Abstract: Tau is a copious protein in both central and peripheral nervous systems. In the brain it is found predominantly in nerve cells, where it is concentrated in axons. Tau is a microtubule associated protein (MAP). The physiological function of tau is the assemblage and maintenance of the structural stability of microtubules. However, in pathological state, tau becomes abnormally hyperphosphorylated, which ultimately causes the microtubules to disassemble, and the free tau molecules aggregate into paired helical filaments. Enormous evidence suggests that tau hyperphosphorylation results from disturbance of cellular signaling, mainly through imbalance in the activities of different protein of kinases and phosphatases. Inspite of significant recent advances in our understanding of tau mediated neurodegeneration, which substantiate the notion that tau may act as a common mediator of neurodegeneration, the mechanisms leading to abnormal tau phosphorylation remains elusive.

Abstract: Teachers play vital roles in the lives of the students in their classrooms. Teachers are best known for the role of educating the students that are placed in their care. Beyond that, teachers serve many other roles in the classroom. Teachers set the tone of their classrooms, build a warm environment, mentor and nurture students, become role models, and listen and look for signs of trouble. It is universally recognized that the teacher is the key person in an education system. He or she takes a prestigious status sometimes denied to kings and emperors and he/she plays pivotal role in the learner’s life. Around him, whole system of education revolves

Abstract: The modification of mammalian genomes is an important goal in gene therapy and animal transgenesis. To generate stable genetic and biochemical changes, the therapeutic genes or transgenes need to be incorporated into the host genome. This aspect, which is beyond the scope of this article, will have to be addressed in future experiments. The available data suggest that it is possible to derive DNA-modifying enzymes with novel site-specificities by using sophisticated mutagenesis and selection systems. In this article, we discuss the opportunities provided by natural DNA-modifying enzymes, such as transposases, recombinases and integrases, to mediate the stable integration of foreign genes into host genomes. In the context of genome engineering, two properties of the DNA-modifying enzymes are important. In addition, we discuss the approaches that have been taken to improve the efficiency and to modify the site-specificity of these enzymes.