021, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5516224
Abstract: Because the Port of Pointe-Noire (POPN) is the economic lung of the Republic of Congo, its rapid development will help boost the national revenues. The port’s container terminal is a key element in the management of the port. Thus, an accurate estimation of the future container traffic is essential to the optimization of its performance. In this study, an ARIMA model was developed to forecast the port’s container throughput. Monthly data from 2011 to 2020 were collected, giving a total of 120 observations. The model performance was evaluated using three accuracy measuring indexes. The forecasted values fit well the actual values, demonstrating that the model performed quite well. Finally, the container throughput for the year 2021 was forecasted, and the results showed a slight increase in the container traffic compared to the year 2020, from 928,000 to 957,000 TEUs.

Cite this article as: Dimitri D.H. Owassa, Jingbo Yin;  Container-Throughput Forecasting in the Port of Pointe-Noire Using ARIMA Model;  North American Academic Research, 4(9) 01-18 September 2021, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5516224

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  Volume: 4 Issue: 9
MANDA BENJAMIN KISIMBA
Vol 4, Issue 9; September 2021
North American Academic Research, 4(9) 33-43 September 2021, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5512795
Abstract: The field of ICT has profoundly changed the organization of traditional methods of teaching and learning in the world education systems; that largely affect daily habits in schools and in families. The key stakeholders, namely principals, teachers, parents and students are called to lead, teach and learn differently. A disgusting observation has already been deplored: the culture of the use of ICTs in school curricula in Democratic Republic of Congo is still considered as a luxury in certain regions of the country, and even in the capital city. The low investment in computing tools by the principals and parents, the inexistence and / or the relatively high costs of internet access, the lack of skills and training required to teachers and parents in this area, etc. are not promoting the good popularization of the importance of ICTs for the integral development of future executives of the Nation. It is within this framework that this paper had the objective to conduct a study on the use of ICT by the students in primary schools in Kinshasa during and after class, in order to assess the current situation, and to propose solutions, with the aim of contributing to the effectiveness of the integration of this field into the daily lives of students at school and at home. We opted for a mixed research method: quantitative and qualitative, administered by questionnaires, and semi-structured interviews to 108 participants including 3 principals, 45 parents and 60 teachers from 3 different primary schools. After analyzing data, the results reveal that the use is definitely palpable with the manipulation of computers (especially at school) and phones (on a large scale at home), but disparities are noted which prevent a good assimilation of ICT by the students: whether for teachers and parents, lack of resources, low level of knowledge and skills, are parameters that reduce the use of ICT by students.

Cite this article as: MANDA BENJAMIN KISIMBA;  Use of ICT Tools by Kinshasa Primary Schools Students both During and After Class: State of Places and Perspectives;  North American Academic Research, 4(9) 33-43 September 2021, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5512795

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  Volume: 4 Issue: 9
Mukhtiar Ahmed, Muhammad Nazim Lakhan, Abdul Hanan, Rizwan Ahmed, Altaf Hussain Shar, Irfan Ali, Shahjahan Mahesar, Muhammad Ahsan Latif, Atta Muhammad, Muhammad Azam Usto
Vol 4, Issue 9; September 2021
North American Academic Research, 4(9) 19-32, September 2021, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5512507
Abstract: Natural gas is a homogenous liquid of low viscosity and low density or it may also be defined as a complex mixture of combustible hydrocarbon gases and impurities such as carbon dioxide, vapour, sulfur, hydrogen, and nitrogen. In order to fulfill the pipeline and environmental standards, these impurities must be removed. The major cause of climate change is carbon and sulphur emissions such as CO2 and H2S. For these impurities, the pipeline requirements are: <2% CO2, <4ppm H2S and <0.1g/m3 H2O. Based on disadvantages in conventional processes, such as high energy consumption, complex processing and high capital cost, the development of membrane separation technique is highly compact, energetic, environmentally friendly, flexible, and possibly cost-effective than already well-established technologies. This study recommends the separation of CO2 from CH4 through membrane technology and introduces the cellulose acetate (CA) membrane in comparison with other established separation techniques including as absorption, adsorption, and cryogenic techniques and also suggests some ideas about current signs of progress in CA membranes such as enhanced permeability and selectivity. This study also emphasizes the modification of the cellulose acetate membrane and also outlines the essential distinctions, characteristics, and conditions of operation for the membrane process and other CO2 removal approaches.

Cite this article as: Mukhtiar Ahmed, Muhammad Nazim Lakhan, Abdul Hanan, Rizwan Ahmed, Altaf Hussain Shar, Irfan Ali, Shahjahan Mahesar, Muhammad Ahsan Latif, Atta Muhammad, Muhammad Azam Usto;  CO2 Removal from CH4 by using Cellulose Acetate (CA) Membrane in Comparison with Adsorption, Absorption and Cryogenic Processes: A Case Study;  North American Academic Research, 4(9) 19-32, September 2021, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5512507

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